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1
Meney, KA, KW Dixon, M. Scheltema, and JS Pate. "Occurrence of Vesicular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Dryland Species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae From South-West Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930733.
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Species of Cyperaceae and Restionaceae were examined for presence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in natural habitat in south-west Western Australia. VA mycorrhizal fungi were detected in roots of two species of Cyperaceae (Lepidosperma gracile and Tetraria capillaris), and two species of Restionaceae (Alexgeorgea nitens and Lyginia barbata), all representing the first records for these genera. Results indicated a very short seasonal period of infection, with VA mycorrhizal fungi representing the genera Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Gigaspora identified in roots. VA mycorrhizal fungi were prominent from late autumn to early winter (April-June) and in up to 30% of the young, new season's roots as they penetrated the upper 10 cm region of the soil profile. Mycorrhizal infection was not evident during the dry summer months. This study suggests that mycorrhizas may be important for nutrition of these hosts in these environments but their activity is restricted to a brief period of the growing season.
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Gardner, J. H., and N. Malajczuk. "Recolonisation of rehabilitated bauxite mine sites in western Australia by mycorrhizal fungi." Forest Ecology and Management 24, no. 1 (April 1988): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(88)90022-9.
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Phillips, Ryan D., Matthew D. Barrett, Emma L. Dalziell, Kingsley W. Dixon, and Nigel D. Swarts. "Geographical range and host breadth ofSebacinaorchid mycorrhizal fungi associating withCaladeniain south-western Australia." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 182, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12453.
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Collins, Margaret, Mark Brundrett, John Koch, and Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam. "Colonisation of jarrah forest bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchid mycorrhizal fungi." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 6 (2007): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06170.
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Orchids require mycorrhizal fungi for germination of seed and growth of seedlings. The colonisation of bauxite-mine rehabilitation areas by orchids is therefore dependent on the availability of both seed and mycorrhizal fungi. Orchid mycorrhizal fungi baiting trials were carried out in rehabilitation areas that were 1, 10 and 26 years old (established in 2001, 1992 and 1976) and adjacent unmined jarrah forest areas at Jarrahdale, Western Australia. Fungal baits consisted of buried six-chambered nylon-mesh packets containing seed of six jarrah forest orchid taxa, Caladenia flava subsp. flava R.Br., Disa bracteata Sw., Microtis media subsp. media R.Br., Pterostylis recurva Benth., Pyrorchis nigricans (R.Br.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and Thelymitra crinita Lindl. Detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi was infrequent, especially at the youngest rehabilitation sites where only mycorrhizal fungi associated with P. recurva were detected. Mycorrhizal fungi of the other orchid taxa were widespread but sparsely distributed in older rehabilitation and forest areas. Detection of mycorrhizal fungi varied between taxa and baiting sites for the two survey years (2002 and 2004). Caladenia flava subsp. flava and T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi were the most frequently detected. The presence of C. flava mycorrhizal fungi was correlated with leafy litter cover and maximum depth, and soil moisture at the vegetation type scale (50 × 5 m belt transects), as well as tree and litter cover at the microhabitat scale (1-m2 quadrats). The presence of T. crinita mycorrhizal fungi was positively correlated with soil moisture in rehabilitation areas and low shrub cover in forest. The frequency of detection of orchid mycorrhizal fungi both at rehabilitated sites (15–25% of baits) and in unmined forest (15–50% of baits) tended to increase with rehabilitation age as vegetation recovered. The failure of some orchid taxa to reinvade rehabilitation areas is unlikely to be entirely due to absence of the appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. However, since the infrequent detection of fungi suggests that they occur in isolated patches of soil, the majority of dispersed orchid seeds are likely to perish, especially in recently disturbed habitats.
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Brundrett, MC, and LK Abbott. "Roots of Jarrah Forest Plants .I. Mycorrhizal Associations of Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 5 (1991): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910445.
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This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species); both ECM and VAM (16% of species); or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and diverse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.
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Bougher, NL, BA Fuhrer, and E. Horak. "Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian Rozites species mycorrhizal with Nothofagus and Myrtaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 4 (1994): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940353.
