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Journal articles on the topic 'Myeloschisis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Oi, Shizuo, Hideyoshi Saya, and Satoshi Matsumoto. "A hypothesis for myeloschisis: overgrowth and reopening." Journal of Neurosurgery 68, no. 6 (June 1988): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.68.6.0947.

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✓ A hypothesis for embryopathogenesis of myeloschisis is described on the basis of experimental studies analyzing the stage specificity and immunohistochemical/histological characteristics of the exposed neural tissue (placode). Myeloschisis developed in six fetuses among 205 chick embryos treated in various stages with teratogens including ethylnitrosourea, and anticonvulsant and antipyretic agents. All but one case (with associated cephalothoracopagus) demonstrated myeloschisis in the thoracic region with a lamina defect of two and three levels. No fetus was exposed to a teratogen prior to or within Hamburger and Hamilton stage 12 (45 to 49 hours postincubation), when the neuropore closes. Immunohistochemical studies of chick myeloschisis clearly indicated that neuron-specific enolase-positive elements were extremely active only in the overgrown placode, corresponding to the histological findings with Kluver-Barrera's special stain. These findings were compared with observations in a case of myeloschisis in a human neonate. The results of this study imply the possibility of another mechanism for the embryopathogenesis of myeloschisis: namely, the overgrowth and reopening hypothesis.

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2

Schindelmann, Kim Hannah, Fabienne Paschereit, Alexandra Steege, Gisela Stoltenburg-Didinger, and Angela M. Kaindl. "Systematic Classification of Spina Bifida." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 80, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nlab007.

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Abstract Spina bifida (SB) is an umbrella term for multiple conditions characterized by misclosure of vertebral arches. Neuropathologic findings in SB cases are often reported with imprecise and overlapping terminology. In view of the increasing identification of SB-associated genes and pathomechanisms, the precise description of SB subtypes is highly important. In particular, the term “myelomeningocele” is applied to various and divergent SB subtypes. We reevaluated 90 cases with SB (58 prenatal; 32 postnatal). The most frequent SB phenotype in our cohort was myeloschisis, which is characterized by an open neural plate with exposed ependyma (n = 28; 31.1%). An open neural plate was initially described in only in two-thirds of the myeloschisis cases. An additional 21 cases (23.3%) had myelomeningocele; 2 cases (2.2%) had a meningocele; and 21 cases (23.3%) had an unspecified SB aperta (SBA) subtype. Overall, the SB phenotype was corrected in about one-third of the cases. Our findings highlight that “myelomeningocele” and “SB aperta” cannot be used as synonymous terms and that myeloschisis is an underreported SB phenotype. Based on our findings and a review of literature we propose a classification of SB subtypes in SB occulta and the 3 SBA subtypes, meningocele, myelomeningocele, and myeloschisis.

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3

Jeelani, Yasser, and J. Gordon McComb. "Congenital hydrocephalus associated with myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 27, no. 10 (September 17, 2011): 1585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-011-1560-4.

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4

Oi, Shizuo, Takashi Kokunai, Yasuhiro Okuda, Matsuto Sasaki, and Satoshi Matsumoto. "Identical embryopathogenesis for exencephaly and myeloschisis: an experimental study." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 3 (March 1990): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.3.0450.

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✓ Extensive histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed to elucidate the histopathogenesis of exencephaly induced in chick embryo as an experimental model. The findings were compared with those identified in a chick myeloschisis experimental model and in human autopsy cases. The experimental model of exencephaly in chick embryos was developed by induction with various teratogens including ethylnitrosourea, salicylate, and phenytoin. None of the cases of exencephaly was exposed to a teratogen prior to or within Hamburger and Hamilton stage 12 (45 to 49 hours postincubation), when the anterior neuropore closes. The process of overgrowth in development of exencephaly was identical to that of myeloschisis, and the results suggested neuronal overmaturation in the histological and immunohistochemical studies. Although the late-stage degenerative change with neovascularization over the exposed neural tissue (placode) was more severe in human exencephaly, the present experimental study may suggest a possible common embryopathogenesis of dysraphism. Exencephaly should be regarded as the most severe form of cranium bifidum, as myeloschisis is in spina bifida.

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5

Hong, Seung Kuan, Je G. Chi, and Bo Sung Sim. "Experimental exencephaly and myeloschisis in rats." Journal of Korean Medical Science 4, no. 1 (1989): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1989.4.1.35.

