Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mycorrhizas

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Academic literature on the topic 'Mycorrhizas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

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Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.

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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.
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Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S., and David P. Janos. "Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-080.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species.
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Jones, Melanie D., and Sally E. Smith. "Exploring functional definitions of mycorrhizas: Are mycorrhizas always mutualisms?" Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1089–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-110.

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Mycorrhizas are considered to be classic mutualisms. Here, we define mutualism as a reciprocal increase in fitness of the symbionts, and we review the evidence for mycorrhizal mutualism at the community, whole-plant, and cellular scales. It is difficult to use results of most mycorrhizal studies because (i) fungal contribution to nutrient uptake is not accurately estimated, (ii) increased growth is not necessarily correlated with increased plant fecundity or survival, especially in communities, and (iii) benefits that occur only at certain times of year, or under specific extreme conditions, may not be detected. To produce the nonmycorrhizal controls required to study mutualism in the field, soil microflora and fauna must be severely perturbed; therefore, it is virtually impossible to evaluate effects of mycorrhizas on plant fitness under realistic conditions. Using the evidence available, we conclude that mycorrhizas can occupy various positions along the continuum from parasitism to mutualism, depending on the specific plant and fungal genotypes and their abiotic and biotic environments. Although we discuss the possibility of defining mycorrhizas by some physiological characteristic, we conclude that mycorrhizas should be defined on a structural or developmental basis and that any requirement to demonstrate mutualism be eliminated.Key words: mycorrhiza, mutualism, parasitism, physiology, fitness, community.
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Allsopp, N., and W. D. Stock. "Plant Protection Research Institute." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.794.

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A survey of the mycorrhizal status of plants growing in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa was undertaken to assess the range of mycorrhizal types and their dominance in species characteristic of this region. Records were obtained by ex­amining the root systems of plants growing in three Cape lowland vegetation types, viz. West Coast Strandveld, West Coast Renosterveld and Sand Plain Lowland Fynbos for mycorrhizas, as well as by collating literature records of mycorrhizas on plants growing in the region. The mycorrhizal status of 332 species is listed, of which 251 species are new records. Members of all the important families in this region have been examined. Mycorrhizal status appears to be associated mainly with taxonomic position of the species. Extrapolating from these results, we conclude that 62% of the flora of the Cape Floristic Region form vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas, 23% have no mycorrhizas, 8% are ericoid mycorrhizal, 2% form orchid mycorrhizas, whereas the mycorrhizal status of 4% of the flora is unknown. There were no indigenous ectomycor- rhizal species. The proportion of non-mycorrhizal species is high compared to other ecosystems. In particular, the lack of mycorrhizas in several important perennial families in the Cape Floristic Region is unusual. The diversity of nutrient acquir­ing adaptations, including the range of mycorrhizas and cluster roots in some non-mycorrhizal families, may promote co­existence of plants in this species-rich region.
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Turnau, Katarzyna, Piotr Mleczko, Damien Blaudez, Michel Chalot, and Bernard Botton. "Heavy metal binding properties of Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizas from industrial wastes." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 71, no. 3 (2014): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2002.030.

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Mycorrhizas of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em>, collected from zinc wastes in Poland and France were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). At both sites, mycorrhizas of <em>Hebeloma</em> were the most frequent, however, they were often characterised by a sparse or only locally developed fungal mantle. Mycorrhizas formed by suilloid fungi were much less frequent, and usually produced a clearly defined fungal mantle characterised by abundant formation of pigments and crystals covering the hyphae of the outer mantle. These two groups of mycorrhizas differed in their heavy metal binding properties. A biofiltering effect of Pb and Zn by the fungal mantle was observed only in the case of suilloid mycorrhizas, which represented up to 10% of the total number of mycorrhizas. No statistical differences between the mantle, the cortical cell walls and the vascular tissue were demonstrated in mycorrhizas formed by other fungi dominating on industrial wastes. In the case of <em>Hebeloma</em> and <em>Inocybe</em>, however, elements such as Cu and Cd were present in higher amounts in the extra-matrical mycelium, whereas no or only low amounts of these elements were detected within fungal mantles, mainly in mycorrhizas from the French waste. Analysis of the root systems has shown relatively high percentage of nonmycorrhizal short roots, suggesting the inhibition of mycorrhiza formation or a decreased number of mycorrhizal propagules. The role of dead roots and mycorrhizas in biosorption and immobilization of heavy metals was discussed.
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Adams, Felicity, Paul Reddell, Michael J. Webb, and Warren A. Shipton. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas on Eucalyptus grandis (Myrtaceae) trees and seedlings in native forests of tropical north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05028.

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Eucalypts have been shown to form both arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and ectomycorrhizas (ECM) in glasshouse experiments. Little is known, however, about the relative dominance of these two mycorrhiza types on individual eucalypt species across their natural range. This study examined mycorrhizal colonisation levels of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden roots at 29 sites representing a broad range of wet sclerophyll forest types in the wet tropics of north-eastern Australia. Adult E. grandis trees sampled in situ were invariably heavily ectomycorrhizal, with 76–100% fine root length colonised (% RLC). There were comparatively low levels of AM, with typically less than 10% RLC. Seedling E. grandis grown in intact soil cores from the field sites under glasshouse conditions had lower total levels of mycorrhiza formation compared with adult trees, with more variable ECM formation (10–95% RLC) and more extensive AM formation (10–40% RLC). There were no apparent trends in mycorrhiza formation across different soil parent material, rainfall or vegetation categories used. The current research suggests that arbuscular mycorrhizas are more prominent on seedlings, whereas ectomycorrhizas predominate in adult trees of E. grandis. Possible reasons for these differences and a comparison with other studies of eucalypt mycorrhizas under natural conditions are presented.
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Tammi, Hanna, Sari Timonen, and Robin Sen. "Spatiotemporal colonization of Scots pine roots by introduced and indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest humus and nursery Sphagnum peat microcosms." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 746–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-011.

