Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mycorrhiza associations

Academic literature on the topic 'Mycorrhiza associations'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycorrhiza associations"

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Berliner, Ruhama, and John G. Torrey. "Studies on mycorrhizal associations in Harvard Forest, Massachusetts." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-287.

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An estimate was made of the abundance of different types of mycorrhizal associations in two plant communities of conifers and hardwoods in the Harvard Forest. Lists of plant species, the coverage of their foliage in the canopy and understorey layers, and the types of mycorrhizal associations for 45 species common in these communities are presented. Of the species examined, 91 % were mycorrhizal, representing most of the known major types, viz. ectomycorrhiza, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), ericoid, and monotropoid mycorrhiza. Of the 45 species studied, 22% of the species showed ectomycorrhizal, and 71 % VAM associations. A direct spore count was a more reliable method than the most probable number method for determining VAM occurrence in the soil. Spore numbers ranged from 4.4 to 11.8 spores/g oven-dried soil. In conifer stands, ectomycorrhizae were most common, although VAM were also observed in the conifer species. In hardwood stands, VAM were more frequent than in conifer stands, but mycorrhizae were heterogeneous and included a good proportion of the ericoid type. Ectomycorrhizae were more common in communities of low diversity; VAM occurred more frequently in communities of high plant species diversity.
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Gianinazzi-Pearson, Vivienne, Armelle Gollotte, Benoit Tisserant, Philipp Franken, Eliane Dumas-Gaudot, Marie-Claude Lemoine, Diederik van Tuinen, Silvio Gianinazzi, and Jeanine Lherminier. "Cellular and molecular approaches in the characterization of symbiotic events in functional arbuscular mycorrhizal associations." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-292.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas represent the most widespread, and probably most ancient, type of plant–fungus association in which the large majority of terrestrial plants must have evolved with compatibility systems towards the fungal symbionts. Cellular interactions leading to reciprocal morphofunctional integration between symbionts during mycorrhiza establishment are complex. Some plant genes and cellular events may be shared with nodulation processes, but there is evidence of molecular modifications specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant defence responses, which are normally weakly activated during the symbiotic state, are strongly elicited by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in genetically altered, resistant hosts suggesting control over defence gene expression during establishment of a successful symbiosis. Modifications are also induced in the fungal symbionts during colonization of host tissues, with changes in wall metabolism and protein expression. Nothing is known of the genetic make-up of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which are recalcitrant to pure culture. Recent cloning of DNA from these fungi opens the possibility of identifying functional genes in order to study their regulation and role in symbiosis establishment. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, reciprocal symbiosis, molecular mechanisms, plant determinants, fungal molecules.
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Dexheimer, Jean, Joëlle Gerard, Jean-Pierre Leduc, and Gérard Chevalier. "Étude ultrastructurale comparée des associations symbiotiques mycorhiziennes Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia claveryi et Helianthemum salicifolium – Terfezia leptoderma." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-073.

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The authors have studied the ultrastructural organization of two synthetic mycorrhizas between Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. (Cistaceae) and Terfezia claveryi Chat. or Terfezia leptoderma Tul. (Ascomycetes, Terfeziaceae). With Terfezia claveryi an endomycorrhiza is formed with many of the hyphae hugging the inside surface of the cell wall. The cytoplasmic volume of the mycorrhizal cells is not significantly increased. With Terfezia leptoderma an ectomycorrhiza without a sheath is formed, but there is a typical Hartig net. These two types of mycorrhiza constitute examples of biotrophism.
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Schroeder-Moreno, Michelle S., and David P. Janos. "Intra- and inter-specific density affects plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizas." Botany 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-080.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizas can alter competitive interactions between plants that markedly differ in their dependence upon mycorrhizas, but little is known about how mycorrhizas affect intra- and inter-specific competition between similarly dependent plant species. We conducted competition experiments in pots between all pairs of the similarly facultatively mycotrophic crop species, chili ( Capsicum annuum L.), maize ( Zea mays L.), and zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). We used a two-species yield-density model to analyze the separate effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, intra-, and inter-specific density on biomass responses. Mycorrhizas reduced the growth of all three plant species. Intraspecific competition increased the negative effect of mycorrhizas, as did interspecific competition at low intraspecific density. At high intraspecific density, however, interspecific competition improved plant responsiveness to mycorrhizas. Enhancement of plant benefit from mycorrhizas at high interspecific density of competing, weakly mycorrhiza-dependent species may help to explain the evolutionary maintenance of their associations with mycorrhizal fungi, and may be a key to understanding intercrop combinations that exceed the monoculture yields of component species.
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Bonsall, Michael B., Cynthia A. Froyd, and Elizabeth S. Jeffers. "Resilience: nitrogen limitation, mycorrhiza and long-term palaeoecological plant–nutrient dynamics." Biology Letters 16, no. 1 (January 2020): 20190441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0441.

