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Academic literature on the topic 'Mycotoxin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Ndiaye, Seyni, Minhui Zhang, Mouhamed Fall, Nicolas M. Ayessou, Qi Zhang, and Peiwu Li. "Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications." Toxins 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14110729.

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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite’s toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin’s biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.

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Schiefer, H. B. "Mycotoxicoses of domestic animals and their diagnosis." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-150.

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Mycotoxins have been named "agents in search of a disease," and the considerable progress in analytical methodology over the last 10 years has not changed this very much. The following are factors that contribute to the difficulty of making a diagnosis: (1) nonspecificity of lesions; (2) masking of mycotoxic effects by secondary effects, e.g., through immunosuppression; (3) late appearance of a lesion, e.g., bone marrow damage or neoplasia; (4) interaction of several mycotoxins or presence of other toxicants or deficiency states; (5) species variation in the response to the mycotoxin(s); (6) difficulty of linking a late appearing effect with a demonstrable cause; (7) low doses of mycotoxins may cause stimulating effects; and (8) not being aware of the potential of a mycotoxin as a causative factor in disease. The mycotoxins of major importance in Canada are trichothecenes, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and ergot. It is concluded that the significance of mycotoxins for animals in Canada is likely generally underestimated.Key words: mycotoxins, domestic animals, diagnosis of mycotoxicoses.

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Zhang, Kai, and Melissa Phillips. "Opinion: Multi-Mycotoxin Reference Materials." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 2544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172544.

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The analysis of mycotoxins in food and feed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is considered advantageous because the hyphenated technology enables simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins. Multi-mycotoxin analysis requires special consideration of quality control parameters to ensure proper evaluation of data quality for all target mycotoxins in method development and routine sample analysis. Mycotoxin matrix reference materials, especially certified reference materials, are stable and homogeneous matrices with certified traceability, concentrations, and uncertainty for mycotoxin(s) of interest. The use of these reference materials for single mycotoxin analysis has been a well-accepted practice and should be extended to multi-mycotoxin analysis. This opinion piece discusses the following essential metrological and operational components to improve data quality: (1) purposes of multi-mycotoxin reference materials; (2) comparison of reference materials, certified reference materials, and in-house quality control materials; (3) advantages of using reference materials for multi-mycotoxin analysis; (4) current trends and challenges of multi-mycotoxin reference materials. Potential applications of reference materials discussed here can improve routine mycotoxin determination and will lead to better accuracy and consistency of results. Quality control processes that incorporate reference materials in the field of mycotoxin analysis ensure successful development and implementation of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based multi-mycotoxin methods.

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Wang, Wenjie, Xinle Liang, Yudong Li, Pinmei Wang, and Nancy P. Keller. "Genetic Regulation of Mycotoxin Biosynthesis." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010021.

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Mycotoxin contamination in food poses health hazards to humans. Current methods of controlling mycotoxins still have limitations and more effective approaches are needed. During the past decades of years, variable environmental factors have been tested for their influence on mycotoxin production leading to elucidation of a complex regulatory network involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. These regulators are putative targets for screening molecules that could inhibit mycotoxin synthesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of hierarchical regulators, including pathway-specific regulators, global regulators and epigenetic regulators, on the production of the most critical mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, citrinin, trichothecenes and fumonisins). Future studies on regulation of mycotoxins will provide valuable knowledge for exploring novel methods to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis in a more efficient way.

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SINPHITHAKKUL, PIYALUK, AMNART POAPOLATHEP, NARUMOL KLANGKAEW, KANJANA IMSILP, ANTONIO F. LOGRIECO, ZHAOWEI ZHANG, and SARANYA POAPOLATHEP. "Occurrence of Multiple Mycotoxins in Various Types of Rice and Barley Samples in Thailand." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 6 (May 22, 2019): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-456.