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6

Morioka, Takato, Satoshi O. Suzuki, Nobuya Murakami, Takafumi Shimogawa, Nobutaka Mukae, Satoshi Inoha, Takakazu Sasaguri, and Koji Iihara. "Neurosurgical pathology of limited dorsal myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 34, no. 2 (October 23, 2017): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-017-3625-5.

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7

MORIOKA, Takato, Kimiaki HASHIGUCHI, Nobutaka MUKAE, Tetsuro SAYAMA, and Tomio SASAKI. "Neurosurgical Management of Patients With Lumbosacral Myeloschisis." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 50, no. 9 (2010): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.50.870.

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8

Storck, Kristina, Joy Duong, Joseph Bruner, George Davis, Laura Stone, and George Reed. "588 Intrauterine repair of myelomeningocele vs myeloschisis." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185, no. 6 (December 2001): S240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(01)80620-7.

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9

Pang, Dachling, John Zovickian, Angelica Oviedo, and Greg S. Moes. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis: A Distinctive Clinicopathological Entity." Neurosurgery 67, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 1555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e3181f93e5a.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) is a distinctive form of spinal dysraphism characterized by 2 constant features: a focal “closed” midline defect and a fibroneural stalk that links the skin lesion to the underlying cord. The embryogenesis is hypothesized to be incomplete disjunction between cutaneous and neural ectoderms, thus preventing complete midline skin closure and allowing persistence of a physical link (fibroneural stalk) between the disjunction site and the dorsal neural tube. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate these features in 51 LDM patients. METHODS: All patients were studied with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography myelography, operated on, and followed for a mean of 7.4 years. RESULTS: There were 10 cervical, 13 thoracic, 6 thoracolumbar and 22 lumbar lesions. Two main types of skin lesion were saccular (21 patients), consisting of a skin-base cerebrospinal fluid sac topped with a squamous epithelial dome, and nonsaccular (30 patients), with a flat or sunken squamous epithelial crater or pit. The internal structure of a saccular LDM could be a basal neural nodule, a stalk that inserts on the dome, or a segmental myelocystocele. In nonsaccular LDMs, the fibroneural stalk has variable thickness and complexity. In all LDMs, the fibroneural stalk was tethering the cord. Twenty-nine patients had neurological deficits. There was a positive correlation between neurological grade and age, suggesting progression with chronicity. Treatment consisted of detaching the stalk from the cord. Most patients improved or remained stable. CONCLUSION: LDM is a distinctive clinicopathological entity and a tethering lesion with characteristic external and internal features. We propose a new classification incorporating both saccular and flat lesions.

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10

Eibach, Sebastian, Greg Moes, John Zovickian, and Dachling Pang. "Limited dorsal myeloschisis associated with dermoid elements." Child's Nervous System 33, no. 1 (August 19, 2016): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-016-3207-y.

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11

Kim, Joo Whan, Kyu-Chang Wang, Sangjoon Chong, Seung-Ki Kim, and Ji Yeoun Lee. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis: Reconsideration of its Embryological Origin." Neurosurgery 86, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy632.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) is postulated to be a result of incomplete dysjunction in primary neurulation. However, clinical experience of LDM located below the first-second sacral (S1-S2) vertebral level, which is formed from secondary neurulation (S2-coccyx), suggested that LDM may not be entirely explained as an error of primary neurulation. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the location and characteristics of LDM to investigate the possible relation of its pathoembryogenesis to secondary neurulation. METHODS Twenty-eight patients were surgically treated for LDM from 2010 to 2015. Since the level where the LDM stalk penetrates the interspinous ligament is most clearly defined on the preoperative MRI and operative field, this level was assessed to find out whether the lesions can occur in the region of secondary neurulation. RESULTS Eleven patients (39%) with typical morphology of the stalk had interspinous defect levels lower than S1-S2. These patients were not different from 17 patients with classic LDMs at a level above or at S1-S2. This result shows that other than the low level of the interspinous level, 11 patients had lesions that could be defined as LDMs CONCLUSION By elucidating the location of LDM lesions (in particular, the interspinous level), we propose that LDM may be caused by errors of secondary neurulation. The hypothesis seems more plausible due to the supportive fact that the process of separation between the cutaneous and neural ectoderm is present during secondary neurulation. Hence, incomplete disjunction of the two ectoderms during secondary neurulation may result in LDM, similar to the pathomechanism proposed during primary neurulation.