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Ecosystem dynamics are driven by both biotic and abiotic processes, and perturbations can push ecosystems into novel dynamical regimes. Plant–plant, plant–soil and mycorrhizal associations all affect plant ecosystem dynamics; however, the direction and magnitude of these effects vary by context and their contribution to ecosystem resilience over long time periods remains unknown. Here, using a mathematical framework, we investigate the effects of plant feedbacks and mycorrhiza on plant–nutrient interactions. We show evidence for strong nutrient controlled feedbacks, moderation by mycorrhiza and influence on ecological resilience. We use this model to investigate the resilience of a longitudinal palaeoecological birch– δ 15 N interaction to plant–soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal associations. The birch– δ 15 N system demonstrated high levels of resilience. Mycorrhiza were predicted to increase resilience by supporting plant–nitrogen uptake and immobilizing excess nitrogen; in contrast, long-term enrichment in available nitrogen by plant–soil feedbacks is expected to decrease ecological resilience.
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Agustini, Verena, Suharno Suharno, and Supeni Sufaati. "Perkembangan Penelitian Mikoriza di Papua**." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2018): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.559.

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The mycorrhizas are ‘balanced’ mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. The are many type of mycorrhizal namely endomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, Orchid-mycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, and ectendo mycorrhiza. Most research is in endo and ectomycorrhiza, due to their role in Papua. Research in mycorrhiza has also been done recently. The research started in 2005 with ectomycorrhiza studies conducted by Suharno & Sufaati. Study on endomycorrhiza were begin in 2006 and orchid mycorrhiza in 2007. Exploration study of endomycorrhiza in corn plant at Koya Barat showed that there were 7 species of VAM namely Glomus sp1., Glomus sp2., Glomus sp3., Gigaspora sp., Acaulospora., Scutellospora sp1., and Scutellospora sp2. Similar research have also been done on other agriculture comodity, and the weed as well. Study on the endomycorrhiza associated with matoa (Pometia pinnata) found 13 species. Furtheremore, preliminary research on ectomycorrhiza showed that at least four species have been found at Mount Cycloops Nature Reserve, Jayapura. In Papua, there were 18 strain isolate of Scleroderma have been collected and 4 species were already identified. For orchid-mycorrhiza there were only 17 species has been found so far. Among them there species were identified: Rhizoctonia sp., Tulasnella sp., dan Ceratorhiza sp. The potency of mycorrhiza in Papua is high and need to be explored. Some isolate were already tested to variety of the growth of plant. The result showed that the isolate affected significantly. More exploration, compatibility test, and the role of mycorrhiza will be continued to study. The goals of all the study here was to find a good quality of isolate that can be used as a propagule to produce biofertilizer.Key words: endomycorrhiza, ectomycorrhiza, orchid-mycorrhiza, biofertilizer, Papua.
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Kottke, Ingrid, Juan Pablo Suárez, Paulo Herrera, Dario Cruz, Robert Bauer, Ingeborg Haug, and Sigisfredo Garnica. "Atractiellomycetes belonging to the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina) form mycorrhizae with terrestrial and epiphytic neotropical orchids." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1685 (December 9, 2009): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1884.