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ABSTRACT The prevalence of mycotoxins is often increased by climatic conditions prevailing in tropical regions. Therefore, consumers in tropical countries such as Thailand have a higher risk of mycotoxin exposure. Existing reports have revealed mycotoxin contamination in rice. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in barley and nine types of rice sold in Thailand and to assess consumer health risk. A total of 300 samples collected from various markets in Thailand were analyzed for the presence of 16 mycotoxins using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. Of the 300 samples, 124 (41.33%) were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, and 38.71% of the mycotoxin-positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with more than one toxin. The incidence of mycotoxin contamination differed among the rice and barley samples. Beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, zearalenone, and aflatoxins were the most frequently found mycotoxins. However, the concentrations of regulated mycotoxins were below the regulatory limits. The assessed mycotoxin exposure does not represent a health risk for Thai consumers because the estimated exposure concentrations were lower than the tolerable daily intake values established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. However, our findings suggest that continued monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in rice and barley and concomitant risk assessments are warranted. HIGHLIGHTS

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Kazemi, Davar, Arash Chaychi Nosrati, Leila Modiri, and Ali Shahriyari. "A Comparative Investigation on Egg Yolk Total Antioxidant Capacity Influencing Relativities to Mycotoxins - Ochratoxins." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 700–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/150.

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BACKGROUND Ochratoxins include a family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by several species of fungi of the genus aspergillus and penicillium. Mycotoxins1 are important environmental pollutants that can be generated in a variety of food and feed components. Nowadays, most mycotoxins can be identified at an acceptable level in terms of legal, veterinary and medical needs. We wanted to compare the egg yolk total antioxidant capacity relativities to mycotoxins ochratoxins (OTA) to determine surges in side effects of human consumption. METHODS Samples were tested by the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits according to the kit’s instructions. Finally, the collected data was analysed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics (contamination ratio, mean and standard deviation) and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Ochratoxin in all egg yolk samples of the studied 34 brands showed a minimum of 23.17 ppb and a maximum of 252.80 ppb. OTA residues indicate high risk levels to consumers. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, the transfer of mycotoxin metabolites to eggs has been in greater possibilities; therefore, control of mycotoxin contamination in laying hen diets and surveys in food and feed in intense risks is recommended to avoid the presence of mycotoxins in eggs intended for human consumption. KEY WORDS Mycotoxin, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), OTA, Egg Yolk

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Al-Jaal, Belqes, Aishah Latiff, Sofia Salama, Huda Mohamed Hussain, Noora Abdulaziz Al-Thani, Noor Al-Naimi, Noof Al-Qasmi, Peter Horvatovich, and Morana Jaganjac. "Analysis of Multiple Mycotoxins in the Qatari Population and Their Relation to Markers of Oxidative Stress." Toxins 13, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040267.

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Mycotoxins are naturally occurring food toxins worldwide that can cause serious health effects. The measurement of mycotoxin biomarkers in biological fluids is needed to assess individuals’ exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of mycotoxins in the Qatari population. Serum samples from 412 adults and urinary samples from 559 adults were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxin biomarkers. Multimycotoxin approaches have been applied, using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry methods. Samples were further analyzed for the oxidative stress markers and compared with regard to the incidence of mycotoxins. The presence of mycotoxins was identified in 37% of serum samples and in less than 20% of urine samples. It was found that 88% of positive of the samples were positive for only one mycotoxin, while 12% of positive samples had two or more mycotoxins. Trichothecenes and zearalenone metabolites were most commonly detected mycotoxins, followed by aflatoxins, roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid. The presence of mycotoxins was found to positively correlate with oxidative stress markers. The obtained results illustrate the importance of mycotoxin biomonitoring studies in humans and the need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced toxicity.

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Fumagalli, Francesca, Matteo Ottoboni, Luciano Pinotti, and Federica Cheli. "Integrated Mycotoxin Management System in the Feed Supply Chain: Innovative Approaches." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080572.

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Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide concern as their occurrence is unavoidable and varies among geographical regions. Mycotoxins can affect the performance and quality of livestock production and act as carriers putting human health at risk. Feed can be contaminated by various fungal species, and mycotoxins co-occurrence, and modified and emerging mycotoxins are at the centre of modern mycotoxin research. Preventing mould and mycotoxin contamination is almost impossible; it is necessary for producers to implement a comprehensive mycotoxin management program to moderate these risks along the animal feed supply chain in an HACCP perspective. The objective of this paper is to suggest an innovative integrated system for handling mycotoxins in the feed chain, with an emphasis on novel strategies for mycotoxin control. Specific and selected technologies, such as nanotechnologies, and management protocols are reported as promising and sustainable options for implementing mycotoxins control, prevention, and management. Further research should be concentrated on methods to determine multi-contaminated samples, and emerging and modified mycotoxins.

