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Journal articles on the topic 'Mycoherbicide'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Egley, Grant H., and C. Douglas Boyette. "Water-Corn Oil Emulsion Enhances Conidia Germination and Mycoherbicidal Activity ofColletotrichum truncatum." Weed Science 43, no. 2 (June 1995): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081236.

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A water-corn oil (unrefined) emulsion has promise as a carrier for application of the mycoherbicide,Colletotrichum truncatum.We investigated this formulation (normal emulsion; oil in water) for influences on conidia germination, appressoria formation, and mycoherbicidal activity ofC. truncatum.Germination of conidia after application to hemp sesbania leaves was increased from 30% in water alone to 92% in the water-corn oil emulsion (water:oil, 1:1, by vol). The emulsion did not affect appressoria formation. of the several other oils tested, safflower seed oil enhanced in vitro germination but did not enhance germination and mycoherbicide activity when the conidia-emulsion formulation was applied to hemp sesbania leaves. Application ofC. truncatumconidia in the unrefined corn oil emulsion to hemp sesbania seedlings resulted in 89 to 97% control of the weed after a 24 to 72 h dew delay. The emulsion enhanced mycoherbicide efficacy by stimulating conidia germination by protecting the conidia during a dew-free period, hence, increasing weed infection when a dew occurred.

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2

Ray, Puja, and Lakshmi Sumitra Vijayachandran. "Evaluation of Indigenous Fungal Pathogens from Horse Purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) for Their Relative Virulence and Host Range Assessments to Select a Potential Mycoherbicidal Agent." Weed Science 61, no. 4 (December 2013): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00076.1.

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Periodic surveys were conducted to seek potential indigenous fungal agents for development as mycoherbicides against horse purslane, a major weed of agricultural fields in India. Pathogenic fungal species were isolated and identified from naturally infected horse purslane. The biocontrol potential of these pathogens for horse purslane was evaluated by studying their host range and virulence under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. Three candidates,Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, andPhoma herbarum, were identified as potential candidates for biological control of horse purslane. Preliminary host-range tests and pathogenicity studies, conducted using 45 crop and weed plants belonging to 18 families, demonstrated thatP. herbarumprovided effective weed control and was safe to most of the plant species tested. Further mycoherbicidal application ofP. herbarumas plant spray under field condition caused mortality of horse purslane 60 d after application of the inoculums.Phoma herbarumis a good mycoherbicide candidate against horse purslane.

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3

Geng, R. M., J. P. Zhang, and L. Q. Yu. "Helminthosporium gramineum Rabehn f.sp. echinochloae Conidia for Biological Control of Barnyardgrass." Weed Science 57, no. 5 (October 2009): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-036.1.

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A fungal pathogen, Helminthosporium gramineum Rabehn f.sp. echinochloae (HGE), has been developed as a mycoherbicidal agent for the control of barnyardgrass in China. Under greenhouse conditions, the effect of the pathogen on disease incidence, mortality, and dry weight reduction of barnyardgrass was tested to determine the potential of this mycoherbicide. Field experiments during 2007 and 2008 showed that the conidia of HGE displayed excellent activity on barnyardgrass and good activity on a few other weed species. The HGE treatment increased the rice yield when compared with the untreated control and had no negative impact on the rice plant. In addition, the progression of HGE infection and the alteration of cellular ultrastructure in infected barnyardgrass were observed by using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. After infection, cell membranes of barnyardgrass leaves were found dramatically changed, and the ultrastructure of cells was severely deformed. This study clearly shows the scope of HGE as a potential mycoherbicide for control of barnyardgrass in agricultural cropping systems and has laid the groundwork for further studies on the mode of infection and the nosogenesis of HGE.

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4

Gressel, Jonathan. "Herbicides as Synergists for Mycoherbicides, and Vice Versa." Weed Science 58, no. 3 (September 2010): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-071.1.

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Except for a small number of cases in which biocontrol agents were introduced from the site of origin of a weed (classical biocontrol), there have been few cases where a pathogen was virulent enough to perform cost effectively in the field as a mycoherbicide. Mycoherbicides are typically weed species specific, so compatibility with herbicides used to control other weeds is often studied. There can be a synergy between mycoherbicides and herbicides at the field level due to overlapping weed spectra (such synergies are not discussed in depth herein). Two approaches have been used to ascertain whether there is synergy in controlling the target weed: (1) random screening with herbicides; (2) using herbicides as antimetabolites to inhibit specific pathways, enhancing virulence. Glyphosate is the most common herbicide to synergize mycoherbicides, possibly due to its dual function as an inhibitor of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid phytoalexins by suppressing enolphosphate-shikimate phosphate synthase, or by suppressing callose production (by inhibiting callose synthase) as well as inhibiting other calcium-dependent pathways due to the calcium-chelating properties of glyphosate.