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Distinctive groups of fungi are involved in the diverse mycorrhizal associations of land plants. All previously known mycorrhiza-forming Basidiomycota associated with trees, ericads, liverworts or orchids are hosted in Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina. Here we demonstrate for the first time that Atractiellomycetes, members of the ‘rust’ lineage (Pucciniomycotina), are mycobionts of orchids. The mycobionts of 103 terrestrial and epiphytic orchid individuals, sampled in the tropical mountain rainforest of Southern Ecuador, were identified by sequencing the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and part of 28S rDNA. Mycorrhizae of 13 orchid individuals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Simple septal pores and symplechosomes in the hyphal coils of mycorrhizae from four orchid individuals indicated members of Atractiellomycetes. Molecular phylogeny of sequences from mycobionts of 32 orchid individuals out of 103 samples confirmed Atractiellomycetes and the placement in Pucciniomycotina, previously known to comprise only parasitic and saprophytic fungi. Thus, our finding reveals these fungi, frequently associated to neotropical orchids, as the most basal living basidiomycetes involved in mycorrhizal associations of land plants.
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Lambais, Marcio R., and Mona C. Mehdy. "Differential expression of defense-related genes in arbuscular mycorrhiza." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-293.

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Differential expression of plant defense related genes may contribute to the control of arbuscular mycorrhiza growth and development. The expression of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, and genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins has been studied in these symbiotic associations. Relative to noninfected roots, mycorrhizal roots showed a transient induction of endochitinase activities followed by suppression, under low and high P conditions. The suppression was attenuated under high P. Differential reductions in the steady-state level of mRNAs encoding a basic and an acidic endochitinase was observed. Suppression of β-1, 3-glucanase activities, two glucanase mRNAs, and chalcone isomerase mRNA levels was also observed. In situ localization of several defense-related mRNAs showed a predominant accumulation in the vascular cylinder of mycorrhizal and noninfected roots, under both P conditions. The levels of these mRNAs were systemically suppressed in arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). Additionally, the accumulation of mRNAs encoding an acidic endochitinase and a β-1, 3-endoglucanase was enhanced in and around cells containing arbuscules, under high and low P conditions, respectively. The differential regulation of defense-related genes may contribute to the observed pattern of intraradical fungal growth. A hypothetical model for the functional roles and regulation of endochitinases and β-1, 3-endoglucanases in arbuscular mycorrhiza is proposed. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, differential gene expression, plant defense genes, chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases, phosphate.
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Maldonado-Mendoza, Ignacio E., Gary R. Dewbre, and Maria J. Harrison. "A Phosphate Transporter Gene from the Extra-Radical Mycelium of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices Is Regulated in Response to Phosphate in the Environment." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 10 (October 2001): 1140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.10.1140.

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The majority of vascular flowering plants are able to form symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These symbioses, termed arbuscular mycorrhizas, are mutually beneficial, and the fungus delivers phosphate to the plant while receiving carbon. In these symbioses, phosphate uptake by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus is the first step in the process of phosphate transport to the plant. Previously, we cloned a phosphate transporter gene involved in this process. Here, we analyze the expression and regulation of a phosphate transporter gene (GiPT) in the extra-radical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices during mycorrhizal association with carrot or Medicago truncatula roots. These analyses reveal that GiPT expression is regulated in response to phosphate concentrations in the environment surrounding the extra-radical hyphae and modulated by the overall phosphate status of the mycorrhiza. Phosphate concentrations, typical of those found in the soil solution, result in expression of GiPT. These data imply that G. intraradices can perceive phosphate levels in the external environment but also suggest the presence of an internal phosphate sensing mechanism.
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KASURINEN, A., T. HOLOPAINEN, and S. ANTTONEN. "Mycorrhizal colonisation of highbush blueberry and its native relatives in central Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 2 (January 2, 2001): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5683.