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Widiyanti, Prima Mei, and Romsyah Maryam. "The Use of Mycotoxin Binder to Control Its Contamination in Feed." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 091. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v26i2.1329.

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<p class="awabstrak2">The climate in Indonesia as a tropical country is very condusive for the growth of mycotoxins producing fungi. Mycotoxins have properties as carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, neurotoxic, and immunotoxic. Mycotoxins reduce performance, appetite, weight, and immunity. They also cause reproductive disorders and generate the residues in animal products that affect human health. These can be prevented by controlling mycotoxins contamination in agricultural products that used for feed ingredients through good management practices (during planting, harvesting, and storage). Mycotoxins contamination can also be minimized by physical, chemical and biological treatments as well as the application of mycotoxin binders. This review describes the use of mycotoxin binders in animal feed. They are used as feed additives, may be derived from organic, inorganic materials or their combination. Combination of organic and inorganic substances proven to be more effective and efficient in controlling mycotoxin contamination. Therefore, it is recommended to use mycotoxin binders to prevent animal health disorder and to decrease mycotoxin residues in animal products.</p><p class="awabstrak3"> </p>

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Hoffmans, Yvette, Sara Schaarschmidt, Carsten Fauhl-Hassek, and H. J. van der Fels-Klerx. "Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents." Toxins 14, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050301.

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Mycotoxins are naturally present in cereal-based feed materials; however, due to adverse effects on animal health, their presence in derived animal feed should be minimized. A systematic literature search was conducted to obtain an overview of all factors from harvest onwards influencing the presence and concentration of mycotoxins in cereal-based feeds. The feed production processes covered included the harvest time, post-harvest practices (drying, cleaning, storage), and processing (milling, mixing with mycotoxin binders, extrusion cooking, ensiling). Delayed harvest supports the production of multiple mycotoxins. The way feed materials are dried after harvest influences the concentration of mycotoxins therein. Applying fungicides on the feed materials after harvest as well as cleaning and sorting can lower the concentration of mycotoxins. During milling, mycotoxins might be redistributed in cereal feed materials and fractions thereof. It is important to know which parts of the cereals are used for feed production and whether or not mycotoxins predominantly accumulate in these fractions. For feed production, mostly the milling fractions with outer parts of cereals, such as bran and shorts, are used, in which mycotoxins concentrate during processing. Wet-milling of grains can lower the mycotoxin content in these parts of the grain. However, this is typically accompanied by translocation of mycotoxins to the liquid fractions, which might be added to by-products used as feed. Mycotoxin binders can be added during mixing of feed materials. Although binders do not remove mycotoxins from the feed, the mycotoxins become less bioavailable to the animal and, in the case of food-producing animals, to the consumer, lowering the adverse effects of mycotoxins. The effect of extruding cereal feed materials is dependent on several factors, but in principle, mycotoxin contents are decreased after extrusion cooking. The results on ensiling are not uniform; however, most of the data show that mycotoxin production is supported during ensiling when oxygen can enter this process. Overall, the results of the literature review suggest that factors preventing mycotoxin production have greater impact than factors lowering the mycotoxin contents already present in feed materials.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Müller-Placinta, Cristina-Mihaiela. "Factors affecting mycotoxin production by Fusarium species." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27077.