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5

Sokornova, Sofia, Galina Frolova, Alexey Shavarda, Natalia Pavlova, and Alexander Berestetskiy. "The influence of the carbohydrate levels on viability of Stagonospora cirsii drying mycelium." BIO Web of Conferences 18 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201800028.

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The Stagonospora cirsii mycelium is considered as the infectious basis of a potential mycoherbicide for the control of Canadian thistle and perennial sow thistle. Successful commercialization of mycoherbicides is often constrained by poor drying survival. In this study was shown that the highest viability of mycelium S. cirsii during drying is achieved in the stationary phase of growth. The mycelium in the stationary phase is characterized by maximum level of carbohydrates. We suggest the level of arabitol as a criterion evaluation of the mycelium resistance to drying. Culturing conditions, and especially the fermentation time, allow prediction of polyols and trehalose levels, which are very critical in enhancing the storage life and efficacy of biological control agent.

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6

Wall, R. E., R. Prasad, and S. F. Shamoun. "The development and potential role of mycoherbicides for forestry." Forestry Chronicle 68, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc68736-6.

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With increasing intensification of forest management and limited options for control of competing vegetation, there is need for research on alternative vegetation management methods, including biological control. Most forest weeds in Canada are native species with useful as well as detrimental roles, and therefore classical biological control with introduced natural enemies generally cannot be considered. At present, use of native fungal pathogens, or mycoherbicides, is one of the most promising approaches, and recent advancements in agriculture indicate that effective, site-specific controls using mycoherbicides are possible. Mycoherbicide use in forestry appears attractive because of the likelihood of fewer off-target effects than present vegetation management methods and because it could provide either selective controls for specific weeds or broad spectrum controls.Vegetation management in forestry has some unique aspects which will make the development of biological controls different from that in agriculture. There are many indigenous plant pathogens that are potential mycoherbicides, but their efficacy will need to be enhanced by adjuvants, stress treatments, and integration with other vegetation control practices. Currently, at three Canadian institutions and several other locations worldwide, there are research programs on biological control of forest vegetation.

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7

Bourdot, G. W., G. A. Hurrell, and D. J. Saville. "Wounding of Cirsium arvense enhances the efficacy of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a mycoherbicide." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6975.

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Two experiments were conducted in which mycelial fragments of the plantpathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were applied with an organic food source to Cirsium arvense shoots with and without prior wounding In the first experiment more shoots developed disease when the fungus was applied to crush wounds on stems (100 of stems diseased) than when applied to the wound of decapitated stems (38) or to the uppermost leaf axil of decapitated stems (13) In the second experiment reduction in the autumnal shoot dry mass of C arvense due to the mycoherbicide (broadcast in early December at 60 kg/ha) was greater when the shoots were wounded with a spade before applying the mycoherbicide (49 reduction) than when not wounded (26) These results imply a greater susceptibility of wounded C arvense tissues to S sclerotiorum that could be exploited to enhance the efficacy of this fungus as a mycoherbicide

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8

Maia, Cláudio Belmino, Paulo Alexandre Fernandes Rodrigues de Melo, Robert Weingart Barreto, Luiz Antônio Maffia, O. correto é. Kedma Maria Silva Pinto, Ilka Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Serra, Antonia Alice Costa Rodrigues, Mário Luiz Ribeiro Mesquita, Aline Priscilla Gomes da Silva, and Janaina Marques Mondego. "Potential of Colletotrichum typhae H.C Greene mycoherbicide for bio-control of Southern cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.) plants." February 2020, no. 14(02):2020 (February 20, 2020): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.02.p2170.

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The anthropic interference in aquatic ecosystems favors the disordered colonization of T. domingensis, damaging the production of hydroelectric power and river traffic. Because of this, studies report the efficacy of fungal mycoherbicides, with control rates reaching as high as 90%. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of C. typhae as a mycoherbicide in bio control of T. domingensis, at in vitro and greenhouse conditions. 107 samples of symptomatic T. domingensis leaves were collected in flooded areas of rivers in Brazil, with identification and isolation of the collected fungal species. The concentration of inoculum was determined to evaluate the incidence and severity of the disease, the influence of temperature on mycelial growth and conidia germination, the effect of temperature and leaf wetness period on T. domingensis infection by C. typhae and the host range test in vitro. The growth of the colonies of C. typhae was higher at 25 to 30 ºC. There was no interference of the photoperiod on germination of the spores, but the highest percentage of germination was occurred at 20 ºC. The influence of environmental conditions on infection of inoculated leaves of T. dominguensis revealed that at 15 ºC and the period of leaf wetness of 48 hours the highest incidence of the disease was observed, as well as the severity for the same period of leaf wetness. The specificity test showed that C. typhae is specifically pathogenic to T. domingensis. This the first report of the occurrence of this pathogen in aquatic macrophytes of this species and in T. domingensis, a potential mycoherbicide for the control of this aquatic weed.

