Journal articles on the topic 'Mycorrhiza associations'
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1
Berliner, Ruhama, and John G. Torrey. "Studies on mycorrhizal associations in Harvard Forest, Massachusetts." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-287.
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An estimate was made of the abundance of different types of mycorrhizal associations in two plant communities of conifers and hardwoods in the Harvard Forest. Lists of plant species, the coverage of their foliage in the canopy and understorey layers, and the types of mycorrhizal associations for 45 species common in these communities are presented. Of the species examined, 91 % were mycorrhizal, representing most of the known major types, viz. ectomycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), ericoid, and monotropoid mycorrhiza. Of the 45 species studied, 22% of the species showed ectomycorrhizal, and 71 % VAM associations. A direct spore count was a more reliable method than the most probable number method for determining VAM occurrence in the soil. Spore numbers ranged from 4.4 to 11.8 spores/g oven-dried soil. In conifer stands, ectomycorrhizae were most common, although VAM were also observed in the conifer species. In hardwood stands, VAM were more frequent than in conifer stands, but mycorrhizae were heterogeneous and included a good proportion of the ericoid type. Ectomycorrhizae were more common in communities of low diversity; VAM occurred more frequently in communities of high plant species diversity.
2
Gianinazzi-Pearson, Vivienne, Armelle Gollotte, Benoit Tisserant, Philipp Franken, Eliane Dumas-Gaudot, Marie-Claude Lemoine, Diederik van Tuinen, Silvio Gianinazzi, and Jeanine Lherminier. "Cellular and molecular approaches in the characterization of symbiotic events in functional arbuscular mycorrhizal associations." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-292.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas represent the most widespread, and probably most ancient, type of plant–fungus association in which the large majority of terrestrial plants must have evolved with compatibility systems towards the fungal symbionts. Cellular interactions leading to reciprocal morphofunctional integration between symbionts during mycorrhiza establishment are complex. Some plant genes and cellular events may be shared with nodulation processes, but there is evidence of molecular modifications specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant defence responses, which are normally weakly activated during the symbiotic state, are strongly elicited by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in genetically altered, resistant hosts suggesting control over defence gene expression during establishment of a successful symbiosis. Modifications are also induced in the fungal symbionts during colonization of host tissues, with changes in wall metabolism and protein expression. Nothing is known of the genetic make-up of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are recalcitrant to pure culture. Recent cloning of DNA from these fungi opens the possibility of identifying functional genes in order to study their regulation and role in symbiosis establishment. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, reciprocal symbiosis, molecular mechanisms, plant determinants, fungal molecules.
3
Dexheimer, Jean, Joëlle Gerard, Jean-Pierre Leduc, and Gérard Chevalier. "Étude ultrastructurale comparée des associations symbiotiques mycorhiziennes Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia claveryi et Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia leptoderma." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-073.
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The authors have studied the ultrastructural organization of two synthetic mycorrhizas between Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. (Cistaceae) and Terfezia claveryi Chat. or Terfezia leptoderma Tul. (Ascomycetes, Terfeziaceae). With Terfezia claveryi an endomycorrhiza is formed with many of the hyphae hugging the inside surface of the cell wall. The cytoplasmic volume of the mycorrhizal cells is not significantly increased. With Terfezia leptoderma an ectomycorrhiza without a sheath is formed, but there is a typical Hartig net. These two types of mycorrhiza constitute examples of biotrophism.
4
Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S., and David P. Janos. "Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-080.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species.
5
Bonsall, Michael B., Cynthia A. Froyd, and Elizabeth S. Jeffers. "Resilience: nitrogen limitation, mycorrhiza and long-term palaeoecological plant–nutrient dynamics." Biology Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 20190441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0441.
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Ecosystem dynamics are driven by both biotic and abiotic processes, and perturbations can push ecosystems into novel dynamical regimes. Plant–plant, plant–soil and mycorrhizal associations all affect plant ecosystem dynamics; however, the direction and magnitude of these effects vary by context and their contribution to ecosystem resilience over long time periods remains unknown. Here, using a mathematical framework, we investigate the effects of plant feedbacks and mycorrhiza on plant–nutrient interactions. We show evidence for strong nutrient controlled feedbacks, moderation by mycorrhiza and influence on ecological resilience. We use this model to investigate the resilience of a longitudinal palaeoecological birch– δ 15 N interaction to plant–soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal associations. The birch– δ 15 N system demonstrated high levels of resilience. Mycorrhiza were predicted to increase resilience by supporting plant–nitrogen uptake and immobilizing excess nitrogen; in contrast, long-term enrichment in available nitrogen by plant–soil feedbacks is expected to decrease ecological resilience.
6
Agustini, Verena, Suharno Suharno, and Supeni Sufaati. "Perkembangan Penelitian Mikoriza di Papua**." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.559.
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The mycorrhizas are ‘balanced’ mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. The are many type of mycorrhizal namely endomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, Orchid-mycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, and ectendo mycorrhiza. Most research is in endo and ectomycorrhiza, due to their role in Papua. Research in mycorrhiza has also been done recently. The research started in 2005 with ectomycorrhiza studies conducted by Suharno & Sufaati. Study on endomycorrhiza were begin in 2006 and orchid mycorrhiza in 2007. Exploration study of endomycorrhiza in corn plant at Koya Barat showed that there were 7 species of VAM namely Glomus sp1., Glomus sp2., Glomus sp3., Gigaspora sp., Acaulospora., Scutellospora sp1., and Scutellospora sp2. Similar research have also been done on other agriculture comodity, and the weed as well. Study on the endomycorrhiza associated with matoa (Pometia pinnata) found 13 species. Furtheremore, preliminary research on ectomycorrhiza showed that at least four species have been found at Mount Cycloops Nature Reserve, Jayapura. In Papua, there were 18 strain isolate of Scleroderma have been collected and 4 species were already identified. For orchid-mycorrhiza there were only 17 species has been found so far. Among them there species were identified: Rhizoctonia sp., Tulasnella sp., dan Ceratorhiza sp. The potency of mycorrhiza in Papua is high and need to be explored. Some isolate were already tested to variety of the growth of plant. The result showed that the isolate affected significantly. More exploration, compatibility test, and the role of mycorrhiza will be continued to study. The goals of all the study here was to find a good quality of isolate that can be used as a propagule to produce biofertilizer.Key words: endomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, orchid-mycorrhiza, biofertilizer, Papua.
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Kottke, Ingrid, Juan Pablo Suárez, Paulo Herrera, Dario Cruz, Robert Bauer, Ingeborg Haug, and Sigisfredo Garnica. "Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (December 9, 2009): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1884.
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Distinctive groups of fungi are involved in the diverse mycorrhizal associations of land plants. All previously known mycorrhiza-forming Basidiomycota associated with trees, ericads, liverworts or orchids are hosted in Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Atractiellomycetes, members of the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina), are mycobionts of orchids. The mycobionts of 103 terrestrial and epiphytic orchid individuals, sampled in the tropical mountain rainforest of Southern Ecuador, were identified by sequencing the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and part of 28S rDNA. Mycorrhizae of 13 orchid individuals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Simple septal pores and symplechosomes in the hyphal coils of mycorrhizae from four orchid individuals indicated members of Atractiellomycetes. Molecular phylogeny of sequences from mycobionts of 32 orchid individuals out of 103 samples confirmed Atractiellomycetes and the placement in Pucciniomycotina, previously known to comprise only parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Thus, our finding reveals these fungi, frequently associated to neotropical orchids, as the most basal living basidiomycetes involved in mycorrhizal associations of land plants.
8
Lambais, Marcio R., and Mona C. Mehdy. "Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-293.
