Relevant bibliographies by topics / Myopia

Academic literature on the topic 'Myopia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Myopia"

1

Gupta, Nayan, and Meenakshi Sood. "A Review of Concepts of Etiology and Management of Myopia." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 10115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10115ecst.

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This article reviews the literature concerning etiology of myopia. Myopic boom in this 21st century is of concern for parents of myopic children. The article reviews the literature regarding several modalities attempting to profile ocular findings in myopes. The prevalence of myopia remains higher in Asia and hence myopic studies have gained their importance in epidemiology. Younger age group with early onset of myopia are at a higher risk of complications associated myopic refractive error, as progression of the refractive error over time might result in high myopia and also cause retinal especially macular changes. Environment and genetics are known contributing factors to the increasing prevalence of myopia. Along with the evaluation of refractive error frequently it is also important to profile the ocular parameters associated in progression of myopia. The aim of this study is to explore the role of ocular biometers in myopia management.
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2

Yang, Adeline, Si Ying Lim, Yee Ling Wong, Anna Yeo, Narayanan Rajeev, and Björn Drobe. "Quality of Life in Presbyopes with Low and High Myopia Using Single-Vision and Progressive-Lens Correction." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081589.

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This study evaluates the impact of the severity of myopia and the type of visual correction in presbyopia on vision-related quality of life (QOL), using the refractive status and vision profile (RSVP) questionnaire. A total of 149 subjects aged 41–75 years with myopic presbyopia were recruited: 108 had low myopia and 41 had high myopia. The RSVP questionnaire was administered. Rasch analysis was performed on five subscales: perception, expectation, functionality, symptoms, and problems with glasses. Highly myopic subjects had a significantly lower mean QOL score (51.65), compared to low myopes (65.24) (p < 0.001). They also had a significantly lower functionality score with glasses (49.38), compared to low myopes (57.00) (p = 0.018), and they had a worse functionality score without glasses (29.12), compared to low myopes (36.24) (p = 0.045). Those who wore progressive addition lenses (PAL) in the high-myope group (n = 25) scored significantly better, compared to those who wore single-vision distance (SVD) lenses (n = 14), with perception scores of 61.19 and 46.94, respectively (p = 0.029). Highly myopic presbyopes had worse overall QOL and functionality, both with and without glasses, compared to presbyopes with low myopia. High-myopic PAL users had a better perception outcome than SVD lens wearers. Low-myopic PAL wearers had a better QOL than SVD wearers.
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3

Ibrahim, Faiza, Sinumol Thulaseedharan, Laly Thekkemeppilly Unnikrishnan, and Sabna Sasidharan. "A cross-sectional study of corneal topography and ocular parameters in patients with myopia." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2024): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2024.058.

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Myopia is a leading cause of visual impairment. This study aims at determining the changes in corneal asphericity, central corneal radius of curvature, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length with increasing myopia. Spherical equivalent refractive error of each myopic eye was determined and grouped into three, according to increasing powers of myopia. Corneal asphericity (Q value) and central corneal radius of curvature were determined using corneal topography. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length were determined using Ascan. Changes with increasing myopia was assessed. Among 80 myopic eyes of age group 6 to 40 years, more patients were between 21 to 30 years. 60% of them were males. 60% were low myopes (&#60;-3D), 32% were moderate myopes (-3D to -6D) and 8% were high myopes (&#62;-6D). Mean Q values were -0.49±0.09, -0.39±0.04 and -0.28 ±0.04 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. Mean values of apical radius of curvature of cornea were 7.66±0.07, 7.53±0.08 and 7.35±0.07 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. Mean values of anterior chamber depth were 3.19±0.09, 3.32±0.09, 3.88±0.08; vitreous chamber depth were 19.82±0.67, 21.66±0.24, 22.66±0.45 and axial length were 23.01±0.76, 24.98±0.32,26.54±0.51 for low, moderate and high myopes respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation of increasing degrees of myopia was observed with Q value, anterior chamber depth, vitreous chamber depth and axial length; and a statistically significant negative correlation with the apical radius of curvature. In myopic eyes, a statistically significant relation exists between corneal asphericity and spherical equivalent refractive error such that, there is a tendency for the cornea to flatten less rapidly in the periphery with increasing myopia and eyes with higher levels of myopia have steeper central corneal curvature, with deep anterior and vitreous chamber and greater axial length.
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4

Li, Yong, Feihui Zheng, Li Lian Foo, Qiu Ying Wong, Daniel Ting, Quan V. Hoang, Rachel Chong, Marcus Ang, and Chee Wai Wong. "Advances in OCT Imaging in Myopia and Pathologic Myopia." Diagnostics 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12061418.

