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Academic literature on the topic 'Myéline – Androgènes'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Myéline – Androgènes"
Zahaf, Amina. "Rôle inattendu de la signalisation des androgènes dans le système nerveux central démyélinisé de la souris femelle : Identification de spécificités liées au sexe de l'animal." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASL046.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The pathology is characterized by successive inflammatory insults, which are related to the dysregulation of the immune system and target the cells synthesizing myelin in the CNS, the oligodendrocytes. These insults are followed by steps of remission corresponding to the spontaneous regeneration of myelin, also called remyelination. However, when the disease progress, remyelination fails namely due to a lesion environment becoming inappropriate. The pathology characterized as chronic and neurodegenerative concerns 3 women for 1 men and is currently considered as the first cause of non traumatic disabilities in the young adults. During the last decades, a substantial number of molecules targeting the immune system has been identified in order to reduce the frequency and severity of the insults. These molecules are efficient on the relapsing-remitting form of the disease, but they become inefficient with disease progression. The current therapeutic challenge is the identification of molecules also able to boost the regeneration of myelin. The role of the male sexual hormones or androgens in models of CNS demyelination has been thoroughly investigated in males, which led to show their immunomodulatory, pro-myelinating and neuroprotective properties. Since females also produce androgens - though at a much lower level than males - the objective of my PhD project was to delineate the contribution of androgens to the protective and regenerative processes involved in the context of CNS demyelination in female mice. In immune (EAE) and non-immune (LPC) models of CNS demyelination, the effects of androgens have been analyzed via immunostaining experiments, visualization of myelin and axon ultrastructure, fluorescence-activated sorting of peripheral immune cells present in the lymphoid organs or infiltrated in the CNS. The data indicate major remyelinating, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of androgens in females as previously observed in males with however some specificities. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of the spinal cord from EAE animals led us to identify profiles of deregulated genes tightly correlated with the histological and functional data. Altogether these results suggest that the administration of appropriate doses of androgens would deserve to be further considered in female patients presenting with multiple sclerosis
Hussain, Rashad. "Rôle des androgènes et progestagènes dans la remyélinisation du système nerveux central." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T081.
Full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a very prominent demyelinating disease. The cause of demyelination in MS is not clear, however, it involves autoimmune responses and the death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by myelin destruction and axonal dysfunction. Currently available therapies including anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulators are targeted to reduce inflammation and disease progression but their limited efficacy further decrease after prolonged treatment.However, another therapeutic strategy has gained recently much interest, is to boost the endogenous capacity of the brain to repair myelin.Steroid hormones offer an opportunity for therapeutic interventions in a wide range of tissue abnormalities because of their multiple actions during development and in adulthood. Our studies show that androgens and progestagens play pivotal role in oligodendrocyte proliferation and subsequent myelination. Androgens or progestagens promote remyelination after lysolecithin mediated myelin insult of organotypic cerebellar slices in culture. Moreover, remyelinating effects of testosterone can be blocked by flutamide, an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor. Also, the remyelination induced by progestagens is abolished when cerebellar slices are used from progesterone receptors (PR) knockout mice.The influence of testosterone and its metabolites on myelin repair was also evident in toxininduced demyelination in vivo. Long-term cuprizone intoxication (12-14 weeks) of adult C57Bl/6 mice caused chronic and severe demyelination in the corpus callosum. Treatment of these mice with testosterone or its metabolites, particularly 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), estradiol-17β and potent testosterone analog 7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) for 6 weeks results in a marked replenishment of the corpus callosum with oligodendrocytes and remyelination. Testosterone fails to stimulate remyelination in mice carrying testicular feminization mutation (Tfm) of AR in the cuprizone model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that testosterone directly targets neuronal and macroglial AR, because the specific ablation of neural AR in (ARNes/Cre) mice prevents the myelin repair in response to testosterone. Interestingly, blocking the conversion of testosterone into estrogens by knocking out the aromatase gene (ArKO mice), also impair the remyelinating effect of testosterone.In conclusion, we provide a strong evidence for a new role of progestagens and androgens in remyelination and thus present a sound experimental support for future clinical trials based on steroid hormone therapy for demyelinating disorders
Abi, Ghanem Charly. "Rôles des androgènes et de leur récepteur AR dans le dimorphisme et la réparation de la myéline." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS206.
