Journal articles on the topic 'Mycorrhizin'
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1
Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.
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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.
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Bryndina, Larisa, Yuliya Arnaut, and Olesya Alykova. "MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN THE FORMATION OF BIOGEOCENOSES: ANALYTICAL REVIEW." Forestry Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.1/1.
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This review examines the results of scientific experiments of foreign and domestic researchers in the field of studying mycorrhizal associations, the mechanisms of their symbiosis with plants. The information about the current state of the issue is given: different points of view on the interaction of mycorrhizal plants with mycobionts. A comparative analysis of the development of mycorrhiza in individual plant species was carried out. It was found that the maximum degree of mycorrhiza development corresponds to the beech and linden families. The factors influencing the development of balanced and exploitive mycorrhizal associations are considered. The evolutionary and functional characteristics of the types of mycorrhizae are given. The benefits of mycorrhizal associations are considered, both for tree species and for species of fungi involved in the formation of mycorrhizae. The role of symbionts in mycorrhiza is considered, as well as the form and degree of development of mycorrhiza for mycotrophic plants. An analytical review of the studies of foreign and domestic scientists allowed us to determine the preferred mycorrhizal communities for reforestation. It was noted that unfavorable, extreme environmental conditions in most cases intensified the growth and development of mycorrhizal communities. All these factors should be taken into account when selecting tree species and types of fungi in forestry during reforestation
3
Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa, and Sami Aikio. "Mycorrhizal inoculum and performance of nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii and mycorrhizal Trientalis europaea." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-011.
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We studied the competition between mycorrhiza-forming Trientalis europaea L. and nonmycorrhizal Carex bigelowii Torrey ex Schweinitz in a climate chamber experiment. The plants were grown either singly or together with a conspecific or heterospecific individual, with arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum present or absent. Inoculated T. euro paea formed abundant arbuscular mycorrhizal structures, but the mycorrhizae did not affect its biomass or the whole plant's relative growth rate (RGR). Carex bigelowii did not form mycorrhizae, but its shoot biomass and RGR were lower in the inoculated pots. The presence of a conspecific or heterospecific plant had no effect on the shoot biomasses or RGR of either plant species. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the root/shoot ratio of C. bigelowii in all competition treatments. The presence of C. bigelowii decreased the root/shoot ratio of T. europaea in both mycorrhizal and nonmy corrhizal state. Mycorrhizal inoculum thus had a direct negative effect on the growth of a nonmycorrhizal plant. The result suggests that although mycorrhizae may not always directly affect the performance of the host plant, they may possibly increase the host plant performance in relation to nonmycorrhizal neighbours. Mycorrhizal inoculum and mycorrhizal symbiosis may increase asymmetry of interspecific competition, which may facilitate the coexistence of plant species in cases when a larger individual is more negatively affected.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, competitive asymmetry, micropropagation.
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Tammi, Hanna, Sari Timonen, and Robin Sen. "Spatiotemporal colonization of Scots pine roots by introduced and indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest humus and nursery Sphagnum peat microcosms." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-011.
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Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling combinations were grown in two-dimensional Perspex® microcosms containing forest humus or nursery Sphagnum peat, without additional fertilization. Spatial and temporal patterns of mycorrhizal fungal colonization of roots were assessed over a 3-month period, through visual morphotyping and polymerase chain reaction assisted rDNA fingerprinting of developed mycorrhizas. Six distinct morphotypes of mycorrhiza developed on non-mycorrhizal seedlings grown in forest humus. Three of the morphotypes (white1-, black-, and brown-type) were, respectively, associated with the fungi Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., and Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.:Fr. (= Tomentella radiosa (P. Karst.) Rick). A fourth pink-type morphotype displayed features indicating root colonization by Tomentellopsis submollis (Svrcek) Hjortstam, but this could not be confirmed because of a lack of source restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. Brown-type mycorrhiza were the first to appear after seedling transplantation and black-type mycorrhizas showed local and dispersed root colonization dynamics. Mycorrhiza development in the unfertilized nursery peat substrate was restricted to a single unidentifiable brown-type morphotype, which appeared after 44 days. Rapid colonization of adjacent non-mycorrhizal seedlings by Tomentellopsis submollis, but not S. bovinus, was detected following the introduction of preinoculated seedlings into the humus or peat microcosms. The biomass of seedlings grown in nursery peat, regardless of mycorrhizal status, was significantly lower than that of mycorrhizal seedlings grown in humus. These findings support and extend previous bait seedling studies, as they provide a primary in situ characterization of distinct root colonization strategies of mycorrhizal species in forest humus and nursery peat.
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Perry, D. A., R. Molina, and M. P. Amaranthus. "Mycorrhizae, mycorrhizospheres, and reforestation: current knowledge and research needs." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-145.
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Although not a panacea, management of mycorrhizae and associated organisms is an important reforestation aid. Its three major components are protection of the indigenous soil community and evaluation of inoculation needs, integration of inoculation programs into existing reforestation technology, and research. Clear-cutting frequently results in reduced mycorrhizae formation, particularly when reforestation is delayed and no other host plants are present to maintain fungal populations. Implications of such reductions for reforestation vary with environmental factors and tree species. Adequate mycorrhiza formation is especially critical for ectomycorrhizal trees growing on poor soils or in environments where seedlings must establish quickly to survive. It may also be important where early successional, noncrop plants do not support the same mycobiont as the crop. In such circumstances, a self-reinforcing trend may develop, with poor mycorrhiza formation reducing seedling survival and poor tree stocking leading to further loss of mycorrhizal inocula. Inoculating nursery seedlings with mycobionts holds promise for improving outplanting performance only if site-adapted fungi are used. A practical alternative is to improve nursery practices to enhance natural populations of mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings leaving the nursery with diverse mycorrhizae may perform better than those leaving with only one or a few nursery-adapted types. Research is needed in three broad areas: on adaptations of mycorrhizal fungi to particular environmental factors; on interactions between tree seedlings and processes occurring within the sphere of influence of roots (the rhizosphere) or of mycorrhizal roots (the mycorrhizosphere); and on the role of mycorrhizae and associated organisms in ecosystem structure and processes, particularly nutrient cycling, plant-plant interaction, and soil structure.
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Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S., and David P. Janos. "Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-080.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species.
7
Ramakrishnan, K., and G. Bhuvaneswari. "Influence on Different Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Crop Productivity in Ecosystem." International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (May 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.9.
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Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. Of the seven types of mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature (arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhizae), the arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and widespread. This chapter presents an overview of current knowledge of mycorrhizal interactions, processes, and potential benefits to society. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. They are described as symbiotic because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water.
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Ramakrishnan, K., and G. Bhuvaneswari. "Influence on Different Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Crop Productivity in Ecosystem." International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (May 6, 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-9pjdc8.
Full textAbstract:
Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. Of the seven types of mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature (arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhizae), the arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and widespread. This chapter presents an overview of current knowledge of mycorrhizal interactions, processes, and potential benefits to society. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. They are described as symbiotic because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water.
9
Moora, Mari, and Martin Zobel. "Can arbuscular mycorrhiza change the effect of root competition between conspecific plants of different ages?" Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-037.