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12

Morioka, Takato, Nobuya Murakami, Haruhisa Yanagida, Toru Yamaguchi, Yushi Noguchi, Yasushi Takahata, Ayumi Tsukamoto, and Satoshi O. Suzuki. "Terminal syringomyelia associated with lumbar limited dorsal myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 36, no. 4 (July 17, 2019): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04297-8.

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13

Morioka, Takato, Nobuya Murakami, Nobutaka Mukae, Takafumi Shimogawa, Ai Kurogi, Akiko Kanata, Tadahisa Shono, Satoshi O. Suzuki, and Masahiro Mizoguchi. "Surgical Pathoembryology and Treatment of Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 30, no. 6 (2021): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.30.424.

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14

HUNG, Chi-Fu, Naomi NAKAGATA, and Kiyoshi SATO. "The Morphogenesis of Hindbrain Crowding Associated with Lumbosacral Myeloschisis." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 29, no. 11 (1989): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.29.981.

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15

Yilmaz, Adem, Ahmet Murat Müslüman, Nazan Dalgıc, Halit Çavuşoğlu, Ayhan Kanat, İbrahim Çolak, and Yunus Aydın. "Shunt insertion in newborns with myeloschisis/myelomenigocele and hydrocephalus." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 17, no. 12 (December 2010): 1493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2010.03.042.

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16

Lee, Ji Yeoun, Sangjoon Chong, Young Hun Choi, Ji Hoon Phi, Jung-Eun Cheon, Seung-Ki Kim, Sung Hye Park, In-One Kim, and Kyu-Chang Wang. "Modification of surgical procedure for “probable” limited dorsal myeloschisis." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 19, no. 5 (May 2017): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.12.peds16171.

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OBJECTIVESince the entity limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) was proposed, numerous confusing clinical cases have been renamed according to the embryopathogenesis. However, clinical application of this label appears to require some clarification with regard to pathology. There have been cases in which all criteria for the diagnosis of LDM were met except for the presence of a neural component in the stalk, an entity the authors call “probable” LDM. The present study was performed to meticulously review these cases and suggest that a modified surgical strategy using limited laminectomy is sufficient to achieve the surgical goal of untethering.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed the imaging findings, operative notes, and pathology reports of spinal dysraphism patients with subcutaneous stalk lesions who had presented to their institution between 2010 and 2014.RESULTSAmong 33 patients with LDM, 13 had the typical nonsaccular lesions with simple subcutaneous stalks connecting the skin opening to the spinal cord. Four cases had “true” LDM meeting all criteria for diagnosis, including pathological confirmation of CNS tissue by immunohistochemical staining with glial fibrillary acidic protein. There were also 9 cases in which all clinical, imaging, and surgical findings were compatible with LDM, but the “neural” component in the resected stalk was not confirmed. For all the cases, limited exposure of the stalk was done and satisfactory untethering was achieved.CONCLUSIONSOne can speculate based on the initial error of embryogenesis that if the entire stalk were traced to the point of insertion on the cord, the neural component would be proven. However, this would require an extended level of laminectomy/laminotomy, which may be unnecessary, at least with regard to the completeness of untethering. Therefore, the authors propose that for some selected cases of LDM, a minimal extent of laminectomy may suffice for untethering, although it may be insufficient for diagnosing a true LDM.

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17

Papanna, Ramesha, Stephen Fletcher, Kenneth J. Moise, Lovepreet K. Mann, and Scheffer C. G. Tseng. "Cryopreserved Human Umbilical Cord for In Utero Myeloschisis Repair." Obstetrics & Gynecology 128, no. 2 (August 2016): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000001512.

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18

Quon, Jennifer L., and Gerald A. Grant. "Commentary: Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis: Reconsideration of its Embryological Origin." Neurosurgery 86, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): E13—E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz011.

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19

Isono, Mitsuo, Makoto Goda, Tohru Kamida, Keisuke Ishii, Hidenori Kobayashi, Tomomi Maeda, Kazuhide Imai, and Tatsuro Izumi. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis Associated with Multiple Vertebral Segmentation Disorder." Pediatric Neurosurgery 36, no. 1 (2002): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048349.

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20

Akiyama, Katsuhiko, Kenichi Nishiyama, Junichi Yoshimura, Hiroshi Mori, and Yukihiko Fujii. "A case of split cord malformation associated with myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 23, no. 5 (October 7, 2006): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-006-0241-1.