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Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling combinations were grown in two-dimensional Perspex® microcosms containing forest humus or nursery Sphagnum peat, without additional fertilization. Spatial and temporal patterns of mycorrhizal fungal colonization of roots were assessed over a 3-month period, through visual morphotyping and polymerase chain reaction assisted rDNA fingerprinting of developed mycorrhizas. Six distinct morphotypes of mycorrhiza developed on non-mycorrhizal seedlings grown in forest humus. Three of the morphotypes (white1-, black-, and brown-type) were, respectively, associated with the fungi Suillus bovinus (L. ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Cenococcum geophilum Fr., and Thelephora terrestris Ehrh.:Fr. (= Tomentella radiosa (P. Karst.) Rick). A fourth pink-type morphotype displayed features indicating root colonization by Tomentellopsis submollis (Svrcek) Hjortstam, but this could not be confirmed because of a lack of source restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) data. Brown-type mycorrhiza were the first to appear after seedling transplantation and black-type mycorrhizas showed local and dispersed root colonization dynamics. Mycorrhiza development in the unfertilized nursery peat substrate was restricted to a single unidentifiable brown-type morphotype, which appeared after 44 days. Rapid colonization of adjacent non-mycorrhizal seedlings by Tomentellopsis submollis, but not S. bovinus, was detected following the introduction of preinoculated seedlings into the humus or peat microcosms. The biomass of seedlings grown in nursery peat, regardless of mycorrhizal status, was significantly lower than that of mycorrhizal seedlings grown in humus. These findings support and extend previous bait seedling studies, as they provide a primary in situ characterization of distinct root colonization strategies of mycorrhizal species in forest humus and nursery peat.
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Farias-Larios, J., S. Guzman-Gonzalez, and A. Michel-Rosales. "The Advances in the Study on Mycorrhizas of Fruit Trees in Dry Tropics of Mexico." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 684c—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.684c.

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The productivity of marginal soils frequently found in the arid tropics might be improved by using VAM fungi as “biofertilizer” and as a tool of sustainable agricultural systems. Study of mycorrhizas of fruit trees was performed in 1987 in western Mexico. More progress has been made in resources, taxonomy, anatomy and morphology, physiology, ecology, effects, and application of mycorrhizas in fruit trees and ornamental plants production. Currently, five genera has been identified and inoculated plants showed significant difference in respect to plants not inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Citrus trees were highly dependent on mycorrhizae for normal growth and development, while the banana plants showed lower levels of root colonization by different strains of VAM fungi. The added endomycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased root fungal colonization in fruit trees and reduce the time in nursery. The current status and research trends in the study of fruit tree mycorrhizas in western Mexico are introduced, and the application prospects in sustainable agriculture also are discussed.
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Doré, Jeanne, Roland Marmeisse, Jean-Philippe Combier, and Gilles Gay. "A Fungal Conserved Gene from the Basidiomycete Hebeloma cylindrosporum Is Essential for Efficient Ectomycorrhiza Formation." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 10 (October 2014): 1059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-14-0087-r.

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We used Agrobacterium-mediated insertional mutagenesis to identify genes in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum that are essential for efficient mycorrhiza formation. One of the mutants presented a dramatically reduced ability to form ectomycorrhizas when grown in the presence of Pinus pinaster. It failed to form mycorrhizas in the presence of glucose at 0.5 g liter–1, a condition favorable for mycorrhiza formation by the wild-type strain. However, it formed few mycorrhizas when glucose was replaced by fructose or when glucose concentration was increased to 1 g liter–1. Scanning electron microscopy examination of these mycorrhizas revealed that this mutant was unable to differentiate true fungal sheath and Hartig net. Molecular analyses showed that the single-copy disrupting T-DNA was integrated 6,884 bp downstream from the start codon, of an open reading frame potentially encoding a 3,096-amino-acid-long protein. This gene, which we named HcMycE1, has orthologs in numerous fungi as well as different other eukaryotic microorganisms. RNAi inactivation of HcMycE1 in the wild-type strain also led to a mycorrhizal defect, demonstrating that the nonmycorrhizal phenotype of the mutant was due to mutagenic T-DNA integration in HcMycE1. In the wild-type strain colonizing P. pinaster roots, HcMycE1 was transiently upregulated before symbiotic structure differentiation. Together with the inability of the mutant to differentiate these structures, this suggests that HcMycE1 plays a crucial role upstream of the fungal sheath and Hartig net differentiation. This study provides the first characterization of a fungal mutant altered in mycorrhizal ability.
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Walker, Christopher. "Sitka spruce mycorrhizas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, no. 1-2 (1987): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006333.