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Studies were undertaken to investigate the factors affecting mycotoxin production in Fusarium phytopathogens. The conclusions of this work are divided into the following categories. Substantive findings: 1) Contamination of cereal grains with Fusarium mycotoxins is a global and continuing issue and is likely to remain so until a systematic elucidation of controlling factors has been accomplished. 2) An important observation at the commencement of the research programme examined the validity of using direct TLC analysis of agar culture plugs to establish mycotoxin profiles in Fusarium species. The results in this thesis indicate that this method only detected a limited number of mycotoxins and this was not consistent between surfaces of the plugs tested or between experiments in the preliminary series. 3) A noteworthy observation was that HT-2 toxin production from T-2 toxin was not time-related as claimed by other workers. There may be a real species differences in this respect between F.sporotrichioides and F. poae. 4) Mixtures of carbendazim and propiconazole or carbendazim plus maneb or carbendazim plus maneb plus tridemorph all enhanced T-2 toxin formation. 5) The fungicide-induced enhancement of mycotoxin production has now been extended for the first time to HT-2 toxin and NEO. 6) A substantive finding, not previously noted, is that difenoconazole failed to stimulate T-2 toxin formation at 25°C but was capable of transforming it to HT-2 toxin and then stimulating the production of the latter product. 7) Difenoconazole appears to be a fungicide in a class of its own in that DAS and NEO production are consistently higher than for a large majority of other fungicides tested. 8) NEO production was not substantially affected by fungal exposure to Bavistin, whereas carbendazim acted in a stimulatory manner. It is suggested that this discrepancy is due to fungicide form, an effect not previously reported.

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Al-Julaifi, Mohammed Zaid Nasser. "Production of the mycotoxin patulin in nature." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6048/.

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A study was made of the factors governing the production of the mycotoxin patulin in nature, including biological and physiological factors. The objective of the research described in this thesis was to study the ability of the indigenous fungi of fruits and the apple rot fungus, Penicillium expansum, to grow and to produce patulin in different substrates, both natural (apples, sugar beet, wheat straw) and laboratory media. The effect of carbon and nitrogen sources and the relationship between the production of the toxin and nitrification and its action with the natural isolated bacteria and fungi was also investigated. Common members of the genus Penicillium were found to represent a high percentage of the indigenous fungal flora isolated from both apples and sugar beet. Most of these isolates were able to produce patulin in Czapek Dox liquid medium. Although both apple fruit and sugar beet were naturally highly contaminated with moulds, only apples were contaminated with patulin (7598 gg kg"). Confirmatory tests showed patulin production of 8.3% and 50% (after 7 days) to 99.2% (after 30 days) by the indigenous fungi in apple and sugar beet, respectively. The indigenous fungal flora of wheat straw failed to produce patulin when growing naturally. Patulin was produced only by Penicillium expansum alone and not when growing in association with the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The accumulation of ammonium and nitrate during urea hydrolysis and ammonium nitrification by Penicillium sp (1), Penicillium sp (3) and Penicillim expansum was achieved with varying degree of efficiency. Urea hydrolysis, but not ammonium nitrification was associated with patulin production. Growth of P. expansum and Penicillium species (1 and 3) occurred under oligotrophic conditions. Both carbon and nitrogen are required for patulin production but it is the depletion of nitrogen which is important for production of the toxin.

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Petchkongkaew, Awanwee. "Reduction of mycotoxin contamination level during soybean fermentation." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7713/1/petchkongkaew.pdf.

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This thesis deals with the reduction of mycotoxin contamination level during soybean fermentation (Thua-Nao). Beside this work, isolation, characterization, and ochratoxin A production ability of toxigenic fungi from French grapes were also study. Results of this latter part showed that Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger are the most ochratoxin A producer in wine grape from France. Furthermore, Aspergillus japonicus can produce a little bit quantity of ochratoxin A in wine grape too. Regarding to the main part of the work, 23 isolates of Bacillus spp. were isolated from Thai Thua-Nao. An Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin producing strain was also isolated from Thua-Nao whereas an Aspergillus westerdijkiae was chosen as an OTA producing reference strain. The objectives were to find an efficient Bacillus strain for: Growth inhibition of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus westerdijkiae NRRL 3174. - Limitation of aflatoxin B1 production. ; - Mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A detoxification. Among the results, Bacillus CM 21, which was identified later by ITS sequencing as Bacillus licheniformis, showed the highest ability on inhibition of growth of both Aspergillus strains and both of mycotoxins removal (decrease of 74% of AFB1 and 92.5% of OTA). Another Bacillus strain, MHS 13, inhibiting both Aspergillus growth and detoxifying 85% of AFB1 was identified as Bacillus subtilis. Finally, culture supernatant and cellular extract from both interested Bacillus strains were tested for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A degradation ability in order to know their degradation mechanisms. Moreover, study on optimal condition for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A degradation were also conducted. All results indicated that OTA was significantly degraded by culture supernatant from Bacillus licheniformis CM 21 (p lower than 0.0001) in OTalpha. The percentage of OTA degradation was 97.5% and the optimal activity of its culture supernatant was found at pH 7.0 and 37°C with 24 h culture incubation time and 2 h contact time. Moreover, OTA was also significantly degraded by culture supernatant from Bacillus subtilis MHS 13 (p lower than 0.0017) at pH 5.0 and 37°C with 48 h culture incubation time and 2 h contact time. The proposed degradation mechanism should be extracellular and carboxypeptidase A probably responsible for this degradation since no activity was found for the intracellular extract. However, AFB1 could be degraded by neither culture supernatant nor cellular extract from both of these microorganisms. Hence, the AFB1 detoxification mechanism may be due to non-enzymatic mechanism.