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Advances in imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) technology, including the development of swept source OCT/OCTA, widefield or ultra-widefield systems, have greatly improved the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of myopia and myopia-related complications. Anterior segment OCT is useful for imaging the anterior segment of myopes, providing the basis for implantable collamer lens optimization, or detecting intraocular lens decentration in high myopic patients. OCT has enhanced imaging of vitreous properties, and measurement of choroidal thickness in myopic eyes. Widefield OCT systems have greatly improved the visualization of peripheral retinal lesions and have enabled the evaluation of wide staphyloma and ocular curvature. Based on OCT imaging, a new classification system and guidelines for the management of myopic traction maculopathy have been proposed; different dome-shaped macula morphologies have been described; and myopia-related abnormalities in the optic nerve and peripapillary region have been demonstrated. OCTA can quantitatively evaluate the retinal microvasculature and choriocapillaris, which is useful for the early detection of myopic choroidal neovascularization and the evaluation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in these patients. In addition, the application of artificial intelligence in OCT/OCTA imaging in myopia has achieved promising results.
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5

Rosita J, Helen, Gnanaselvan J, Amudhavadivu S, and Anna Kurian Mullasseril. "Glaucoma characteristics evaluation in myopia – A clinical study." IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty 7, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijooo.2021.038.

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Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, one of the risk factor recognised being high myopia. Intra ocular pressure may be normal in myopic patients, with optic nerve head glaucoma characteristics. Eye ball elongation and optic nerve head tilting may be present in patients with high myopia that will represent field defects mimicking glaucoma. Treating patients with myopia having suspected aspects of glaucoma may be a challenge but even more challenging is the diagnosis of glaucoma in myopic patients.: To evaluate the association of glaucoma features with myopia. To create the awareness regarding the long term follow up.: Patients in the age group of 15 to 45 years who had attended our institution over a period of one year who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected for this study. Fifty four patients who were diagnosed to have moderate or high degree myopia were selected for this analytical study. They were subjected to vision, ocular examination, tonometry and results obtained were analysed.: In our study moderate myopes constituted 55.5% and high myopes were 44.5%. The mean Intra ocular pressure and the mean corrected Intra ocular pressure in high myopes were observed to be higher than in moderate myopia. It was observed that higher prevalence of glaucoma was observed in high myopes.: There is a clinically as well as statistically significant difference between mean Intra ocular pressure and mean corrected Intra ocular pressure. So mean corrected Intra ocular pressure should be measured .From our study, there is a clear indication that there is increased prevalence of glaucoma in high myopes.
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6

Modrzejewska, Monika, Jarosław Domaradzki, Wojciech Jedziniak, Beata Florkiewicz, and Teresa Zwierko. "Does Physical Activity Moderate the Relationship between Myopia and Functional Status in Children 9–11 Years of Age?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 5672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195672.

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Although previous studies have reported an association between physical activity (PA) and myopia in school-aged children, little is known about the link between myopia and children’s functional status. The purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic balance control in relation to the daily PA levels of myopic schoolchildren aged 9–11 years (n = 52) versus a non-myopic control group (n = 53). A single leg stance test performed on the instability platform of the Biodex Balance System was used to assess balance control. The overall stability index (OSI), anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) and medial-lateral stability index (MLSI) were analyzed. PA levels were calculated using the World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative family record form. Myopes and non-myopes were separated into three subgroups based on PA level (low, moderate and high). Myopia significantly affected OSI (F = 40.46, p < 0.001), APSI (F = 33.93, p < 0.001) and MLSI (F = 49.51, p < 0.001). There were significant differences (p < 0.001) between myopic and non-myopic children with low and moderate levels of PA, whilst there were no differences between compared children with high levels of PA. High PA levels had a positive impact on balance control in myopes. Our results showed that PA levels moderate the relationship between myopia and children’s functional status.
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KAYA, Pınar. "Turkish children myopia progression in the urban area, a retrospective evaluation." Anatolian Current Medical Journal 5, no. 4 (October 27, 2023): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1341731.

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Aims: To investigate myopia trends and progression in urban school-aged myopic children in Turkey. Methods: This retrospective study included myopic children aged 6-18 years attending the ophthalmology clinic for regular eye and refractive examinations between 2003 and 2021. Myopia progression was calculated as the difference between the baseline and the last visit spherical equivalent refractive (SER) values. Individuals were further categorized to determine the age-specific myopia progression as 6-11, 12-16, and 17-18 age groups based on the school periods of the country. According to the SER values, individuals were classified into mild, moderate, and high myopic groups. Results: A total of 602 eyes of 301 children (191 female, 110 male) with a mean age of 11.64±2.81 (6-18) years were included in the study. The mean follow-up time of patients was 37.51±19.18 (6-98) months. The baseline mean SER value was -1.5±1.07 D (range: -0.50 and -5.62) and -2.55±1.50 at the final visit. The overall mean myopia progression was -0.35±0.37 D (range: +0.35 D and -3.75 D/year. There were 46 children between 6-11 years, 173 children between 12-16 years, 82 children between 17-18 years, and the annual SER changes were -0.46±0.40 D; -0.37±0.39 D and -0.26±0.29 D in the groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Baseline, final, and annual myopia progression were greater in females. Although there was no statistical significance, myopia progression was faster in moderate myopes (-0.39±0.33 D/a year), followed by mild (-0.35±0.37 D/a year) and high myopes (-0.21±0.20 D/a year) (p=0.37). Conclusion: The progression of myopia in school-aged Turkish children from the Western Black Sea Region is comparable to the world. Our study revealed the greater myopia progression in the youngest children, moderate myopia group, and females. Myopia prevention recommendations should be carefully advised to the youngest female ones to reduce myopia progression.
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Dada, Tanuj, A. Aggarwal, SJ Bali, A. Sharma, BM Shah, D. Angmo, and A. Panda. "Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness parameters in myopic population using scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC)." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 1 (March 25, 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7814.