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SynopsisRelatively little research has been done on mycorrhizas of Sitka spruce, although greenhouse studies have confirmed that its growth can be improved by the introduction of mycorrhizal fungi. Work in nurseries is difficult under British conditions and it probably will be necessary to disinfest soil in seedbeds before mycorrhizal treatment can be applied. Results from forest trials show that inoculation with selected mycorrhizal fungi can give significant early growth effects, though how long these will persist is unknown. In such work, careful attention must be given to selection of controls. Features covered in this review include a discussion of fungi mycorrhizal with Sitka spruce, identification of mycorrhizas, nutrient uptake, and growth enhancement of seedlings and transplants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

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Ruotsalainen, Anna Liisa. "Mycorrhizal colonization and plant performance in arcto-alpine conditions /." Oulu [Finland] : Oulun Yliopisto, 2003. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514269888/html/index.html.

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Cavagnaro, Timothy R. "Structure and physiology of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizas." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc376.pdf.

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Ike-Izundu, Nnenna Esther. "Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial populations in the rhizosphere." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004021.

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This study examined the rehabilitation potential of AM fungi with organic and inorganic fertilisers under pot and field trial conditions as well as their interaction with rhizospheric organisms and specific functional groups. In addition, the study highlighted the effects of land-use management on AM fungal populations in soil and the mycorrhizal status of some selected plants from one of the study sites. The study focussed on two sites that differ in operational activities and these included a mined area that was to be rehabilitated and a commercial farming site. A pot trial was conducted using an overburdened soil resulting from kaolin clay mining. Pots were seeded with Cynodon dactylon and treated with either Organic Tea or NPK (3:1:5) fertiliser, with or without AM fungal inoculum. The compatibility of these fertilisers with AM fungi was assessed by plant growth and percentage root colonisation. Maximum shoot height and plant biomass were observed at the 28th week with NPK (3:1:5) fertiliser supporting mycorrhizal colonisation by 80%. The result indicated the potential of AM fungi to be used in rehabilitation with minimal phosphate fertiliser. Similarly, a field trial was set-up using 17 x 17 m[superscript 2] plots in the mining site that were treated with the same organic and inorganic fertilisers as well as with AM fungal inoculum in different combinations. The interaction between AM fungi and soil microbial population was determined using culture dependent and culture independent techniques. The culture dependent technique involved the use of soil dilution and plating on general purpose and selective media. The result showed that there was no change in the total culturable bacterial number in the untreated and AM fungal treated plots, while a change in species composition was observed in the functional groups. Different functional groups identified included nitrogen fixing bacteria, pseudomonads, actinomycetes, phosphate solubilisers and the fungal counterparts. Gram-positive bacteria were observed as the predominant phenotypic type, while nitrogen fixers and actinomycetes were the predominant functional groups. Species identified from each functional group were Pseudomonas fulva, Bacillus megaterium, Streptomyces and actinomycetales bacteria. Meanwhile, fungi such as Ampelomyces, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium and Exserohilium were identified morphologically and molecularly. Furthermore, the mining site had a significantly higher bacterial number than the farming site thereby indicating the effects of land-use management on culturable bacterial numbers. The culture independent technique was carried out by cloning of the bacterial 16S rDNA and sequencing. Identified clones were Bradyrhizobium, Propionibacterium and Sporichthya. A cladogram constructed with the nucleotides sequences of identified functional species, clones and closely related nucleotide sequences from the Genbank indicated that nucleotide sequences differed in terms of the method used. The activity and establishment of the introduced AM fungal population was determined by spore enumeration, infectivity assay, percentage root colonisation and assessment of glomalin concentrations. The results indicated that the two land use types affected AM fungal populations. However, the establishment of AM fungi in the farming site was more successful than in the mining site as indicated by the higher infectivity pontential. Selected host plants, which were collected around the mine area, were observed to be mainly colonised by AM fungi and these were identified as Pentzia incana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Euphorbia meloformis, Selago corymbosa, Albuca canadensis and Helichrysum rosum. These plant species were able to thrive under harsh environmental conditions, thereby indicating their potential use as rehabilitation host plants. Generally, the findings of this study has provided an insight into the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other soil microorganisms in two fields with differing land use management practices.
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Dhillion, Shivcharn S. Anderson Roger C. "Mycorrhizas and mycorrhizal little bluestem grass (Schizachyrium scoparium) on burned and unburned sand prairies." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1991. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9203026.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1991.
Title from title page screen, viewed December 6, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Roger C. Anderson (chair), Anthony E. Liberta, R. Michael Miller, Tsan Iang Chuang, Jerome R. Cain. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-113) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Pivato, Barbara. "Ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas : interactions plant - fungal genotypes and mycorrhizas - bacteria." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS006.