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9

Upadhyay, Rajeev K., Doug Kenfield, Gary A. Strobel, and Wilford M. Hess. "Ascochyta cypericola sp.nov. causing leaf blight of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-103.

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10

Daigle, Donald J., and Peter J. Cotty. "Stability ofColletotrichum truncatumin culture influences mycoherbicide efficacy." Mycologia 86, no. 3 (May 1994): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1994.12026426.

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11

Hoagland, R. E. "The mycoherbicide Atlernaria cassiae infects and alters phenolic metabolism of Cassia alata seedlings." Phytoprotection 76, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706086ar.

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The mycoherbicide Alternaria cassiae, a pathogen of the weed sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), was found to infect a previously untested Cassia species, Cassia alata (ringworm bush or seven golden candlesticks). When 2-wk-old, growth chamber-grown C. alata seedlings were inoculated with 105 spores mL-1 followed by a 12-h dew period, infection was apparent 16-20 h after treatment. Infection severity was proportional to spore concentration, and 106 spores mL-1 caused complete mortality 4-5 d after treatment. Plant age was also a factor in disease severity and mycoherbicidal efficacy. At 106 spores mL-1, 95% of 1- to 3-wk-old seedlings were killed (with severe damage to others); 3- to 4-wk-old plants had multiple lesions, growth reduction, and some leaf abscission; and 5- to 7-wk-old plants were infected with many lesions, but they outgrew these effects. Extractable phenylalanine ammonialyase in treated C. alata seedlings was increased three-fold above that of untreated seedlings 17-96 h after spore application. Soluble hydroxyphenolic levels were also increased in the A. cassiae-treated seedlings, but not until 48-96 h after treatment. Results indicate an expanded host range for this plant pathogen and suggest that phenolic metabolism is increased in défense of pathogen invasion.

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12

Cother, EJ, and RL Gilbert. "Pathogenicity of Rhynchosporium alismatis and its potential as a mycoherbicide on several weed species in the Alismataceae." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941039.

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The inundative application of conidia of the plant pathogenic fungus, Rhynchosporium alismatis, to seedlings of Sagittaria pygmaea, S. guyanensis, and Alisma canaliculatum resulted in seedling death or significant growth suppression. In quarantine pot trials, inoculation of S. guyanensis seedlings caused reductions in average plant height of 60% and reduced leaf and root dry weights, by 89 and 84%, respectively. There was also high seedling mortality. Smaller, though significant, reductions in various growth parameters occurred in the other species when similarly inoculated. Alisma canaliculatum, Echinodorus rostratus, S. brevirostra, S. guyanensis, and S. pygmaea are recorded as new hosts of the fungus. The data indicate the potential use of this fungus as a mycoherbicide in temperate rice crops. Research is continuing on virulence and formulation to improve mycoherbicide efficacy.

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13

Gracia-Garza, J. A., D. R. Fravel, B. A. Bailey, and P. K. Hebbar. "Dispersal of Formulations of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis by Ants." Phytopathology® 88, no. 3 (March 1998): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.3.185.

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A natural epidemic of Fusarium wilt on coca (Erythroxylum coca) in Peru prompted the suggestion of possibly using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli as a mycoherbicide against this narcotic plant. During field trials conducted in Kauai, HI, to test the pathogenicity of the coca wilt pathogen, ants were observed removing formulations from test plots. While removal of formulations by ants was considered detrimental with respect to conducting field tests, ant removal was considered potentially beneficial in disseminating the mycoherbicide. Thus, research was initiated to assess the ability of formulation additives to alter the preference of ants for the formulated mycoherbicide. In Hawaii, preference of indigenous ants for removing formulations was tested using three different food bases (rice, rice plus canola oil, and wheat flour [gluten]). Similar tests were conducted at Beltsville, MD, using F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, in which the formulation based on wheat flour was replaced by a formulation based on canola meal. Formulations based on wheat were preferred by ants in both locations; up to 90% of the wheat plus rice flour granules (C-6) and the wheat gluten plus kaolin granules (pesta) were removed within 24 h, while only 20% of those containing rice without oils were taken. However, when either canola, sunflower (Maryland only), or olive oil was added to the rice formulation, up to 90% of the granules were taken. The formulation based on canola meal was less attractive to ants, as only 65% of the granules were removed within a period of 24 h. Ants showed no preference with respect to presence or absence of fungal biomass. To alter the attractiveness of the C-6 formulation to ants, C-6 was amended with three natural products. Canna and tansy leaves were added to C-6 at a ratio of 1:5 (wt/wt), while chili powder was added at 1:25 or 1:2.5 (wt/wt). Canna, tansy, and the higher rate of chili powder significantly reduced the number of C-6 granules removed by ants. Canna and tansy leaves affected neither germination nor sporulation of the mycoherbicide, while the high concentration of chili powder reduced viability of propagules in the formulation. More F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli-type colonies were recovered from inside ant nests (9 cm depth) than from nest surfaces, indicating that ants may distribute the mycoherbicide in the soil profile. Ants passively carried propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli outside their bodies, as well as either very closely adhering to the outside or within their bodies.