Full textAndrogens (mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, DHT) are steroid hormones that are involved in reproduction functions, development and maintenance of male characteristics. They can also influence several structures and functions of the nervous system. Indeed, during development, androgens have a masculinizing effect on the central nervous system (CNS) making it sexually dimorphic. In addition, in adult male rodents,the white matter is larger and presents more oligodendrocytes, myelinating cells of the CNS. This difference is abolished after castration of males ; witch suggests the involvement of testosterone in the dimorphism of oligodendrocytes and myelin.One aim of my thesis was to study the involvement of androgens and their receptor (AR) in the establishment of this dimorphism. Our results confirm that testosterone is involved and demonstrate that its effect is mediated by AR. Indeed, the corpus callosum (CC) of adult male mice having a non-functional AR in the entire body (Tfm mice) or invalidated specifically in neural cells, (ARNesCre mice) have 20 to 30% fewer oligodendrocytes and myelinated area than those of controls. Moreover, our results show that this dimorphism appears early during postnatal life. Interestingly, pharmacological treatment of male pups with an AR antagonist (flutamide) and female ones with an AR agonist (DHT) during the first ten days after the birth reverses their oligodendrocytic profiles. These results suggest an organizational role of the AR in the white matter development.The aim of the second part of my study was to investigate the importance of testosterone and the AR in myelin repair in a rodent model of spinal cord demyelinationby stereotactic injection of lysolecithin. Our results show that a 4 weeks testosterone treatment allows the recruitment of oligodendrocyte and myelin repair. Interestingly, in the absence of testosterone or the AR, myelin repair was ineffeciant and was done by components of peripheral myelin. Moreover, the presence of astrocytes seems necessary for the remyelinating effect of testosterone since myelin repair was confined to astrocyte populated area.An important goal of my work is to better understand the mechanism of action of testosterone and the AR in the process of myelin formation and repair. For this, we performed a comparative transcriptomic study between animals injected or not with LPC than treated or not with testosterone to determine new target genes and signaling pathways involved in these processes. The results will probably define a new therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis
Laouarem, Yousra. "Les voies de signalisation Hedgehog et des androgènes dans la production développementale et réparatrice de la myéline du système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS264.
Full textDuring demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheaths that surround the axons and contribute to nervous conduction velocity, but also the oligodendrocytes that synthesize myelin are lost. This is particularly true in multiple sclerosis, the most common of those pathologies, which is characterized by recurrent inflammatory and demyelinating attacks evolving after several years into a secondary progressive form. Presently, the treatment of patients mostly relies on the use of immunomodulators, which are successful in decreasing the frequency of the attacks. However, these molecules lead to poor results in the progressive form of the disease. Just before the beginning of my PhD, the Hedgehog and androgen signaling pathways have been identified as positive regulators of myelin repair likely by using different mechanisms. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that a combination therapy using pharmacological modulators of each of these pathways could be interesting from a therapeutic point of view. By using primary mixed glial cell cultures and in vivo administration of the modulators to early postnatal mice, we have shown that the Hedgehog and androgen signaling pathways functionally interact during the physiological development of myelin at the early postnatal period. Importantly, the blockade of the Hedgehog signaling is required to allow androgen to play their role in the myelination process. The molecular mechanisms implicated in the pathway crosstalk do not involve the transcriptional regulation of the main effector of Hedgehog signaling (Gli1) or the nuclear androgen receptor (AR). Moreover, the same modulators administered into demyelinated animals led us to demonstrate a synergetic effect both on myelin repair, inflammation resolution and functional recovery. These results should be considered in the context of a novel therapeutic approach of demyelinating diseases
Delabesse, Eric. "Mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode d'analyse de la clonalité : le gène du récepteur aux androgènes." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P186.
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