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Introduction: Myopia presents a significant challenge to the ophthalmologist as myopic discs are often large, tilted, with deep cups and have a thinner neuroretinal rim all of which may mimic glaucomatous optic nerve head changes causing an error in diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate the retinal fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in low, moderate and high myopia using scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC). Subjects and methods: One hundred eyes of 100 emmetropes, 30 eyes of low myopes (0 to - 4 D spherical equivalent(SE), 45 eyes with moderate myopia (- 4 to - 8D SE), and 30 eyes with high myopia (- 8 to - 15D SE) were subjected to retinal nerve fiber layer assessment using the scanning laser polarimetry (GDxVCC) in all subjects using the standard protocol. Subjects with IOP > 21 mm Hg, optic nerve head or visual field changes suggestive of glaucoma were excluded from the study. The major outcome parameters were temporal-superior-nasal-inferiortemporal (TSNIT) average, the superior and inferior average and the nerve fibre indicator (NFI). Results: The TSNIT average (p = 0.009), superior (p = 0.001) and inferior average (p = 0.008) were significantly lower; the NFI was higher (P < 0.001) in moderate myopes as compared to that in emmetropes. In high myopia the RNFL showed supranormal values; the TSNIT average, superior and inferior average was significantly higher(p < 0.001) as compared to that in emmetropes. Conclusion: The RNFL measurements on scanning laser polarimetry are affected by the myopic refractive error. Moderate myopes show a significant thinning of the RNFL. In high myopia due to peripapillary chorioretinal atrophy and contribution of scleral birefringence, the RNFL values are abnormally high. These findings need to be taken into account while assessing and monitoring glaucoma damage in moderate to high myopes on GDxVCC. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013; 5(9):3-8 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i1.7814
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Osaiyuwu, Aghafekokhian B., and Genesis D. Edokpa. "A comparative study of intraocular pressure in myopia and hyperopia among a Nigerian population just diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma in Benin City." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 7 (June 25, 2018): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20182457.

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Background: Increasing evidence suggests that high myopia is salient in the pathologic process of POAG, and IOP (Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), and Intra-ocular Pressure (IOP)) remains the crucial risk factor for this condition. Still, some other studies have signified that glaucoma was diagnosed in myopes independent of IOP, suggesting that predisposition to glaucoma in myopes may not be dependent on mechanisms related to high pressures. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the intraocular pressure in myopes and hyperopes in a Nigerian population just diagnosed with POAG to ascertain if proclivity to glaucoma in myopes is mainly dependent on IOP.Methods: This research was conducted as a retrospective study in the Optometry/Ophthalmology Department at Stella Obasanjo Women and Children Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. The sample consisted of cases seen between 2011 and 2013. A total of 166 eyes with glaucoma and refractive errors (80 (48.19%) with myopia, and 86 (51.81%) with hyperopia) with an age range of 10 to 85 years, were used for this study.Results: Newly diagnosed glaucomatous myopes had a significantly higher mean IOP than recently diagnosed hyperopes (unpaired t- test, p= 0.004). Also, a significant inverse correlation was obtained between refractive errors and intraocular pressure (Pearson correlation, r = -.245, p = 0.001) i.e. as refractive errors progressed deeply into more minus (myopic) regions, IOP increased.Conclusions: The relationship between glaucoma and myopia is pressure mediated. The ascending levels of intraocular pressure that occurred with increasing extents of myopia demonstrate that POAG evolves too soon in participants with high myopia than in hyperopia and accentuates the seriousness of glaucoma surveillance in the myopic population.
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Hairol, Mohd Izzuddin, Norlaili Arif, Pui Theng Yong, Mariah Asem Shehadeh Saleh Ali, Nik Nor Adlina Nik Idris, and Li Ching Ng. "Evaluation of the Relationships between Corneal Parameters, Ocular Biometry, and Myopia Magnitude." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 3077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5010-20.

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Axial length of the eye correlates with the magnitude of myopia. However, there are conflicting reports on the relationship between certain corneal parameters with myopia magnitude. The objective of this study was to compare ocular biometry and corneal parameters between emmetropic and myopic groups. Participants (n=127) were categorized as emmetropia (spherical equivalent, SE, ±0.50D), low myopia (-0.75D≤SE<-6.00D) and high myopia (SE≥-6.00D). The difference in axial length, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth between emmetrope, low myope, and high myope were highly significant (one-way ANOVA, all p<0.001) with significant correlations between SE and all these parameters (simple regressions, all p<0.001). However, central corneal thickness, corneal radius of curvature, and corneal asphericity between these groups, and the correlations between the ocular parameters with SE were not significantly different (all p>0.05). Corneal curvature correlated significantly with axial length (p=0.001) but not with myopia magnitude (p=0.91). Rather than myopia magnitude, axial length appears to be more sensitive to detect changes in corneal curvature in myopes. In conclusion, myopic patients’ axial length should be carefully considered for interventions that involve the cornea, such as orthokeratology and refractive surgery.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Myopia"

1

Sivaraman, Viswanathan. "Nearwork-induced transient myopia in myopic and non-myopic Indian subjects." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/702946/6/Sivaraman_2016.pdf.