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14

Womack, Jonathan G., and Michael N. Burge. "Mycoherbicide formulation and the potential for bracken control." Pesticide Science 37, no. 4 (1993): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780370406.

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15

Strunz, George M., Richard Bethell, Michael T. Dumas, and Nick Boyonoski. "On a new synthesis of sterpurene and the bioactivity of some related Chondrostereumpurpureum sesquiterpene metabolites." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-090.

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Sterpurene, a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon metabolite of Chondrostereumpurpureum, a plant pathogen and potential mycoherbicide, was synthesized by a six-step sequence, in 33% overall yield. The key steps were a thermal [4 + 2] (Diels–Alder) cycloaddition of a ketene acetal diene with a conjugated ester dienophile, and a remarkably stereoselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of ethylene with the resulting conjugated ketone. Several related, more highly oxygenated, metabolites isolated from culture filtrates of C. purpureum (cf. Ayer) were tested for toxicity to cells of a hybrid aspen, Populusdeltoides X nigra. Their phytotoxicity, at concentrations as low as 10 ppm, suggests that, like the endo-polygalacturonase produced by the fungus, these sesquiterpenes may be partially responsible for the foliar lesions associated with infection of deciduous species by the pathogen. Keywords: Chondrostereumpurpureum, mycoherbicide, metabolites, sterpurenes, synthesis, Diels–Alder, photocycloaddition, pyramidalization, phytotoxicity.

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16

Guntli, Daniel, Hanspeter A. Pfirter, Yvan Moënne-Loccoz, and Geneviève Défago. "Stagonospora convolvuli LA39 for Biocontrol of Field Bindweed Infesting Cotoneaster in a Cemetery." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 860–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.860.

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Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) infests roadsides, hedges, and parks, and is difficult to control with herbicides. In this work, the potential of the mycoherbicide Stagonospora convolvuli Dearness & House strain LA39 for use as a biological control of field bindweed was tested in a cemetery, where a groundcover of cotoneaster was extensively infested by the weed. Application of S. convolvuli resulted in extensive necrosis of field bindweed leaves within 20 days, and necrosis became more extensive in the 20 following days. Bindweed density decreased continuously to about half of that in the uninoculated control plots within 40 days after application. No effect on emergence of field bindweed was observed in the year following the application of S. convolvuli. In conclusion, S. convolvuli may be useful as a mycoherbicide for the control of field bindweed in amenity areas but it would need to be applied every year.

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17

Mortensen, Knud, and Roberte M. D. Makowski. "Tolerance of Strawberries toColletotrichum gloeosporioidesf. sp.malvae, a Mycoherbicide for Control of Round-leaved Mallow (Malva pusilla)." Weed Science 43, no. 3 (September 1995): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500081431.

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Tolerance of strawberry toColletotrichum gloeosporioidesf. sp.malvae, (C. g. malvae) a mycoherbicide for control of round-leaved mallow, was tested in the growth chamber and field in an area infested with round-leaved mallow. No visual infections ofC. g. malvaewere observed on inoculated strawberry plants in the growth chamber or field. However,C. g. malvaewas reisolated from inoculated leaves and petioles from both situations, but no adverse effects were observed on strawberry plant development in the growth chamber or on berry yield in the field. Round-leaved mallow competition was detrimental to strawberry establishment, and berry yield was reduced by half compared to weed-free plots. In round-leaved mallow infested plots, treatment withC. g. malvaeresulted in more vigorous strawberry plants, with berry production almost to the level of weed-free. Therefore, use of this mycoherbicide for control of round-leaved mallow in strawberries is a viable option that fits well in an integrated pest management system.

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18

Daigle, Donald J., and Peter J. Cotty. "Stability of Colletotrichum truncatum in Culture Influences Mycoherbicide Efficacy." Mycologia 86, no. 3 (May 1994): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760571.

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19

Khodayari, Khosro, and Roy J. Smith. "A Mycoherbicide Integrated with Fungicides in Rice,Oryza sativa." Weed Technology 2, no. 3 (July 1988): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030591.