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Seven species of the putatively obligately ectomycorrhizal fungal genus Rozites are described from Australian Nothofagus and myrtaceaeous forests. Rozites metallica, R. armeniacovelata, R. foetens, and R. occulta are new species associated with Nothofagus in south eastern Australia. Rozites fusipes, previously known only from New Zealand, is reported from Tasmanian Nothofagus forests. Rozites roseolilacina and R. symea are new species associated with Eucalyptus in south eastern and south western Australia respectively. The significance of these Rozites species to mycorrhizal and biogeographical theories, such as the origin of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with myrtaceous plants in Australia are discussed. The diversity of Rozites species in Australia, which equals or exceeds that of other southern regions, furthers the notion that many species of the genus co-evolved with Nothofagus in the Southern Hemisphere. Rozites symea in Western Australia occurs well outside the current geographic range of Nothofagus. It is considered to be a relict species that has survived the shift in dominant ectomycorrhizal forest tree type from Nothofagus to Myrtaceae (local extinction of Nothofagus 4–5 million years ago), and is most likely now confined to the high rainfall zone in the south west. Data on Rozites in Australia support the concept that at least some of the present set of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Myrtaceae in Australia are those which successfully completed a host change from Nothofagus, and adapted to changing climate, vegetation and soil conditions during and since the Tertiary. We suggest that the ancient stock of Rozites arose somewhere within the geographical range of a Cretaceous fagalean complex of plant taxa. By the end of the Cretaceous, Rozites and the fagalean complex may have spanned the Asian–Australian region including perhaps many Southern Hemisphere regions. A northern portion of the ancestral Rozites stock gave rise to extant Northern Hemisphere Rozites species and a southern portion speciated as Nothofagus itself speciated.
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Howard, Kay, Bernie Dell, and Giles E. Hardy. "Phosphite and mycorrhizal formation in seedlings of three Australian Myrtaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 6 (2000): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00007.
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Currently in Western Australia, phosphite is being used to contain the root and collar rot pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi, in native plant communities. There have been reports of negative effects of phosphite on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), so there are concerns that it may have a deleterious effect on other mycorrhizal fungi. Two glasshouse experiments were undertaken to determine the impact of phosphite on eucalypt-associated ectomycorrhizal fungi. In the first experiment, non-mycorrhizal seedlings of Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus globulus and Agonis flexuosa were sprayed to runoff with several concentrations of phosphite, and then planted into soil naturally infested with early colonising mycorrhizal species. Assessments were made of percentage of roots infected with mycorrhizal fungi. There was no significant effect on ectomycorrhizal formation but there was a four-fold increase in AM colonisation of A. flexuosa roots with phosphite application. In the second experiment, E. globulus seedlings mycorrhizal with Pisolithus, Scleroderma and Descolea were treated with different levels of phosphite and infection of new roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi was assessed. There was no significant effect on ectomycorrhizal formation when phosphite was applied at the recommended rate (5 g L–1), while at 10 g L–1 phosphite significantly decreased infection by Descolea.
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Bougher, NL, and N. Malajczuk. "A New Species of Descolea (Agaricales) From Western Australia, and Aspects of Its Ectomycorrhizal Status." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 6 (1985): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850619.
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Descolea maculata sp. nov. is described, illustrated and compared with other species of the genus. A Gondwanaland/Nothofagus origin proposed for the genus is discussed in the light of the Western Australian record. Ectomycorrhizae initiated by D. maculata on roots of Eucalyptus diversicolor and E. marginata, under both aseptic and non-sterile conditions, provide confirmation of the ectomycorrhizal status of the genus Descolea. Cystidia associated with the fungal mantle are similar to those reported for other mycorrhizal fungi of eucalypts.
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Gazey, C., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Indigenous and introduced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to plant growth in two agricultural soils from south-western Australia." Mycorrhiza 14, no. 6 (December 9, 2003): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-003-0282-1.
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Solaiman, Zakaria M., Paul Blackwell, Lynette K. Abbott, and Paul Storer. "Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonisation, growth and nutrition of wheat." Soil Research 48, no. 7 (2010): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr10002.