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La première étape de la thèse a consisté à comparer la diversité et la structure génétique des populations de champignons mycorhiziens à arbuscules (MA) associées à quatre espèces de médiques annuelles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’abondance des champignons MA différait, indiquant que la structure génétique de la communauté fongique a été influencée par l’espèce végétale. La deuxième étape de ce travail visait à tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle la longue histoire évolutive entre champignons MA et plantes ne se serait pas faite de façon indépendante des bactéries. La structure génétique des populations bactériennes associées aux racines mycorhizées et non de M. Truncatula a été comparée. Les communautés bactériennes différaient de façon significative, ces différences étant expliquées par des marqueurs moléculaires associés aux familles des Oxalobacteraceae et Comamonadaceae. Six isolats représentatifs des populations associées aux racines mycorhizées et deux souches de référence (Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 et Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12) ont été testées afin de déterminer leur effet sur la mycorhization. Une souche appartenant aux Oxalobacteraceae (Collimonas sp. J5B4) et P. Fluorescens C7R12 ont amélioré la croissance du champignon AM et sa colonisation racinaire, confirmant partiellement l’hypothèse que les bactéries associées aux racines mycorhizées auraient un effet favorable sur la mycorhization. Enfin, la caractérisation de l’effet promoteur de P. Fluorescens C7R12 sur la mycorhization a montré que cet effet était spécifique du champignon MA et que la colonisation des cellules bactériennes différait sur les racines mycorhizées et non-mycorhizées
In the first part of the thesis, possible effect of the plant genotype on the genetic diversity and structure of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community was assessed. Results indicated a similar diversity of AM fungi in the four Medicago species used. However, the abundance of AM fungi differed significantly upon the plant species, indicating preferential associations between AM fungal and plant genotypes. The second part of the thesis was based on the hypothesis that the long joint evolution of AM fungi and plants did not occur independently of the associated bacteria. To test this hypothesis, the genetic structure of bacterial communities associated with mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots of M. Truncatula was compared. The bacterial communities differed significantly between mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots, these differences being explained by sequences belonging to Oxalobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae families. Six bacterial isolates representative of the populations belonging to Oxalobacteraceae and Comamonadaceae were tested together with two reference strains (Collimonas fungivorans Ter331 and Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12) for their effect on mycorrhization. One strain belonging to Oxalobacteraceae (Collimonas sp. J5B4) and P. Fluorescens C7R12 promoted both AM fungal growth and mycorrhization, partially confirming our hypothesis that bacteria preferentially associated with mycorrhizal roots would be beneficial to the symbiosis. Finally, the characterization of the promoting effect of P. Fluorescens C7R12 showed that it was fungal specific and that the pattern of colonization of bacterial cells on mycorrhizal and non mycorrhizal roots differed
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Skinner, Amy. "Investigating the effect of Glomus etunicatum colonization on structure and phloem transport in roots of Eragrostis curvula (Umgeni)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003796.

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The symbiotic unit of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and its host is able toachieve and maintain far higher inflow of nutrients than non-mycorrhizal roots. The colonization strategy of the mycobiont within the plant is intrinsic to the symbiosis with respect to both structural adaptations and nutrient exchange. An investigation into the effect of Glomus etunicatum colonization on the structure and phloem transport in Eragrostis curvula (Umgeni) allowed for greater insight into the dynamic of the symbiosis. The combined use of stains (such as Trypan Blue, Chlorazol Black, Safranin and Fast Green), and techniques, (such as freeze-microtome transverse sectioning and permanent slide preparations) contributed to a successful general observation of an intermediate colonization strategy using light microscopy methods. However, clarity into structural detail of mycorrhizal forms required electron microscopy studies. The SEM method used with freeze fracture was a relatively quick and simple method allowing for the observation of surface and internal features. The TEM method allowed for highresolution images providing insight into the variations in the apoplasmic compartmental form, and how this may relate to the function of the symbiosis with regard to fungal coils or arbuscules. The apoplasmic nature of mycorrhizas was substantiated and no symplasmic connections were found between symbionts. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that 5,6-carboxyfluorescein was transported through the phloem into the roots of E. curvula, but remained predominantly in the root phloem. Unloading only occurred in optimal nutrient exchange areas of meristimatic lateral or apical growth regions. It was not possible, using fluorescence techniques and related equipment available, to conclusively establish if there were symplasmic connections between the mycobiont and its host or if bidirectional transfer of nutrients occurred at the same interface.
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Facelli, Evelina. "The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant intraspecific competition and population structure." Title page, Contents and Abstract only, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37773.