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Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of selected rice pesticides on the mycoherbicideColletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.) Sacc. f. sp.aeschynomene(designated as C.g.a.) for northern jointvetch control in dry-seeded rice. Sequential treatments of pencycuron at 0.56 kg ai/ha, SN-84364 at 0.40 kg ai/ha applied 7 and 14 days after C.g.a., or pencycuron sprayed sequentially after a tank mixture of C.g.a. plus actifluorfen did not reduce infectivity of C.g.a. Also, propiconazol at 0.60 kg ai/ha or pencycuron applied 7 days before and after C.g.a. did not reduce fungus development on northern jointvetch. Sequential treatments of benomyl at 0.56 kg ai/ha or propiconazol applied 7 and 14 days after C.g.a. reduced pathogen activity on northern jointvetch.

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20

Womack, Jonathan G., Gillian M. Eccleston, and Michael N. Burge. "A Vegetable Oil-Based Invert Emulsion for Mycoherbicide Delivery." Biological Control 6, no. 1 (February 1996): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1996.0003.

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21

Templeton, George E. "Mycoherbicide Research at the University of Arkansas–Past, Present, and Future." Weed Science 34, S1 (1986): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068363.

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Biological weed control research at Arkansas has been with indigenous fungal pathogens applied as inundative inoculum to weed populations (9, 19, 22, 32, 34, 39). We term this concept the mycoherbicide approach to biological weed control (35). Our experience with this concept began in 1969 with the discovery by R. J. Smith, Jr., of a previously undescribed fungal pathogen on northern jointvetch, [Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P. # AESVI] (20, 22, 29). It was ultimately commercialized as COLLEGO™in 1982 by the Upjohn Co. for use by Arkansas rice (Oryza sativaL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] farmers. Nothing has been found nor can be foreseen from the experience during discovery, development, and deployment of COLLEGO™that would preclude extension of the mycoherbicide concept to controlling other weeds in annual crops or noncrop areas (29). Nevertheless, the concept does have limitations. An overview of the COLLEGO™effort plus a statement of some research interests engendered by it will be useful for assessment of the practical potential of this new approach to biological weed control.

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22

Bannon, James S. "CASST™ herbicide(Alternaria cassiae);A case history of a mycoherbicide." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002216.

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CASST™ herbicide (Alternaria cassiae,) has been shown to be an effective biological control agent for sicklepod ("Cassia obtusifolia LJ, coffee senna ("Cassia occidentalis L.) and showy crotalaria ("Crotalaria spectabilis Roth). Current research has shown the potential of this mycoherbicide for use both alone and integrated with other herbicides as an effective commercial control measure for these troublesome weeds.

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23

Sánchez-Arizpe, Abiel, Elizabeth Galindo-Cepeda, and José Luis Arispe-Vázquez. "Mycoherbicide associated with the leaf spot of Chenopodium album L." Manglar 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/manglar.2020.040.

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24

Wang, F., B. A. Summerell, D. R. Marshall, and B. A. Auld. "Inoculum production of Phaeoramularia, a potential mycoherbicide for crofton weed." Australasian Plant Pathology 26, no. 3 (1997): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap97028.

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25

Green, S., R. E. Gaunt, I. C. Harvey, and G. W. Bourdot. "Histopathology of Ranunculus acris infected by a mycoherbicide, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum." Australasian Plant Pathology 27, no. 2 (1998): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap98008.

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26

Saxena, Sanjai, and Mukesh Kumar. "Evaluation ofAlternaria alternataITCC4896 for use as mycoherbicide to controlParthenium hysterophorus." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 43, no. 12 (August 2010): 1160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400802343825.

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27

Auld, Bruce A. "Vegetable oil suspension emulsions reduce dew dependence of a mycoherbicide." Crop Protection 12, no. 6 (September 1993): 477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(93)90011-7.

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28

Klein, TA, and BA Auld. "Wounding can improve efficacy of Colletotrichum orbiculare as a mycoherbicide for Bathurst burr." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (1996): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960185.

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Colletotrichum orbiculare offers potential as a mycoherbicide for control of Bathurst burr (Xanthium spinosum) but infection is restricted where there are limited periods of free moisture on plant surfaces. Wounding of plants ruptures cells and releases moisture and/or nutrients which may enhance infection. Wound sites may also offer easier access to the fungus. In 7 field trials over 2 seasons at 4 sites, plants were wounded by mowing or harrowing before application of C. orbiculare at several spore dose rates. Harrowing plus spores caused a significantly (P<0.05) higher mortality than spores alone in 3 out of 5 experiments. This effect of wounding did not occur for all spore dose rates applied in individual experiments. In experiment 6, 2.5 x 1011 spores/ha following harrowing were equally as effective in causing plant death as 5 x 1011 spores/ha without harrowing. Mowing of plants was associated with increased (P<0.05) mortality in 2 out o f 3 experiments. Thus, wounding can increase the efficacy of C. orbiculare but further study is required to ellucidate the mechanism. The procedure may allow a reduction in quantities of mycoherbicide necessary for weed control.