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The influence of biochar (biomass-derived black carbon) on crop growth and nutrient uptake varies based on the rate of biochar applied with fertilisers. We investigated the effect of deep-banded oil mallee biochar at different rates (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6 t/ha) with 2 types of fertiliser (non-inoculated MultiMAPS® at 30 or 55 kg/ha; inoculated Western Mineral Fertiliser at 100 kg/ha) on wheat growth at a farmer’s field in a low rainfall area of Western Australia. Wheat yield increased significantly when biochar was applied with inoculated fertiliser and 30 kg/ha non-inoculated fertiliser. Mycorrhizal colonisation in wheat roots increased significantly with biochar application with inoculated mineral fertiliser. Mycorrhizal hyphae may have improved water supply to reduce drought stress in these treatments by extending crop exploration of water from the wide inter-rows. Grain yield increases were due to better grain survival and grain fill with reduced drought stress. Early stage phosphorus uptake was not improved by mycorrhizal colonisation—phosphorus supply from the soil and applied fertiliser was already adequate. The residual effect of biochar and mineral fertilisers was assessed using a mycorrhizal bioassay for soil collected from the field trial 2 years after application of biochar. Biochar and both fertilisers increased mycorrhizal colonisation in clover bioassay plants. Deep-banded biochar provided suitable conditions for mycorrhizal fungi to colonise plant roots.
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Farias-Larios, J., S. Guzman-Gonzalez, and A. Michel-Rosales. "The Advances in the Study on Mycorrhizas of Fruit Trees in Dry Tropics of Mexico." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 684c—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.684c.
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The productivity of marginal soils frequently found in the arid tropics might be improved by using VAM fungi as “biofertilizer” and as a tool of sustainable agricultural systems. Study of mycorrhizas of fruit trees was performed in 1987 in western Mexico. More progress has been made in resources, taxonomy, anatomy and morphology, physiology, ecology, effects, and application of mycorrhizas in fruit trees and ornamental plants production. Currently, five genera has been identified and inoculated plants showed significant difference in respect to plants not inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi. Citrus trees were highly dependent on mycorrhizae for normal growth and development, while the banana plants showed lower levels of root colonization by different strains of VAM fungi. The added endomycorrhizal inoculum significantly increased root fungal colonization in fruit trees and reduce the time in nursery. The current status and research trends in the study of fruit tree mycorrhizas in western Mexico are introduced, and the application prospects in sustainable agriculture also are discussed.
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Thomson, BD, AD Robson, and LK Abbott. "The effect of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizer on populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921131.
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We assessed whether 6-year-old applications of phosphorus (P) fertilizer to a previously unfertilized field site resulted in the selection of populations of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi that were more 'tolerant' of added P than the original VA mycorrhizal population at the site. In 1977, four rates of P (0, 49, 97 and 200 kg P/ha) were applied to a field site at Mt Barker, Western Australia. In 1983, either no P or a rate of P sufficient for maximum plant growth (352 kg P/ha) was applied to each of these plots and the formation of spores and colonization of roots by VA mycorrhizal fungi were examined in the following 3 years. Residual P from fertilizers applied in 1977 increased both the percentage of root length colonized and the length of root colonized by VA mycorrhizal fungi in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Colonization by 'medium hyphae' Glomus spp., Acaulospora laevis Gerd. and Trappe and fine endophyte increased in response to the 1977 applications of P. By contrast, colonization by Scutellospora calospora (Nicol. and Gerd.) Walker and Sanders decreased with the 1977 applications of P. Application of an adequate rate of P to the field plots in 1983 generally decreased the development of VA mycorrhizal infection in plots, to a greater extent where larger rates of P had previously been applied in 1977. We attributed this effect to higher initial levels of mycorrhizal colonization in the plots which received larger rates of P in 1977. The 1977 applications of P are unlikely to have resulted in the selection of strains of VA mycorrhizal fungi that are less tolerant of added P than the strains present in the unfertilized plots. There was a common relationship between VA mycorrhizal colonization and the residual value of the P applications which provided indirect evidence that there was no change in the P-tolerance of the indigenous VA mycorrhizal population in response to P applied in 1977. Interpretation of the effects of the 1977 and 1983 applications of P on VA mycorrhizal colonization was compounded by the effects these applications of P had on the botanical composition of the pasture and also on the inoculum potential in each plot. Spores of A. laevis and S. calospora were recovered from each field plot. The number of spores of A. laevis increased in response to P applied in 1977 and generally decreased in response to P applied in 1983. These effects could be directly related to the effects the 1977 and 1983 applications of P had on the length of root colonized by A. laevis in the preceding growing season.