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Differential expression of plant defense related genes may contribute to the control of arbuscular mycorrhiza growth and development. The expression of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins has been studied in these symbiotic associations. Relative to noninfected roots, mycorrhizal roots showed a transient induction of endochitinase activities followed by suppression, under low and high P conditions. The suppression was attenuated under high P. Differential reductions in the steady-state level of mRNAs encoding a basic and an acidic endochitinase was observed. Suppression of β-1, 3-glucanase activities, two glucanase mRNAs, and chalcone isomerase mRNA levels was also observed. In situ localization of several defense-related mRNAs showed a predominant accumulation in the vascular cylinder of mycorrhizal and noninfected roots, under both P conditions. The levels of these mRNAs were systemically suppressed in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). Additionally, the accumulation of mRNAs encoding an acidic endochitinase and a β-1, 3-endoglucanase was enhanced in and around cells containing arbuscules, under high and low P conditions, respectively. The differential regulation of defense-related genes may contribute to the observed pattern of intraradical fungal growth. A hypothetical model for the functional roles and regulation of endochitinases and β-1, 3-endoglucanases in arbuscular mycorrhiza is proposed. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, differential gene expression, plant defense genes, chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, phosphate.
9
Maldonado-Mendoza, Ignacio E., Gary R. Dewbre, and Maria J. Harrison. "A Phosphate Transporter Gene from the Extra-Radical Mycelium of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices Is Regulated in Response to Phosphate in the Environment." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 10 (October 2001): 1140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.10.1140.
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The majority of vascular flowering plants are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These symbioses, termed arbuscular mycorrhizas, are mutually beneficial, and the fungus delivers phosphate to the plant while receiving carbon. In these symbioses, phosphate uptake by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is the first step in the process of phosphate transport to the plant. Previously, we cloned a phosphate transporter gene involved in this process. Here, we analyze the expression and regulation of a phosphate transporter gene (GiPT) in the extra-radical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices during mycorrhizal association with carrot or Medicago truncatula roots. These analyses reveal that GiPT expression is regulated in response to phosphate concentrations in the environment surrounding the extra-radical hyphae and modulated by the overall phosphate status of the mycorrhiza. Phosphate concentrations, typical of those found in the soil solution, result in expression of GiPT. These data imply that G. intraradices can perceive phosphate levels in the external environment but also suggest the presence of an internal phosphate sensing mechanism.
10
KASURINEN, A., T. HOLOPAINEN, and S. ANTTONEN. "Mycorrhizal colonisation of highbush blueberry and its native relatives in central Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 2 (January 2, 2001): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5683.
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Transmission electromicroscopy, trypan blue staining in combination with stereomicroscope analysis and biochemical ergosterol assay were used to study the mycorrhizal symbionts in wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bog whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) roots. TEM-analysis showed that in all species ericoid mycorrhizas formed hyphae coil inside the epidermal root cells. In stereomicroscopic viewing the highest mycorrhizal colonisation was observed in the roots of wild bilberries (51%), whereas according to the ergosterol assay the highest total fungal biomass of roots was found in bog whortleberries (209 mg g-1 of root d. wt). Both ergosterol and microscopical method showed that the mycorrhizal associations in blueberry cultivars and their wild relatives growing on natural soil medium are frequent, although ericoid mycorrhiza formation of highbush blueberries was somewhat weaker than that of wild bilberries and bog whortleberries.
11
Menoyo, Eugenia, Alejandra G. Becerra, and Daniel Renison. "Mycorrhizal associations in Polylepis woodlands of Central Argentina." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 5 (May 2007): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-042.
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Polylepis woodlands are one of the most threatened mountain ecosystems of South America, and their restoration is a high priority. To assess the mycorrhizal status in Polylepis woodlands of “Quebrada del Condorito” National Park (Córdoba Mountains, Central Argentina), we examined the roots of 22 plant species, belonging to 14 families and determined morphological types of arbuscular mycorrhiza (Arum and Paris type) and colonization level. The 22 species were colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes. Different arbuscular mycorrhizal structures and colonization patterns were observed, although Paris-type colonization was predominant. Fourteen plant species are reported for the first time as hosts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We conclude that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophyte hosts are widespread in the Polylepis woodlands of Central Argentina and should receive special attention in future revegetation programs.
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Read, D. J., J. G. Duckett, R. Francis, R. Ligrone, and A. Russell. "Symbiotic fungal associations in ‘lower’ land plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1398 (June 29, 2000): 815–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0617.
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An analysis of the current state of knowledge of symbiotic fungal associations in ‘lower’ plants is provided. Three fungal phyla, the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, are involved in forming these associations, each producing a distinctive suite of structural features in well–defined groups of ‘lower’ plants. Among the ‘lower’ plants only mosses and Equisetum appear to lack one or other of these types of association. The salient features of the symbioses produced by each fungal group are described and the relationships between these associations and those formed by the same or related fungi in ‘higher’ plants are discussed. Particular consideration is given to the question of the extent to which root–fungus associations in ‘lower’ plants are analogous to ‘mycorrhizas’ of ‘higher’ plants and the need for analysis of the functional attributes of these symbioses is stressed. Zygomycetous fungi colonize a wide range of extant lower land plants (hornworts, many hepatics, lycopods, Ophioglossales, Psilotales and Gleicheniaceae), where they often produce structures analogous to those seen in the vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas of higher plants, which are formed by members of the order Glomales. A preponderance of associations of this kind is in accordance with palaeobotanical and molecular evidence indicating that glomalean fungi produced the archetypal symbioses with the first plants to emerge on to land. It is shown, probably for the first time, that glomalean fungi forming typical VA mycorrhiza with a higher plant ( Plantago lanceolata ) can colonize a thalloid liverwort ( Pellia epiphylla ), producing arbuscules and vesicles in the hepatic. The extent to which these associations, which are structurally analogous to mycorrhizas, have similar functions remains to be evaluated. Ascomycetous associations are found in a relatively small number of families of leafy liverworts. The structural features of the fungal colonization of rhizoids and underground axes of these plants are similar to those seen in mycorrhizal associations of ericaceous plants like Vaccinium . Cross inoculation experiments have confirmed that a typical mycorrhizal endophyte of ericaceous plants, Hymenoscyphus ericae , will form associations in liverworts which are structurally identical to those seen in nature. Again, the functional significance of these associations remains to be examined. Some members of the Jungermanniales and Metzgeriales form associations with basidiomycetous fungi. These produce intracellular coils of hyphae, which are similar to the pelotons seen in orchid mycorrhizas, which also involve basidiomycetes. The fungal associates of the autotrophic Aneura and of its heterotrophic relative Cryptothallus mirabilis have been isolated. In the latter case it has been shown that the fungal symbiont is an ectomycorrhizal associate of Betula , suggesting that the apparently obligate nature of the association between the hepatic and Betula in nature is based upon requirement for this particular heterotroph.
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Pérez, Francisco, Citlalli Castillo-Guevara, Gema Galindo-Flores, Mariana Cuautle, and Arturo Estrada-Torres. "Effect of gut passage by two highland rodents on spore activity and mycorrhiza formation of two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus)." Botany 90, no. 11 (November 2012): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-086.
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Research on mycophagy has focused mainly on fungi with hypogeous fruiting bodies, while studies on epigeous fruiting bodies are rare. We evaluated spore activity and capacity to establish mycorrhizal associations for the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria trichodermophora Mueller and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer, Snell and Dick (both of which produce epigeous fruiting bodies) after being consumed by the mice Peromyscus alstoni Merrian and Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner. Passage through the digestive tract of both rodent species reduced spore activity of S. tomentosus but increased spore activity of L. trichodermophora. In contrast, passage through the digestive tract of P. alstoni increased the percentage of mycorrhiza formation by S. tomentosus, whereas mycorrhiza formation by L. trichodermophora decreased following gut passage in either species of mice. These results show that the studied rodent species have differential effects on mycorrhiza formation by two species of fungi with epigeous fruiting bodies and may play a significant role in maintaining mycorrhizal communities and healthy forest ecosystems in central Mexico.
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Parihar, Pratibha, and Madhumati Bora. "Effect of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) on morphological and biochemical properties of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) (L.) Dunal." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i4.1797.