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This research project investigated the characteristics of near-work induced transient myopia (NITM) in asymptomatic myopes and non-myopes among Indian subjects and its variation with target size and contrast. NITM was defined as the post-task distance refraction minus the pre-task distance refraction. In the first two studies NITM magnitude was greater and the decay was faster among myopes for 5 minutes and 60 minutes of near task respectively. There was no influence of target size and contrast on NITM parameters. In the third study Zernike wave-front co-efficient values were measured using COAS (complete ophthalmic analysis system) before and immediately after 5 minutes of near task to investigate the effect of near task on higher order aberrations among myopes and non myopes. Aberration values did not show significant differences for pre and post 5 minutes of near task. In the fourth study axial length, corneal thickness, AC depth and lens thickness were measured with the Bio-graph (Allegro, wave light) instrument before and immediately after 5 minutes of near task to investigate the influence of near task on biometry readings among myopes and non-myopes. Axial length, corneal thickness, AC depth, lens thickness did not show significant differences following 5 minutes of near task. In the fifth study 31 myopes were recruited to assess the NITM parameters in pre and post Lasik refractive surgery. NITM magnitude was higher in pre-Lasik myopic subjects compared to post-Lasik myopic subjects. Most of the accommodative parameters especially the lag of accommodation and facility of accommodation improved following the surgery.
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Sivaraman, Viswanathan. "Nearwork-induced transient myopia in myopic and non-myopic Indian subjects." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2016. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/702946/.

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This research project investigated the characteristics of near-work induced transient myopia (NITM) in asymptomatic myopes and non-myopes among Indian subjects and its variation with target size and contrast. NITM was defined as the post-task distance refraction minus the pre-task distance refraction. In the first two studies NITM magnitude was greater and the decay was faster among myopes for 5 minutes and 60 minutes of near task respectively. There was no influence of target size and contrast on NITM parameters. In the third study Zernike wave-front co-efficient values were measured using COAS (complete ophthalmic analysis system) before and immediately after 5 minutes of near task to investigate the effect of near task on higher order aberrations among myopes and non myopes. Aberration values did not show significant differences for pre and post 5 minutes of near task. In the fourth study axial length, corneal thickness, AC depth and lens thickness were measured with the Bio-graph (Allegro, wave light) instrument before and immediately after 5 minutes of near task to investigate the influence of near task on biometry readings among myopes and non-myopes. Axial length, corneal thickness, AC depth, lens thickness did not show significant differences following 5 minutes of near task. In the fifth study 31 myopes were recruited to assess the NITM parameters in pre and post Lasik refractive surgery. NITM magnitude was higher in pre-Lasik myopic subjects compared to post-Lasik myopic subjects. Most of the accommodative parameters especially the lag of accommodation and facility of accommodation improved following the surgery.
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3

Ting, Wai Ki. "Instrument myopia and myopia progression in Hong Kong microscopists." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2004. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15958/1/Wai_Ki_Ting_Thesis.pdf.

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People who work in occupations that involve intensive near work are thought to have a higher chance of developing myopia than other people. For example, microscopists in the United Kingdom have a higher prevalence of myopia than that of the general community. The prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong is extremely high (71 %) and Hong Kong Chinese people are particularly susceptible to myopia development and progression due to environmental factors. It is possible that this environmental susceptibility may lead to Hong Kong Chinese microscopists developing even greater levels of myopia. We found that the prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong microscopists (n=47, mean age=31 years) was higher than that of United Kingdom microscopists (87 % c.f. 71 %) and similar aged people within the general Hong Kong population (87 % c.f. 71 %; −4.45 D c.f. -3.00 D). However, while in most microscopists (83 % of 36 microscopists followed for a two-year period) the amount of myopia and vitreous chamber depth increased over a two year monitoring period (−0.11 D, 0.06 mm), the increase was not clinically significant. We hypothesised that the slower myopia progression rate in Hong Kong microscopists may be the result of their older average age (Hong Kong microscopists: 31.7 years c.f. United Kingdom microscopists: 29.7 years). When a person looks into a microscope, excessive accommodation occurs even though the microscope is designed to render the magnified image at optical infinity (zero accommodation and vergence demand). This over accommodation is called instrument myopia. It is possible that this over accommodation is linked to the myopia development and progression that occurs in users of these instruments. We found that instrument myopia remained consistent with different viewing conditions and microscope settings (inexperienced microscopists, n=20, mean age: 24.1 years, mean spherical refractive error: −2.83 D). The magnitude of instrument myopia was not correlated with either the age or refractive error of the microscope user, while it was lower in those users with greater experience (inexperienced microscopists: 1.03 D c.f. experienced microscopists: 0.43 D). As the Hong Kong microscopists (n=10, mean age: 31.2 years, mean spherical refractive error: −3.39 D) who partook in this study were experienced (6.3 years spent working in this field), this may have contributed to the lower myopia progression that was observed. Studies to determine the main contribution to the phenomena of instrument myopia were also conducted. Instrument myopia was not correlated with convergence when looking into microscope (r= −0.224, p=0.342), near phoria (r=0.351, p=0.129), AC/A ratio (r= −0.135, p=0.571), the convergence induced by the excessive accommodative response (r= −0.028, p=0.906), lag of accommodation (r=0.065, p=0.785) and tonic accommodation (r=0.142, p=0.551). We suggest that the main contribution to instrument myopia during microscopy is proximal accommodation due to the awareness of the closeness, caused by the height of the microscope (i.e. the distance between the viewer and the table where the microscope is placed), during microscopy. For example, we found that the magnitude of instrument myopia increased significantly (from 0.64 D to 1.16 D) when the height of the microscope decreased from 50 cm to 35 cm. In conclusion we have added, through direct observation, to the understanding of the characteristics of instrument myopia. Guidelines for new microscopists aimed at minimising the amount of instrument myopia that is experienced have been developed. This information might help to reduce the amount of myopia progression in commencing microscopists.
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Ting, Wai Ki. "Instrument myopia and myopia progression in Hong Kong microscopists." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15958/.