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Transmission electromicroscopy, trypan blue staining in combination with stereomicroscope analysis and biochemical ergosterol assay were used to study the mycorrhizal symbionts in wild bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), bog whortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) roots. TEM-analysis showed that in all species ericoid mycorrhizas formed hyphae coil inside the epidermal root cells. In stereomicroscopic viewing the highest mycorrhizal colonisation was observed in the roots of wild bilberries (51%), whereas according to the ergosterol assay the highest total fungal biomass of roots was found in bog whortleberries (209 mg g-1 of root d. wt). Both ergosterol and microscopical method showed that the mycorrhizal associations in blueberry cultivars and their wild relatives growing on natural soil medium are frequent, although ericoid mycorrhiza formation of highbush blueberries was somewhat weaker than that of wild bilberries and bog whortleberries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycorrhiza associations"

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Abualghaith, Abdulaziz. "Carbon and nitrogen metabolisn in orchid-mycorrhiza associations." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604555.

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Members of the Orchidales produce dust seeds so lacking in nutrient and carbon reserves that they are dependent upon appropriate fungal partners to supply the essential additional carbon and nutrients required for successful establishment in nature. These plants are thus initially mycoheterotrophic before they normally go on to develop green leaves and become autotrophic as adults. However, at least 210 species of orchid remain fully mycoheterotrophic into adulthood. The metabolic pathways involved in the nitrogen and carbon fluxes from fungus-to -plant in mycoheteratrophic are still poorly understood, but result in characteristic enrichment in 13C and 13N. In this thesis in vitro studies on agar are employed to investigate the effects of different N sources, with and without sugar or cellulose carbon sources on the heterotrophic growth of mycorrhizal orchid seedlings and metabolite pools in the plants and their fungal partners. It is hypothesised that glutamine, a central metabolite in assimilation of mineral by basidiomycete fungi, passes from fungus-to -plant as in traditional models of N assimilation by ectomycorrhizal plants. A range of nitrogen and carbon sources including isotopically labelled 14C and 13C-glucose together with 15N labelled N sources including nitrate, ammonium, ammonium nitrate, glutamine, glycine and arginine were supplied to orchid mycorrhizal fungi in pure culture and to mycorrhizal seedlings of Goodyera repens or Dactylorhiza fuchsii. In three compartment Petri dishes in which the seedlings were grown with their fungal partners colonising the two other compartments, simultaneous additions of DC and 15N tracers provided compelling evidence of fungal assimilatory pathways providing co-transport of C and N into heterotrophic seedlings of G. repens. Nitrate was a better N source than ammonium or amino acids for the plants, and metabolomic analysis showed strong up-regulation of relative abundance of glutamine in the fastest growing plants. The findings presented in this thesis provides strong circumstantial evidence that glutamine serves as a major combined N and C source transported from fungus-to-plant in heterotrophic orchid seedlings.
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Quirk, Joe. "Effects of evolutionary advances in plant-mycorrhiza associations on biological weathering." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555129.

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The evolution of Earth's first forests during the Devonian and expansion of angiosperrns at the expense of gymnosperms in the Cretaceous is thought to have accelerated the dissolution of continental Ca-Mg silicates. thereby enhancing long-term atmospheric CO2 draw-down and global climatic cooling. However, this paradigm of plant-driven atmospheric CO2 decline overlooks the role of eo-evolving arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) soil fungi that have formed symbiotic partnerships with plants since the dawn of terrestrial plant life. and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi whose evolutionary origins date from the Cretaceous. Both AM and ECM increase the mobilisation and uptake of elements from rocks and minerals. which they provide to their host plants in exchange for carbon energy. Although the involvement of later-evolving ECM in weathering is increasingly recognised, the role of AM has been overlooked or even prematurely dismissed. Here. evidence is presented of the effects of the co-evolutionary advances made by plants and mycorrhizal fungi on the weathering of silicates that in turn has been instrumental in modifying Earth's atmospheric CO2 over geological time. Whilst accounting for the functional type, leaf habit and mycorrhizal status of the hosts. this study addresses the missing mechanistic understanding of the impact that the major evolutionary advances from gymnosperm to anglosperm and AM to ECM have had on weathering processes over the last 400 Myr. Within this study. the relative importance of AM and ECM fungal-mineral interactions are examined using established trees in the field. as well as in fully controlled laboratory studies at ambient, sub- and super-ambient atmospheric CO2• The efficacy of mycorrhizal weathering is also assessed in comparison with that of plants which have evolved beyond the need for mycorrhizas in favour of alternative nutrient- acquisition strategies involving specialised roots. Finally. the effect of low atmospheric CO2 concentrations on drought-induced plant mortality is investigated as a mechanism attenuating silicate weathering by woody plants. potentially limiting atmospheric CO2 drawdown over the past 24 Myr. Three crucial gaps in our understanding of plant-mycorrhiza weathering are addressed: the ability of AM versus ECM fungi to colonise Ca-Mg silicate rocks such as basalt. their ability to physically alter minerals. and their capacity to chemically modify silicate rock. The results demonstrate that weathering beneath trees is fundamentally determined by co-evolutionary partnerships with mycorrhizal fungi. and provide critical lnsights of the geochemical consequences of the rise of the first forests in the Devonian and expansion of ECM gymnosperms and angiosperms at the expense of AM gymnosperms from the Cretaceous.
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Reiter, Noushka Hedy, and noushka reiter@dse vic gov au. "Borya mirabilis steps in the recovery of a critically endangered Australian native plant." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090227.160625.