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Seedlings and adults of Hypericum perforatum L., common St. John's wort, were grown together in an experiment of factorial design, where the presence of root competition and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation were used as treatments. There was moderate shoot competition, the intensity of which was not manipulated. To check the response of plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza in noncompetitive conditions, adults and seedlings were also grown singly in pots. Single individuals of seedlings and adults responded positively to mycorrhizal inoculation, with the response of seedlings significantly greater. In the competition experiment the positive effect of mycorrhizal colonization on seedling growth vanished, since with root competition, both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were of the same size. Without root competition, the shoots of mycorrhizal adults were much larger than of nonmycorrhizal adults, but under root competition the shoot weight did not differ. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the biomass differences between competing seedlings and adults. We did not confirm our hypothesis that mycorrhiza makes competition between seedlings and adults more balanced because of the stronger positive response of seedlings to inoculation. The positive effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth vanishes in more crowded conditions. It was concluded that if mycorrhizal inoculation has age-specific positive effect of seedlings in field conditions, it is more probably due to higher tolerance to abiotic stress than due to higher competitive ability of seedlings.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, intraspecific root competition, seedlings, Hypericum perforatum.
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Vidal, M. T., C. Azcón-Aguilar, J. M. Barea, and F. Pliego-Alfaro. "Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Growth and Development of Micropropagated Plants of Avocado." HortScience 27, no. 7 (July 1992): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.785.
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Micropropagated plantlets of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) exhibit a very slow rate of growth during the acclimatization phase, possibly because mycorrhizae are absent. Inoculation of plantlets with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerd) Gerd and Trappe improved formation of a well-developed root system that was converted into a mycorrhizal system. Introduction of the mycorrhizal fungus at the time plantlets were transferred from axenic conditions to ex vitro conditions improved shoot and root growth; enhanced the shoot: root ratio; increased the concentration and/or content of N, P, and K in plant tissues; and helped plants to tolerate environmental stress at transplanting. Inclusion of soil as a component of the potting medium appeared to favor mycorrhiza formation and effectiveness. Thus, mycorrhiza formation seems to be the key factor for subsequent growth and development of micropropagated plants of avocado.
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Unrug, Juliusz, and Katarzyna Turnau. "Mycorrhiza of Dryopteris carthusiana in southern Poland." Acta Mycologica 34, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1999.020.
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The research on mycorrhiza of <i>Dryopteris carthusiana</i> from natural sites and those contaminated by heavy metals (Niepołomice Forest), both on lowlands and mountainous areas in Poland, was carried out. Mycorrhizal colonization of <i>Arum</i>-type was higher in ferns growing on tree stumps than in specimens developing directly on the soil. Additionally, an increase in mycorrhiza intensity and arbuscular richness with the rising ground humidity was observed. In comparison to natural sites, mycorrhizas from the areas contaminated by heavy metals were much less developed and the roots were often infected by parasites. Two morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungi have been described The most common was a fine endophyte (<i>Glomales</i>).
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Dalpé, Y. "Mycorrhizal fungi biodiversity in Canadian soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, Special Issue (August 1, 2003): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-067.
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The term "mycorrhiza" refers to the mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and the roots of a vast majority of vascular plants, distributed over almost any ecosystem. The fungal symbionts, primarily recognized for their beneficial impact on plant growth and plant protection, are integral components of soil ecosystems and as such, play an active role in improving plant productivity and diversity, soil microflora and microfauna diversity, and soil quality. Classified among major groups of true fungi, the study of their biodiversity and distribution has been explored for only a few decades. Major emphasis was first put on the mycorrhizal status of plants, on the evaluation of their benefits to plant growth, on their geographic distribution and soil inventories, and more recently on their relationship to plant diversity and productivity. In the 1950s, Canadian scientists were among world pioneers in the field of mycorrhizae research and they continue to be recognized by the international scientific community. Studies dealing with soil biodiversity of mycorrhizal fungi, including arbuscular, ecto-, ectendo-, ericoid- and orchid mycorrhizae, performed by Canadian researchers are presented here together with strategies and perspectives for a better exploitation of mycorrhizal fungal diversity in ecosystems. Key words: Symbiosis, mycorrhizae, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, biodiversity, plant protection
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AlZain, Mashail N., Abdulrahman A. AlAtar, Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi, Ramzi A. Mothana, Omar M. Noman, Rashed N. Herqash, Ebtesam S. AlSheddi, Nida N. Farshori, and Perwez Alam. "The Influence of Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Accumulation of Sennosides A and B in Senna alexandrina and Senna italica." Separations 7, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations7040065.
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Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a major role in plant development, growth, and relationships with the environment through a change in the accumulation of secondary metabolites; hence, we planned to investigate AMF’s influence on sennoside A and B accumulation in Senna alexandrina (SA) and Senna italica (SI). Seeds of SA (S. alexandrina free of mycorrhizae) and SI (S. italica free of mycorrhizae) were planted in two types of soils: +mycorrhiza and—mycorrhiza. The plant leaves of SA, SI, S. alexandrina with mycorrhizae (SAM) and S. italica with mycorrhizae (SIM) were collected and extracted (with 85% methanol), and sennoside A and B content was evaluated by the HPLC–UV method. The antioxidant activity of SA, SI, SAM and SIM was evaluated by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods, while antimicrobial properties were evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC). The AMF colonization was 85.66% and 85%, respectively, in the roots of SA and SI. The HPLC analysis showed a significant increase in (%) the content of sennoside A/sennoside B by 71.11/88.21, respectively, in SAM and 6.76/36.37 in SIM, which clearly indicated positive AMF effects. The DPPH/ABTS [The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 235.9/321.5 µg/mL] scavenging activity of SAM was comparatively higher and it also exhibited strong antibacterial action (MIC: 156.25 µg/mL), which supported the increase in sennoside content. This finding may be useful for further investigations of the symbiotic relation of mycorrhizal fungi with other plant species.
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Linderman, R. G., and E. A. Davis. "Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Growth Responses of Several Ornamental Plants Grown in Soilless Peat-based Medium Amended with Coconut Dust (Coir)." HortTechnology 13, no. 3 (January 2003): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.3.0482.
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Coconut fiber dust (coir) is being used as a peat substitute or amendment to potting mixes with varied results. However, its microbial composition and compatibility with beneficial microbes that might be added to growth media in the nursery, such as mycorrhizal fungi, has not been determined. In this study, coir was amended to a peat-based medium (15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% by volume) to determine its effects on growth of several ornamental plants and on the formation and function of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus intraradices. Mycorrhizae formed as well, and usually better, in all the coir-amended peat treatments as in peat alone. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to mycorrhizae was small for the plants tested in these media compared to that which usually occurs in soil-based media. In this experiment, plant growth responses appeared to be independent of level of mycorrhizal colonization and were plant species dependent. Consistent growth enhancement from mycorrhizae only occurred with marigold (Tagetes patula). With germander (Teucrium fruticans), growth was depressed with mycorrhizal inoculation in the medium composed of 60% coir. Growth of lavender (Lavandula augustifolia) was depressed in all coir-amended media, with or without AM inoculation, compared to the nonamended control. These results confirm previous reports of varied response of plant species to coir, and indicate the lack of any detrimental effects of coir on mycorrhiza formation.
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Jones, Melanie D., and Sally E. Smith. "Exploring functional definitions of mycorrhizas: Are mycorrhizas always mutualisms?" Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1089–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-110.
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Mycorrhizas are considered to be classic mutualisms. Here, we define mutualism as a reciprocal increase in fitness of the symbionts, and we review the evidence for mycorrhizal mutualism at the community, whole-plant, and cellular scales. It is difficult to use results of most mycorrhizal studies because (i) fungal contribution to nutrient uptake is not accurately estimated, (ii) increased growth is not necessarily correlated with increased plant fecundity or survival, especially in communities, and (iii) benefits that occur only at certain times of year, or under specific extreme conditions, may not be detected. To produce the nonmycorrhizal controls required to study mutualism in the field, soil microflora and fauna must be severely perturbed; therefore, it is virtually impossible to evaluate effects of mycorrhizas on plant fitness under realistic conditions. Using the evidence available, we conclude that mycorrhizas can occupy various positions along the continuum from parasitism to mutualism, depending on the specific plant and fungal genotypes and their abiotic and biotic environments. Although we discuss the possibility of defining mycorrhizas by some physiological characteristic, we conclude that mycorrhizas should be defined on a structural or developmental basis and that any requirement to demonstrate mutualism be eliminated.Key words: mycorrhiza, mutualism, parasitism, physiology, fitness, community.