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29

Robinson, M., J. Riov, and A. Sharon. "Indole-3-Acetic Acid Biosynthesis inColletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.aeschynomene." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 5030–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.5030-5032.1998.

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ABSTRACT We characterized the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the mycoherbicide Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.aeschynomene. Auxin production was tryptophan dependent. Compounds from the indole-3-acetamide and indole-3-pyruvic acid pathways were detected in culture filtrates. Feeding experiments and in vitro assay confirmed the presence of both pathways. Indole-3-acetamide was the major pathway utilized by the fungus to produce indole-3-acetic acid in culture.

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Daigle, D. J., W. J. Connick, Paul C. Quimby, Janice Evans, Brenda Trask-Morrell, and F. E. Fulgham. "Invert Emulsions: Carrier and Water Source for the Mycoherbicide,Alternaria cassiae." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025483.

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The weed sicklepod, a problem in the cultivation of soybean, cotton, and peanut, can be controlled by the mycoherbicide,Alternaria cassiae.However, the presence of water (dew) for an extended period is required by the fungal spores to germinate and infect the target weed. Preliminary tests with invert (water-in-oil) emulsions containing paraffin wax, paraffin oil, lecithin, and water indicated that about 10% (w/w) water, maintained over an 18-h period, was necessary under laboratory conditions for significant germination of the fungus. The ability to maintain that amount of water in the invert emulsion depended upon spray deposit size, adjuvants, and oil phase: water ratio. Paraffin wax was an effective adjuvant for reducing water evaporation and increasing sicklepod mortality in the greenhouse.

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Connick, William J., Donald J. Daigle, and Paul C. Quimby. "An Improved Invert Emulsion with High Water Retention for Mycoherbicide Delivery." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028402.

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An invert emulsion with low viscosity and excellent water-holding properties was developed for delivery of fungal weed pathogens (mycoherbicides). Alternaria cassiae, a pathogen of sicklepod, proliferated after incorporation of spores in the emulsion. The oil phase (CDQ-1) contained paraffin wax, a paraffinic spray oil, and an unsaturated monoglyceride emulsifier (Myverol 18–99). The oil phase was mixed 1:1 (by weight) with water to form the invert, which was sprayed onto glass plates for testing of water retention properties. Water contents ranged from 22% (with A. cassiae present) to 41% (without fungus) for 0.6 to 0.7-mm2 spray deposits after 24-h storage at 21 C and 65% relative humidity. An invert emulsion containing lactofen was prepared using the CDQ-1 formulation.

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32

Cimmino, Alessio, Anna Andolfi, Alexander Berestetskiy, and Antonio Evidente. "Production of Phytotoxins byPhoma exiguavar.exigua, a Potential Mycoherbicide against Perennial Thistles." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 15 (August 2008): 6304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf8004178.

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33

Fumagalli, Pietro, Anna Andolfi, Fabiana Avolio, Angela Boari, Alessio Cimmino, and Antonio Finizio. "Ecotoxicological characterisation of a mycoherbicide mixture isolated from the fungusAscochyta caulina." Pest Management Science 69, no. 7 (February 8, 2013): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3447.

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34

PFIRTER, HANSPETER A., and GENEVIEVE DEFAGO. "The Potential of Stagonospora sp. as a Mycoherbicide for Field Bindweed." Biocontrol Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1998): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159830469.

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35

Chung, Young Ryun, Suk Jin Koo, Heung Tae Kim, and Kwang Yun Cho. "Potential of an Indigenous Fungus, Plectosporium tabacinum, as a Mycoherbicide for Control of Arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia)." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (June 1998): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.657.

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An isolate of the indigenous fungus Plectosporium tabacinum was isolated from arrowhead (Sagittaria trifolia) in Yusung, Korea in 1990 and evaluated in laboratory and growth chamber tests as a potential mycoherbicide. The fungus grew comparatively slowly on potato dextrose agar and corn meal agar, attaining a diameter of 65 mm after 12 days at 25°C. Conidia were mass-produced in shake-cultures or in a fermentor using potato dextrose broth containing yeast extract (0.5%, wt/vol) at 25°C. When arrowhead seedlings at the 2- to 3-leaf stage were inoculated with conidial suspensions (2 × 107 conidia/ml) and incubated in a dew chamber for 18 h at 25°C, the plants developed small, brown spots on the leaves and petioles in 2 days, and were blighted completely within 7 days after inoculation. This effect was consistent on arrowhead plants from the 2- to 5-leaf stage. Another arrowhead species, S. pygmaea, was as susceptible as S. trifolia to the pathogen. Several crops, including rice, barley, and wheat and 34 other common weed species, were immune. In small-scale field tests in paddy fields during the summers of 1992 and 1993, a mean reduction of 71.3% in the number of arrowhead plants was observed following a foliar spray of a conidial suspension (107 conidia/ml). These results indicate that P. tabacinum has potential as a selective mycoherbicide for arrowhead control.