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The overall objective of this project was to investigate the effects of the symbiotic association of plants with vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the intensity of intraspecific competition and its consequences on population structure I performed four main glasshouse experiments using a non - cultivated species, Rhodanthe chlorocephala ssp rosea, or a cultivated species, Trifolium subterraneum. I grew the plants at different plant densities, under different levels of resources ( phosphorus and / or light ), in environments with homogeneous and / or patchy distribution of phosphorus ( P ). In pots with homogeneous distribution of P, the addition of P to R. chlorocephala and mycorrhizal infection in T. subterraneum increased plant biomass of single plants. However, these beneficial effects were reduced by increasing plant density. Shading of plants of T. subterraneum did not generally alter these effects. Mycorrhizal symbiosis and the addition of P always increased the intensity of plant intraspecific competition. In trays with patchy or homogeneous distribution of P, mycorrhizal infection and patchy distribution of P increased the total biomass and size inequality of populations of plants of T. subterraneum. Individual biomass was determined by the local soil P concentration in patchy environments and by mycorrhizal infection in low density treatments. Mycorrhizal infection, but not patchy P distribution, increased relative competition intensity. Asymmetric or symmetric distribution of resources between plants will change these size hierarchies. The distinction between these two types of distributions has lead to two different models explaining the interaction between competition and size inequality ( degree to which the biomass is concentrated within a small fraction of the population &# 40 Weiner and Thomas 1986 ) ) the resource depletion and resource pre - emption models ( Weiner and Thomas 1986, Weiner 1988b ). In the first model ( resource depletion ) competition reduces the relative growth rate of all the individuals by the same proportion, reduces variance of growth rates and reduces variation in sizes. Thus, in this model resource acquisition is proportional to plant size ( Weiner 1990 ). This model is also called symmetric or two - sided competition and applies when competition for nutrients predominates. It predicts that at high density, plants will be smaller but the population will have less inequality than at low density ( Weiner and Thomas 1986 ). In the second model ( resource pre - emption ), competition increases the variation in relative growth rates and increases variation in sizes. Large plants obtain a more than proportional share of the resources ( relative to sizes ) ( Weiner 1990 ) and this increases their competitive ability which results in a positive feedback on plant size. This phenomenon is also called snowball cumulation, asymmetric or one - sided competition and it was observed only when competition for light was predominant ( Wilson 1988a ). This second model predicts that at high density plant populations will have more inequality than at low density ( Weiner and Thomas 1986 ). Although these two models are generally accepted, alternative analyses and recent experiments show that the degree of asymmetry of the interaction depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of the resource, the spatial distribution of the individuals in the population, neighbourhood competition and the mobility of the resource ( Huston 1986 ; Miller and Weiner 1989, Weiner 1990, Bonan 1991 ). Weiner ( 1990 ) suggested that if nutrients are distributed homogeneously and the uptake is proportional to root size, the competitive interaction will be more symmetric, whereas if patches with more nutrients can be reached by large individuals, asymmetric competition will predominate. This hypothesis has not been tested yet. Turner and Rabinowitz ( 1983 ) found that populations with an initial random spatial distribution of individuals had an unexpected increase in size inequality. My results emphasise that the main effects of mycorrhizas at the individual level cannot be expected to be apparent at the population level, because of the influence of density - dependent processes. However, infected individuals with a strong response to the symbiosis would have an advantage in situations of competition. This scenario can explain the maintenance of the symbiotic ability even under conditions such as dense populations, where there is no obvious advantage of the symbiosis at the population level.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Soil and Water, 1998.
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Haller, Anjanette H. A. "The presence and role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coastal sand dune systems." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003765.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are mutually beneficial symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and certain Zygomycetous fungi. The role of AM fungi in coastal sand dunes has been explored in many parts of the world, though little work has been conducted in South African dune systems. This study aimed to investigate the presence and extent of mycorrhizal colonisation of a coastal sand dune in South Africa. The roots of five plant species (Scaevola plumieri, Arctotheca populifolia, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ehrharta villosa and Chrysanthemoides monilifera) were sampled along a foredune profile at Old Woman's River in the Eastern Cape. These roots were assessed for the percentage mycorrhizal colonisation they supported. Spores extracted from the rhizosphere sand of each plant species were counted and identified to genus level. Results were related to seasonality and the position of the plants along the profile. All plant species were found to be mycorrhizal. Percentage colonisation ranged from 0-92%, depending on plant species and season. Mycorrhizal colonisation was generally highest in the winter months, and especially so in I pes-caprae and E. villosa. The extent of various mycorrhizal structures in root tissue varied between plant species. Spore numbers ranged from 0-48 spores 100g-1 sand with highest numbers occurring in winter. S. plumieri and A. populifolia were associated with greatest spore abundance. Four fungal genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora and Gigaspora) were identified. Distribution of these genera showed seasonal variations between plant species. A bioassay, using Sorghum, was conducted to test the inoculum potentials of sand from the Scaevola hummock and the IpomoealEhrharta dune. Highest percentage colonisation occurred in plants grown in the Scaevola sand, which also had the lowest root and shoot measurements. The bioassay confirmed that AM propagules are present and viable, even in the mobile sand of the foredune. This study showed that mycorrhizal colonisation and spore numbers varied seasonally, but that the extent of this was dependent on plant species. The position of plants along the foredune profile tended to be less important than plant species. It is thought that the growth cycle and rooting system of each plant species determines seasonal cycles and abundance of AM fungi. Variation within fungal populations probably also impacts on this. Knowledge of the presence and distribution of AM fungi in this system paves the way for more detailed studies which need to examine the role of these endophytes in South African sand dunes.
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Rains, Kai Coshow. "Ericoid mycorrhizas in organic substrates : distribution of ericoid mycorrhizas among epiphytes in a Costa Rican cloud forest and uptake of organic nitrogen by ericoid, ecto-, and arbuscular mycorrhizal pygmy forest plants /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Boulet, Frederic. "Mycorrhizal symbiosis as a strategy for survival in ultramafic soils." University of Western Australia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Discipline Group, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0051.