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21

Murata, Takahiro, Hiroaki Shigeta, Tetsuyoshi Horiuchi, Keiichi Sakai, and Kazuhiro Hongo. "Globular subdural hematoma in a shunt-treated infant." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 5, no. 2 (February 2010): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.9.peds09391.

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Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a well-known sequela of ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion for hydrocephalus, usually spreads out over the cerebral convexity, and appears as a crescent-shaped lesion on imaging. The authors report the rare case of an infant with a globular SDH, which MR imaging revealed as a round mass lesion. A 13-month-old girl with a history of severe congenital hydrocephalus associated with myeloschisis underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement after repair of myeloschisis and developed convulsive seizure. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large subdural round mass with a lesion like a pedestal in the left parietal region, suggesting a globular SDH surrounded by a thin cerebral mantle. Because of the seizures and because the hematoma did not respond to a change in valve pressure, the patient underwent a craniotomy to remove the hematoma and to resect the thick outer membranes of multiple layers. Postoperative MR imaging demonstrated the disappearance of the SDH, and no additional shunt complication was observed during a long follow-up period. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with globular SDH published in the literature. The authors postulate that the globular SDH was caused by the thin cerebral mantle associated with severe craniocerebral disproportion, and they discuss the possible mechanisms for this unique formation.

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22

Sim, Ki Bum, Seung Kuan Hong, Byung Kyu Cho, Duk Young Choi, and Kyu Chang Wang. "Experimentally induced Chiari-like malformation with myeloschisis in chick embryos." Journal of Korean Medical Science 11, no. 6 (1996): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1996.11.6.509.

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23

Mangels, Kyle J., Noel Tulipan, Joseph P. Bruner, and Delia Nickolaus. "Use of Bipedicular Advancement Flaps for Intrauterine Closure of Myeloschisis." Pediatric Neurosurgery 32, no. 1 (2000): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000028898.

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24

Yamanaka, Takumi, Naoya Hashimoto, Hiroyasu Sasajima, and Katsuyoshi Mineura. "A Case of Diastematomyelia Associated with Myeloschisis in a Hemicord." Pediatric Neurosurgery 35, no. 5 (2001): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000050431.

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25

Morioka, Takato, Satoshi O. Suzuki, Nobuya Murakami, Nobutaka Mukae, Takafumi Shimogawa, Hironori Haruyama, Ryutaro Kira, and Koji Iihara. "Surgical histopathology of limited dorsal myeloschisis with flat skin lesion." Child's Nervous System 35, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-018-3870-2.

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26

Cai, WeiSong, HongYu Zhao, JunBin Guo, Yong Li, ZhengWei Yuan, and WeiLin Wang. "Retinoic acid-induced lumbosacral neural tube defects: myeloschisis and hamartoma." Child's Nervous System 23, no. 5 (January 25, 2007): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-006-0289-y.

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27

Coetzee, E., R. Gray, C. Hollmann, NJM Enslin, and JF Coetzee. "Anaesthetic management of a three-month-old baby for cervical limited dorsal myeloschisis repair using propofol and alfentanil infusions guided by pharmacokinetic simulation software: A case report." Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 25, no. 6 (November 29, 2019): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/sajaa.19.6.a5.

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We present an uncommon case of limited dorsal myeloschisis in a 3-month-old infant requiring repair guided by intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and therefore avoidance of volatile anaesthetic agents. The case presented challenges in positioning, airway management, a lack of age appropriate pharmacokinetic models in target-controlled infusion (TCI) syringe pumps and unavailability of remifentanil, considered to be an essential drug in this setting. We overcame these challenges using manually controlled infusions of propofol and alfentanil guided by pharmacokinetic simulation software (Stelsim).

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Coetzee, E., R. Gray, C. Hollmann, NJM Enslin, and JF Coetzee. "Anaesthetic management of a three-month-old baby for cervical limited dorsal myeloschisis repair using propofol and alfentanil infusions guided by pharmacokinetic simulation software: A case report." Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 25, no. 6 (December 4, 2019): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/sajaa.2019.25.6.a5.

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We present an uncommon case of limited dorsal myeloschisis in a 3-month-old infant requiring repair guided by intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and therefore avoidance of volatile anaesthetic agents. The case presented challenges in positioning, airway management, a lack of age appropriate pharmacokinetic models in target-controlled infusion (TCI) syringe pumps and unavailability of remifentanil, considered to be an essential drug in this setting. We overcame these challenges using manually controlled infusions of propofol and alfentanil guided by pharmacokinetic simulation software (Stelsim).