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Gagnon, J., C. G. Langlois, and J. A. Fortin. "Growth of containerized jack pine seedlings inoculated with different ectomycorrhizal fungi under a controlled fertilization schedule." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-133.
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Containerized jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a peat moss – vermiculite substrate and inoculated at sowing with pure cultures of three ectomycorrhizal fungi. After 18 weeks of growth in the greenhouse, seedlings inoculated with Laccariabicolor had 97% of their short roots mycorrhizal, while those inoculated with Hebelomacylindrosporum had 36% of their rootlets mycorrhizal. No mycorrhizae were obtained with Rhizopogon sp. After both 12 and 18 weeks of growth with the fertilization schedule used, seedlings colonized with L. bicolor and H. cylindrosporum were significantly smaller than those inoculated with Rhizopogon sp. or control seedlings. After 18 weeks of growth, the available nitrogen (N) content of the substrate was considerably greater with L. bicolor inoculated seedlings than with control seedlings, whereas the available phosphorus (P) content of the substrate was the same for these two treatments. Also, after 18 weeks, seedlings mycorrhizal with L. bicolour had a. greater concentration (%) of N and P in their tissues than control seedlings; however, they contained fewer milligrams of N and P than control seedlings. From our results on substrate fertility of mycorrhizal seedlings, we state that it is possible to induce mycorrhiza formation of jack pine seedlings with L. bicolor when substrate fertility in available N and P is less than or equal to 39 and 60 ppm, respectively, and that it is possible to maintain L. bicolor mycorrhizae when N and P fertility is less than or equal to 24 and 28 ppm, respectively. From analysis of tissue nutrient content in mycorrhizal seedlings, it appears that the appropriate N and P concentrations to maintain mycorrhiza formation of jack pine seedlings with L. bicolor are less than or equal to 1.6 and 0.2%, respectively.
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Vaidya, Geeta Shrestha, and Nabin Bhattarai. "EFFICACY OF INVASIVE GREEN MANURES AND MYCORRHIZA ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF DIFFERENT LEGUMES CROPS AND STUDY THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES." Scientific World 12, no. 12 (October 6, 2015): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v12i12.13600.
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Application of the invasive green manure (locally available Lantana camara, Eupatorium adenophorum) is an essential means to maintain soil fertility, soil structure and stimulate biological activities extensively. In this present study field trial of Lentil and Rajma were conducted in Kosebali Divison of Rampur, Chitwan district. Mycorrhiza was isolated from agricultural soil by sugar decantation method and mass production with the help of onion plant. Leaves of Lantana camara and Eupatorium adenophorum were collected and shed dried and grinded on powdered form. The treatments with green manures and mycorrhizae showed higher yield than the control in case of Lentil field trial. In case of Rajma field trial, length of stems and dry seed formation was higher in Eupatorium adenophorum and followed by Lantana camara, chemical fertilizer, control and mycorrhiza. Mycorrhizal spores were found higher in Lantana camara followed by Eupatorium adenophorum, mycorrhizal, chemical fertilizer and control. The number of mycorrhizal spores was found higher in case of Lantana camara followed by Eupatorium adenophorum, mycorrhiza, compost, chemical fertilizer and control. The percentage of seedless and low seeded pods were found higher on control followed by compost, chemical fertilizer, Lantana camara, Eupatorium adenophorum and mycorrhiza.Scientific World, Vol. 12, No. 12, September 2014, page 65-69
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Adams, Felicity, Paul Reddell, Michael J. Webb, and Warren A. Shipton. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas on Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae) trees and seedlings in native forests of tropical north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05028.
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Eucalypts have been shown to form both arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and ectomycorrhizas (ECM) in glasshouse experiments. Little is known, however, about the relative dominance of these two mycorrhiza types on individual eucalypt species across their natural range. This study examined mycorrhizal colonisation levels of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden roots at 29 sites representing a broad range of wet sclerophyll forest types in the wet tropics of north-eastern Australia. Adult E. grandis trees sampled in situ were invariably heavily ectomycorrhizal, with 76–100% fine root length colonised (% RLC). There were comparatively low levels of AM, with typically less than 10% RLC. Seedling E. grandis grown in intact soil cores from the field sites under glasshouse conditions had lower total levels of mycorrhiza formation compared with adult trees, with more variable ECM formation (10–95% RLC) and more extensive AM formation (10–40% RLC). There were no apparent trends in mycorrhiza formation across different soil parent material, rainfall or vegetation categories used. The current research suggests that arbuscular mycorrhizas are more prominent on seedlings, whereas ectomycorrhizas predominate in adult trees of E. grandis. Possible reasons for these differences and a comparison with other studies of eucalypt mycorrhizas under natural conditions are presented.
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Pacheco Flores de Valgaz, Angela, Milton Barcos-Arias, Jaime Naranjo-Morán, Denisse Peña Tapia, and Rebeca Moreira-Gómez. "Ericaceous Plants: A Review for the Bioprospecting of Ericoid Mycorrhizae from Ecuador." Diversity 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080648.
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Ericaceae are a group of plants with biotechnological and commercial importance. These plants establish symbiotic associations with a wide group of mycorrhizal fungi. National and global studies have focused on two of them: arbuscular endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae. The most recent type of mycorrhiza recorded is the cavendishioid ectendomycorrhizae. The cavendishioid is one of the least-studied and understood mycorrhizae, along with monotropoid and arbutoid mycorrhizae. Among the potentialities of these ectendomycorrhizae are the alleviation of environmental stress, the facilitation of establishment, survival, the ability to form dual mycorrhizae, and their importance as a fundamental biological element of plant ecological successions. However, the factors that influence or correlate with the diversity of some of these fungal guilds, as well as the functional significance of their associations, are still unknown. The present review focuses on ericoid mycorrhiza from Ecuador in order to promote their study and thus take advantage of the benefits that they provide to endemic species and those of commercial interest. This material contributes significantly to reducing research gaps and channeling applied projects in the biological sciences.
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Gianinazzi-Pearson, Vivienne, Armelle Gollotte, Benoit Tisserant, Philipp Franken, Eliane Dumas-Gaudot, Marie-Claude Lemoine, Diederik van Tuinen, Silvio Gianinazzi, and Jeanine Lherminier. "Cellular and molecular approaches in the characterization of symbiotic events in functional arbuscular mycorrhizal associations." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-292.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas represent the most widespread, and probably most ancient, type of plant–fungus association in which the large majority of terrestrial plants must have evolved with compatibility systems towards the fungal symbionts. Cellular interactions leading to reciprocal morphofunctional integration between symbionts during mycorrhiza establishment are complex. Some plant genes and cellular events may be shared with nodulation processes, but there is evidence of molecular modifications specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant defence responses, which are normally weakly activated during the symbiotic state, are strongly elicited by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in genetically altered, resistant hosts suggesting control over defence gene expression during establishment of a successful symbiosis. Modifications are also induced in the fungal symbionts during colonization of host tissues, with changes in wall metabolism and protein expression. Nothing is known of the genetic make-up of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are recalcitrant to pure culture. Recent cloning of DNA from these fungi opens the possibility of identifying functional genes in order to study their regulation and role in symbiosis establishment. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, reciprocal symbiosis, molecular mechanisms, plant determinants, fungal molecules.