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Ultramafic soils enriched in nickel, such as found in Australia and New Caledonia, are associated with unique, diverse and poorly known vegetation communities. Re-establishment of these highly specific ecosystems is still a challenge for Ni mining companies. Ultramafic vegetation communities are the outcome of a long evolution process resulting in their adaptation to the extreme soil conditions found on ultramafic outcrops. Mycorrhizal fungi, a very common plant symbiont, are generally thought to be beneficial to plants in other ecosystems, providing plants with phosphorus and even promoting metal tolerance in plants in some cases. We examined the hypothesis that mycorrhizal fungi may contribute to the survival of plants in ultramafic soil conditions. Bandalup Hill, an ultramafic outcrop enriched in Ni (South West of Western Australia) was selected to assess the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to ultramafic plants. Soil constraints, in particular the degree of Ni toxicity, were assessed at two sites with ultramafic soils within the outcrop. Total metal, nutrient, DTPA extractable Ni and available P were measured in soil while Ni, Ca and Mg were tested in the soil solution. In addition, nutrients and metals were analyzed in shoots of some plant species occurring at each site: Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca pomphostoma, Melaleuca coronicarpa and Hakea verucosa. Topsoils in Bandalup Hill and plant shoots had high levels of Ni, and very low levels of P, K and N. Variation in DTPA extractable Ni between sites reflected the variation in shoot Ni level of E. flocktoniae and M. pomphostoma. Variations in soil solution Ni levels reflected variations in shoot Ni levels of M. coronicarpa and H. verucosa between sites. The germination requirements of the plant species used to assess the soil constraints was assessed. Species selected included Eucalyptus flocktoniae, Melaleuca coronicarpa, and Hakea verucosa. Seeds of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa had a higher germination rate if pre-treated with smoke water, while no pre-treatment was required to germinate H. verucosa seeds. The unusual germination requirement of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa involve complex chemical signals that may be present in the soil when the conditions are more favorable for plant establishment. Such unusual germination requirement may represent an adaptation to the hostile conditions of the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill. The mycorrhizal association and root characteristics of the selected plant species was also assessed after 8 weeks of growth in undisturbed ultramafic topsoil cores from Bandalup Hill. Roots of these species (including H. verucosa from a previously designated non-mycorrhizal family, Proteaceae) were associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Roots of E. flocktoniae and M. coronicarpa were colonized by both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), while roots of H. verucosa only contained some AM fungal structures. All species had high shoot to root ratios and their root characteristics reflected their association with mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the previous observations, uninoculated and inoculated E. flocktoniae seedlings were grown for 10 to 16 weeks in sand amended with Ni at 0, 0.2, 1 and 2.3 mg/kg. Mycorrhizal inoculum consisted of spores of Pisolithus sp. (ECM) or a mix of AMF spores and colonized root fragments, both originating from Bandalup Hill. Another inoculum consisted in Pisolithus sp. spores from a site with ultramafic soils in New Caledonia. Inoculation with AM and ECM fungi from Bandalup Hill was beneficial to E. flocktoniae. Benefits consisted mainly of a reduction of Ni shoot translocation at the highest Ni soil level. At 1 mg/kg soil Ni, E. flocktoniae exhibited a certain degree of tolerance to Ni. A substantial increase in growth and nutrient uptake with Pisolithus sp. from Western Australia was also observed. The contribution of AM fungi from Bandalup Hill to E. flocktoniae, M. coronicarpa, H. verucosa, and Trifolium subterraneum (clover) was then examined in ultramafic soil from Bandalup Hill.Steaming of ultramafic soil increased the availability and plant uptake of P. Consequently, uninoculated seedlings grew better, and inoculation with AM fungi decreased the growth of native plant species but did not affect their shoot Ni concentration. The presence of AM fungi increased the concentration of P in shoots of native plants species. Inoculation had no effect on the growth and nutrient content of subterranean clover. As mining activities have the potential to reduce the infectivity of AM fungi in topsoils, the effect of disturbance and storage practices on the AM infectivity of ultramafic topsoils collected in summer or winter from Bandalup Hill was investigated. Disturbance consisted in passing topsoil through a 2mm seive and cutting roots into 1cm fragments. Disturbed topsoil was then stored at room temperature in pots that were either sealed from the atmosphere or left open, and pots were maintained at field capacity. E. flocktoniae seedlings were planted in undisturbed and disturbed topsoil just after topsoil collect and then after 3, 6 and 9 months of topsoil storage. AM fungi present in the topsoil collected in summer was less susceptible to initial disturbance than AM fungi present in topsoil collected during winter. Also, storage of topsoil in sealed pots watered to field capacity was more detrimental to its infectivity than storage of topsoil in dry conditions. Mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to the survival of some native plant species in the ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill and they may represent another strategy to improve the success of Ni mine revegetation. However, such contribution may not be the unique avenue for native plants to survive in ultramafic soils of Bandalup Hill.
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Books on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

1

Fortin, J. André. Mycorrhizas: The new green revolution. Québec, Québec: Éditions MultiMondes, 2009.

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J, Read D., C. A. B. International, and European Symposium on Mycorrhizae (3rd : 1991 : University of Sheffield), eds. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: C.A.B International, 1992.

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Habte, M. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: Producing and applying arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. [Honolulu?]: CTAHR, 2001.

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Agerer, R. Zur Ökologie der Mykorrhizapilze. Vaduz: J. Cramer, 1985.

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National Conference on Mycorrhiza (3rd 1995 New Delhi, India). Mycorrhizae, biofertilizers for the future: Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Mycorrhiza, 13-15 March 1995. Edited by Adholeya Alok, Singh Sujan, Tata Energy Research Institute, India. Dept. of Biotechnology., and India. Dept. of Science and Technology. New Delhi: Tata Energy Research Institute, 1995.

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O'Neill, Cathy. An evaluation of in vitro methods for the production of ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.

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Seminar Nasional Mikoriza (1st 1999 Bogor, Indonesia). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Mikoriza I. Bogor: Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, Departemen Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, 2000.

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Koltai, Hinanit, and Yoram Kapulnik. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: Physiology and function. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, 2010.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

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Smith, F. A., S. E. Smith, and S. Timonen. "Mycorrhizas." In Root Ecology, 257–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09784-7_11.