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Borya mirabilis is one of the world's most critically endangered plants. The research in this thesis has illuminated key aspects of: its reproductive biology; interspecies and intraspecies molecular relationships, mycorrhizal status, tissue culture potential and disease threats. Each of these aspects has fundamental management implications for the active management of B. mirabilis. Floral observations of B. mirabilis and related species affirmed the uniqueness of the Boryaceae amongst the Asparagales. B. mirabilis had an unusually high number of floral abnormalities compared with other species of Borya observed. B. mirabilis is fly-pollinated. Pollen of Borya species showed little difference in the characteristics of mature pollen between species, with viable pollen being prolate and unicolpate with a single colpa-style aperture and a unique patterning of the pila. The structural immaturity of B. mirabilis pollen correlated with evidence from pollen growth experiments, where B. mirabilis pollen had extremely low germination rates, with those grains that did germinate being slow to do so and with slow-growing pollen tubes compared to those of fertile Borya species. Examination of the ovules of B. mirabilis showed that morphologically they were viable compared to viable Borya species. The field population of B. mirabilis was crossed, with one seed produced (the first recorded seed for th is species). Cross-pollination using the pollen of the closely related B. constricta and B. sphaerocephala with B. mirabilis ovules proved unsuccessful. Examination of the chromosome number of B. mirabilis showed that it had approximately 66 chromosomes and is probably hexaploid, relative to the diploid number of 26 in B. constricta. This may explain its low fertility. Interspecies and intraspecies relationships of the Boryaceae and Borya mirabilis were investigated using sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA. The closest similarities to B. mirabilis were B. constricta and B. sphaerocephala. B. mirabilis may have emerged from alloploidy of these species in the past. Because of the consistent similarities of B. mirabilis and B. constricta chloroplast sequences, it is proposed that both shared a common ancestor with a chromosome number of 2n=22. A malfunction n meiosis may have resulted in ovules with 2n=44. The high similarity of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region DNA suggests that the nuclear DNA was derived from B. sphaerocephela. B. mirabilis may be an allopolyploid, from fertilisation of a diploid ovule of B. constricta with haploid pollen of B. sphaerocephala, resulting in a reproductively isolated polyploidy of low fertility. The wild population of B. mirabilis was determined to have a small amount of genetic variation. The genetic variation in the field population w as not fully reflected in the ex-situ population. An effective means of micro-propagation of B. nitida for use in B. mirabilis has been established, providing an effective means of mass production of the species. The research has determined: a suitable explant (shoot tips) for regeneration; an effective means of reducing contamination in tissue culture (PPM); what medium is required to micro-propagate the species (LMHM); an appropriate gelling agent (Phytagel); and a practical method for inducing roots on the shoots grown in tissue culture. B. mirabilis has been established as mycorrhizal. The predominant mycorrhizal association is a nodular arbuscular mycorrhiza, present in the form of coils in root nodules over wetter months and as spores in these nodules over dryer months. A significant increase in the health of the ex-situ population of B. mirabilis was recorded after addition of soil containing fine roots of the wild population. Of the plants associated with the wild population, Callitris rhomboidea had the most morphologically similar vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal relationship. But molecular identification was not achieved due to recalcitrance of DNA in PCR attempts. Potential translocation sites for some of the ex-situ population of B. mirabilis were examined for Phytophthora infestation. Reid's Lookout and Mackey's Peak were infected with P. cinnamomi. Vegetation at Mackey's Peak displayed characteristic infection symptoms, resulted in isolates of P. cinnamomi from baiting and would directly receive runoff from both the walking track and the existing infested B .mirabilis site. At the Reid's Lookout site, both walking track and proposed translocation site were infested with P. cinnamomi, yet did not display the associated symptoms in the vegetation. The Pine Plantation translocation site was uninfected at the level of sampling undertaken. Its vegetation did not display any characteristic infection symptoms and was not isolated when soil samples were baited. It was therefore chosen for translocation and so far the plants are healthy and actively growing. This research has provided critical knowledge to aid the recovery team in its current and future endeavours to manage this species and bring it back from the brink of extinction.
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Kauppinen, M. (Miia). "Context dependent variation in associations between grasses and fungal symbionts." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216287.