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People who work in occupations that involve intensive near work are thought to have a higher chance of developing myopia than other people. For example, microscopists in the United Kingdom have a higher prevalence of myopia than that of the general community. The prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong is extremely high (71 %) and Hong Kong Chinese people are particularly susceptible to myopia development and progression due to environmental factors. It is possible that this environmental susceptibility may lead to Hong Kong Chinese microscopists developing even greater levels of myopia. We found that the prevalence of myopia in Hong Kong microscopists (n=47, mean age=31 years) was higher than that of United Kingdom microscopists (87 % c.f. 71 %) and similar aged people within the general Hong Kong population (87 % c.f. 71 %; −4.45 D c.f. -3.00 D). However, while in most microscopists (83 % of 36 microscopists followed for a two-year period) the amount of myopia and vitreous chamber depth increased over a two year monitoring period (−0.11 D, 0.06 mm), the increase was not clinically significant. We hypothesised that the slower myopia progression rate in Hong Kong microscopists may be the result of their older average age (Hong Kong microscopists: 31.7 years c.f. United Kingdom microscopists: 29.7 years). When a person looks into a microscope, excessive accommodation occurs even though the microscope is designed to render the magnified image at optical infinity (zero accommodation and vergence demand). This over accommodation is called instrument myopia. It is possible that this over accommodation is linked to the myopia development and progression that occurs in users of these instruments. We found that instrument myopia remained consistent with different viewing conditions and microscope settings (inexperienced microscopists, n=20, mean age: 24.1 years, mean spherical refractive error: −2.83 D). The magnitude of instrument myopia was not correlated with either the age or refractive error of the microscope user, while it was lower in those users with greater experience (inexperienced microscopists: 1.03 D c.f. experienced microscopists: 0.43 D). As the Hong Kong microscopists (n=10, mean age: 31.2 years, mean spherical refractive error: −3.39 D) who partook in this study were experienced (6.3 years spent working in this field), this may have contributed to the lower myopia progression that was observed. Studies to determine the main contribution to the phenomena of instrument myopia were also conducted. Instrument myopia was not correlated with convergence when looking into microscope (r= −0.224, p=0.342), near phoria (r=0.351, p=0.129), AC/A ratio (r= −0.135, p=0.571), the convergence induced by the excessive accommodative response (r= −0.028, p=0.906), lag of accommodation (r=0.065, p=0.785) and tonic accommodation (r=0.142, p=0.551). We suggest that the main contribution to instrument myopia during microscopy is proximal accommodation due to the awareness of the closeness, caused by the height of the microscope (i.e. the distance between the viewer and the table where the microscope is placed), during microscopy. For example, we found that the magnitude of instrument myopia increased significantly (from 0.64 D to 1.16 D) when the height of the microscope decreased from 50 cm to 35 cm. In conclusion we have added, through direct observation, to the understanding of the characteristics of instrument myopia. Guidelines for new microscopists aimed at minimising the amount of instrument myopia that is experienced have been developed. This information might help to reduce the amount of myopia progression in commencing microscopists.
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5

Laffont, Jean-Jacques, and Jean Tirole. "Managerial switching and myopia." MIT Energy Lab, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27203.

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Li, Zeyu, and 黎泽宇. "Literature review on children myopia." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45173151.

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Holmes, Craig. "Myopia, retirement planning and commitment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:980da095-60ab-47b5-a4e2-3962085d56ca.

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Decisions made by individuals planning for retirement may be myopic. One way of capturing this myopia is with quasi-hyperbolic discounting. It is well known that such preferences may explain why individuals fail to provide an adequate retirement income for themselves. In this thesis, the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is applied to a number of other decisions and outcomes related to planning for retirement. There are three main focuses. Firstly, the thesis considers a model where individuals are quasi-hyperbolic discounters over both retirement and saving, and extends the results of Diamond and Köszegi (2003). It argues that mechanisms designed to overcome myopic saving decisions may lead to unplanned early retirement. This may depend on the form of income in retirement -- regular income options such as annuities offer commitment over overconsuming early in retirement, which makes early retirement less desirable to myopic retirees. Secondly, it tests these predictions using a new laboratory experiment. Over a two-month period, participants were asked to attend weekly sessions, and could leave the experiment (or "retire") in any week of their choosing. Part of their payment for attending these sessions was put aside and paid only after they had left. The results indicated that more impulsive individuals left the experiment earlier, both overall and relative to plans made in the first week of the experiment. Finally, this thesis presents a model of rising wages as a forced saving mechanism. Assuming individuals face some borrowing constraints, deferred wages implicitly place some earnings aside until much closer to retirement, when quasi-hyperbolic discounters save a greater fraction of their income, increasing total retirement wealth. It also shows that demand for rising wages should disappear for people with access to more direct saving commitment mechanisms, although when these schemes offer less commitment (due to early withdrawal or early retirement options), a combination of both mechanisms is preferred.
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Huang, Yu. "Gene-environment interactions in myopia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/114604/.