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Imathiu, Samuel Mutembei. "Fusarium langsethiae infection and mycotoxin production in oats." Thesis, Harper Adams University College, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492005.

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In this investigation aimed to identify and understand the fungus responsible for the production ofHT-2 and T-2 mycotoxins in UK oats, Fusarium langsethiae was found to be the causal species. A quantitative competitive PCR (QC-PCR) and a real-time PCR assay for quantifying F langsethiae biomass in plant material were successfully developed. Real-time PCR was found to have a wider range of quantification than QC-PCR. In glasshouse experiments, point inoculation technique and high spore load (106 spores mr)) were found to significantly increase (P = 0.036 and 0.016 respectively) the level of F langsethiae infection in oat panicles. HT-2 and T-2 appeared to increase in line with the level of infection. For both glasshouse and field experiments, all inoculatiQn methods failed to achieve high levels of infection and high levels of HT-2 and T-2 observed in some commercial fields. Detached leaf assays showed some host preference of F langsethiae towards oats than wheat. Lesion lengths were longest on leaves of an oat cultivar (Gerald) that has been reported to accumulate highest HT-2 and T-2 and shortest on leaves of the cultivar (Millennium) reported to accumulate the lowest levels of these mycotoxins. Fusarium langsethiae was not found to be a seedling blight pathogen of oats and wheat in a controlled environment study comparing its pathogenicity with those of known Fusariu11l and Microdochiu11l species. Fusariu11l langsethiae is therefore unlikely to reduce crop stand and yield where infected seeds are sown. Fusariu11l langsethiae failed to produce visual symptoms in infected oat panicles or wheat ears in all experiments and in commercial oat fields surveyed. However, all evidence indicates that it is responsible for high concentrations of HT-2 and T-2 in oats, consequently the presence of this fungus in oats is important in human and animal health.

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Petchkongkaew, Awanwee Gasaluck Piyawan Lebrihi Ahmed Taillandier Patricia. "Reduction of mycotoxin contamination level during soybean fermentation." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000653.

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Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Microbiologie et Biocatalyse industrielles : Toulouse, INPT : 2008. Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Microbiologie et Biocatalyse industrielles : Suranaree, SUT : 2008.
Thèse soutenue en cotutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.

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Pizzamiglio, Valentina <1979&gt. "Nutritional strategies to control mycotoxin damages in swine." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1061/1/Tesi_Pizzamiglio_Valentina.pdf.