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Sukri, M. Zayin, Refa Firgiyanto, Vega Kartika Sari, and Basuki Basuki. "Kombinasi Pupuk Kandang Sapi, Asam Humat Dan Mikoriza Terhadap Infeksi Akar Bermikoriza Tanaman Cabai Dan Ketersediaan Unsur Hara Tanah Udipsamments." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan 19, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v19i2.1450.
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This research is an experimental study that aims to examine the combination of cattle manure, humic acid, and mycorrhizae to increase mycorrhizal infections in the roots of chili plants in the Udipsamments soil in Puger District, Jember Regency, which was carried out in May-November 2018. The research design used was a factorial complete randomized block design with 3 factors that were repeated 3 times. The first factor is cattle manure (0 tons / ha, 10 tons / ha, 20 tons / ha), the second factor is humic acid (0 ppm / ha, 200 ppm / ha), and the third factor is mycorrhiza (0 g / plant , 30 g / plant). The results showed that the combination of cattle manure, humic acid, and mycorrhiza inoculants to chili plant roots was able to increase the root mycorrhizal infection of chili plants and increase the nutrients available in the soil by 191.84% for nitrogen and 392.93% for phosphorus.
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Korhonen, Anna, Tarja Lehto, Jaakko Heinonen, and Tapani Repo. "Whole-plant frost hardiness of mycorrhizal (Hebeloma sp. or Suillus luteus) and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings." Tree Physiology 39, no. 6 (October 29, 2018): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy105.
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Abstract Ectomycorrhizal trees are common in the cold regions of the world, yet the role of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant cold tolerance is poorly known. Moreover, the standard methods for testing plant frost hardiness may not be adequate for roots and mycorrhizas. The aims of this study were to compare the frost hardiness of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and to test the use of reverse-flow root hydraulic conductance (Kr) measurement for root frost hardiness determination. Mycorrhizal (Hebeloma sp. or Suillus luteus) and non-mycorrhizal seedlings were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 13 weeks. After this, half of the plants were allotted to a non-hardening treatment (long day and high temperature, same as during the preceding growing season) and the other half to a hardening (short day and low temperature) ‘autumn’ treatment for 4 weeks. The intact seedlings were exposed to whole-plant freezing tests and the needle frost hardiness was measured by relative electrolyte leakage (REL) method. The seedlings were grown for three more weeks for visual damage assessment and Kr measurements using a high-pressure flow meter (HPFM). Mycorrhizas did not affect the frost hardiness of seedlings in either hardening treatment. The effect of the hardening treatment on frost hardiness was shown by REL and visual assessment of the aboveground parts as well as Kr of roots. Non-mycorrhizal plants were larger than mycorrhizal ones while nitrogen and phosphorus contents (per unit dry mass) were similar in all mycorrhiza treatments. In plants with no frost exposure, the non-mycorrhizal treatment had higher Kr. There was no mycorrhizal effect on plant frost hardiness when nutritional effects were excluded. Further studies are needed on the role of mycorrhizas especially in the recovery of growth and nutrient uptake in cold soils in the spring. The HPFM is useful novel method for assessment of root damage.
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Münzenberger, B., T. Otter, A. Polle, and D. Wüstrich. "Peroxidase and laccase activities in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fine roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and larch (Larix decidua)." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-103.
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Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and laccase (EC 1.10.3.1) activities were determined in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal main and lateral roots of Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) and Larix decidua Mill, (larch) and in mycelia of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystea (Bull.) Murr. grown under axenic conditions. Peroxidase isozyme patterns were identified after isoelectric focussing. In both tree species, mycorrhizae contained the lowest, and laterals of noninoculated plants the highest, peroxidase activities. Pure mycelia of Laccaria amethystea contained considerable laccase activity but no peroxidase activity. Laccase activity was barely detected in noninoculated laterals of spruce, but was present in noninoculated laterals of larch and in main roots of Norway spruce and larch. Highest laccase activities were found in mycorrhizae of both tree species, indicating that most of the activity was derived from the fungus. Laterals of Norway spruce contained eight, and those of larch five, acidic peroxidase isozymes. In mycorrhizae of Norway spruce and larch, specific peroxidase isozymes with pI values of 4.5 and 6.2 and 5.8 and 6.0, respectively, were almost completely suppressed. The specific suppression of peroxidase suggests that the fungal symbiont is able to modify the host defence response in mature mycorrhizae. Key words: defence mechanism, laccase, mycorrhiza, peroxidase (isozymes), plant–fungus interaction.
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Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Shannon K. Sokolow, and Louise E. Jackson. "Mycorrhizal effects on growth and nutrition of tomato under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 8 (2007): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06340.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas are predicted to be important in defining plant responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A mycorrhiza-defective tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonisation (rmc) and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor (76R MYC+) were grown under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) in a controlled environment chamber-based pot study. Plant growth, nutrient contents and mycorrhizal colonisation were measured four times over a 72-day period. The 76R MYC+ plants generally had higher concentrations of P, N and Zn than their rmc counterparts. Consistent with earlier studies, mycorrhizal colonisation was not affected by eCO2. Growth of the two genotypes was very similar under ambient CO2 conditions. Under eCO2 the mycorrhizal plants initially had higher biomass, but after 72 days, biomass was lower than for rmc plants, suggesting that in this pot study the costs of maintaining carbon inputs to the fungal symbiont outweighed the benefits with time.
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Snetselaar, Karen M., and Kenneth D. Whitney. "Fungal calcium oxalate in mycorrhizae of Monotropa uniflora." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-074.
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Monotropa uniflora is an achlorophyllous angiosperm that is obligately mycotrophic. The "monotropoid" mycorrhizae it forms resemble ectomycorrhizae but are distinguished by elaborations of the epidermal cell walls that surround intruding fungal hyphae. Monotropoid mycorrhizae collected from blooming plants in late summer contained calcium oxalate crystals between mantle hyphae. The crystals appeared to form in association with hyphal walls and grew into a matrix outside the hyphae. Production of calcium oxalate by M. uniflora's mycobiont seems to be a coordinated metabolic process rather than a random precipitation event. The significance of calcium translocation and isolation as calcium oxalate to this mycorrhizal fungus is unclear, but the presence of extensive crystal deposits during and after flowering of the host plant suggests a possible link with the nutrient transfer occurring at that time. Mycorrhizal regulation of calcium may affect the availability of mineral nutrients to the associated Monotropa plants. Key words: Monotropa uniflora, mycorrhiza, calcium oxalate, ectomycorrhiza.
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Doré, Jeanne, Roland Marmeisse, Jean-Philippe Combier, and Gilles Gay. "A Fungal Conserved Gene from the Basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum Is Essential for Efficient Ectomycorrhiza Formation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 10 (October 2014): 1059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0087-r.
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We used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to identify genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum that are essential for efficient mycorrhiza formation. One of the mutants presented a dramatically reduced ability to form ectomycorrhizas when grown in the presence of Pinus pinaster. It failed to form mycorrhizas in the presence of glucose at 0.5 g liter–1, a condition favorable for mycorrhiza formation by the wild-type strain. However, it formed few mycorrhizas when glucose was replaced by fructose or when glucose concentration was increased to 1 g liter–1. Scanning electron microscopy examination of these mycorrhizas revealed that this mutant was unable to differentiate true fungal sheath and Hartig net. Molecular analyses showed that the single-copy disrupting T-DNA was integrated 6,884 bp downstream from the start codon, of an open reading frame potentially encoding a 3,096-amino-acid-long protein. This gene, which we named HcMycE1, has orthologs in numerous fungi as well as different other eukaryotic microorganisms. RNAi inactivation of HcMycE1 in the wild-type strain also led to a mycorrhizal defect, demonstrating that the nonmycorrhizal phenotype of the mutant was due to mutagenic T-DNA integration in HcMycE1. In the wild-type strain colonizing P. pinaster roots, HcMycE1 was transiently upregulated before symbiotic structure differentiation. Together with the inability of the mutant to differentiate these structures, this suggests that HcMycE1 plays a crucial role upstream of the fungal sheath and Hartig net differentiation. This study provides the first characterization of a fungal mutant altered in mycorrhizal ability.