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Abstract Most plants form symbiotic associations with various fungi in natural ecosystems. Traditionally, many of these associations are viewed as mutually beneficial, but recent studies show that symbiotic interactions can be complex and labile. I studied the variability of interactions between grasses and fungi, using root-associated fungi and foliar endophytes in grasses as study systems. First, I studied experimentally how root-associated fungi colonize their host grasses in different natural and artificial conditions. I then investigated experimentally how foliar endophytes affect their host grasses, and whether the endophyte contributes to the host’s adaptation to local and/or foreign habitats. Finally, I reviewed the current use of foliar endophytes in agriculture, with a particular focus on Europe, and critically considered their potential for practices beyond agriculture. I found root fungi to be common, but different types of root fungi had contrasting colonization patterns in natural environments. However, I found that grasses lose almost all of their root fungi in controlled and more favourable conditions, indicating that the associations are fairly loose and conditional to environmental context. My results also showed that foliar endophytes affected the host’s performance in varying ways, depending on plant origin and experimental country, indicating that the associations were context dependent and could represent conditional mutualism. I also found that endophytes contribute to plant adaptation only weakly, but that the grasses were clearly locally adapted to their sites of origin, especially in regard to reproduction. However, the grasses of subalpine origin performed well vegetatively also in Northern Finland, suggesting that they may have high adaptive potential under changing climates. The literary review showed that foliar endophytes are successfully used in agriculture, e.g. in the USA and New Zealand, and that they possess the potential for several practical applications. However, the intentional use of endophyte-enhanced grasses is non-existent in Europe, although many European grass cultivars have great potential for improvement via endophytes. Taken together, these results show that plant–fungal interactions are highly variable along sites, environmental contexts and origins of the symbiotum, making predictions for these interactions difficult
Tiivistelmä Luonnollisissa ekosysteemeissä melkein kaikilla kasveilla on symbionttisia sienikumppaneita. Perinteisesti monien näiden vuorovaikutusten on oletettu olevan molemmille hyödyllisiä, mutta viimeaikaiset tutkimukset osoittavat symbionttisten yhteyksien olevan vaihtelevia. Väitöskirjassani tutkin tätä heinien ja sienien välisten yhteyksien vaihtelevuutta, käyttäen heinissä esiintyviä juurisieniä ja lehtiendofyyttejä tutkimuskohteinani. Ensiksi tutkin kokeellisesti, kuinka juurisienet kolonisoivat heiniä erilaisissa luonnon- ja kasvihuoneolosuhteissa. Seuraavaksi tutkin kokeellisesti, kuinka lehtiendofyytit vaikuttivat heinien menestymiseen ja edesauttoivatko endofyytit heinien sopeutumista paikallisiin ja/tai vieraisiin elinympäristöihin. Viimeiseksi selvitin kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla, kuinka lehtiendofyyttejä hyödynnetään maataloudessa ja arvioin endofyyttien potentiaalista käyttöarvoa maatalouden ulkopuolella, erityisesti keskittyen niiden hyödyntämiseen Euroopassa. Tutkimukseni osoitti, että heinien juurisienet ovat yleisiä, mutta niiden keskinäiset runsaussuhteet vaihtelivat luonnollisissa ympäristöissä. Kasvihuoneolosuhteissa heinät kuitenkin menettivät juurisienensä, viitaten siihen, että kyseinen yhteys on melko löyhä ja riippuvainen ympäristöstä. Tutkimukseni osoitti myös, että lehtiendofyytit vaikuttivat heinien menestykseen vaihtelevasti riippuen heinien alkuperästä sekä koemaasta, viitaten siihen, että nämä yhteydet ovat niin ikään olosuhteista riippuvaisia. Endofyytti vaikutti vain heikosti heinien sopeutumiseen, mutta heinät olivat selkeästi paikallisesti sopeutuneita niiden alkuperäisiin elinympäristöihin, erityisesti heinien lisääntymisen suhteen. Alppien heinät kuitenkin menestyivät vegetatiivisesti myös Pohjois-Lapissa, mikä viittaa siihen, että näillä heinillä saattaa olla korkea sopeutumispotentiaali muuttuvissa olosuhteissa. Kirjallisuuskatsaukseni osoitti, että lehtiendofyyttejä käytetään menestyksekkäästi mm. USA:n ja Uudessa-Seelannin maataloudessa. Euroopassa niiden käyttö on kuitenkin lähes olematonta, vaikka endofyyteillä voisi olla monia käyttömahdollisuuksia, sekä maataloudessa että ympäristön hoidossa. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimukseni osoittavat, että heinien ja sienten väliset vuorovaikutukset ovat hyvin vaihtelevia riippuen ympäristöstä ja heinien alkuperästä, minkä vuoksi näiden sienien vaikutuksia heiniin on vaikea ennustaa
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5