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Brundrett, Mark C. "Scientific approaches to Australian temperate terrestrial orchid conservation." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 3 (2007): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06131.
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This review summarises scientific knowledge concerning the mycorrhizal associations, pollination, demographics, genetics and evolution of Australian terrestrial orchids relevant to conservation. The orchid family is highly diverse in Western Australia (WA), with over 400 recognised taxa of which 76 are Declared Rare or Priority Flora. Major threats to rare orchids in WA include habitat loss, salinity, feral animals and drought. These threats require science-based recovery actions resulting from collaborations between universities, government agencies and community groups. Fungal identification by DNA-based methods in combination with compatibility testing by germination assays has revealed a complex picture of orchid–fungus diversity and specificity. The majority of rare and common WA orchids studied have highly specific mycorrhizal associations with fungi in the Rhizoctonia alliance, but some associate with a wider diversity of fungi. These fungi may be a key factor influencing the distribution of orchids and their presence can be tested by orchid seed bait bioassays. These bioassays show that mycorrhizal fungi are concentrated in coarse organic matter that may be depleted in some habitats (e.g. by frequent fire). Mycorrhizal fungi also allow efficient propagation of terrestrial orchids for reintroduction into natural habitats and for bioassays to test habitat quality. Four categories of WA orchids are defined by the following pollination strategies: (i) nectar-producing flowers with diverse pollinators, (ii) non-rewarding flowers that mimic other plants, (iii) winter-flowering orchids that attract fungus-feeding insects and (iv) sexually deceptive orchids with relatively specific pollinators. An exceptionally high proportion of WA orchids have specific insect pollinators. Bioassays testing orchid-pollinator specificity can define habitats and separate closely related species. Other research has revealed the chemical basis for insect attraction to orchids and the ecological consequences of deceptive pollination. Genetic studies have revealed that the structure of orchid populations is influenced by pollination, seed dispersal, reproductive isolation and hybridisation. Long-term demographic studies determine the viability of orchid populations, estimate rates of transition between seedling, flowering, non-flowering and dormant states and reveal factors, such as grazing and competition, that result in declining populations. It is difficult to define potential new habitats for rare orchids because of their specific relationships with fungi and insects. An understanding of all three dimensions of orchid habitat requirements can be provided by bioassays with seed baits for fungi, flowers for insects and transplanted seedlings for orchid demography. The majority of both rare and common WA orchids have highly specific associations with pollinating insects and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that evolution has favoured increasing specificity in these relationships in the ancient landscapes of WA.
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Bougher, Neale L. "New species of Torrendia (Fungi, Agaricales) from remnant woodlands in the wheatbelt region of Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 1 (1999): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97038.
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Two new species of sequestrate (truffle-like fungi) Basidiomycetes of the putatively ectomycorrhizal genus Torrendia Bres. with contrasting basidiome morphology are described from remnant patches of eucalypt woodland in the wheatbelt of Western Australia: Torrendia grandis Bougher and Torrendia inculta Bougher.Like other species of Torrendia, they have basidiomes which develop and mature mostly underground but may break through to the soil surface at a late stage of maturity. The gleba of Torrendia species does not become powdery. A comparison of the main diagnostic features of all known taxa of Torrendiais provided. T. grandishas stocky basidiomes with an agaric-like pileus. T. inculta has a gleba which fragments during stipe elongation. The basidiome development of T. incultaisdescribed and illustrated, and some possible mechanisms of spore dispersal are discussed.
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Bell, J., S. Wells, D. A. Jasper, and L. K. Abbott. "Field inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rehabilitation of mine sites with native vegetation, including Acacia spp." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb02004.