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Pinhey, Sally, and Margaret Tebbs. "The role of fungi." In Plants for soil regeneration: an illustrated guide, 23–27. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243604.0005.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the role of fungi. Fungi are a vital part of the mixture of microorganisms found in healthy soil. Fungal associations between plant roots and beneficial fungi are known as mycorrhizae (meaning 'fungus' and 'root'), and form a beneficial or symbiotic relationship with plants growing in the soil. Mycorrhizal fungi also facilitate plant interactions with other soil microbes. These include pathogens, and bacteria that produce vitamins and protect against attack. The most common of the mycorrhizae are divided into the following: (1) ectomycorrhizae; (2) endomycorrhizae; (3) arbuscular mycorrhizae; (4) ericoid mycorrhizae; and (5) orchid mycorrhiza. The role of saprophytes, pathogens and actinomycetes are also discussed.
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Hahn, A., K. Horn, and B. Hock. "Serological Properties of Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 181–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_9.

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Hahn, A., C. Göbel, and B. Hock. "Immunochemical Properties of Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 177–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03779-9_8.

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Brito, Isabel, Michael J. Goss, Mário de Carvalho, Diederik van Tuinen, and Pedro M. Antunes. "Agronomic Management of Indigenous Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 375–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_19.

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Shah, Manzoor Ahmad. "Mycorrhizas: An Overview." In Mycorrhizas: Novel Dimensions in the Changing World, 5–12. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1865-4_2.

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Pagano, Marcela C., Belchior L. Dantas, Olmar B. Weber, Eduardo A. Correa, Fabio D. Tancredi, Neimar F. Duarte, Alberto Bago, and Marta N. Cabello. "Mycorrhizas in Agroecosystems." In Recent Advances on Mycorrhizal Fungi, 91–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24355-9_8.

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Barea, J. M., and P. Jeffries. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Sustainable Soil-Plant Systems." In Mycorrhiza, 521–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_23.

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Javelle, Arnaud, Michel Chalot, Annick Brun, and Bernard Botton. "Nitrogen Transport and Metabolism in Mycorrhizal Fungi and Mycorrhizas." In Plant Surface Microbiology, 393–429. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74051-3_22.

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Jakobsen, I. "Transport of Phosphorus and Carbon in VA Mycorrhizas." In Mycorrhiza, 297–324. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08897-5_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

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Sirait, Gloria, Ashar Hasairin, and Syahmi Edi. "Identification of Mycorrhizal Fungi Spore in Environment of Medan State University." In The 4th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-dm2oq0.

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Mycorrhizal is a the symbiotic association between the roots of higher plants and the mycelium of certain fungi. Mycorrhizal has benefits for improving plant nutrition and increasing growth, as biological protection, involved in the Bio-Geo-Chemical cycle, increasing nutrient absorption from the soil to increase plant resistance to extreme drought and humidity. Research on mycorrhizal spores was carried out in 3 places with high levels of mycorrhizal diversity, humid areas, and lush trees, namely in the forest of the Medan State University campus, Jl. Williem Iskandar, Kec. Medan Tebung City of Medan. This research is limited to knowing the diversity of mycorrhizal spores in the forest of Medan State University. Mycorrhizae observed on the roots of Swietenia macrophylla. Observations focused on the morphology of mycorrhizal spores observed under a microscope. The results showed that the mycorrhizal that were successfully identified and observed around the Medan State University Campus Forest were Gigaspora sp. 1 (10 x 40), Gigaspora sp. 2 (10 x 40), Acaulospora sp. 1 (10x40) Acaulospora sp. 2 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 1 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 2 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 3 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 4 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 5 (10 x 40), Glomus sp. 5 (10 x 40), Gigaspora sp. 3 (10 x 40).
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Geck, Kate. "Mycorrhizal Materialities Positioning the entanglement of human and machine intelligence." In 28th International Symposium on Electronic Art. Paris: Ecole des arts decoratifs - PSL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69564/isea2023-10-short-geck-mycorrhizal-materialities.

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SHORT PAPER. Machine intelligence is increasingly being used in the world with sometimes dramatic effects on human and other-than-human lives through its decision-making capacity. Much artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is built on metaphors that centre extraction, competition and control. These also position AI itself as a resource to be extracted and controlled, paving a troubling path for speculative futures where AI may gain emergent or ambiguous levels of sentience. These metaphors are part of a historical trend where humans place themselves above the other-than-human world, and this has formed the basis of an extractive and one-sided relationship with that world. In light of this, what new metaphors might we employ to platform the relationships between human and machine intelligences? Thinking through mycorrhizae could be a productive way to foreground the entangled, generative nature of exchange between human and machine intelligences. This paper will briefly explore metaphor in human-computer interaction (HCI) and AI, before making an offering to think about these things through the material of the mycorrhiza, a symbiotic site of exchange between plants and fungi. It will then briefly detail a creative project that has emerged from this mycorrhizal thinking to produce machine imagined textiles and embroideries. It then concludes with a call to embed relational thinking into future practices between human and machine intelligences in order to create more equitable and even mutualistic outcomes.
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Abdurashytov, S. F., E. V. Puzanova, K. S. Gritsevich, A. A. Zubochenko, and V. K. Zakharova. "Study of the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the saline soils of Crimea." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.25.