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Rieger, Andreas, Martin Guttenberger, and Rüdiger Hampp. "Soluble Carbohydrates in Mycorrhized and Non-Mycorrhized Fine Roots of Spruce Seedlings." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 47, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1992): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1992-3-406.
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Abstract We present results on the compartmentation of carbohydrates such as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and mannose in different parts of an ectomycorrhiza established between Picea abies and Amanita muscaria and compare it with non-mycorrhized fine roots. Lyophilized mycorrhizas and fine roots (< 2 mm length) were dissected into about 0.5 mm thick slices which represent 4 zones of different physiological functions. The total amount of the analyzed carbohydrates was about 30% higher in non-mycorrhized (n-myc) compared to mycorrhized (myc) fine roots, with sucrose being the dominating sugar in both root types. A longitudinal distinction of sucrose pools showed lowest levels in the middle parts of a mycorrhiza, which represent areas of most intense symbiotic interaction. Fine roots without fungal infection did not show longitudinal variations in sugar content.
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Geil, R. D., and F. C. Guinel. "Effects of elevated substrateethylene on colonization of leek (Allium porrum) by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus aggregatum." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-135.
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There are very few studies of hormonal regulation of arbuscular mycorrhiza formation that include the gaseous hormone ethylene. Ethylene is considered inhibitory to the formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae; however, very low concentrations may promote their formation. We used an improved method of exogenous ethylene application to determine whether ethylene concentration dependent changes in colonization occur in the leek (Allium porrum L. cv. Giant Musselburgh) Glomus aggregatum Schenck & Smith emend. Koske system. This improved method allowed for a continuous flow of constant concentration of the gas to be applied to a substrate. The 0.6 µL/L substrateethylene treatment reduced both root and leaf length and resulted in significantly lower arbuscular colonization compared with controls, whereas the 0.3 µL/L treatment reduced root length only and did not significantly affect colonization levels. Despite continuous application of exogenous ethylene, the amount of ethylene detected in inoculated substrates was reduced to near zero 20 days after inoculation. This decrease may be either due to an increased capacity for ethylene oxidation by arbuscular mycorrhizal roots or because arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (or other microbes in the pot-cultured inoculum) are capable of metabolizing ethylene. The present study highlights the need for investigations into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal physiology and the mechanisms by which ethylene regulates arbuscular mycorrhiza formation.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, colonization, exogenous ethylene, monocot.
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MOYERSOEN, BERNARD, IAN J. ALEXANDER, and ALASTAIR H. FITTER. "Phosphorus nutrition of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree seedlings from a lowland tropical rain forest in Korup National Park, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000054.
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The relationship between mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus acquired by seedlings of the arbuscular mycorrhizal tree Oubanguia alata Bak f. (Scytopetalaceae) and the ectomycorrhizal tree Tetraberlinia moreliana Aubr. (Caesalpiniodeae) was evaluated at low and high inorganic phosphorus availability. AM colonisation was positively correlated with phosphorus uptake by O. alata at low, but not at high phosphorus availability. Seedlings growth was positively related to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, suggesting that growth promotion by arbuscular mycorrhizas is not simply related to an increase of phosphorus uptake. In contrast, phosphorus uptake by T. moreliana was correlated with EM colonisation at both low and high phosphorus availability, but there was no relationship between growth and ectomycorrhizal colonisation. Promotion of phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas at low phosphorus availability is consistent with the co-occurrence of the two types of mycorrhiza in tropical rain forests where available soil phosphorus is low. However, ectomycorrhizal colonisation may also be of advantage where inputs of phosphorus rich litter raise the phosphorus status of the soil, as seen in the groves of ectomycorrhizal trees in Korup National Park, and may be one of the factors reinforcing local dominance by these trees.
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Berliner, Ruhama, and John G. Torrey. "Studies on mycorrhizal associations in Harvard Forest, Massachusetts." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-287.
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An estimate was made of the abundance of different types of mycorrhizal associations in two plant communities of conifers and hardwoods in the Harvard Forest. Lists of plant species, the coverage of their foliage in the canopy and understorey layers, and the types of mycorrhizal associations for 45 species common in these communities are presented. Of the species examined, 91 % were mycorrhizal, representing most of the known major types, viz. ectomycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), ericoid, and monotropoid mycorrhiza. Of the 45 species studied, 22% of the species showed ectomycorrhizal, and 71 % VAM associations. A direct spore count was a more reliable method than the most probable number method for determining VAM occurrence in the soil. Spore numbers ranged from 4.4 to 11.8 spores/g oven-dried soil. In conifer stands, ectomycorrhizae were most common, although VAM were also observed in the conifer species. In hardwood stands, VAM were more frequent than in conifer stands, but mycorrhizae were heterogeneous and included a good proportion of the ericoid type. Ectomycorrhizae were more common in communities of low diversity; VAM occurred more frequently in communities of high plant species diversity.
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KASURINEN, A., T. HOLOPAINEN, and S. ANTTONEN. "Mycorrhizal colonisation of highbush blueberry and its native relatives in central Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 2 (January 2, 2001): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5683.
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Transmission electromicroscopy, trypan blue staining in combination with stereomicroscope analysis and biochemical ergosterol assay were used to study the mycorrhizal symbionts in wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bog whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) roots. TEM-analysis showed that in all species ericoid mycorrhizas formed hyphae coil inside the epidermal root cells. In stereomicroscopic viewing the highest mycorrhizal colonisation was observed in the roots of wild bilberries (51%), whereas according to the ergosterol assay the highest total fungal biomass of roots was found in bog whortleberries (209 mg g-1 of root d. wt). Both ergosterol and microscopical method showed that the mycorrhizal associations in blueberry cultivars and their wild relatives growing on natural soil medium are frequent, although ericoid mycorrhiza formation of highbush blueberries was somewhat weaker than that of wild bilberries and bog whortleberries.
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Sarsekova, D., B. Osserkhan, T. Abzhanov, and A. Nurlabi. "Mycorrhiza Formation in Pinus Sylvestris and Picea Obovata Seedlings in Forest Nurseries in Kazakhstan." Acta Botanica Hungarica 63, no. 3-4 (October 21, 2021): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.63.2021.3-4.12.
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This work presents research materials, the purpose of which is to grow seedlings of coniferous trees in the open field using artificial substrates of mycorrhizal macromycetes in forest nurseries of Central, North and Northeast Kazakhstan. The success of mycorrhiza formation in seedlings Pinus sylvestris and Picea obovata from forest nurseries of Akmola and Karaganda regions, and the survival rate of seedlings from forest nurseries of Akmola, Karaganda and Pavlodar regions of Kazakhstan are analysed. In the future, we want to expand the range of studied species and compare artificially mycorrhized seedlings with naturally mycorrhized species from natural forests. If we compare the survival rate of seedlings in nurseries, the highest in P. sylvestris seedlings in Shaldai is about 78%, low in Novodolenskoe, about 27%, and for P. obovata, on average, 66%. In the future, we want to expand the range of studied species and compare artificially mycorrhized seedlings with naturally mycorrhized species from natural forests.