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Field experiments were conducted at rehabilitation sites at two contrasting mines in Western Australia. At both mines, Acacia spp. are important components of the rehabilitation ecosystem. At a mineral sands mine near Eneabba, dry-root inoculum of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus invermaium (WUM 10) was introduced into riplines with three rates of phosphate fertiliser application. Plants were assessed for mycorrhizal colonisation and phosphorus status. There was no plant growth benefit from inoculation. A considerable number of infective propagules of indigenous AM fungi was already present in the topsoil. The inoculant fungus as well as the indigenous AM fungi formed mycorrhizas, but only in a small number of Acacia and other native plant species. In a study of AM fungal inoculation at a gold mine rehabilitation site at Boddington, dry-root inoculum of G.�invermaium was applied to riplines prior to seeding. Despite apparently ideal environmental conditions, colonisation of native seedlings was limited. Possible reasons for this were investigated in further experiments that addressed environmental factors such as soil temperature and moisture and factors such as the age of the plant and presence of a colonised cover crop. Inoculum remained infective even under moist conditions in field soil for at least 4 months. Its infectivity decreased in parallel with falling temperatures. However, the level of infectivity present did not ensure extensive colonisation of native plants such as Acacia seedlings in the field. Susceptibility of Acacia seedlings to colonisation by AM fungi appeared to be seasonal, as colonisation increased with increasing daytime temperatures and daylight hours.
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Zubek, Szymon, Katarzyna Turnau, and Janusz Błaszkowski. "Arbuscular mycorrhiza of endemic and endangered plants from the Tatra Mts." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 77, no. 2 (2011): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2008.019.
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The mycorrhizal status of 24 plant species considered as endemic, endangered in Poland and included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants is reported. Selected plants and rhizosphere soil samples were collected in the Tatra Mts (Western Carpathians). Individuals of seriously threatened taxa were obtained from seeds and inoculated with available AM fungal strains under laboratory conditions. AM colonisation was found in 16 plants; 9 species were of the Arum-type, 4 - Paris and 3 taxa revealed intermediate morphology. The mycelium of the fine endophyte (<em>Glomus tenue</em>) and dark septate fungi (DSE) were observed in the material collected in the field. 20 AMF species (<em>Glomeromycota</em>) found in the rhizosphere of the investigated plants were reported for the first time from the Tatra Mts. The results provide information that might be useful for conservation and restoration programmes of these species. Application of AMF in active plant protection projects is discussed.
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Tran, Hieu Sy, Yu Pin Li, Ming Pei You, Tanveer N. Khan, Ian Pritchard, and Martin J. Barbetti. "Temporal and Spatial Changes in the Pea Black Spot Disease Complex in Western Australia." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-13-0806-re.
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Black spot (also referred to as Ascochyta blight, Ascochyta foot rot and black stem, and Ascochyta leaf and pod spot) is a devastating disease of pea (Pisum sativum) caused by one or more pathogenic fungi, including Didymella pinodes, Ascochyta pisi, and Phoma pinodella. Surveys were conducted across pea-growing regions of Western Australia in 1984, 1987, 1989, 1996, 2010, and 2012. In total, 1,872 fungal isolates were collected in association with pea black spot disease symptoms. Internal transcribed spacer regions from representative isolates, chosen based on morphology, were sequenced to aid in identification. In most years and locations, D. pinodes was the predominant pathogen in the black spot complex. From 1984 to 2012, four new pathogens associated with black spot symptoms on leaves or stems (P. koolunga, P. herbarum, Boeremia exigua var. exigua, and P. glomerata) were confirmed. This study is the first to confirm P. koolunga in association with pea black spot symptoms in field pea in Western Australia and show that, by 2012, it was widely present in new regions. In 2012, P. koolunga was more prevalent than D. pinodes in Northam and P. pinodella in Esperance. P. herbarum and B. exigua var. exigua were only recorded in 2010. Although A. pisi was reported in Western Australia in 1912 and again in 1968 and is commonly associated with pea black spot in other states of Australia and elsewhere, it was not recorded in Western Australia from 1984 to 2012. It is clear that the pathogen population associated with the pea black spot complex in Western Australia has been dynamic across time and geographic location. This poses a particular challenge to development of effective resistance against the black spot complex, because breeding programs are focused almost exclusively on resistance to D. pinodes, largely ignoring other major pathogens in the disease complex. Furthermore, development and deployment of effective host resistance or fungicides against just one or two of the pathogens in the disease complex could radically shift the make-up of the population toward pathogen species that are least challenged by the host resistance or fungicides, creating an evolving black spot complex that remains ahead of breeding and other management efforts.