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29

Lafitte, Anne Sophie, Marie Blouet, Frédérique Belloy, Alin Borha, and Guillaume Benoist. "A case of prenatally diagnosed limited dorsal myeloschisis with good prognosis." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 46, no. 4 (October 5, 2017): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.22527.

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30

Mori, Hiroshi, Shizuo Oi, Yuichiro Nonaka, Ryo Tamogami, and Ai Muroi. "Ventricular anatomy of hydrocephalus associated with myeloschisis and endoscopic third ventriculostomy." Child's Nervous System 24, no. 6 (January 11, 2008): 717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-007-0547-7.

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INAGAKI, Takayuki. "Surgical management of myeloschisis(Morning Educational Seminar 7 Management of spinal dysraphism)." Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 11, no. 2 (2002): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.7887/jcns.11.162_3.

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32

Yasuda, Takasumi, Yasuo Yamanouchi, Hiroshi Matsumura, Airo Tsubura, and Sotokichi Morii. "Immunohistochemical Expressions of NSE and GFAP on Vitamin A-Induced Mouse Myeloschisis." Spinal Surgery 6 (1992): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2531/spinalsurg.6.111.

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33

Oliveira, R. C. S., G. L. Acacio, R. C. Abou-Jamra, D. A. C. Malheiros, and D. A. L. Pedreira. "P42.01: Alternative technique for prenatal correction of myelomeningocele in cases of myeloschisis." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 32, no. 3 (August 2008): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.6158.

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34

Pang, Dachling, John Zovickian, Sui-To Wong, Yong Jin Hou, and Greg S. Moes. "Limited dorsal myeloschisis: a not-so-rare form of primary neurulation defect." Child's Nervous System 29, no. 9 (September 2013): 1459–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-013-2189-2.

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35

Chatterjee, Sandip, and K. Santosh Mohan Rao. "Missed limited dorsal myeloschisis: an unfortunate cause for recurrent tethered cord syndrome." Child's Nervous System 31, no. 9 (June 7, 2015): 1553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2774-7.

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36

McKinney, Jennifer R., Anna G. Euser, Mariana L. Meyers, David M. Mirsky, and Michael V. Zaretsky. "494: Prediction of myelomeningocele/myeloschisis size and repair type by preoperative imaging." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 218, no. 1 (January 2018): S296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.020.

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37

Rizalar, R., A. Saraç, A. Görk, S. Somuncu, F. Bernay, and N. Gürses. "Duplication of Appendix with Segmental Dilatation of the Colon, Myeloschisis and Anal Atresia." European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 6, no. 02 (April 1996): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1066486.

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38

Butterfield, Sarah, Beatriz Garcia-Gonzalez, Colin J. Driver, and Clare Rusbridge. "Limited dorsal myeloschisis in three cats: a distinctive form of neural tube defect." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports 6, no. 1 (January 2020): 205511692092430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055116920924307.

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Case series summary The aim of this case series was to describe the clinical presentation, imaging findings and histopathology of three cats with limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM). The history, examination and MRI sequences were reviewed in three cases presented to a single referral hospital. The surgery report and histopathology were described in two cases. All cats were young (10 weeks old, 5 months old, 4 years old), presenting with varying degrees of progressive paraparesis. All had a midline skin defect overlying the spinal column that was either sunken or saccular, containing fluid thought to be cerebrospinal fluid. MRI sequences demonstrated tissue extending from the dura through an overlying bifid spinous process and attached to the dermis, with associated spinal cord tethering, atrophy and syringomyelia. Lesions were located at L2–L3, T8–T9 and L4. Histopathology described a fibroneural stalk with a glio-ependymal lining, surrounded by glial nests and nerve fibres. The youngest and most severely affected was euthanased, while the other two underwent surgery. Both regained independent ambulation with persistent paraparesis; however, one required ongoing management of urinary incontinence. Relevance and novel information LDM is a primary neural tube defect that may result in neurological deficits, including bladder dysfunction, and is characterised by a fibroneural stalk between the dermis and the spinal cord. Distinct MRI features, such as a visible intrathecal tract, dorsally tethered cord and syringomyelia, help distinguish this condition from the clinically similar dermoid sinus. The presence of progressive neurological signs, with a palpable midline defect overlying the affected spinal cord segment, may raise suspicion for this clinical entity in veterinary patients.