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36

Boyette, C. Douglas, Gregory J. Weidemann, D. O. Te Beest, and P. C. Quimby. "Biological Control of Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) withAlternaria crassa." Weed Science 39, no. 4 (December 1991): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500088561.

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In field experiments conducted from 1985 to 1987 in Mississippi and Arkansas, jimsonweed was successfully controlled with the fungusAlternaria crassa(Sacc.) Rands. Conidial applications of the fungus provided an average of 96% control in Mississippi, and 87% control in Arkansas. Mycelial formulations were less effective than conidial applications overall, but during periods of favorable environmental conditions, weed control provided by the mycelial formulations was similar to that provided by conidial preparations. These results indicate thatAlternaria crassahas potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling jimsonweed.

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37

Auld, BA, HE Talbot, and KB Radburn. "Resistance of Xanthium occidentale to Colletotrichum orbiculare, a Pathogen of X. spinosum." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 1 (1994): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940019.

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Colletotrichum orbiculare (syn. C. lagenarium), a common pathogen of the weed Xanthium spinosum in eastern Australia, is a potential mycoherbicide for that weed. Related Xanthium spp. are resistant to the fungus, A comparison of experimental infections of X. spinosum and X. occidentale indicated that resistance in leaves of the latter included surface morphology, hypersensitive cell death and formation of lignin-like substances around leaf infections indicated by staining. Infection of stems and fruits occurred in X. occidentale through wounds but lesions continued to grow only on fruits.

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38

Gibson, Donna M., Richard H. Vaughan, Jeromy Biazzo, and Lindsey R. Milbrath. "Exploring the Feasibility of Sclerotium rolfsii VrNY as a Potential Bioherbicide for Control of Swallowworts (Vincetoxicum spp.)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 2 (June 2014): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00086.1.

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AbstractPale swallowwort (PSW) and black swallowwort (BSW) are two viney milkweeds native to Europe that have increasingly become problematic and noxious weeds in eastern North America. An indigenous fungal isolate, Sclerotium rolfsii VrNY, was discovered causing significant mortality in a dense stand of PSW in a park in upstate New York. Although this fungus is a known pathogen with a broad host range, we evaluated the host potential of S. rolfsii VrNY on a limited range of related and nonrelated U.S. species as a critical first step to assess its suitability as a mycoherbicide for PSW and BSW. In addition, PSW and BSW produce the specific stereoisomer (−)-antofine, a compound with antimicrobial and phytotoxic activity that could inhibit the pathogen. Tests revealed this compound had no effect on S. rolfsii VrNY. This isolate caused significant mortality on all broadleaf plants tested (Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias curassavica, Apocynum cannabinum, Monarda fistulosa, Rudbeckia hirta, PSW, BSW) with the exception of Glycine max, and had no effect on the monocots Schizachyrium scoparium and Zea mays. Although these laboratory studies indicate that most broadleaf vegetation may be susceptible to the pathogen, S. rolfsii might have potential as a mycoherbicide in natural eco-niche environments where invasive PSW and BSW have already become the predominant vegetation. Further laboratory testing of S. rolfsii and limited field testing at the initial discovery site are needed in order to prevent premature rejection of this isolate as a potential management tool against these highly invasive weeds.

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Byer, Kelly N., Gary Peng, Thomas M. Wolf, and Brian C. Caldwell. "Spray retention for liquid and mycoherbicide inoculum in three weed-biocontrol systems." Biocontrol Science and Technology 16, no. 8 (September 2006): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150600700123.

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40

Evidente, Antonio, Alessio Cimmino, Alexander Berestetskiy, Galina Mitina, Anna Andolfi, and Andrea Motta. "Stagonolides B−F, Nonenolides Produced byStagonospora cirsii, a Potential Mycoherbicide ofCirsium arvense." Journal of Natural Products 71, no. 1 (January 2008): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0703038.

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41

Cimmino, Alessio, Anna Andolfi, Maria C. Zonno, Ciro Troise, Antonello Santini, Angela Tuzi, Maurizio Vurro, Gavin Ash, and Antonio Evidente. "Phomentrioloxin: A Phytotoxic Pentasubstituted Geranylcyclohexentriol Produced byPhomopsissp., a Potential Mycoherbicide forCarthamus lanatusBiocontrol." Journal of Natural Products 75, no. 6 (June 13, 2012): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np300200j.