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Braunberger, P. G., L. K. Abbott, and A. D. Robson. "Early vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in soil collected from an annual clover-based pasture in a Mediterranean environment: soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96049.
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The results of 2 experiments investigating the early stages of the formation of vesicular- arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas in response to both soil temperature and the timing of autumn rains are reported for a Mediterranean environment in the south-west of Western Australia. In Expt 1, treatments including an early break, a late break, and a false break followed by a late break were applied to a mixed and sieved field soil collected dry in the summer and placed in pots in a glasshouse. In each break, pots were watered to field capacity and planted with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) or capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). In early and false breaks, both initiated on the same day in early autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 30°C, and in the late break, initiated 50 days later in autumn, the soil temperature was maintained at 18°C. In both early and late breaks, pots were watered to field capacity for either 21 or 42 days when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In a false break, pots were watered to field capacity for 7 days after which the soil was allowed to dry and newly emerged plants died. These pots were then rewatered and replanted at the same time as pots receiving a late break, and subjected to the same soil temperature (18°C). In Expt 2 performed the following year, soil temperature was maintained at 31 or 18°C in both early and late breaks. Pots were planted with clover and watered to field capacity for 21 or 42 days, when plant and mycorrhizal variables were assessed. In Expt 1, VA mycorrhizal colonisation of both clover and capeweed was initially low in an early break compared with levels observed in a late break. Only mycorrhizas formed by Glomus spp. were observed in the early break, whereas mycorrhizas of Glomus, Acaulospora, and Scutellospora spp. and fine endophytes were observed in the late break. Colonisation was decreased by a false break, predominantly because of a decrease in formation of mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. In Expt 2, mycorrhizas of Glomus spp. predominated in warm soil in both early and late breaks and mycorrhizas of Acaulospora spp., Scutellospora spp., and fine endophytes were observed in greater abundance in cool soil in early and late breaks. These experiments indicate that soil temperature at the time of the break will have a large impact on both the overall levels of VA mycorrhizal colonisation of pasture plants and colonisation by different fungi. In addition, fungi that remain quiescent in warm soil may avoid damage in a false break.
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Khangura, R., and M. Aberra. "First Report of Charcoal Rot on Canola Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Western Australia." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0666c.
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In the spring of 2006, canola (Brassica napus L.) plants suffering from wilt were observed in an experimental plot at Merredin, Western Australia. Symptoms on the affected plants were tan-brown, longitudinal streaks along the main stem and on some lateral branches. Lesions on the stem were predominantly unilateral but sometimes covered the entire stem. Some of the lateral branches were completely wilted, and if present, pods were either shriveled or contained small seed. At the base of the stem, the lesions were grayish brown streaks that caused longitudinal splitting of the stem base. Small spherical (55 to 75 μm in diameter) and elongated (75 to 120 μm long) microsclerotia were seen in the pith and vascular region. Roots appeared to be symptomless, but upon removing the epidermis, grayish streaks were also seen on the roots and small sclerotia were observed in the pith and the vascular region of roots. One hundred and four small pieces (1 to 2 cm) of stem and root from 10 symptomatic plants were surface sterilized with 1.25% NaOCl, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 10 ppm of aureomycin. These were incubated under a blacklight at 22°C. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. was isolated from 80% of the pieces as identified by colony morphology and the size of microsclerotia that ranged between 50 and 190 μm (3). Eight-three isolates were obtained. None of the isolates produced pycnidia on PDA. However, pycnidia (100 to 190 μm) with pycnidiospores (17.5 to 30 × 7.5 to 10 μm) were produced on the affected stems collected from the field. Pathogenicity tests with one of the isolates were conducted on seven 2-week-old canola plants (cv. Stubby). Three uninoculated plants served as the control. Roots of 2-week-old plants were dipped in an aqueous conidial suspension (1 × 104 conidia/ml) of M. phaseolina for an hour while roots of control plants were dipped in sterile water. Inoculated and control plants were repotted in separate pots and transferred to a glasshouse. A week after inoculation, M. phaseolina produced chlorosis of the leaves, and subsequently, complete wilting and death of the inoculated plants. M. phaseolina was successfully reisolated from roots and stems of symptomatic