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Myopia, as a common ocular disorder, is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Conventional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in humans have limited power to detect myopia genes partly due to the complex interplay between genes and environment. Here, I performed a GWAS in a sample of chicks with form deprivation (FD) myopia, aiming to reduce environmental complexity and increase the statistical power to detect genetic variants that confer susceptibility to this environmentally-induced myopia phenotype. The degree of FD myopia was quantified by measuring the treatment-induced changes in axial length (∆AXL) and mean spherical equivalent (∆MSE). Body weight, sex, and batch were evaluated as potential confounding factors. To reduce costs, chicks in the phenotype extremes (lowest or highest ∆AXL, within each batch) were selected for genotyping. To identify genetic variants conferring susceptibility to myopia, GWA analyses for ∆AXL and ∆MSE were applied to the genotype data. After adjusting for confounding factors, genetic variant rs317386235, located between the genes PRKAR2B and PIK3CG exceeded the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold for ∆AXL. To complement the GWAS findings, an RNA sequencing transcriptomics analysis was performed, using retinal tissue from the treated and control eyes of chicks with high or low-susceptibility to myopia. This revealed 516 differentially-expressed genes, identified using a combination of three analysis tools. In order to discover more about the biological function underlying the GWAS and transcriptomics analysis results, pathway analyses were conducted. The pathway analysis implicated gene sets relating to circadian rhythms, extracellular matrix (ECM) and structural remodelling, energy generation, oxidative stress, glycometabolism and lipid metabolism.
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Nagra, Manbir K. "Myopia : structural and functional correlates." Thesis, Aston University, 2010. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10048/.

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Ocular dimensions are widely recognised as key variants of refractive error. Previously, accurate depiction of eye shape in vivo was largely restricted by limitations in the imaging techniques available. This thesis describes unique applications of the recently introduced 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to evaluate human eye shape in a group of young adult subjects (n=76) with a range of ametropia (MSE= -19.76 to +4.38D). Specific MRI derived parameters of ocular shape are then correlated with measures of visual function. Key findings include the significant homogeneity of ocular volume in the anterior eye for a range of refractive errors, whilst significant volume changes occur in the posterior eye as a function of ametropia. Anterior vs. posterior eye differences have also been shown through evaluations of equivalent spherical radius; the posterior 25% cap of the eye was shown to be relatively steeper in myopes compared to emmetropes. Further analyses showed differences in retinal quadrant profiles; assessments of the maximum distance from the retinal surface to the presumed visual axes showed exaggerated growth of the temporal quadrant in myopic eyes. Comparisons of retinal contour values derived from transformation of peripheral refraction data were made with MRI; flatter retinal curvature values were noted when using the MRI technique. A distinctive feature of this work is the evaluation of the relationship between ocular structure and visual function. Multiple aspects of visual function were evaluated through several vehicles: multifocal electroretinogram testing, visual field sensitivity testing, and the use of psychophysical methods to determine ganglion cell density. The results show that many quadrantic structural and functional variations exist. In general, the data could not demonstrate a significant correlation between visual function and associated measures of ocular conformation either within or between myopic and emmetropic groups.
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Miyake, Masahiro. "Identification of myopia-associated WNT7B polymorphisms provides insights into the mechanism underlying the development of myopia." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202669.

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Books on the topic "Myopia"

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Rooij, Hillie de. Myopia. Breda: The Eriskay Connection, 2015.

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Spaide, Richard F., Kyoko Ohno-Matsui, and Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, eds. Pathologic Myopia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74334-5.

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Spaide, Richard F., Kyoko Ohno-Matsui, and Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, eds. Pathologic Myopia. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8338-0.

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Tokoro, Takashi, ed. Myopia Updates. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66959-3.

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Levitt, Theodore. Marketing myopia. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press, 2008.

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Grosvenor, Theodore P. Clinical management of myopia. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

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Lin, Luke L. K., Yung-Feng Shih, and Por T. Hung, eds. Myopia Updates II. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-66917-3.

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Sugiyama, Kazuhisa, and Nagahisa Yoshimura, eds. Myopia and Glaucoma. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55672-5.

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Ang, Marcus, and Tien Y. Wong, eds. Updates on Myopia. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8491-2.

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Lerner, Adam, ed. Mark Mothersbaugh: Myopia. Denver, Colorado: Princeton Architectural Press, Incorporated, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Myopia"

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Maruko, Ichiro, and Tomohiro Iida. "Myopia." In Microperimetry and Multimodal Retinal Imaging, 129–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40300-2_13.