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Mycotoxins are contaminants of agricultural products both in the field and during storage and can enter the food chain through contaminated cereals and foods (milk, meat, and eggs) obtained from animals fed mycotoxin contaminated feeds. Mycotoxins are genotoxic carcinogens that cause health and economic problems. Ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1993, as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (class 2B). To control mycotoxins induced damages, different strategies have been developed to reduce the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi as well as to decontaminate and/or detoxify mycotoxin contaminated foods and animal feeds. Critical points, target for these strategies, are: prevention of mycotoxin contamination, detoxification of mycotoxins already present in food and feed, inhibition of mycotoxin absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, reduce mycotoxin induced damages when absorption occurs. Decontamination processes, as indicate by FAO, needs the following requisites to reduce toxic and economic impact of mycotoxins: it must destroy, inactivate, or remove mycotoxins; it must not produce or leave toxic and/or carcinogenic/mutagenic residues in the final products or in food products obtained from animals fed decontaminated feed; it must be capable of destroying fungal spores and mycelium in order to avoiding mycotoxin formation under favorable conditions; it should not adversely affect desirable physical and sensory properties of the feedstuff; it has to be technically and economically feasible. One important approach to the prevention of mycotoxicosis in livestock is the addition in the diets of the non-nutritionally adsorbents that bind mycotoxins preventing the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Activated carbons, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), zeolites, bentonites, and certain clays, are the most studied adsorbent and they possess a high affinity for mycotoxins. In recent years, there has been increasing interest on the hypothesis that the absorption in consumed food can be inhibited by microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Numerous investigators showed that some dairy strains of LAB and bifidobacteria were able to bind aflatoxins effectively. There is a strong need for prevention of the mycotoxin-induced damages once the toxin is ingested. Nutritional approaches, such as supplementation of nutrients, food components, or additives with protective effects against mycotoxin toxicity are assuming increasing interest. Since mycotoxins have been known to produce damages by increasing oxidative stress, the protective properties of antioxidant substances have been extensively investigated. Purpose of the present study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo, strategies to counteract mycotoxin threat particularly in swine husbandry. The Ussing chambers technique was applied in the present study that for the first time to investigate in vitro the permeability of OTA and FB1 through rat intestinal mucosa. Results showed that OTA and FB1 were not absorbed from rat small intestine mucosa. Since in vivo absorption of both mycotoxins normally occurs, it is evident that in these experimental conditions Ussing diffusion chambers were not able to assess the intestinal permeability of OTA and FB1. A large number of LAB strains isolated from feces and different gastrointestinal tract regions of pigs and poultry were screened for their ability to remove OTA, FB1, and DON from bacterial medium. Results of this in vitro study showed low efficacy of isolated LAB strains to reduce OTA, FB1, and DON from bacterial medium. An in vivo trial in rats was performed to evaluate the effects of in-feed supplementation of a LAB strain, Pediococcus pentosaceus FBB61, to counteract the toxic effects induced by exposure to OTA contaminated diets. The study allows to conclude that feed supplementation with P. pentosaceus FBB61 ameliorates the oxidative status in liver, and lowers OTA induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney if diet was contaminated by OTA. This P. pentosaceus FBB61 feature joined to its bactericidal activity against Gram positive bacteria and its ability to modulate gut microflora balance in pigs, encourage additional in vivo experiments in order to better understand the potential role of P. pentosaceus FBB61 as probiotic for farm animals and humans. In the present study, in vivo trial on weaned piglets fed FB1 allow to conclude that feeding of 7.32 ppm of FB1 for 6 weeks did not impair growth performance. Deoxynivalenol contamination of feeds was evaluated in an in vivo trial on weaned piglets. The comparison between growth parameters of piglets fed DON contaminated diet and contaminated diet supplemented with the commercial product did not reach the significance level but piglet growth performances were numerically improved when the commercial product was added to DON contaminated diet. Further studies are needed to improve knowledge on mycotoxins intestinal absorption, mechanism for their detoxification in feeds and foods, and nutritional strategies to reduce mycotoxins induced damages in animals and humans. The multifactorial approach acting on each of the various steps could be a promising strategy to counteract mycotoxins damages.

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Ncube, Edson. "Mycotoxin levels in subsistence farming systems in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3801.

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Pastorini, Elisabetta. "Analytical methodologies for evaluating mycotoxin contamination in food safety." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/916869.

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Child, Christopher Jeremy. "Structural and functional studies on the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase multienzyme complex from Penicillium patulum." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369196.

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Books on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Trucksess, Mary W., and Albert E. Pohland. Mycotoxin Protocols. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592590640.

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Barug, D., D. Bhatnagar, H. P. van Egmond, J. W. van der Kamp, W. A. van Osenbruggen, and A. Visconti, eds. The mycotoxin factbook. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-587-1.