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Mycorrhizal inoculation in the plant causing increase in growth and production of phytochemicals is well reported, however little information is available related to the effect of mycorrhiza on morphological and biochemical properties of the medicinal plants like Ashwagandha. The present study is an attempt on diversity analysis in Withania somnifera with an aim to ascertain the nature and extent of genetic diversity present among different accessions in presence of mycorrhiza. The major biochemical constituents of Ashwaganda roots are with nolides which are well known for its medicinal properties. Mycorrhizal associations confer benefits like better nutrition acquisition, enhanced growth, defense enhancement and improved abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. The present investigation was undertaken to assess genetic diversity among five different accessions of W. somnifera using morphological and biochemical markers and the effect of mycorrrhizal inoculation on these marker. The present study concluded that presence of mycorrhiza was effective on plant growth and phytochemical constituents more than non-treated plants. Amongst five selected germplasms IC 283662, JA 134, RAS 23, MPAS 6 and MWS 205 of W. somnifera, JA 134 showed best response in pretext of the selected morphological and biochemical features in presence of mycorrhiza.
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van der Heijden, EW, and M. Vosatka. "Mycorrhizal associations of Salix repens L. communities in succession of dune ecosystems. II. Mycorrhizal dynamics and interactions of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 12 (February 20, 2000): 1833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-178.
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Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations of Salix repens were studied at 16 sites in different successional stages of dune ecosystems (calcareous-acidic, dry-wet) in the Netherlands. High EcM colonization, low AM colonization, and lack of differences between habitats indicate that ectomycorrhizas do not increase their importance in later successional stages. EcM and AM colonization and plant-nutrient status indicate that the relative importance of P and N does not change during succession, but during seasons. Salix repens showed low levels of AM colonization but, nevertheless, even these low levels contributed to covering the P demands of the plant. As a decrease in AM colonization in S. repens at the end of the season coincided with a decrease in AM inoculum potential, the seasonal decline of arbuscular mycorrhiza is caused by changes in plant demand or soil nutrient availability rather than by interference by ectomycorrhiza. Regardless of seasonal shifts and possible interaction between ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza, both persist in the plant roots during seasons and throughout succession. Differences in the habitat preference of various EcM morphotypes and arbuscular mycorrhiza suggest that mycorrhizal diversity contributes to the broad ecological amplitude of S. repens.
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O'Connor, Patrick J., Sally E. Smith, and F. Andrew Smith. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in the southern Simpson Desert." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 4 (2001): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00014.
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The plants of the Simpson Desert are adapted to one of the driest regions on the Australian continent and grow in generally nutrient-poor soils. Surveys were conducted at three sites in the southern Simpson Desert to determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of 52 species from 28 families of annual and perennial plants. Roots from all plants were examined for the presence of internal and external hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules and coils to determine presence and extent of mycorrhizal colonisation. Of the plant species surveyed, 38 (73%) had formed mycorrhizal associations. The AM status of 47 species is reported for the first time, including of members of the Frankeniaceae and Myoporaceae families. No correlations were found between site (dune or interdune) or life form and the number of species forming AM associations. Two species in the normally non-mycorrhizal Chenopodiaceae, Salsola kali L. and Sclerolaena diacantha (Nees.) Benth. had mycorrhiza. Arbuscules and/or vesicles were observed in the roots of all mycorrhizal plants except three species, Solanum ellipticum R.Br., Gnephosis eriocarpa (F.Muell.) Benth. and Eremophila longifolia (R.Br.) F.Muell., in which only coils of hyphae were observed.
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Sinanaj, Besiana, Martin I. Bidartondo, Silvia Pressel, and Katie J. Field. "Molecular Evidence of Mucoromycotina “Fine Root Endophyte” Fungi in Agricultural Crops." Biology and Life Sciences Forum 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08728.
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Over 85% of land plants engage in symbiotic relationships with mycorrhiza-forming soil fungi that colonise their roots. These mycorrhizal symbioses, which involve the exchange of fungal-acquired nutrients and water for photosynthetically fixed plant carbon, are considered a promising nature-based solution to making agricultural practices more sustainable. In order to implement the widespread use of mycorrhizal fungi in agriculture, a more complete awareness of mycorrhizal fungal diversity and range of plant hosts is needed. Mucoromycotina Fine Root Endophytes (MFRE) are a group of mycorrhiza-forming fungi that have recently been shown to be phylogenetically and functionally distinct from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Here, we provide the first molecular evidence of MFRE colonisation of winter wheat, winter barley, spring wheat and strawberry roots. Fungal symbionts were identified from partial DNA sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, obtained through a workflow involving molecular cloning and Sanger sequencing. Our findings shed light on the true distribution of plant-MFRE associations and give rise to new questions regarding their functional significance within agricultural plants.
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Francis, R., and D. J. Read. "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-391.
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Examination of the roots of land plants has revealed the occurrence of mycorrhiza in the majority of species, over 70% of which are hosts to zygomycetous fungi that form vesicular–arbuscular (VA) associations. On the basis of experiments with a small number of host species showing enhancement of growth following colonization, it is widely assumed that wherever mycorrhizas are observed, the symbiosis is of the mutualistic type. The value of definitions based on structural rather than functional attributes is here brought into question by experiments simulating the ecologically realistic circumstance in which seeds germinate in soil in the presence or absence of established VA mycelium. These reveal a spectrum of fungal impacts in which some species respond mutualistically, while others, putative hosts or nonhosts, are antagonised, showing reduction of yield and survivorship and, hence, a loss of fitness relative to plants grown without VA fungi. Antagonised species normally grow in disturbed, open habitats and fail to establish in closed communities. It is hypothesised that their turf incompatibility arises from a sensitivity to interference by VA fungi, which consigns them to ruderal habitats. Mycorrhizal fungi, thus, play a role in defining the ecological niches occupied by plants and in determining of plant community composition. Key words: mycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular, mutualism, symbiosis, antagonism, plant community.
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Liu, Jinyuan, Laura A. Blaylock, and Maria J. Harrison. "cDNA arrays as a tool to identify mycorrhiza-regulated genes: identification of mycorrhiza-induced genes that encode or generate signaling molecules implicated in the control of root growth." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-048.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are symbiotic associations formed by fungi from the Glomeromycota and most angiosperms. Despite the widespread occurrence of the association, its ecological significance, and its potential importance in agriculture, relatively little is known at the molecular level about the development, functioning, and regulation of the symbiosis. We have selected Medicago truncatula Gaertn. 'Jemalong' and an AM fungus, Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch, for molecular genetic analyses of the AM symbiosis. Here we used macroarrays as a screening tool to enable the rapid identification of genes that show differential expression in mycorrhizal roots. Forty-three genes showing increased transcript levels and 18 genes showing decreased transcripts in mycorrhizal roots were identified. This set contained several genes predicted to encode regulatory proteins including an alpha-fucosidase implicated in the generation of signaling molecules that modulate plant growth and a gene encoding a putative peptide also implicated in the control of plant growth.Key words: legume, symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Schoenherr, Andrew P., Eric Rizzo, Natasha Jackson, Patricia Manosalva, and S. Karen Gomez. "Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance in Potato Involves Priming of Defense Responses Against Cabbage Looper (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy195.
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Abstract Most plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that are ubiquitous in soils. Through this symbiosis, plants can withstand abiotic and biotic stresses. The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in mediating mycorrhiza-induced resistance against insects needs further research, and this is particularly true for potato (Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae)), which is the fourth most important crop worldwide. In this study, the tripartite interaction between potato, the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomerales: Glomeraceae), and cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was examined to determine whether potato exhibits mycorrhiza-induced resistance against this insect. Plant growth, insect fitness, AM fungal colonization of roots, and transcript levels of defense-related genes were measured in shoots and roots after 5 and 8 d of herbivory on mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. AM fungal colonization of roots did not have an effect on potato growth, but root colonization levels increased by herbivory. Larval weight gain was reduced after 8 d of feeding on mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal plants. Systemic upregulation of Allene Oxide Synthase 1 (AOS1), 12-Oxo-Phytodienoate Reductase 3 (OPR3) (jasmonic acid pathway), Protease Inhibitor Type I (PI-I) (anti-herbivore defense), and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) transcripts (phenylpropanoid pathway) was found during the tripartite interaction. Together, these findings suggest that potato may exhibit mycorrhiza-induced resistance to cabbage looper by priming anti-herbivore defenses aboveground. This study illustrates how mycorrhizal potato responds to herbivory by a generalist-chewing insect and serves as the basis for future studies involving tripartite interactions with other pests.