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Perotto, Silvia, Renato Peretto, Antonella Faccio, Andrea Schubert, Paola Bonfante, and Ajit Varma. "Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi: cellular and molecular bases of their interactions with the host plant." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-296.
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A number of soil-borne fungi are able to form typical ericoid mycorrhizae with plants belonging to Ericales. Together with Hymenoscyphus ericae, the first isolate from roots of ericaceous plants, other fungal species belonging to the genus Oidiodendron and many sterile mycelia have been recognized as mycorrhizal by several authors. A high genetic diversity was even found when a population of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi isolated from a single plant of Calluna vulgaris was analysed with morphological and molecular techniques. Ericoid fungi have a relevant saprotrophic potential, as they can degrade several organic polymers present in the soil matrices. Different cell wall degrading enzymes, which are part of this arsenal and are produced in vitro by several ericoid fungi, have been investigated biochemically. Immunocytochemical studies on the production of pectin degrading enzymes during the infection process of host and non-host plants suggest that regulation mechanisms for the production of cell wall degrading enzymes in vivo may be a crucial step for the establishment of successful mycorrhiza with host plants. Key words: ericoid mycorrhizae, cell wall degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase, DNA-RAPD techniques.
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Kottke, Ingrid, Juan Pablo Suárez, Paulo Herrera, Dario Cruz, Robert Bauer, Ingeborg Haug, and Sigisfredo Garnica. "Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (December 9, 2009): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1884.
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Distinctive groups of fungi are involved in the diverse mycorrhizal associations of land plants. All previously known mycorrhiza-forming Basidiomycota associated with trees, ericads, liverworts or orchids are hosted in Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Atractiellomycetes, members of the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina), are mycobionts of orchids. The mycobionts of 103 terrestrial and epiphytic orchid individuals, sampled in the tropical mountain rainforest of Southern Ecuador, were identified by sequencing the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and part of 28S rDNA. Mycorrhizae of 13 orchid individuals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Simple septal pores and symplechosomes in the hyphal coils of mycorrhizae from four orchid individuals indicated members of Atractiellomycetes. Molecular phylogeny of sequences from mycobionts of 32 orchid individuals out of 103 samples confirmed Atractiellomycetes and the placement in Pucciniomycotina, previously known to comprise only parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Thus, our finding reveals these fungi, frequently associated to neotropical orchids, as the most basal living basidiomycetes involved in mycorrhizal associations of land plants.
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Gomes, Bárbara, Fábio Castro, Rita Santos, Patrícia Figueiredo, Márcia Silva, Maria Vidal, Inês Ferreira, João Nunes, Helena Machado, and Filomena Gomes. "Effect of Quercetin on Mycorrhizal Synthesis between Tuberborchii and Arbutusunedo L. In Vitro Plants." Microbiology Research 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010007.
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Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean species used for fruit production; it is tolerant to drought and shows regeneration ability following forest fires. Mycorrhizal plants with Tuber borchii add resilience and value. This study aims to test the effect of quercetin on mycorrhizal synthesis between T. borchii and A. unedo. Two genotypes selected for fruit production and hydric stress tolerance, were micropropagated for mycorrhizal synthesis, accomplished during ex vitro rooting in perlite, using lyophilized spores of T. borchii suspended in culture media with different quercetin levels (0–10 µM). Six months after inoculation, plants were transferred to pots and maintained in nursery. Ten and 12 months after inoculation, roots were morphological examined and molecularly characterized using ITS1-5.8SITS2 rDNA region and specific primers. Results showed that mycorrhizae establishment was dependent on studied factors (genotype, quercetin level, and culture medium) and their interaction (genotype X culture medium). Quercetin levels up to 2.0 µM favored mycorrhizae establishment and plant growth, although levels superior to 4 µM showed a toxic effect. Quercetin showed to be an efficient factor on inducing mycorrhiza thriving independent of the genotype. Morphological observations and molecular analysis confirmed the permanence of the fungus association 10 and 12 months after inoculation.
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Dexheimer, Jean, Joëlle Gerard, Jean-Pierre Leduc, and Gérard Chevalier. "Étude ultrastructurale comparée des associations symbiotiques mycorhiziennes Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia claveryi et Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia leptoderma." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-073.
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The authors have studied the ultrastructural organization of two synthetic mycorrhizas between Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. (Cistaceae) and Terfezia claveryi Chat. or Terfezia leptoderma Tul. (Ascomycetes, Terfeziaceae). With Terfezia claveryi an endomycorrhiza is formed with many of the hyphae hugging the inside surface of the cell wall. The cytoplasmic volume of the mycorrhizal cells is not significantly increased. With Terfezia leptoderma an ectomycorrhiza without a sheath is formed, but there is a typical Hartig net. These two types of mycorrhiza constitute examples of biotrophism.
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Miller, R. M., B. A. D. Hetrick, and G. W. T. Wilson. "Mycorrhizal fungi affect root stele tissue in grasses." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-892.
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Although arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was initially believed to have little or no impact on root morphology, we now recognize that subtle changes do occur and that these changes may be of considerable consequence to host growth and nutrition, as well as functional growth strategy. In examining the stele and root diameters of C3 and C4 grasses, C4 grasses were demonstrated to have a significantly larger proportion of their fibrous roots occupied by stele tissue than do C3 grasses. In fact, functional growth strategy (C3 versus C4) was observed to be a relatively good predictor of stele area. Mycorrhizal fungi also influenced the amount of stele tissue, but the effect was not the same for both C3 and C4 grasses. The stele area of all C4 grasses except for Sorghastrum nutans was greater in the presence of mycorrhizal colonization. Among the C3 grasses, only Bromus inermis showed a significant increase, although Elymus cinereus and Lolium perenne displayed significant decreases in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. Changes in the stele area of the plant species were closely related to their responsiveness to mycorrhizal symbiosis and might in part explain both beneficial and detrimental responses of plants to mycorrhizae. An increase in stele circumference induced by mycorrhizae would allow for greater uptake and passage of water and nutrients to the vascular cylinder, and growth depressions could be a direct outcome of reduced stele circumference. Thus, differences in stele circumference represent a possible mechanism for mycorrhizal impacts on host plants. These findings indicate that structural differences among grasses are related to different functional capabilities and further emphasize the need for better integration of comparative anatomy and morphology procedures in the study of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Key words: stele, root anatomy, mycorrhizal dependency, functional growth strategy, mycorrhiza, C3 and C4 grasses.
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Pons, Caroline, and Caroline Müller. "Impacts of Drought Stress and Mycorrhizal Inoculation on the Performance of Two Spring Wheat Cultivars." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172187.
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Cereal production is becoming challenging, given ongoing climate change. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are discussed to mitigate effects of drought for plants and enhance nutrient uptake. Thus, we investigated the impacts of drought and mycorrhiza on the growth and allocation patterns of two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plants were grown under three irrigation regimes (well-watered, continuous or pulsed drought) and in three substrates (absence or presence of one or three AMF species). Applied water use efficiency (WUEapplied), harvest index (HI) and contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) were determined when grains were watery ripe. When grains were hard, again, WUEapplied, HI and the thousand-kernel weight were measured. The WUEapplied and HI were lowest in plants under pulsed drought stress at the second harvest, while the thousand-kernel weight was lower in mycorrhized compared to non-mycorrhized plants. The C/N ratio dropped with increasing drought stress but was enhanced by mycorrhiza, while the P content was surprisingly unaffected by mycorrhiza. The total root length colonization was higher in substrates with the AMF mix, but overall, fungal presence could not alleviate the effects of drought. Our results highlight the complexity of responses to challenging environments in this highly domesticated species.
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Nilsson, Marie-Charlotte, Peter Högberg, Olle Zackrisson, and Wang Fengyou. "Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on development and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae of Pinus silvestris." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-071.