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It is known that arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are able to mitigate the effect of various negative environmental factors on plants. Therefore, the aim of our research was to determine the most active AM fungi populations in saline soils of the Crimean Peninsula to select stress-resistant isolates. The spores were isolated by wet sieving. Mycorrhization was visualized by staining with black ink and studied quantitatively under a stereomicroscope. In 2019, 15 soil-plant samples from 4 locations of the salinity soils were sampled: Lake Achi (AB) and the nearby agrocenosis (PAB), Koyashskoye (KO), Kirkoyashskoye (PKP) and agrocenosis near it (KP), Chokrak (CH). The highest content of chlorine anions (119.5 mg) and bicarbonate anions (610.0 mg) was noted in the area near Lake Kirkoyashskoye. The smallest salinity was observed at arable land KP (8.5 and 229.0 mg). Plowing led to a decrease in the number of AM fungi spores in the studied sections of PAB by 80.3% and KP by 47.6% compared with the AB and PKP. The frequency of occurrence and the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization in plant roots on the shores of Lakes Achi and Kirkoyashskoye were 70.0-72.3% and 28.0-43.9%, while the same for the plowing areas around them were lower by 28.5-54.1% and 18.0-32.2%, respectively. In our study, there was no strict correlation between the number of spores and the estimated environmental conditions. Soil-plant samples and the spores isolated from them were used as inoculums for obtaining new AM fungal isolates with a stress resistance property.
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Tervonen, Kaisa, Anna Oldén, and Panu Halme. "Mycorrhizal fungi in wood-pastures." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107420.

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Gribchenko, E. S. "The study of transcriptomes of symbiotic tissue of pea using the third-generation sequencing technology Oxford Nanopore." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.093.

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The transcriptome profiles the cv. Frisson mycorrhizal roots and inoculated nitrogen-fixing nodules were investigated using the Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. A database of gene isoforms and their expression has been created.
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Kulaeva, O. A., E. A. Zorin, D. A. Romanyuk, M. L. Gordon, E. S. Gribchenko, O. Y. Shtark, A. M. Afonin, I. A. Tikhonovich, and V. A. Zhukov. "Characterization of pea (Pisum sativum L.) microRNAs." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.138.

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Pea microRNAs and their targets were identified, and their differential expression was analyzed during the development of symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, and under conditions of abiotic stress caused by cadmium.
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Javier, Henry, William Cochachi, Grimaldo Quispe, Heyul Chavez, Luis Rivera, and Francisco Dominguez. "Biomaterials and Technologies for Sustainability." In Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001193.

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The research designs and developed a biofertilizer from Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium evaluating its antagonistic capacity and biotization in the cultivation of vegeta-bles with a DCA, the sample considers potatoes, peas and barley in the District of Huasahuasi, with 9 treatments in three formulas, considering a control group without inoculation and two repetitions. As a result, the optimal formula is ob-tained with 300g of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium strains + 500g of black soil + 200g of potato peel bran, which has an effective antagonistic capacity of 100% in pea crops, 90% in the barley and 85% in the potato, besides that it achieves a bio-tization in the pea crop of 95%, in the barley 100% and in the potato 90%.
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Kryukov, А. А., A. O. Gorbunova, Sh K. Kurbanniyazov, Yu V. Mikhaylova, A. V. Rodionov, M. F. Shishova, P. M. Zhurbenko, and A. P. Yurkov. "Molecular-genetic identification of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi from Teberda natural reserve." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.134.

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Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi of soil samples from North Caucasus were identified via Illumina Miseq and universal primers for ITS region. It was shown, that both ITS1 and ITS2 are necessary for identification.
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Zhukov, V. A., A. M. Afonin, G. A. Akhtemova, A. D. Bovin, A. V. Dolgikh, A. P. Gorshkov, E. S. Gribchenko, et al. "Study of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbioses in post-genomic era." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.289.

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Mutualistic symbioses formed by garden pea have been studied with use of ‘omic’ technologies in order to gain a new understanding of molecular mechanisms of beneficial effect that microsymbionts have on seed yield and quality. Keywords: garden pea, transcriptomics, nitrogen fixation, arbuscular mycorrhiza, PGPB
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Mazurek, B. G., and I. S. Zhebrak. "Features of mycorrhiza Trifolium pratense L. in various phytocenoses." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.166.

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In four meadow phytocenoses after the restoration of anthropogenic biotopes, a high degree of mycotrophy of Trifolium pratense was established. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscules, vesicles, free and intra-root nonseptic mycelium) and dark-colored septic endophytic fungi (sporocarpies and free septic mycelium) were revealed in the roots of the studied plants.
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Reports on the topic "Mycorrhizas"

1

Shearer, Judy, and M. M. Davis. Mycorrhizae in Bottomland Hardwood (BLH) Wetland Forests. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada363606.

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2

Haas, Jerry H., John A. Menge, and James Krikun. Utilization of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Production. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566726.bard.

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3

Hofmockel, Kirsten, and Erik Hobbie. Can Microbial Ecology and Mycorrhizal Functioning Inform Climate Change Models? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1427520.

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4

Linkins, A. Factors controlling decomposition in arctic tundra and related root mycorrhizal processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6949359.

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5

Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Abstract:
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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6

Linkins, A. E. Modelling regulation of decomposition and related root/mycorrhizal processes in arctic tundra soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7263706.

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7

Lee, Caitlin. Assessment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis on Invasion Success in Brachypodium sylvaticum. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2106.

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8

Melville, Alaina. Assessment of a Mycorrhizal Fungi Application to Treat Stormwater in an Urban Bioswale. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3019.

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9

Peay, Kabir. Does mycorrhizal symbiosis determine the climate niche for Populus as a bioenergy feedstock? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1845275.

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10

Tran, Bich Thi Ngoc. The Impact of Nitrogen Limitation and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis on Aspen Tree Growth and Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1338474.

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