Grellier, Brigitte. "Approche biotechnologique des mycorhizes : culture in vitro et physiologie des associations ectomycorhiziennes." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37605677t.

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Tam, Chee-fai Paul. "Mycorrhizal associations in members of Hong Kong's fagaceae /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13465132.

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Misbahuzzaman, Khaled. "Mycorrhizal associations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15403.

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The species Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. is of great importance in Mediterranean, sub-tropical and tropical countries for the production of domestic products, such as poles, posts timber and fuelwood. Some members of the genus Eucalyptus are reported to form both arbuscular- (AM) and ecto-mycorrhizas (EM). The main objectives of this study were to look at the host-symbiont interactions between E. Camaldulensis and AM and EM fungi, and interactions between the two mycorrhizal types. The initial aim of the project was to determine suitable experimental conditions for the formation of both types of mycorrhizas on E. camaldulensis seedlings. Two experiments, the first with AM fungi and the second with EM fungi, were set up successively using vermiculite-peat (VP) and sand-perlite (SP) as growth media, and 10 mg 1-1 and 30 mg l-1 phosphorus (P) Ingestad's nutrient solution in each case. Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith. isolate UT 143-2 and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Crouch isolate PTE were used as the test AM and EM fungus respectively. Results showed that both AM and EM colonisation were very low (1-6%) but even so AM inoculation had a significantly depressive growth effect on seedlings of E. camaldulensis. In both experiments VP was found to be the best medium for both the growth of seedlings and the formation of mycorrhizas. A subsequent experiment using one nutrient concentration (5 mg 1-1 P) and three AM and six EM isolates with VP as the growth medium resulted in colonisation of up to 20% by two AM fungi (Glomus clarum Nicolson and Schenck. isolate BR148-1 and Gigaspora rosea Nicholson and Schenck isolate FL105-5) but none of the EM fungi used in that experiment formed any mycorrhizas. The fourth experiment using three AM inocula (including two from the previous experiment and one from a trap culture of Bangladeshi soil) and four nutrient regimes (Ingestad's 2.5,5.0,10 and 20 mg 1-1P) resulted in 30-50% colonisation; most colonisation was by G clarum BR148-1 and was greater at 10 mg 1-1P (>50%). AM colonisation again resulted in a negative growth response of E. camaldulensis seedlings. In a similar experiment using five isolates of P. tinctorius, only isolate K55 resulted in colonisation >15% most of which occurred at 2.5 mg 1-1 (>25%) while the other isolates resulted in <1% colonisation.
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8

Chan, Wing-kuen. "Studies of mycorrhizal associations of some trees grown in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12971856.