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(Austria), Biomin, and World Nutrition Forum (5th : 2012 : Singapore), eds. Guide to mycotoxins: Featuring mycotoxin risk managment in animal production. 2nd ed. Leicestershire, England: Anytime Publishing Services, 2012.

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Barug, D., H. P. van Egmond, R. López-García, W. A. van Osenbruggen, and A. Visconti, eds. Meeting the mycotoxin menace. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-523-9.

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International Workshop on Mycotoxins (2002 College Park, Md.). Mycotoxin contamination and control. Bloomingotn, IN: Author House, 2008.

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Leslie, John F., and Antonio F. Logrieco, eds. Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118832790.

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Xu, Xiangming, John A. Bailey, and B. Michael Cooke, eds. Epidemiology of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1452-5.

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Appell, Michael, David F. Kendra, and Mary W. Trucksess, eds. Mycotoxin Prevention and Control in Agriculture. Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1031.

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American Chemical Society. Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Mycotoxin prevention and control in agriculture. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009.

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Appell, Michael. Mycotoxin prevention and control in agriculture. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Hangay, George, Susan V. Gruner, F. W. Howard, John L. Capinera, Eugene J. Gerberg, Susan E. Halbert, John B. Heppner, et al. "Mycotoxin." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2517. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4748.

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Tripathi, Abhishek, and Afroz Alam. "Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicosis and Managing Mycotoxin Contamination." In Bio-management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, 161–80. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089223-9.

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Xu, Chuanlai, Hua Kuang, and Liguang Xu. "Mycotoxin Immunoassay in Food." In Food Immunoassay, 15–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9034-0_2.

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Whitaker, Thomas B., Andrew B. Slate, M. Bruno Doko, Britt M. Maestroni, and Andrew Cannavan. "Designing Mycotoxin Sampling Plans." In Sampling Procedures to Detect Mycotoxins in Agricultural Commodities, 41–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9634-0_10.

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Zhang, Hongyin, Gustav Komla Mahunu, and Qiya Yang. "Biodecontamination of Mycotoxin Patulin." In Bio-management of Postharvest Diseases and Mycotoxigenic Fungi, 181–202. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. |: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089223-10.

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Dall’Asta, Chiara, Gianni Galaverna, Arnaldo Dossena, Stefano Sforza, and Rosangela Marchelli. "Masked Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Derivatives in Food: The Hidden Menace." In Mycotoxins in Food, Feed and Bioweapons, 385–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00725-5_22.

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Venkataramana, M., G. Selvakumar, and S. Chandranayaka. "Fusarium Mycotoxin: Toxicity and Detection." In Toxinology, 465–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6449-1_4.

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Kumari, Ankita, and Neha Nidhi Tirkey. "Tenuazonic Acid: A Potent Mycotoxin." In Recent Trends in Human and Animal Mycology, 203–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9435-5_8.

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Wolf, Erick de, and Pierce A. Paul. "Predicting Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat." In Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains, 248–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118832790.ch17.

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Jans, Didier, Katia Pedrosa, Dian Schatzmayr, Gérard Bertin, and Bertrand Grenier. "Mycotoxin Reduction in Animal Diets." In Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains, 101–15. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118832790.ch8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Statsyuk, N. V., L. A. Shcherbakova, O. D. Mikityuk, T. A. Nazarova, and V. G. Dzhavakhiya. "Mycotoxin degradation by microbial metabolites." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.234.

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Extracellular metabolites of Gliocladium roseum GRZ7 are able to destroy aflatoxin B1 and zearalenone (by 61.9 and 68%, respectively). The determined optimum pH and temperature confirm the enzymatic nature of these metabolites.

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M. E. TUMBLESON, VIJAY SINGH, KENT D. RAUSCH, DAVID B. JOHNSTON, DAVID F. KENDRA, GAVIN L. MEERDINK, and WANDA M. HASCHEK. "Mycotoxin Control during Grain Processing." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20938.

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Zhang, Zhiheng. "Mycotoxin OTA Triggers Alzheimer's Disease." In ISAIMS 2022: 2022 3rd International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for Medicine Sciences. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3570773.3570835.