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Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas." Botanical Sciences, no. 49 (April 10, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.
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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.
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Ezawa, Tatsuhiro, Masahito Hayatsu, and Masanori Saito. "A New Hypothesis on the Strategy for Acquisition of Phosphorus in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: Up-Regulation of Secreted Acid Phosphatase Gene in the Host Plant." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 18, no. 10 (October 2005): 1046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-18-1046.
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The mycorrhiza-responsive phosphatase of Tagetes patula in symbiosis with Glomus etunicatum was detected by electrophoresis, was purified by column chromatography, and was characterized as acid phosphatase that was secreted into rhizosphere. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by a gas-phase sequencer, and a cDNA fragment of the phosphatase gene (TpPAP1) was amplified by degenerate primers designed based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The full-length cDNA was obtained by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The TpPAP1 was of host origin, and the cDNA was 1,843 bp long with a predicted open reading frame of polypeptide of 466 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the gene fell into the cluster of plant high-molecular-weight purple acid phosphatase. Expression analysis of the TpPAP1 in T. patula in symbiosis with Archaeospora leptoticha showed that the levels of transcripts increased eightfold by mycorrhizal colonization. Western blot analysis revealed that the 57-kDa protein corresponding to the mycorrhiza-responsive phosphatase increased by mycorrhizal colonization. The present study proposes a new strategy for acquisition of P in arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in which the fungal partner activates a part of the low-P adaptation system of the plant partner, phosphatase secretion, and improves the overall efficiency of P uptake.
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SHI, Zhaoyong, Yongming WANG, Shouxia XU, Zhijian LAN, Bede S. MICKAN, Xiaolong ZHANG, and Fayuan WANG. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Plant Diversity, Density and Productivity of Spring Ephemeral Community in Desert Ecosystem." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 45, no. 1 (June 10, 2017): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110766.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form intimate associations with the roots of about 85% of all terrestrial plants, and can greatly increase a plant’s uptake of soil nutrients and have been shown to influence plant diversity in several ecosystems. A lot of studies have reported the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on plant density, species diversity, richness and productivity in desert herbland in Gurbantonggut desert, China. Here, we conduct a mycorrhizal functional study by suppressing AM fungi by applying the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench in soil cores and field in-situ experiment. The mycorrhiza-responsiveness of the dominant species Erodium oxyrrhynchum is assessed in intact soil cores containing the indigenous AM fungi. The soil-cores experiment displayed E. oxyrrhynchum to have a significant positive shoot and root growth response, and this is in response to the abundance of the indigenous AM fungal colonisation. The field experiment indicates the total aboveground dry biomass is negatively influenced by the suppression of AM fungi, though, no significant effect produced in the dominant and common plant species. The fungal suppression also affected density, species diversity and richness. The density of non-mycorrhizal plant Alyssum linifolium increases significantly in the treatment of suppressed AM fungi. The spore density decreases significantly in benomyl-treated plots. Our results showed that AM fungi were very important in desert ecosystem for the maintaining of plant biodiversity, richness and productivity.
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Endo, Izuki, Miwa Kobatake, Natsuko Tanikawa, Tatsuro Nakaji, Mizue Ohashi, and Naoki Makita. "Anatomical patterns of condensed tannin in fine roots of tree species from a cool-temperate forest." Annals of Botany 128, no. 1 (February 20, 2021): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab022.
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Abstract Background and Aims Condensed tannin (CT) is an important compound in plant biological structural defence and for tolerance of herbivory and environmental stress. However, little is known of the role and location of CT within the fine roots of woody plants. To understand the role of CT in fine roots across diverse species of woody dicot, we evaluated the localization of CT that accumulated in root tissue, and examined its relationships with the stele and cortex tissue in cross-sections of roots in 20 tree species forming different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza). Methods In a cool-temperate forest in Japan, cross-sections of sampled roots in different branching order classes, namely, first order, second to third order, fourth order, and higher than fourth order (higher order), were measured in terms of the length-based ratios of stele diameter and cortex thickness to root diameter. All root samples were then stained with ρ-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde solution and we determined the ratio of localized CT accumulation area to the root cross-section area (CT ratio). Key Results Stele ratio tended to increase with increasing root order, whereas cortex ratio either remained unchanged or decreased with increasing order in all species. The CT ratio was significantly positively correlated to the stele ratio and negatively correlated to the cortex ratio in second- to fourth-order roots across species during the shift from primary to secondary root growth. Ectomycorrhiza-associated species mostly had a higher stele ratio and lower cortex ratio than arbuscular mycorrhiza-associated species across root orders. Compared with arbuscular mycorrhiza species, there was greater accumulation of CT in response to changes in the root order of ectomycorrhiza species. Conclusions Different development patterns of the stele, cortex and CT accumulation along the transition from root tip to secondary roots could be distinguished between different mycorrhizal associations. The CT in tissues in different mycorrhizal associations could help with root protection in specific branching orders during shifts in stele and cortex development before and during cork layer formation.
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Kariman, Khalil, Susan Jane Barker, and Mark Tibbett. "Structural plasticity in root-fungal symbioses: diverse interactions lead to improved plant fitness." PeerJ 6 (December 4, 2018): e6030. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6030.
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Root-fungal symbioses such as mycorrhizas and endophytes are key components of terrestrial ecosystems. Diverse in trophy habits (obligate, facultative or hemi-biotrophs) and symbiotic relations (from mutualism to parasitism), these associations also show great variability in their root colonization and nutritional strategies. Specialized interface structures such as arbuscules and Hartig nets are formed by certain associations while others are restricted to non-specialized intercellular or intracellular hyphae in roots. In either case, there are documented examples of active nutrient exchange, reinforcing the fact that specialized structures used to define specific mycorrhizal associations are not essential for reciprocal exchange of nutrients and plant growth promotion. In feremycorrhiza (with Austroboletus occidentalis and eucalypts), the fungal partner markedly enhances plant growth and nutrient acquisition without colonizing roots, emphasizing that a conventional focus on structural form of associations may have resulted in important functional components of rhizospheres being overlooked. In support of this viewpoint, mycobiome studies using the state-of-the-art DNA sequencing technologies have unearthed much more complexity in root-fungal relationships than those discovered using the traditional morphology-based approaches. In this review, we explore the existing literature and most recent findings surrounding structure, functioning, and ecology of root-fungal symbiosis, which highlight the fact that plant fitness can be altered by taxonomically/ecologically diverse fungal symbionts regardless of root colonization and interface specialization. Furthermore, transition from saprotrophy to biotrophy seems to be a common event that occurs in diverse fungal lineages (consisting of root endophytes, soil saprotrophs, wood decayers etc.), and which may be accompanied by development of specialized interface structures and/or mycorrhiza-like effects on plant growth and nutrition.
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Zubek, Szymon, Janusz Błaszkowski, and Piotr Mleczko. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte associations of medicinal plants." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 80, no. 4 (2011): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2011.033.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) associations were studied in 36 medicinal plant species from 33 genera and 17 families, collected from the Botanical Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was found in 34 species (94%); 26 were of the <em>Arum</em>-type, 4 – <em>Paris </em>and 4 taxa revealed intermediate morphology. The abundance of AMF hyphae in roots varied with particular species, ranging from 2.5% (<em>Helianthus tuberosus</em>) to 77.9% (<em>Convallaria majalis</em>). The mycelium of DSE was observed in 13 plant species (36%), however, the percentage of root colonization by these fungi was low. Spores of 7 AMF species (Glomeromycota) were isolated from trap cultures established from rhizosphere soils of the investigated plants: <em>Archaeospora trappei </em>(Archaeosporaceae), <em>Glomus aureum</em>, <em>Glomus caledonium</em>, <em>Glomus claroideum</em>, <em>Glomus constrictum</em>, <em>Glomus mosseae</em>, <em>Glomus versiforme </em>(Glomeraceae). Our results are the first detailed report of root endophyte associations of the plant species under study. Moreover, the mycorrhizal status of 14 plant species is reported for the first time.