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42

Cartwright, D. K. "Preliminary Assessment ofColletotrichum capsicias a Potential Mycoherbicide for Control of Pitted Morningglory." Plant Disease 76, no. 10 (1992): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-76-0995.

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43

Goodwin, Paul H. "A molecular weed-mycoherbicide interaction:Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesf. sp.malvaeand round-leaved mallow,Malva pusilla." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 23, no. 1 (March 2001): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660109506905.

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44

Vieira, B. S., L. V. S. A. Dias, V. D. Langoni, and E. A. Lopes. "Liquid fermentation of Colletotrichum truncatum UFU 280, a potential mycoherbicide for beggartick." Australasian Plant Pathology 47, no. 3 (April 26, 2018): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-018-0555-y.

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45

Boyette, C. Douglas, Hamed K. Abbas, and William J. Connick. "Evaluation ofFusarium oxysporumas a Potential Bioherbicide for Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), Coffee Senna (C. occidentalis), and Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata)." Weed Science 41, no. 4 (December 1993): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500076505.

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A strain ofFusarium oxysporumwas isolated from infected sicklepod stems in Stoneville, MS, in 1989. When formulated as granules either in a fungus-infested rice preparation or encapsulated in a wheat-gluten matrix called ‘Pesta’, biocontrol of sicklepod, coffee senna, and hemp sesbania was achieved with preemergence or preplant-incorporated treatments. Liquid conidial applications were less effective. Plants were killed by a preemergence damping-off. Applications made postemergence were significantly less effective. Results of these tests suggest that this fungus has potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling sicklepod, coffee senna, and hemp sesbania.

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46

Boyette, C. Douglas, Paul C. Quimby, Charles T. Bryson, Grant H. Egley, and Floyd E. Fulgham. "Biological Control of Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) Under Field Conditions withColletotrichum truncatumFormulated in an Invert Emulsion." Weed Science 41, no. 3 (September 1993): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500052243.

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In greenhouse experiments, conidia ofColletotrichum truncatumapplied in an invert emulsion formulation controlled hemp sesbania 100% in the absence of a dew treatment. In field experiments, hemp sesbania control averaged 95 and 97% in 1989 and 1990, respectively, when this formulation was applied to hemp sesbania seedlings using tractor-mounted, air-assist nozzles. This level of weed control was comparable to that achieved from the herbicide acifluorfen. These results indicate thatC. truncatumhas excellent potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling hemp sesbania and that this potential can be augmented by formulating the pathogen as an invert emulsion.

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47

Paul, R. N., and G. H. Egley. "Cuticular penetration of Sesbania exaltata STEM tissue by penetration pegs from appressoria of the plant pathogenic fungus: Colletotrichum truncatum." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 838–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100124598.

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Colletotrichum truncatum is a potentially useful pathogen for the biocontrol of the weed Sesbania exaltata [(Raf.) Cory]. Information on the infection process is important in optimizing the use of this pathogen as a mycoherbicide. Successful infection of a host species depends upon the fungus’ ability to penetrate the plant’s defenses. Some fungi bypass the host plant cuticle by invading through stomates or other openings on the epithelial surface. Colletotrichum is capable of breaching the cuticle by means of a penetration peg1 produced from an appressorium. We investigated this process by examining S. exaltata stem tissue 24h after inoculation.

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48

Bourd?t, G. W., G. A. Hurrell, and D. J. Saville. "Comparative doseresponses of five pasture weeds to a Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycoherbicide." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5966.

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A gel preparation of mycelia of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was applied to the pasture weeds Carduus nutans L Carduus tenuiflorus L Cirsium arvense (L) Scop Jacobaea vulgaris L and Ranunculus acris L Doses ranging from 0 to 1000 l gel/plant were applied as 10 or 50 l droplets one per leaf axil Statistically significant responses to dose were evident in C arvense J vulgaris and R acris leading to 90 74 and 100 reductions in living tissue respectively at 200 l/plant compared to the control 29 days after treatment For C nutans and C tenuiflorus where even low doses gave good control the reductions (averaged over all doses) were 98 and 88 respectively indicating that these two annual thistles were exceptionally susceptible to this S sclerotiorum formulation For C nutans 1 litre of the gel would if precision applied be sufficient to control at least 20000 plants suggesting broadacre use may be commercially viable

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Silman, R. W., T. C. Nelsen, and R. J. Bothast. "Comparison of culture methods for production ofColletotrichum truncatumspores for use as a mycoherbicide." FEMS Microbiology Letters 79, no. 1 (March 1991): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04507.x.

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50

Shabana, Yasser M., and Z. A. Mohamed. "Integrated control of water hyacinth with a mycoherbicide and a phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor." Biocontrol Science and Technology 15, no. 7 (November 2005): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150500135842.

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