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Orellana, Juan, and Alan H. Friedman. "Myopia." In Clinico-Pathological Atlas of Congenital Fundus Disorders, 253–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9320-7_59.

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Hug, Timothy E. "Myopia." In Practical Management of Pediatric Ocular Disorders and Strabismus, 45–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2745-6_4.

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Drack, Arlene V. "Myopia." In Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 644–53. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21753-6_38.

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Greve, Henrich R. "Myopia." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1089–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_551.

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Greve, Henrich R. "Myopia." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, 1–2. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94848-2_551-1.

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Sherman, Jerome, Gulshan Karamchandani, William Jones, Sanjeev Nath, and Lawrence Yannuzzi. "Myopia." In Panoramic Ophthalmoscopy, 47–55. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003525530-3.

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Lanca, Carla, Chen-Wei Pan, Seang Mei Saw, and Tien-Yin Wong. "Epidemiology of Myopia, High Myopia, and Pathological Myopia." In Pathologic Myopia, 17–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74334-5_3.

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Ohno-Matsui, Kyoko. "Myopic Maculopathy Due to Pathologic Myopia." In Macular Disorders, 49–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3001-2_5.

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Kameda, Takanori, and Yasuo Kurimoto. "High Myopia and Myopic Glaucoma: Anterior Segment Features." In Myopia and Glaucoma, 89–96. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55672-5_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Myopia"

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Gwiazda, Jane, Joseph Bauer, and Frank Thorn. "Accommodation, phorias, and AC/A ratios in school-age children." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1996.sac.2.

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Changes in the interactions between accommodation and vergence have been linked to the development of myopia in adults. Jiang (1995) reported that AC/A (accommodative convergence/ accommodation) ratios of young adults who became myopic over a 2 to 3 year period were higher at the outset than those of subjects who remained emmetropic. Previously we reported that newly myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur (Gwiazda et al, 1993). We have speculated that this accommodative lag might create a blurred image on the retina when an individual is engaged in near work, which could induce myopia, as occurs with animal models. Reduced accommodation could also account for elevated AC/A ratios in myopes.
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Norton, Thomas T. "Experimental myopia and emmetropization in mammals." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.tuy3.

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Studies on developing mammalian as well as avian eyes have suggested the existence of an emmetropization process that matches axial length to focal length. A vision-dependent signal may slow axial elongation to hold the retina in the focal plane: deprivation of clear images on the retina produces an elongated, myopic eye in humans, most monkeys, and in tree shrews. If deprivation is removed in young, experimentally myopic tree shrews, recovery can occur due partially to slowing of axial expansion relative to the continued increase in focal length of the developing eye. In at least some mammals, it seems that a retinal signal is transmitted directly to the choroid and/or sclera; deprivation-induced myopia can develop despite blocking ganglion cell output to central brain structures. In tree shrews, as in avians, this signal seems local: deprivation in part of the visual field produces elongation and myopia selectively in the deprived region of the eye. Although accommodation may participate in normal ocular development, experimental myopia can develop in tree shrews despite atropine sulfate administration. In mammals it is still unclear whether the emmetropization process controls ocular growth, stretch, or both. How emmetropization is disrupted in human myopia also remains uncertain.
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Sivak, Jacob G., Elizabeth L. Irving, Margot E. Andison, and Murchinson Callender. "Inducing refractive errors in birds." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.tuy1.

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Numerous studies have shown that depriving the eye of the young chicken of clear form vision always results in myopia. Deprivation is usually achieved by the use of a translucent goggle over one eye. However, manipulation of the early visual environment of birds does not always produce myopia. The application of lenses to produce positive and negative defocus of the image of the young chick eye results in the formation of hyperopia and myopia, respectively. Preliminary results show that astigmatic defocus can produce astigmatic refractive states. Also, the application of a translucent goggle to the eye of the young American kestrel (Falco sparverius) produces both hyperopia and myopia, although myopia predominates. Furthermore, the normal hatchling kestrel eye is myopic and not hyperopic as is the hatchling chick. Hence, emmetropia is approached from opposite directions in these two species during the first few days after hatching. These results indicate that models of refractive error development of the bird eye should be able to account for all refractive conditions.
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Oinas-Kukkonen, Harri. "Personalization Myopia." In Mindtrek 2018: Academic Mindtrek 2018. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3275116.3275121.

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Troilo, David. "Changes in Retinal Morphology following Experimentally Induced Myopia." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.suc.4.

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The effects of increased eye size on retinal cell topography and morphology were examined using experimental animal models of myopia (chick and marmoset). Retinas from experimentally enlarged eyes have significantly larger areas than control eyes. Changes in the topography of cell density and the morphological structure of dendritic arbors of cells in the inner retina are consistent with the hypothesis that the retina stretches as the eye grows. In the marmoset, experimentally enlarged eyes had higher foveal cone densities than controls suggesting that stretch is an important factor in the increasing photoreceptor packing observed during normal foveal development. The increased axial length, retinal magnification, and foveal photoreceptor packing in experimental myopia suggest that the potential for higher acuity vision exists in human myopes. Any observed limitations in the acuity in myopes may result from other causes.
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Dai, Siying, Leiting Chen, Ting Lei, Chuan Zhou, and Yang Wen. "Automatic Detection Of Pathological Myopia And High Myopia On Fundus Images." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme46284.2020.9102787.