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McGee, Peter, Greg Pattinson, and Anne-Laure Markovina. "Mycorrhizas and revegetation." Microbiology Australia 24, no. 3 (2003): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03332.
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Much of Australia has extremely impoverished soil. Phosphate is particularly deficient. The major difficulty in revegetating these soils after severe disturbance is that plant survival and growth is unpredictable. Mycorrhizas are associations between soilborne fungi and the roots of plants. Of particular interest are the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) whose fungi form an internal colony in the roots of some 70% of all plant species. In AM, the fungi function as extensions of the root system, enabling the plant to increase uptake of non-labile minerals, especially phosphorus (P), from soil. The fungus gains its organic energy from the plant, and can only be maintained in the presence of living roots.
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Ganugi, Paola, Alberto Masoni, Giacomo Pietramellara, and Stefano Benedettelli. "A Review of Studies from the Last Twenty Years on Plant–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associations and Their Uses for Wheat Crops." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120840.
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The aim of this work was to summarize the most recent research focused on the study of plant–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis, both in a generic context and in the specific context of wheat cultivation. Taking into account the last 20 years, the most significant studies on the main plant advantages taken from this association are reviewed herein. Positive advances that have been reported stem from the mutualistic relationship between the plant and the mycorrhizal fungus, revealing better performance for the host in terms of nutrient uptake and protection from salinity, lack of water, and excess phytotoxic elements. Mycorrhiza studies and the recent progress in research in this sector have shown a possible solution for environmental sustainability: AMF represent a valid alternative to overcome the loss of biological fertility of soils, reduce chemical inputs, and alleviate the effects of biotic and abiotic stress.
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Dhillion, Shivcharn S., and Tone L. Gardsjord. "Arbuscular mycorrhizas influence plant diversity, productivity, and nutrients in boreal grasslands." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-139.
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The effect of reduced arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization on nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in grass tissue, species diversity, cover, and productivity was investigated after 4 years of benomyl application in two boreal grasslands, Storvordlia (a high plant diversity field) and Kalvsvangen (a low plant diversity field), in Eastern Norway. In addition, AM colonization, spore numbers, and mycorrhizal inoculum potential was studied during one season. A split-plot design was used, with grazing as the main treatment and the application of benomyl as a subtreatment. AM colonization was significantly reduced because of benomyl application, whereas spore numbers were not significantly affected by the treatment. Mycorrhizal inoculum potential was reduced, but not consistently. In both sites nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of grass tissue was significantly higher in grazed plots than in ungrazed ones, and significantly lower in benomyl subplots than in controls. Plant diversity, composition, and cover had changed significantly after 4 years in grazed controls in Storvordlia, but this was not seen in Kalvsvangen. In both sites, total productivity increased significantly after 4 years of benomyl application. This experiment indicates that AM associations can influence grass nutrient contents and species responses, plant diversity, and productivity in boreal grasslands. These differences were larger in the higher plant diversity site, which is situated at a higher elevation and is under more marginal growth conditions.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, benomyl, productivity, biodiversity, boreal grasslands, ecosystem processes.
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Kottke, Ingrid, and Martin Nebel. "The evolution of mycorrhiza-like associations in liverworts: an update." New Phytologist 167, no. 2 (July 5, 2005): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01471.x.
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Valadares, Rafael B. S., Silvia Perotto, Adriano R. Lucheta, Eder C. Santos, Renato M. Oliveira, and Marcio R. Lambais. "Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Indicate Metabolic Changes and Reduced Defense Responses in Mycorrhizal Roots of Oeceoclades maculata (Orchidaceae) Collected in Nature." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6030148.
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Orchids form endomycorrhizal associations with fungi mainly belonging to basidiomycetes. The molecular events taking place in orchid mycorrhiza are poorly understood, although the cellular changes necessary to accommodate the fungus and to control nutrient exchanges imply a modulation of gene expression. Here, we used proteomics and transcriptomics to identify changes in the steady-state levels of proteins and transcripts in the roots of the green terrestrial orchid Oeceoclades maculata. When mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots from the same individuals were compared, 94 proteins showed differential accumulation using the label-free protein quantitation approach, 86 using isobaric tagging and 60 using 2D-differential electrophoresis. After de novo assembly of transcriptomic data, 11,179 plant transcripts were found to be differentially expressed, and 2175 were successfully annotated. The annotated plant transcripts allowed the identification of up- and down-regulated metabolic pathways. Overall, proteomics and transcriptomics revealed, in mycorrhizal roots, increased levels of transcription factors and nutrient transporters, as well as ethylene-related proteins. The expression pattern of proteins and transcripts involved in plant defense responses suggested that plant defense was reduced in O. maculata mycorrhizal roots sampled in nature. These results expand our current knowledge towards a better understanding of the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis in adult plants under natural conditions.
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Addy, H. D., M. M. Piercey, and R. S. Currah. "Microfungal endophytes in roots." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-171.
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A wide range of ascomycetous microfungi inhabits roots without forming the anatomical features typical of mycorrhizas or causing overt signs of pathogenesis. The most-studied taxa have darkly pigmented hyphal walls and are referred to as "dark septate endophytes" (DSE). We provide a dichotomous key and annotated descriptions for a cross-section of the most common dark septate endophytes. The term DSE is sometimes used to imply taxonomic and physiological similarity even though a diverse range of root endophytic taxa form pigmented hyphae. Among these, Phialocephala fortinii Wang & Wilcox is a well-known representative; it is widespread, easily observed in roots, and readily grown in culture and with plants. Nevertheless, the basis of its symbiotic relationship with plants remains ambiguous. It may be a weak pathogen, a saprotroph on senescent root tissues, or a mutualist. More detailed studies of interactions between identified taxa of microfungal endophytes and host plants are necessary to elucidate the functional basis of these symbioses; it may be necessary to look beyond the paradigms of traditional mycorrhizal and pathogenic associations to understand the ecological roles of these fungi. Reports of cryptic speciation in Phialocephala fortinii emphasize the need for accurate identification of isolates of microfungal endophytes used in experiments.Key words: dark septate endophytes (DSE), Phialocephala fortinii, mycorrhiza, fungushost interactions, fungi.
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Lambais, Marcio Rodrigues. "Unraveling the signaling and signal transduction mechanisms controlling arbuscular mycorrhiza development." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 4 (August 2006): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000400013.
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are the most widespread symbiotic associations between plant roots and soil fungi. AM can contribute to increasing the survival and fitness of plants to limiting environments mostly due to their ability in improving nutrient uptake from the soil solution. Despite their ecological significance, the mechanisms controlling AM development and functioning are largely unknown. The obligate mutualistic nature of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has hampered the advances on the understanding and application of the symbiosis. Significant alterations in the genetic programs of both symbionts are required for the successful establishment of an AM, and complex signaling and signal transduction mechanisms are likely involved. The analyses of legume mutants affected in the development of nitrogen fixing nodules and AM suggest that part of the signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of both symbioses are conserved. Even though the use of genomics of model plants has helped to advance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in AM, identifying the signal molecules involved in plant-AMF communication and determining their transduction pathways is still essential for its biotechnological application in agriculture.
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Abdurashytov, S. F., V. I. Nemtinov, E. V. Puzanova, K. S. Gritsevich, I. V. Belova, E. N. Grunina, E. R. Abdurashytova, and A. V. Klimchuk. "EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE INDICATORS OF ONION." Ekosistemy -, no. 21 (2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2414-4738-2020-21-101-108.