plants. No symptoms developed on the control plants. Pathogenicity was also tested by soaking seeds of cv. Stubby with an aqueous conidial suspension of M. phaseolina for one-half hour and incubating on agar media after drying. Germinating seeds were colonized by the growing mycelium and seedlings were completely killed within a week. Abundant microsclerotia were produced on the dead seedlings. M. phaseolina has been previously reported on canola in the United States (1) and Argentina (2) and more recently has been reported on canola in eastern Australia (4). To our knowledge, this is the first record of occurrence of M. phaseolina on canola in Western Australia and its impact on canola yield needs to be determined. References: (1) R. E. Baird et al. Plant Dis. 78:316, 1994. (2) S. A. Gaetán et al. Plant Dis. 90:524, 2006. (3) P. Holliday and E. Punithalingam. Macrophomina phaseolina. No. 275 in: Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (4) M. Li et al. Aust. Plant Dis. Notes 2:93, 2007.
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Arcyria minuta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409277.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Arcyria minuta, found on dead wood and bark. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Malawi, Morocco, Reunion, Rwanda, Sudan, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, Costa Rica, Canada [Ontario and Quebec], USA [Tennessee and Texas], Venezuela, Australia [Western Australia], New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and UK).
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Calomyxa metallica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409279.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Calomyxa metallica, found on dead wood and bark. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Kenya, Morocco, Puerto Rico, Canada [Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Ontario], Mexico, USA [Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Michigan, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and West Virginia], Chile, Danco Coast, China, India [Himachal Pradesh], Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, Ascension Island, Australia [Victoria and Western Australia], New Zealand, Cuba, Jamaica, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK and Solomon Islands).
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Trichia decipiens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (August 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409283.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Trichia decipiens, occurring on dead wood and bark. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, infraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Rwanda, Tunisia, Costa Rica, Canada [Alberta, British Columbia, Nunavut, Ontario and Quebec], Mexico, USA [Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Montana, North Carolina, Washington and Virginia], Argentina, Brazil [Goias and Sao Paulo], Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, China [Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Sichuan], India [Himachal Pradesh], Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Georgia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Turkey, Australia [Western Australia], New Zealand, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Irish Republic, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and UK).
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Trichia varia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (August 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409285.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Trichia varia, found on dead wood, bark, fallen leaves and occasionally on dung. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Burundi, Congo Democratic Republic, Rwanda, South Africa, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Canada [Alberta, British Columbia, Nunavut, Ontario and Quebec], Mexico, USA [Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Washington and West Virginia], Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, South Shetland Islands, Armenia, Bhutan, China [Hebei, Heilongjiang and Jilin], Republic of Georgia, India [Uttar Pradesh], Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Australia [Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia], New Zealand, Bahamas, Jamaica, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK and Vatican City).
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Perichaena chrysosperma. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (July 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409282.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Perichaena chrysosperma, found on dead wood, bark, fallen leaves, cladodes and occasionally on dung. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, dispersal and transmission, economic impact and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Canada [Manitoba and Ontario], Mexico, USA [Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Montana, North Dakota, Texas, Washington and West Virginia], Argentina, Brazil [Pernambuco], Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, China, India [Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal], Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, Ascension Island, Australia [New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia], New Zealand, United States Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and UK).