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McMillan, Norman D., and Ivan Slade. "Optics, evolution, and myopia." In OPTO-Ireland, edited by Brian W. Bowe, Gerald Byrne, Aidan J. Flanagan, Thomas J. Glynn, Jonathan Magee, Gerard M. O'Connor, Ronan F. O'Dowd, Gerard D. O'Sullivan, and John T. Sheridan. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.611452.

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Guo, YunHao. "The update of myopia." In International Conference on Biomedical and Intelligent Systems (IC-BIS 2022), edited by Ahmed El-Hashash. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2659992.

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Mutti, Donald O., Karla Zadnik, and Anthony J. Adams. "Ocular Component Correlates of Tonic Accommodation." In Ophthalmic and Visual Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ovo.1992.wd3.

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Tonic accommodation (TA) and its adaptation have attracted considerable interest in recent years as putative risk factors for myopia (Ebenholtz, 1983) and TA is currently under investigation in prospective studies of adults (McBrien and Adams, 1989). TA has been widely studied as a function of refractive error. Maddock et al. (1981) found that emmetropes had significantly higher TA values than high myopes. McBrien and Millodot (1987) extended the classification of refractive error in their analysis, differentiating between late and early onset myopes. They found that while early onset myopes and emmetropes did not differ in TA, hyperopes had significantly higher and late onset myopes significantly lower levels of TA. Rosner and Rosner (1989) have demonstrated that the relationship between TA and refractive error in children is similar to that found in adults, with hyperopes having the highest levels of TA, followed by emmetropes, and myopes the lowest values. Correlation coefficients (r) between refractive error and TA have ranged from 0.61 (data on night myopia and refractive error from Irving (1957), 0.48 (Maddock et al., 1981), to 0.24 (McBrien and Millodot, 1987). Regression was not performed on the data from children in Rosner and Rosner (1989).
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Wong, S. T., J. G. Sivak, A. K. Bal, M. G. Callender, and A. J. Bakelaar. "Changes in Amacrine Cell Numbers and Morphology in Response To Induced Myopia and Hyperopia." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1998.suc.2.

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Myopia and hyperopia have been artificially induced in animal models by various manipulations of their early visual environment. Ametropias have been produced using lid suture1, changing illumination levels (dark-rearing2, constant light3, dim lighting4), intra-ocular injections5, treatment with defocussing lenses6, and the application of translucent occluders7. Abnormal ocular growth appears to be a major factor that causes ametropia. Myopic eyes are enlarged, while hyperopic eyes are smaller compared to control eyes. Changes in the sclera8, choroid9, and orbital bone10 surrounding the affected eyes also reflect abnormal growth mechanisms. Various studies11,12,13 suggest that the signal or signals which control eye growth may arise from within the retina itself. It has been suggested that retinal amacrine cells play a role in mediating ocular growth8. This study examines how dopaminergic and serotonergic amacrine cells are quantitatively and qualitatively affected by induced myopia and hyperopia.
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Reports on the topic "Myopia"

1

Gabaix, Xavier, and David Laibson. Myopia and Discounting. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23254.

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Angeletos, George-Marios, and Zhen Huo. Myopia and Anchoring. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24545.

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Lee, David, and Justin McCrary. Crime, Punishment, and Myopia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11491.

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Edmans, Alex, Vivian Fang, and Katharina Lewellen. Equity Vesting and Managerial Myopia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19407.

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Luu, Tina. Therapeutic Options for the Management of Myopia. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-1504.

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Barro, Robert. Myopia and Inconsistency in the Neoclassical Growth Model. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6317.

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Acharya, Viral, and Raghuram Rajan. Sovereign Debt, Government Myopia, and the Financial Sector. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17542.

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Kotulak, John C., and Stephen E. Morse. Is Increased Accommodation a Necessary Condition for Instrument Myopia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278962.

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Hajdini, Ina. Mis-specified Forecasts and Myopia in an Estimated New Keynesian Model. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202203r.

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The paper considers a New Keynesian framework in which agents form expectations based on a combination of autoregressive mis-specified forecasts and myopia. The proposed expectations formation process is shown to be consistent with all three empirical facts on consensus inflation forecasts. However, while mis-specified forecasts can be both sufficient and necessary to match all three facts, myopia alone is neither. The paper then derives the general equilibrium solution consistent with the proposed expectations formation process and estimates the model with likelihood-based Bayesian methods, yielding three novel results: (i) macroeconomic data strongly prefer a combination of autoregressive mis-specified forecasting rules - of the VAR(1) or AR(1) type - and myopia over other alternatives; (ii) no strong evidence is found in favor of VAR(1) forecasts over simple AR(1) rules; and (iii) frictions such as habit in consumption, which are typically necessary for models with full-information rational expectations, are significantly less important, because the proposed expectations generate substantial internal persistence and amplification to exogenous shocks. Simulated inflation expectations data from the estimated general equilibrium model reflect the three empirical facts on forecasting data.
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Gillingham, Kenneth, Sébastien Houde, and Arthur van Benthem. Consumer Myopia in Vehicle Purchases: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25845.

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