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Allium cepa L. is one of the main vegetable crops. It is actively used in food industry and medicine. The biochemical composition of plants, both bulbs and green leaves, in different periods of growth changes depending on the variety, environmental and agrotechnical conditions of plant cultivation. Representatives of the genus Allium are highly sensitive to the presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) in soil due to root development features. The aim of our work was to identify effective associations of AM fungi to increase the productivity and quality of onions in the conditions of southern chernozem. Pot and field experiments were carried out with associations of AM fungi and onion varieties from the collection of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. The initial assessment of the AM fungi collection was conducted in the pot with a sterile substrate under artificial lighting conditions according to the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization and the accumulation of phytomass of the storage plant. Field studies were carried out on southern carbonate chernozem in 2019. It is established that the AM fungi association M9 significantly exceeds the referent in the arbuscules abundance by 13.3 %. Association 1–16 showed the most considerable abundance of vesicles, which was 11.1–13.3 % higher than other variants of this experiment. The dry mass of onion shoots had a significant increase of 11.719.7 mg per plant (38.865.8 %) from inoculation by associations AM S1-4, 1-16 and M9. The positive effect of the AM fungi association 1-16 on the accumulation of phytomass in the onset phase of bulb formation and onion productivity of the onion variety Yaltinskiy plus and line 11A with an increase by 0.690.8 g / plant (31.351.7 %) and 1.11.3 t / ha (14.114.9 %), respectively, and an increase in the content of ascorbic acid by 18.524.4 % to the variant without treatment are shown.
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van Buuren, Marianne L., Ignacio E. Maldonado-Mendoza, Anthony T. Trieu, Laura A. Blaylock, and Maria J. Harrison. "Novel Genes Induced During an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Symbiosis Formed Between Medicago truncatula and Glomus versiforme." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 3 (March 1999): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.3.171.
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Many terrestrial plant species are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Here we have identified three cDNA clones representing genes whose expression is induced during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis formed between Medicago truncatula and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforme. The three clones represent M. truncatula genes and encode novel proteins: a xyloglucan endotransglycosylaserelated protein, a putative arabinogalactan protein (AGP), and a putative homologue of the mammalian p110 subunit of initiation factor 3 (eIF3). These genes show little or no expression in M. truncatula roots prior to formation of the symbiosis and are significantly induced following colonization by G. versiforme. The genes are not induced in roots in response to increases in phosphate. This suggests that induction of expression during the symbiosis is due to the interaction with the fungus and is not a secondary effect of improved phosphate nutrition. In situ hybridization revealed that the putative AGP is expressed specifically in cortical cells containing arbuscules. The identification of two mycorrhiza-induced genes encoding proteins predicted to be involved in cell wall structure is consistent with previous electron microscopy data that indicated major alterations in the extracellular matrix of the cortical cells following colonization by mycorrhizal fungi.
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Ramakrishnan, K., and G. Bhuvaneswari. "Influence on Different Types of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Crop Productivity in Ecosystem." International Letters of Natural Sciences 38 (May 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.38.9.
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Mycorrhizal fungi greatly enhanced the ability of plants to take up phosphorus and other nutrients those are relatively immobile and exist in low concentration in the soil solution. Fungi can be important in the uptake of other nutrients by the host plant. Mycorrhizae establish symbiotic relationships with plants and play an essential role in plant growth, disease protection, and overall soil quality. Of the seven types of mycorrhizae described in current scientific literature (arbuscular, ecto, ectendo, arbutoid, monotropoid, ericoid and orchidaceous mycorrhizae), the arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae are the most abundant and widespread. This chapter presents an overview of current knowledge of mycorrhizal interactions, processes, and potential benefits to society. The molecular basis of nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and host plants is presented; the role of AM fungi in disease protection, alleviation of heavy metal stress and increasing grain production. Most land plants form associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots. They are described as symbiotic because the fungus receives photo synthetically derived carbon compounds and the plant has increased access to mineral nutrients and sometimes water.
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Akatsuki, Maiko, and Naoki Makita. "Influence of fine root traits on in situ exudation rates in four conifers from different mycorrhizal associations." Tree Physiology 40, no. 8 (April 25, 2020): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa051.
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Abstract Plant roots can exude organic compounds into the soil that are useful for plant survival because they can degrade microorganisms around the roots and enhance allelopathy against other plant invasions. We developed a method to collect carbon (C) exudation on a small scale from tree fine roots by C-free filter traps. We quantified total C through root exudation in four conifers from different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)) in a cool-temperate forest in Japan. We determined the relationship of mass-based exudation rate from three diameter classes (<0.5, 0.5–1.0, and 1.0–2.5 mm) of the intact root system with root traits such as morphological traits including root diameter, specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), root tissue density (RTD) and chemical traits including root nitrogen (N) content and C/N. Across species, the mass-based root exudation rate was found to correlate with diameter, SRA, RTD, N and C/N. When comparing mycorrhizal types, there were significant relationships between the exudation and diameter, SRL, SRA, root N and C/N in ECM species; however, these were not significant in AM species. Our results show that relationships between in situ root exudation and every measured trait of morphology and chemistry were strongly driven by ECM roots and not by AM roots. These differences might explain the fact that ECM roots in this study potentially covaried by optimizing the exudation and root morphology in forest trees, while exudation in AM roots did not change with changes in root morphology. In addition, the contrasting results may be attributable to the effect of degree and position of ECM and AM colonization in fine root system. Differences in fine root exudation relationships to root morphology for the two types of mycorrhizae will help us better understand the underlying mechanisms of belowground C allocation in forest ecosystems.
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Martin, F., P. Laurent, D. de Carvalho, T. Burgess, P. Murphy, U. Nehls, and D. Tagu. "Fungal gene expression during ectomycorrhiza formation." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-294.
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Ectomycorrhiza development involves the differentiation of structurally specialized fungal tissues (e.g., mantle and Hartig net) and an interface between symbionts. Polypeptides presenting a preferential, up-, or down-regulated synthesis have been characterized in several developing ectomycorrhizal associations. Their spatial and temporal expressions have been characterized by cell fractionation, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunochemical assays in the Eucalyptus spp. – Pisolithus tinctorius mycorrhizas. These studies have emphasized the importance of fungal cell wall polypeptides during the early stages of the ectomycorrhizal interaction. The increased synthesis of 30- to 32-kDa acidic polypeptides, together with the decreased accumulation of a prominent 95-kDa mannoprotein provided evidence for major alterations of Pisolithus tinctorius cell walls during mycorrhiza formation. Differential cDNA library screening and shotgun cDNA sequencing were used to clone symbiosis-regulated fungal genes. Several abundant transcripts showed a significant amino acid sequence similarity to a family of secreted morphogenetic fungal proteins, the so-called hydrophobic. In P. tinctorius, the content of hydrophobin transcripts is high in aerial hyphae and during the ectomycorrhizal sheath formation. Alteration of cell walls and the extracellular matrix is therefore a key event in the ectomycorrhiza development. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlies the temporal and spatial control of genes and proteins involved in the development of the symbiotic interface is now within reach, as more sophisticated techniques of molecular and genetic analysis are applied to the mycorrhizal interactions. Key words: cell walls, ectomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizins, fungal development, hydrophobins, symbiosis-regulated polypeptides.
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Whitbread, Fraser, R. Larry Peterson, and Terry P. McGonigle. "Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in commercial production." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-135.
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Panax quinquefolius L. (American ginseng) roots collected from 1st year seedlings and 3-year-old plants on three commercial farms were colonized by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Roots collected from ginseng plants in a managed maple–beech woodlot were also colonized by VAM fungi. Fungal hyphae entered roots either directly through root hairs or by forming appressoria on the surface of epidermal cells from which penetration hyphae formed. Hyphae colonized roots by passing intracellularly through cortical cells. Hyphal coils, from which arbuscular branches formed, were typical of the Paris-type of VAM association. The extent of colonization by hyphal coils and by arbuscules varied between 1-year-old and 3-year-old plants and among farms. The seasonal maxima for colonization differed among combinations of farms and plant age-classes in such a way as to suggest that a significant degree of the variability was due to characteristics of the individual seed beds. Over the season, we saw earlier development of hyphal coils that was only later exceeded by production of arbuscules; this pattern is consistent with the Paris-type morphology observed, in that arbuscule branches develop from hyphal coils. However, the speed at which arbuscules developed at some points in the season was so great that at those times the transition from newly formed hyphal coils to arbuscules must be extremely fast. Vesicles were rarely found in any root samples examined. Keywords: ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza, commercial farms.