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Fennoscandian plant communities dominated by the evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup appear to have negative effects on forest regeneration. Effects of water extracts of leaves of E. hermaphroditum on the development and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae (Paxillus involutus Batsch (Fr.)) of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Among seedlings that did not receive E. hermaphroditum extract, mycorrhizal plants grew better than nonmycorrhizal plants and also had a higher shoot to root ratio. Nitrogen uptake per unit root length was 3 times faster in mycorrhizal plants. The uptake of nitrogen was 92 ng∙day−1 per dichotomous tip as compared with 22 ng∙day−1 per nondichotomous root tip (mycorrhizal plants had both dichotomous and nondichotomous tips, whereas uninoculated plants almost exclusively had nondichotomous tips). A low concentration of extract impaired nitrogen uptake in both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. Uptake per unit root length was reduced to one-third and one-tenth in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants, respectively. Calculated per dichotomous tip per day, the uptake of nitrogen was reduced to only 0.9 ng. Additions of extract also retarded increases in root length and the numbers of root tips, although less markedly, but the percentage of dichotomous tips was more strongly reduced. Empetrum hermaphroditum extract also strongly inhibited the growth of Paxillus involutus on modified Melin – Norkrans agar medium. The spread of mycorrhizal infection (as indicated by the percentage of dichotomous tips) and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizae were more sensitive to the extract than seed germination and radicle growth, which were demonstrated to be affected under field conditions. Key words: allelopathy, Empetrum hermaphroditum, forestry, mycorrhiza, nitrogen.
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Farias-Larios, J., S. Guzman-Gonzalez, and A. Michel-Rosales. "The Advances in the Study on Mycorrhizas of Fruit Trees in Dry Tropics of Mexico." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 684c—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.684c.
Full textAbstract:
The productivity of marginal soils frequently found in the arid tropics might be improved by using VAM fungi as “biofertilizer” and as a tool of sustainable agricultural systems. Study of mycorrhizas of fruit trees was performed in 1987 in western Mexico. More progress has been made in resources, taxonomy, anatomy and morphology, physiology, ecology, effects, and application of mycorrhizas in fruit trees and ornamental plants production. Currently, five genera has been identified and inoculated plants showed significant difference in respect to plants not inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Citrus trees were highly dependent on mycorrhizae for normal growth and development, while the banana plants showed lower levels of root colonization by different strains of VAM fungi. The added endomycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased root fungal colonization in fruit trees and reduce the time in nursery. The current status and research trends in the study of fruit tree mycorrhizas in western Mexico are introduced, and the application prospects in sustainable agriculture also are discussed.
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Miller, J. Creighton, Sriyani Rajapakse, and Randall K. Garber. "Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Vegetable Crops." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.974.
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Abstract Mycorrhiza refers to a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship formed between fungi (Gr. mukes) and living roots (Gr. rhiza) of higher plants. These associations are prevalent among most plant species and have been observed in most vegetables except the Cruciferae and Chenopodiaceae. In fact, some vegetables do not appear to grow or develop normally without mycorrhizae. In addition to their wide distribution in the plant kingdom, these nonpathogenic relationships are geographically ubiquitous. Thus, the mycorrhizal condition is the rule, as both host plant and fungus specificity is minimal and usually not observed.
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Maldonado-Mendoza, Ignacio E., Gary R. Dewbre, and Maria J. Harrison. "A Phosphate Transporter Gene from the Extra-Radical Mycelium of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices Is Regulated in Response to Phosphate in the Environment." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 10 (October 2001): 1140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.10.1140.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of vascular flowering plants are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These symbioses, termed arbuscular mycorrhizas, are mutually beneficial, and the fungus delivers phosphate to the plant while receiving carbon. In these symbioses, phosphate uptake by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is the first step in the process of phosphate transport to the plant. Previously, we cloned a phosphate transporter gene involved in this process. Here, we analyze the expression and regulation of a phosphate transporter gene (GiPT) in the extra-radical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices during mycorrhizal association with carrot or Medicago truncatula roots. These analyses reveal that GiPT expression is regulated in response to phosphate concentrations in the environment surrounding the extra-radical hyphae and modulated by the overall phosphate status of the mycorrhiza. Phosphate concentrations, typical of those found in the soil solution, result in expression of GiPT. These data imply that G. intraradices can perceive phosphate levels in the external environment but also suggest the presence of an internal phosphate sensing mechanism.
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DERE, Sultan, Ayse COBAN, Yelderem AKHOUNDNEJAD, Suleyman OZSOY, and Hayriye Yildiz DASGAN. "Use of Mycorrhiza to Reduce Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Cultivation." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 47, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 1331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha47411738.
Full textAbstract:
Intensive use of mineral fertilizers in soilless growing systems can have adverse effects on the environment and human health and could be economically expensive. Aim of this study was whether it can be reduced mineral nutrients in soilless grown melon by using mycorrhizae inoculation. The experiment has been carried out in the early spring growing period in a greenhouse in the Mediterranean climate. The eight treatments have been applied: (1) 100% Full nutrition (control), (2) 100% Full nutrition+mycorrhiza, (3) 80% nutrition, (4) 80% nutrition+mycorrhiza (5) 60% nutrition (6) 60% nutrition+mycorrhiza (7) 40% nutrition, (8) 40% nutrition+mycorrhiza. Effects of mycorrhiza on melon plant growth, yield, fruit quality, and leaf nutrient concentrations were investigated. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization is accompanied by plant growth increases in reduced nutrient levels. The mycorrhiza inoculation had a significant enhancing effect on total yield in soilless grown melon plants. The highest increasing effect on melon yield was observed in the “80% nutrient+mycorrhiza”, and AM- inoculated plants produced 49.5% higher melon yield (12.4 kg m-2) than that of control plants without mycorrhizae (8.3 k gm-2). AM-inoculation was also able to establish an improvement in Brix and EC of melon fruit. In the nutrient contents of leaves, there were slight increases in AM-inoculated plants, except P. The P content was significantly increased in AM-inoculated 80% nutrient plants as comparison to that of its control.
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MOLDOVAN, Victoria POP, Roxana VIDICAN, Larisa CORCOZ, and Vlad STOIAN. "Mycorrhizal Role in Phosphorus Metabolism." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 79, no. 1 (May 14, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2022.0006.
Full textAbstract:
The roots of the plants are in contact with a substrate, and biotic and abiotic factors influence their functioning and development. The most known microorganisms associated with plant roots are soil fungi, which are adapted to the soil's living environment, called mycorrhizae. Arbuscular mycorrhizae are the most common of these associations. In agricultural ecosystems, the constant use of technologies has resulted in a progressive reduction of mycorrhizal diversity. Due to this phenomenon, soil presents a lower potential for the development of multi-level hyphal networks which implies reduced connections between all individuals of a single species. Mycorrhizas offer benefits for the host plant, including mineral nutrition, increased drought tolerance, and protection against pathogens. They play a significant role in acquiring the necessary nutrients (especially phosphorus and nitrogen) from soil to their host plants, as these nutrients may have low mobility in most soils. Plants take up phosphorus from soil indirectly through the hyphal network that can reach outside from the root depletion area. Mycorrhizal association increases the accumulation of nitrogen in the plant as a result of the competition of hyphae for the organic mineralized form of this element.
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POP MOLDOVAN, Victoria, Roxana VIDICAN, Larisa CORCOZ, and Vlad STOIAN. "Highlighting Mycorrhizal Structures in Roots of Zea mays L." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 79, no. 1 (May 14, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2022.0007.