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Kapitonova, E. A. "ANALYSIS OF MEAT QUALITIES OF BROILERS IN MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EXPERIENCE." In "International Scientific and Practical Conference" THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERINARY PHARMACY, ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY IN AIC ", dedicated to the centenary of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, SPbSUVM. FSBEI HE St. Petersburg SUVM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/3006-2021-2-113-115.

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The development of new mycotoxin adsorbents is an urgent problem of high practical significance. The use of mycotoxin adsorbents of a new generation in broiler poultry farming, allows to increase the yield of carcasses and the quality of meat of broiler chickens. In the laboratory, we have identified the comparative effectiveness of the adsorbents "MeKaSorb" and "Belasorb". The results obtained made it possible to test the adsorbents in production conditions.

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Lugovtsova, S. Yu, N. A. Neshumaeva, V. Yu Stupko, and N. V. ZobovaN.V. "Root rot toxines as a factor in the selection of resistant forms of oats in vitro." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.153.

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Carbas, Bruna, Andreia Soares, Sílvia Barros, Ana Carqueijo, Andreia Freitas, Ana Sanches Silva, Daniela Simões, Tiago Pinto, Eugénia de Andrade, and Carla Brites. "Evaluation of Biobased Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation on Stored Maize." In IOCAG 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocag2022-12306.

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Caputo, D., G. de Cesare, P. De Rossi, C. Fanelli, A. Nascetti, A. Ricelli, and R. Scipinotti. "An alternative system for mycotoxin detection based on amorphous silicon sensors." In Microtechnologies for the New Millennium, edited by Thomas Becker, Carles Cané, and N. Scott Barker. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.721931.

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Goryacheva, O. A., N. V. Beloglazova, S. De Saeger, and I. Y. Goryacheva. "Silanized liposomes loaded with luminescent quantum dots as label for mycotoxin detection." In 2016 International Conference Laser Optics (LO). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lo.2016.7550009.

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Gollnow, Mareen, Daniela Christ, Christa Hoffmann, and Mark Varrelmann. "MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION AND COLONIZATION PATTERNS OF DIFFERENT FUSARIUM SPP. IN SUGAR BEET." In 37th Biennial Meeting of American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2013.40.

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Díaz, N. Sardiñas, J. Gil-Serna, B. Patiño Álvarez, M. T. González-Jaén, and C. Vázquez Estévez. "Species specific PCR detection protocol for the main mycotoxin-producing Aspergillus species in paprika." In Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0094.

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Reports on the topic "Mycotoxin"

Allen, Tom, Martin Chilvers, Travis Faske, Anna Freije, Tom Isakeit, Daren Mueller, Trey Price, et al. Mycotoxin FAQs. United States: Crop Protection Netework, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20190620-005.

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Trusal, Lynn R. Stability of T-2 Mycotoxin in Aqueous Media. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada157567.

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Manohar, Vijaya. Development of Vaccines to the Mycotoxin T-2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada158544.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. The role of mycotoxin contamination in nutrition: The aflatoxin story. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896295933_08.

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Bair, Eric, Phoenix Briggs, Zach Ross, Andrew Sauerbrei, Joseph R. Vanstrom, and Jacek A. Koziel. Economic Analysis of Mycotoxin Testing at High Capacity Grain Markets. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/tsm416-180814-4.

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Chu, Frank S., Norberto Lisker, and Zeev Frank. Immunochemical Assays for Studying the Mycotoxin Problem of Groundnuts in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7599662.bard.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Nutrient and mycotoxin content of commercially-sold premixed infant cereals in Malawi. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133335.

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Greco, Aldane, Charles R. Hurburgh, Gary P. Munkvold, John F. Patience, Cassandra K. Jones, and Chad M. Pilcher. Defining the Feeding Value of Moldy Corn Selected for Low Mycotoxin Content. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-451.

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Kraybill, William H. Lectin Enzyme Assay Detection of Viruses, Tissue Culture, and a Mycotoxin Simulant. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada276469.

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Creasia, D. A., M. L. Nealley, L. J. Jones, York III, Wannemacher C. G., and Jr R. W. Acute Inhalation Toxicity of a Saline Suspension of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190156.

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