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Lara-Pérez, Luis Alberto, Ramón Zulueta-Rodríguez, and Antonio Andrade-Torres. "Micorriza arbuscular, Mucoromycotina y hongos septados oscuros en helechos y licófitas con distribución en México: una revisión global." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 8, 2017): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29443.
Full textAbstract:
Ferns and lycophytes are a group of vascular plants of interest to understand the evolution of mycorrhizal interactions; their preservation is of relevance for their multiple ecological relations. The record of different taxonomic groups of fungi associated with ferns and lycophytes is fragmentary, and the criteria for it identification is inconsistent, which hinders the understanding and determination of mycorrhizal status. The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of the species of ferns and lycophytes with distribution in Mexico, and with information of fungal interactions. A checklist of the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Mucoromycotina and dark septate fungi (DSF) associated with ferns and lycophytes was integrated through an exhaustive global literature search. In this study, mycorrhizal species was considered by the presence of arbuscules to differentiate with hyphal, vesicular and coils colonization. The study gathered a checklist of mycorrhizal occurrences of 27 families, 61 genus and 137 species of ferns and lycophytes, which covers 13.4 % of the species, 91 % of the genus and 77 % of the families distributed in Mexico. The 78.1 % of the species showed colonization, 56.2 % by AMF, 29.9 % by DSF and 0.72 % by Mucoromycotina fungi. From the total of the species, the higher presences of colonization were in terrestrial, epiphytic, saxicolous, and aquatic plants with 76.6 %, 33.3 %, 20 %, and 6.3 %, respectively. The families of ferns and lycophytes with the higher number of species colonized were Pteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae and Dryopteridaceae. The present study showed the widespread associations of AMF and DSF in ferns and lycophytes of Mexico. It is urgently needed to include ferns and lycophytes in studies focused on endomycorhizal interactions, since only 28 species (28 %) were studied in Mexican ecosystems. The majority of studies were focused on sporophytic face (80 %). Nonetheless, to understand the role that plays the mycorrhiza in the establishment of ferns and lycophytes, it is necessary to include the gametophytic face in ecological, molecular and physiological experimental studies. This information is important to implement conservation strategies, because a considerable number of ferns and lycophytes species, depend on these mycorrhizal associations for their growth and survival.
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Snetselaar, Karen M., and Kenneth D. Whitney. "Fungal calcium oxalate in mycorrhizae of Monotropa uniflora." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-074.
Full textAbstract:
Monotropa uniflora is an achlorophyllous angiosperm that is obligately mycotrophic. The "monotropoid" mycorrhizae it forms resemble ectomycorrhizae but are distinguished by elaborations of the epidermal cell walls that surround intruding fungal hyphae. Monotropoid mycorrhizae collected from blooming plants in late summer contained calcium oxalate crystals between mantle hyphae. The crystals appeared to form in association with hyphal walls and grew into a matrix outside the hyphae. Production of calcium oxalate by M. uniflora's mycobiont seems to be a coordinated metabolic process rather than a random precipitation event. The significance of calcium translocation and isolation as calcium oxalate to this mycorrhizal fungus is unclear, but the presence of extensive crystal deposits during and after flowering of the host plant suggests a possible link with the nutrient transfer occurring at that time. Mycorrhizal regulation of calcium may affect the availability of mineral nutrients to the associated Monotropa plants. Key words: Monotropa uniflora, mycorrhiza, calcium oxalate, ectomycorrhiza.
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Al-Khaliel, A. S. "Effect of salinity stress on mycorrhizal association and growth response of peanut infected by Glomus mosseae." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 7 (July 14, 2010): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/204/2009-pse.
Full textAbstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is a mutualistic association between fungi and higher plants, and play a critical role in nutrient cycling and stress tolerance. However, much less is known about the mycorrhiza-mediated enhancement in growth and salinity tolerance of the peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) growing in the arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, mycorrhizal status of Glomus mosseae in diverse salinity levels on original substrate soil conditions was investigated. Different growth parameters, accumulation of proline content and salt stress tolerance were studied. These investigations indicated that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could improve growth of peanuts under salinity through enhanced nutrient absorption and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll content and leaf water content were increased significantly under salinity stress by the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Tolerance of the plants to salinity was increased and the mycorrhizal association was found highly effective in enhancing peanut growth and establishment in soils under salinity and deficient in phosphorus.
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Ligrone, Roberto, Keith Pocock, and Jeffrey G. Duckett. "A comparative ultrastructural study of endophytic basidiomycetes in the parasitic achlorophyllous hepatic Cryptothallus mirabilis and the closely allied photosynthetic species Aneura pinguis (Metzgeriales)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 666–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-077.
Full textAbstract:
This ultrastructural study of two closely related liverworts with contrasting modes of nutrition reveals very similar interactions with endophytic dikaryotic basidiomycetes. In both hepatics, collected from a variety of sites, the fungus is confined to specific regions of the gametophyte thallus, and hyphal contact with the substratum is via the rhizoids. The colonization cycle comprises a growth phase when the fungus forms large intracellular coils, host cytoplasm proliferates and the starch content of the plastids decreases, followed by senescence when the hyphae die back and aggregate into large masses. Repeated colonization cycles are frequent. Young hyphae contain abundant glycogen and sometimes amyloid deposits in Cryptothallus. In terms of dolipore substructure, hyphal dimensions, highly characteristic multilayered walls, absence of clamp connections, and the mode of hyphal degeneration, the endophyte in Cryptothallus is virtually identical to that in Aneura from alpine sites but very different from the fungus in Aneura from sand dunes and a chalk pit. It is suggested that Cryptothallus evolved from an Aneura-like ancestor through association with a fungal saprophyte of waterlogged peaty soils. Differences in dolipore morphology in the ectomycorrhizal fungus of Betula roots growing in association with Cryptothallus indicate that these two hosts do not share the same fungus. Remarkable similarities between the fungal associations in Cryptothallus and Aneura and orchidaceous mycorrhizae include the same colonization cycle, absence of polyphosphate granules, and separation of the host plasma membrane from thin-walled, exclusively intracellular hyphae by a prominent interfacial matrix. Key words: basidiomycetes, dolipores, liverworts, mycorrhiza, symbiosis, ultrastructure.
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Leake, J. R., A. L. Duran, K. E. Hardy, I. Johnson, D. J. Beerling, S. A. Banwart, and M. M. Smits. "Biological weathering in soil: the role of symbiotic root-associated fungi biosensing minerals and directing photosynthate-energy into grain-scale mineral weathering." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.85.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBiological weathering is a function of biotic energy expenditure. Growth and metabolism of organisms generates acids and chelators, selectively absorbs nutrient ions, and applies turgor pressure and other physical forces which, in concert, chemically and physically alter minerals. In unsaturated soil environments, plant roots normally form symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with fungi. The plants provide photosynthate-carbohydrate-energy to the fungi in return for nutrients absorbed from the soil and released from minerals. In ectomycorrhiza, one of the two major types of mycorrhiza of trees, roots are sheathed in fungus, and 15—30% of the net photosynthate of the plants passes through these fungi into the soil and virtually all of the water and nutrients taken up by the plants are supplied through the fungi. Here we show that ectomycorrhizal fungi actively forage for minerals and act as biosensors that discriminate between different grain sizes (53—90 μm, 500—1000 μm) and different minerals (apatite, biotite, quartz) to favour grains with a high surface-area to volume ratio and minerals with the highest P content. Growth and carbon allocation of the fungi is preferentially directed to intensively interact with these selected minerals to maximize resource foraging.
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Ellouze, Walid, Chantal Hamel, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, Richard D. Cuthbert, and Asheesh K. Singh. "Potential to breed for mycorrhizal association in durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 62, no. 3 (March 2016): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0598.