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Agriculture is one of the key economic activities designed to provide food for a growing population. It is expected that 21st-century agriculture will try to reduce the number of fertilizers by using microorganisms, in this category arbuscular mycorrhizas representing a complex set of benefits for plants and ecosystem services. The aim of this paper is to identify the mycorrhizal structures present in the roots of Zea mays. The objectives of the research are: i) are mycorrhizae natively present in the corn root and have a constant presence from the first stages of plant development? and ii) what kind of colonization pattern is characteristic of these roots? Maize has prominent fasciculate roots, and due to its intense branching capacity provides increased biological support for the establishment of mycorrhizal symbionts. Within the fungal structures highlighted, the most prominent were arbuscules and vesicles. Arum-type arbuscules were mostly observed, Paris-type arbuscules being less common in this species. Vesicles have a low frequency in the root cortex. They are present only in the early stages of plant development. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae are present in the root of the Zea mays plant with a constant presence, without major fluctuations.
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Kasowska, Dorota. "Mycorrhizal status of plants in two successional stages on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia (SW Poland)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 71, no. 2 (2014): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2002.018.
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The mycorrhizal status of two plant communities representing an initial stage (1-2 year-old) and a 8-9-year-old stage of succession on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia, Poland, was determined. In the initial stage, the mycorrhizal structures were not observed in 39% of the investigated species; they were members of the <em>Polygonaceae</em>, <em>Chenopodiaceae</em> and <em>Poaceae</em> families. The relative cover of non-mycorrhizal plants exceeded 50% and the major role was played by the <em>Polygonum aviculare</em> population, which predominated the whole community. Mycorrhizal species (arbuscular mycorrhizae) contributed to 61 % of the composition of the initial phyto-coenosis. The most numerous taxa were those with 20-40% of the root length colonized, with a small number of arbuscules (0.2-3.1% of the root length containig arbuscules) and no vesicles. In the advanced stage of succession, mycorrhizal plants definitely dominated and the major role was played by the <em>Tussilago farfara</em> population. Compared with the initial stage, the later one also harboured more plants with mycorrhizas occupied >40% of the root length, as well as containing numerous arbuscules (>20% of the root length) and vesicles. The non-mycorrhizal species, i.e., <em>Equisetum arvense</em> and <em>Poa compressa</em>, represented 11 % o': the community composition and their relative cover amounted to 3%. Despite the relatively frequent occurrence of the arbuscular mycorrhizae in the initial stage of succession, the qualitative properties of the colonization indicated a low effectiveness of symbiosis. This could be caused by the lack of adaptation of the fungal symbiont to the edaphic conditions which were changed after disturbance.
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Lambais, Marcio R., and Mona C. Mehdy. "Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-293.
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Differential expression of plant defense related genes may contribute to the control of arbuscular mycorrhiza growth and development. The expression of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins has been studied in these symbiotic associations. Relative to noninfected roots, mycorrhizal roots showed a transient induction of endochitinase activities followed by suppression, under low and high P conditions. The suppression was attenuated under high P. Differential reductions in the steady-state level of mRNAs encoding a basic and an acidic endochitinase was observed. Suppression of β-1, 3-glucanase activities, two glucanase mRNAs, and chalcone isomerase mRNA levels was also observed. In situ localization of several defense-related mRNAs showed a predominant accumulation in the vascular cylinder of mycorrhizal and noninfected roots, under both P conditions. The levels of these mRNAs were systemically suppressed in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). Additionally, the accumulation of mRNAs encoding an acidic endochitinase and a β-1, 3-endoglucanase was enhanced in and around cells containing arbuscules, under high and low P conditions, respectively. The differential regulation of defense-related genes may contribute to the observed pattern of intraradical fungal growth. A hypothetical model for the functional roles and regulation of endochitinases and β-1, 3-endoglucanases in arbuscular mycorrhiza is proposed. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, differential gene expression, plant defense genes, chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, phosphate.
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Allsopp, N., and W. D. Stock. "Plant Protection Research Institute." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.794.
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A survey of the mycorrhizal status of plants growing in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa was undertaken to assess the range of mycorrhizal types and their dominance in species characteristic of this region. Records were obtained by examining the root systems of plants growing in three Cape lowland vegetation types, viz. West Coast Strandveld, West Coast Renosterveld and Sand Plain Lowland Fynbos for mycorrhizas, as well as by collating literature records of mycorrhizas on plants growing in the region. The mycorrhizal status of 332 species is listed, of which 251 species are new records. Members of all the important families in this region have been examined. Mycorrhizal status appears to be associated mainly with taxonomic position of the species. Extrapolating from these results, we conclude that 62% of the flora of the Cape Floristic Region form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, 23% have no mycorrhizas, 8% are ericoid mycorrhizal, 2% form orchid mycorrhizas, whereas the mycorrhizal status of 4% of the flora is unknown. There were no indigenous ectomycor- rhizal species. The proportion of non-mycorrhizal species is high compared to other ecosystems. In particular, the lack of mycorrhizas in several important perennial families in the Cape Floristic Region is unusual. The diversity of nutrient acquiring adaptations, including the range of mycorrhizas and cluster roots in some non-mycorrhizal families, may promote coexistence of plants in this species-rich region.
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Jangandi, Sharanappa, Mr Narayan, H. C. Lakshman, and Chaitra B. Negalur*. "Influence of AM fungus Glomus geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker on chlorophyll content and biochemical changes in four AMF disputed plants." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 01 (December 31, 2016): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.01.007.
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The function of mycorrhizae depends on the ability of the fungal symbiont. In the present study, the Glomus geosporum was inoculated on four amaranthaceae plants; Amaranthus oleraceae Hook. A.paniculata, A.spinosa and A. viridi has showed increased chlorophyll content in AM fungus inoculated plants over noninoculated plants, consequently the total carbohydrates and protein content was higher in mycorrhiza inoculated plants over the control or noninoculated plants. The results revealed that the enhanced stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration may be coupled with mycorrhizal inoculation on these four leafy vegetable plants, although these plants are disputed with AM fungal association.
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Coello, Wilson Latacela, Eduardo Colina Navarrete, Carlos Castro Arteaga, Danilo Santana Aragone, Joffre León Paredes, Guillermo García Vásquez, Miguel Goyes Cabezas, and Maribel Vera Suarez. "Efectos De La Fertilización Nitrogenada Y Fosfatada Sobre Poblaciones De Micorrizas Asociadas Al Cultivo De Cacao." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p464.
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Cocoa is one of the most significant assets in the ecuadorian agricultural structure, which also provides a good source of income for thousands of farmworker families. However, fertilization research works in cocoa cultivation have been relatively scarce. Decades of global research have shown that mycorrhizal fungi determine the fertilization and conservation of agrosystems. Fertilization is considered to be among the cultural and agricultural practices affecting mycorrhizas, which diminishes or prevents the fungal colonization. The objectives of research works were the following: the characterization of mycorrhiza species associated with cocoa, to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization in plant population and to identify the critical dose affecting the fungus development. A factorial design was used (AxBxC), with two (2) application systems, four (4) doses of nitrogen fertilizer, and two (2) doses of phosphate fertilizer with three repetitions. The turkey’s test was used to evaluate means with confidence interval of 95%. The evaluated variables were: diameter and length of cocoa pods, number of cocoa pods per tree, index of cocoa beans and almond yield per hectare, as well as, mycorrhizal spore counting, percentage of mycorrhizal fungi colonization, visual density of endophyte, and characterization of mycorrhiza species. The results concluded that the application of 100 Kg/ha N + 70 kg/ha P in the system below the soil surface, achieved yield increments of 68% over the absolute witness. The same dose and application method, increased the number of spores per gram of soil, mycelium colonization and density of mycorrhizal endophyte in roots.