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39

Oi, Shizuo, Tomoru Miwa, Masahisa Kobayashi, and Hiroyuki Ida. "Myeloschisis Repair in a Premature Neonate with a Birth Weight of 599 g." Pediatric Neurosurgery 47, no. 5 (2011): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337348.

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40

Friszer, Stéphanie, Ferdinand Dhombres, Baptiste Morel, Michel Zerah, Jean-Marie Jouannic, and Catherine Garel. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis: A Diagnostic Pitfall in the Prenatal Ultrasound of Fetal Dysraphism." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 41, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445995.

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41

Sarukawa, Mio, Takato Morioka, Nobuya Murakami, Takafumi Shimogawa, Nobutaka Mukae, Noriko Kuga, Satoshi O. Suzuki, and Koji Iihara. "Human tail-like cutaneous appendage with a contiguous stalk of limited dorsal myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 35, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04071-w.

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42

Campbell, L. Rebecca, Harpal S. Bal, T. Arumugam, and G. S. Sohal. "Relationship of early neural tube appearance to myeloschisis in a chick embryo model." Experimental Neurology 96, no. 3 (June 1987): 661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(87)90227-5.

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43

Murakami, Nobuya, Takato Morioka, Satoshi O. Suzuki, Nobutaka Mukae, Takafumi Shimogawa, Yoshihiro Matsuo, Takakazu Sasaguri, and Masahiro Mizoguchi. "Clinicopathological findings of limited dorsal myeloschisis associated with spinal lipoma of dorsal-type." Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery 21 (September 2020): 100781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2020.100781.

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Soon, Wai Cheong, Joe M. Das, Azam Baig, Pasquale Gallo, Desiderio Rodrigues, and William B. Lo. "Atlantoaxial limited dorsal myeloschisis: A report of two cases and review of literature." Brain and Spine 1 (2021): 100298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bas.2021.100298.

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45

Lee, S. M., J. E. Cheon, Y. H. Choi, I. O. Kim, W. S. Kim, H. H. Cho, J. Y. Lee, and K. C. Wang. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis and Congenital Dermal Sinus: Comparison of Clinical and MR Imaging Features." American Journal of Neuroradiology 38, no. 1 (October 20, 2016): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a4958.

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Izci, Yusuf, and Cahit Kural. "Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis with and without Type I Split Cord Malformation: Report of 3 Cases and Surgical Nuances." Medicina 55, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55020028.

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Abstract:

Limited dorsal myeloschisis (LDM) is a rare form of spina bifida which is characterized by a fibroneural stalk between the inner part of the skin and the spinal cord. It may be associated with split cord malformation (SCM). Diagnosis and management of this complex malformation is challenging. We presented 3 different cases of LDM. Two of them were associated with Type I SCM and the other had no associated malformation. All of them were evaluated radiologically just after the birth and underwent surgical treatment under intraoperative neuromonitoring. They discharged without any complication. Newborns with spinal cystic lesions should be carefully evaluated for spinal malformations after the birth and treated surgically as soon as possible in order to prevent neurological and urological complications secondary to tethered cord syndrome. Surgical technique in LDM-SCM patients is quite different than the patients with solitary LDM.

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Saitsu, Hirotomo, Shigehito Yamada, Chigako Uwabe, Makoto Ishibashi, and Kohei Shiota. "Aberrant differentiation of the axially condensed tail bud mesenchyme in human embryos with lumbosacral myeloschisis." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 290, no. 3 (2007): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.20426.

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Morioka, Takato, Nobuya Murakami, Satoshi O. Suzuki, Akira Takada, Seiji Tajiri, Takafumi Shimogawa, Nobutaka Mukae, and Koji Iihara. "Neurosurgical Pathology and Management of Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis Associated with Congenital Dermal Sinus in Infancy." Pediatric Neurosurgery 55, no. 2 (2020): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507867.

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Sarukawa, Mio, Takato Morioka, Nobuya Murakami, Takafumi Shimogawa, Nobutaka Mukae, Noriko Kuga, Satoshi O. Suzuki, and Koji Iihara. "Correction to: Human tail-like cutaneous appendage with a contiguous stalk of limited dorsal myeloschisis." Child's Nervous System 35, no. 6 (March 2, 2019): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00381-019-04111-5.

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Wong, Sui-To, and Dachling Pang. "Focal Spinal Nondisjunction in Primary Neurulation : Limited Dorsal Myeloschisis and Congenital Spinal Dermal Sinus Tract." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2020.0117.

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