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9

Mulowska, Z. "The effect of SO←2 on mycorrhizal associations." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239846.

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Tam, Chee-fai Paul, and 譚志輝. "Mycorrhizal associations in members of Hong Kong's Fagaceae." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233223.

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Books on the topic "Mycorrhiza associations"

1

O'Neill, John J. M. The mycorrhizal associations of tree seedlings in an Irish bare-root nursery. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.

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Best, C. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in the revegetation of acid strip mine spoil. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, 1985.

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European Symposium on Mycorrhizae (2nd 1988 Prague, Czechoslovakia). Ecological and applied aspects of ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations: Proceedings of 2nd European Symposium on Mycorrhizae, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 5-9 August 1988. Edited by Mejstřík Václav and Československá akademie věd. Praha: Academia, 1989.

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European Symposium on Mycorrhizae (2nd 1988 Prague). Ecological and applied aspects of ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations: Proceedings of 2nd European Symposium on Mycorrhizae held in Prague, Czechslovakia, 5-9 August 1988. Edited by Mejstri k. Va clav. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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Niu, Chih-hao. Association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with ectomycorrhizae in Douglas-fir. 1987.

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Niu, Chih-hao. Association of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with ectomycorrhizae in Douglas-fir. 1987.

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Ecological and applied aspects of ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations: Proceedings of 2nd European Symposium on Mycorrhizae, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, 5-9 August 1988. Academia, 1989.

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Onguene, N. A. Diversity and Dynamics of Mycorrhizal Associations in Tropical Rain Forests with Different Disturbance Regimes in South Cameroon (Tropenbos Cameroon Series). Tropenbos International, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycorrhiza associations"

1

Herrmann, Sylvie, and François Buscot. "Why and How Using Micropropagated Trees rather than Germinations for Controlled Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizal Associations?" In Mycorrhiza, 439–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78826-3_22.

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Franken, P., and N. Requena. "Molecular Approaches to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Functioning." In Fungal Associations, 19–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_2.

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Franken, P., A. Waschke, and N. Requena. "2 Molecular Approaches to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Functioning." In Fungal Associations, 23–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_2.

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Varma, A., A. Singh, Sudha, N. S. Sahay, J. Sharma, A. Roy, M. Kumari, et al. "Piriformospora indica: An Axenically Culturable Mycorrhiza-Like Endosymbiotic Fungus." In Fungal Associations, 125–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_8.

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Jeffries, P., and J. M. Barea. "Arbuscular Mycorrhiza — a Key Component of Sustainable Plant-Soil Ecosystems." In Fungal Associations, 95–113. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_6.

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Jeffries, P., and J. M. Barea. "4 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: A Key Component of Sustainable Plant–Soil Ecosystems." In Fungal Associations, 51–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_4.

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Schüßler, A. "5 The Geosiphon–Nostoc Endosymbiosis and Its Role as a Model for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Research." In Fungal Associations, 77–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_5.

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Mitchell, Derek T. "Mycorrhizal associations." In Exploitation of Microorganisms, 169–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1532-2_7.

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Sancholle, M., Y. Dalpé, and A. Grandmougin-Ferjani. "Lipids of Mycorrhizae." In Fungal Associations, 63–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_5.

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Dalpé, Y., M. Trépanier, A. Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, J. Fontaine, and M. Sancholle. "8 Lipids of Mycorrhizas." In Fungal Associations, 137–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30826-0_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycorrhiza associations"

1

"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association and Its Influence on Arachis Hypogea L." In International Conference on Plant, Marine and Environmental Sciences. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0115003.

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"Conformance Test of Association Among Several Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) to the Growth of Coffea Arabica (Coffeae arabica L.) Seedling." In May 17-18, 2017 Istanbul (Turkey). DiRPUB, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/dirpub.dir0517221.

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