Full textAbstract:
The selection of genotypes under high soil fertility may alter the effectiveness of mycorrhizal symbioses naturally forming between crop plants and the mycorrhizal fungi residing in cultivated fields. We tested the hypothesis that the mycorrhizal symbiosis of 5 landraces functions better than the mycorrhizal symbiosis of 27 cultivars of durum wheat that were bred after the development of the fertilizer industry. We examined the development of mycorrhiza and the response of these genotypes to mycorrhiza formation after 4 weeks of growth under high and low soil fertility levels in the greenhouse. The durum wheat genotypes were seeded in an established extraradical hyphal network of Rhizophagus irregularis and in a control soil free of mycorrhizal fungi. The percentage of root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi was lower in landraces (21%) than in cultivars (27%; P = 0.04) and in the most recent releases (29%; P = 0.02), which were selected under high soil fertility levels. Plant growth response to mycorrhiza varied from –36% to +19%. Overall, durum wheat plant breeding in Canada has increased the mycorrhizal development in wheat grown at a low soil fertility level. However, breeding had inconsistent effects on mycorrhizal development and has led to the production of cultivars with patterns of regulation ranging from unimproved to inefficient.
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Jangandi, Sharanappa, Mr Narayan, H. C. Lakshman, and Chaitra B. Negalur*. "Influence of AM fungus Glomus geosporum (Nicol. & Gerd.) Walker on chlorophyll content and biochemical changes in four AMF disputed plants." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 01 (December 31, 2016): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.01.007.
Full textAbstract:
The function of mycorrhizae depends on the ability of the fungal symbiont. In the present study, the Glomus geosporum was inoculated on four amaranthaceae plants; Amaranthus oleraceae Hook. A.paniculata, A.spinosa and A. viridi has showed increased chlorophyll content in AM fungus inoculated plants over noninoculated plants, consequently the total carbohydrates and protein content was higher in mycorrhiza inoculated plants over the control or noninoculated plants. The results revealed that the enhanced stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration may be coupled with mycorrhizal inoculation on these four leafy vegetable plants, although these plants are disputed with AM fungal association.
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Gomes, Bárbara, Fábio Castro, Rita Santos, Patrícia Figueiredo, Márcia Silva, Maria Vidal, Inês Ferreira, João Nunes, Helena Machado, and Filomena Gomes. "Effect of Quercetin on Mycorrhizal Synthesis between Tuberborchii and Arbutusunedo L. In Vitro Plants." Microbiology Research 12, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12010007.
Full textAbstract:
Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean species used for fruit production; it is tolerant to drought and shows regeneration ability following forest fires. Mycorrhizal plants with Tuber borchii add resilience and value. This study aims to test the effect of quercetin on mycorrhizal synthesis between T. borchii and A. unedo. Two genotypes selected for fruit production and hydric stress tolerance, were micropropagated for mycorrhizal synthesis, accomplished during ex vitro rooting in perlite, using lyophilized spores of T. borchii suspended in culture media with different quercetin levels (0–10 µM). Six months after inoculation, plants were transferred to pots and maintained in nursery. Ten and 12 months after inoculation, roots were morphological examined and molecularly characterized using ITS1-5.8SITS2 rDNA region and specific primers. Results showed that mycorrhizae establishment was dependent on studied factors (genotype, quercetin level, and culture medium) and their interaction (genotype X culture medium). Quercetin levels up to 2.0 µM favored mycorrhizae establishment and plant growth, although levels superior to 4 µM showed a toxic effect. Quercetin showed to be an efficient factor on inducing mycorrhiza thriving independent of the genotype. Morphological observations and molecular analysis confirmed the permanence of the fungus association 10 and 12 months after inoculation.
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Thiem, Dominika, Adriana Szmidt-Jaworska, Christel Baum, Katja Muders, Katarzyna Niedojadło, and Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz. "Interactive physiological response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants to fungal colonization and Potato virus Y (PVY) infection." Acta Mycologica 1, no. 1 (November 29, 2014): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2014.015.
Full textAbstract:
Potato plants can be colonized by various viruses and by symbiotic, saprophytic and pathogenic fungi. However, the significance of interactions of viral infection and fungal colonization is hardly known. This work presents a model experiment in which the influence of three different types of fungal associations on the growth and physiology of the potato variety Pirol was tested individually or in combination with infection by PVY. It was hypothesized that simultaneous viral and fungal infections increase the biotic stress of the host plant, but mutualistic plant-fungal associations can mask the impact of viral infection. In the present study, a symbiotic arbsucular mycorrhizal fungus, <em>Glomus intraradices</em>, significantly stimulated the growth of plants infected with PVY. In contrast, two saprophytic <em>Trichoderma</em> spp. strains either did not influence or even inhibited the growth of PVY-infected plants. Also, inoculation of PVY-infected potato plants with a pathogenic strain of <em>Colletotrichum coccodes</em> did not inhibit the plant growth. Growth of the PVY-free potato plants was not promoted by the symbiotic fungus, whereas <em>T. viride</em>, <em>T. harzianum</em> and <em>C. coccodes</em> had an evident inhibitory effect. The strongest growth inhibition and highest concentration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, as an indicator of biotic stress, was observed in PVY-free potato plants inoculated with <em>T. harzianum</em> and <em>C. coccodes</em> strains. Surprisingly, ultrastructural analysis of PVY-infected plant roots colonized by <em>G. intraradices</em> showed virus-like structures in the arbuscules. This pointed to the possibility of mycorrhizal-mediated transmission of virus particles and has to be further examined by testing with immunoassays and real transmission to uninfected plants. In conclusion, although mycorrhiza formation might decrease the impact of PVY infection on plants, a possible role of mycorrhizal fungi as virus vectors is discussed.
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ANDRADE, S. A. L., P. MAZZAFERA, M. A. SCHIAVINATO, and A. P. D. SILVEIRA. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal association in coffee." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 2 (January 12, 2009): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859608008344.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYDespite previous research on mycorrhizal association with plants, the data on associations with coffee (Coffea species) are very sparse despite the great economic importance of this crop for many tropical developing countries. The present paper reviews the main aspects of the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and coffee plants. This review includes topics on mycorrhizal effects on coffee nutritional status, pathogen–AMF interactions and responses to several environmental stresses. It also summarizes findings about the natural occurrence of AMF in different soils in which coffee is cultivated, some ecological aspects of this specific association and outlines trends for future investigations, which must elucidate the real benefits of mycorrhizae to coffee plants.
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Caser, Matteo, Íris Marisa Maxaieie Victorino, Sonia Demasi, Andrea Berruti, Dario Donno, Erica Lumini, Valeria Bianciotto, and Valentina Scariot. "Saffron Cultivation in Marginal Alpine Environments: How AMF Inoculation Modulates Yield and Bioactive Compounds." Agronomy 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010012.
Full textAbstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish mutualistic symbiotic associations with plant roots and act as biofertilizers by enhancing plant nutrient and water uptake. Moreover, AMF colonization may influence the biosynthesis of plant bioactive compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants. There is limited information on AMF associations with Crocus sativus L. (saffron) roots and their effect on crop performances and spice quality. In the present work we verified the efficiency of root mycorrhization in potted conditions, then we evaluated the yield and quality of the saffron produced in two Alpine sites during two cultivation cycles with the application of AMF. Two inocula were applied, either a single-species (Rhizophagus intraradices) or a multi-species mixture (R. intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae). The trial conducted in potted conditions confirmed that both AMF commercial inocula established symbiotic relationships with saffron roots. The multi-species inoculation yielded the highest content of arbuscules in colonized portions of the root (100%), while the single-species was slightly less (82.9%) and no AMF were recorded in untreated control corms. In open-field conditions, AMF colonization of the root systems, flower production, and saffron yields were monitored, and bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant activity in the dried spice were analysed using spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Overall, the saffron produced was high quality (ISO category) and had high contents of bioactive compounds, with very high total polyphenol content and elevated antioxidant activity. The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts as biostimulants positively affected saffron cultivation, improving the crop performances and the content of important nutraceutical compounds. In particular, the inoculum composed by R. intraradices and F. mosseae increased flower production and the saffron yield. R. intraradices alone enhanced the spice antioxidant activity and the content of bioactive compounds such as picrocrocin, crocin II, and quercitrin. Since saffron is the world’s highest priced spice, the increases in yield and quality obtained using AMF suggests that farms in marginal areas such as alpine sites can increase profitability by inoculating saffron fields with arbuscular mycorrhiza.