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Minter, D. W. "Propolis farinosa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 218 (July 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20183388372.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Propolis farinosa found embedded in wood and cone scales of Pinus sylvestris. Some information on its morphology, habitat, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Morocco, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virgina, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Greenland, Cyprus, Republic of Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan (Almaty Oblast, East Kazakhstan Oblast), Japan, Pakistan, Russia (Primorsky Krai), Turkey, Bermuda, Spain (Canary Islands), Australia (Western Australia), New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irish Republic, Italy (Sardinia), Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Krasnodarsky Krai, Leningrad Oblast, Npvgorod Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Balearic Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, USA (Hawaii)) and host (P. sylvestris).
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Xu, S. X. "Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Characteristics and Trends in Legume Mycorrhiza Field." LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Of (September 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/lr-612.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Legumes are notable for wide distribution and indispensable food function. Majority of legume species are known to form mycorrhizal symbioses. The visualized and quantitative analysis legume mycorrhiza research has been reported although much attention has been paid in this field. Methods: This study reviewed and analyzed systematically the research characteristics and trends in legume mycorrhiza by bibliometric method based on the citation data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection by CiteSpace software. Result: The publication concerning legume mycorrhiza research increases rapidly and is still a hotspot. The most active collaboration countries are USA, France, Germany, China and Australia, whereas the two institutions of University of Western Australia and Chinese Academy of Sciences collaborate most with others. The intellectual structure analysis showed that the main intellectual base is nitrogen-fixing of cereal. The top ranked of keyword by bursts was rhizobia with strength value of 5.2899, which began from 2016 and ended in 2018. The distinction of 24 bursting keywords is relatively small, which showed that the research hotpot and trend should be interaction between legume plants and mycorrhizal fungi for improving nutrition absorption, N-fixation, resistance to stress and their mechanisms in future.
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Krivomaz, T. I. "Arcyria denudata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 192 (August 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20123409276.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A description is provided for Arcyria denudata, which is usually found on dead wood, bark, fallen leaves and other substrata. Some information on its morphology, associated organisms and substrata, interactions and habitats, economic impacts, infraspecific variation, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Angola, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Canada [Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec], USA [Alaska, Arkansas, California, Hawaii, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Washington and West Virginia], Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil [Ceara, Goias, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte and Sao Paulo], Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, China, Republic of Georgia, India [Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal], Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Korea Republic, Taiwan, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Australia [Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia], New Zealand, Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, French Polynesia, Marshall Islands, Samoa and Vanuatu).
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Sapsford, Sarah J., Trudy Paap, Giles E. St J. Hardy, and Treena I. Burgess. "Anthropogenic Disturbance Impacts Mycorrhizal Communities and Abiotic Soil Properties: Implications for an Endemic Forest Disease." Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3 (January 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.593243.
Full textAbstract:
In forest ecosystems, habitat fragmentation negatively impacts stand structure and biodiversity; the resulting fragmented patches of forest have distinct, disturbed edge habitats that experience different environmental conditions than the interiors of the fragments. In southwest Western Australia, there is a large-scale decline of the keystone tree species Corymbia calophylla following fragmentation and land use change. These changes have altered stand structure and increased their susceptibility to an endemic fungal pathogen, Quambalaria coyrecup, which causes chronic canker disease especially along disturbed forest habitats. However, the impacts of fragmentation on belowground processes in this system are not well-understood. We examined the effects of fragmentation on abiotic soil properties and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities, and whether these belowground changes were drivers of disease incidence. We collected soil from 17 sites across the distribution range of C. calophylla. Soils were collected across a gradient from disturbed, diseased areas to undisturbed, disease-free areas. We analysed soil nutrients and grew C. calophylla plants as a bioassay host. Plants were harvested and roots collected after 6 months of growth. DNA was extracted from the roots, amplified using fungal specific primers and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Concentrations of key soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were much higher along the disturbed, diseased edges in comparison to undisturbed areas. Disturbance altered the community composition of ECM and AM fungi; however, only ECM fungal communities had lower rarefied richness and diversity along the disturbed, diseased areas compared to undisturbed areas. Accounting for effects of disturbance, ECM fungal diversity and leaf litter depth were highly correlated with increased disease incidence in C. calophylla. In the face of global change, increased virulence of an endemic pathogen has emerged in this Mediterranean-type forest.