Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Résistance aux antibiotiques'
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Robert, Jérôme. "Epidémiologie de la tuberculose et de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques en France." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066490.
Full textFournier, Le Ray Laure. "Impact de l'hôte sur le risque d'émergence de résistance à la bédaquiline chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS380.pdf.
Full textThe aim of my project was to describe and characterise the emergence of bedaquiline (BDQ) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a first study, we performed an in vitro fluctuation test and adapted it for the first time in vivo in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. We found that immunosuppression appeared to increase the risk of resistance emergence, but this increase was not due to an increase in the mutation rate but to greater heterogeneity in this population, with individuals deviating significantly from the mean values and harbouring large numbers of mutants. In a second work, we described the first European case of selection for BDQ resistance by atpE mutation. Finally, we performed a retrospective study of BDQ susceptibility among all MDR strains isolated in France between 2018 and 2020. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis showed that mutated strains are classified as phenotypically susceptible according to the current WHO criteria and that these strains are a mixture of strains with no increase in MIC and strains with a minimal increase in MIC that do not classify the strain as resistant. In conclusion, we have shown that the work classically performed in vitro to measure mutation rate only gives a simplified idea of the complexity of the emergence of resistance in vivo. Our work has also shown that it is difficult with current genotypic and phenotypic tools to distinguish between Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are susceptible and those that are resistant to BDQ
Bonnet, Isabelle. "Rôle de whiB6 et kdpDE dans le clone MDR hypertransmissible B0/W148 de Mycobacterium tuberculosi." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS478.pdf.
Full textTuberculosis (TB) is, excluding COVID, the leading cause of death linked to an infectious agent. Rapid determination of the full resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential to initiate appropriate treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) cases, thereby limiting the acquisition of additional resistance, increasing the chances of therapeutic success and reducing transmission of these strains. There are 9 main lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex, 2 of which are widespread throughout the world (L2 and L4). Within lineage 2, the clone W148 (or clonal complex CC 100-32) has recently spread to Europe and Asia. This spread could be explained by specific mutations within the genome.First, we investigated the Deeplex Myc-TB tool for rapid detection of genotype and resistance in clinical Mtb MDR strains. The Deeplex Myc-TB technology, based on multiplex PCR and high-throughput sequencing, determines species (hsp65), genotype (spoligotype) and resistance to 13 first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (18 targets). Our evaluation included 112 samples and 94 strains sent to the Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux (CNR MyRMA). We have observed that the Deeplex Myc-TB test is efficient on microscopically positive samples and strains. The resistance profiles obtained are 85.4% concordant with the results of the phenotypic reference method. The use of Deeplex Myc-TB provides results within ten days, and around 6 weeks before those of the phenotypic antibiogram. Deeplex Myc-TB can therefore be used to adapt antibiotic therapy much earlier than was previously possible, to the patient benefit. We were thus able to validate this tool, which is now routinely used at CNR MyRMA. We next studied mutations specific to CC 100-32 MDR. Genome-wide analysis of 36 strains received at CNR MyRMA identified 30 non-synonymous mutations and small deletions specific to CC 100-32 MDR strains. Among these, we chose to study mutations present in kdpD and whiB6, as data in the literature indicated an impact of these genes on the virulence of the strain. On the one hand, KdpDE is a two-component system regulating expression of the inducible potassium transport system KdpFABC. The mutation present in the CC 100-32 MDR complex is a 2-nucleotides deletion at the end of the kdpD gene, resulting in a KdpDE fusion protein. We therefore constructed such a mutant in Mtb H37Rv by deleting both the kdpD and kdpE genes before complementing it with the wild-type or mutated form of kdpDE. We observed no difference in the in vitro growth of the different strains, even in the absence of potassium, suggesting that KdpDE is not essential for bacterial fitness in presence or absence of potassium. The impact of the deletion on transcriptional activity and virulence is currently being studied. On the other hand, WhiB6 is a transcription factor that regulates the ESX-1 system, necessary for virulence. Work from the laboratory generated a ∆whiB6 mutant and the complemented WT and mutated (T51P) strains and their re-analysis indicated that T51P mutant strain produces less ESAT-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines than the wild-type strain. Our transcriptome analysis of these strains is currently underway. Initial results suggest that the T51P mutation in WhiB6 results in less virulence and inflammation. This work has validated a tool that is now essential for routine diagnosis of MDR TB at CNR MyRMA, and to study the spread of an MDR clone through the function of two transcription factors involved in virulence
Sudalaiyadum, Perumal Ayyappasamy. "Role of the activator protein RbpA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in transcription regulation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT092/document.
Full textRNA polymerase binding protein A (RbpA) is global transcriptional activator from actinomycetes species which is essential for growth and which increases tolerance of bacteria to antibiotics. RbpA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specifically stimulates transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) containing either the σA or σB subunits but none of the other 11 alternative σ factors. It has been reported that the functioning of RbpA is promoter-dependent and it is indispensible for promoter unwinding of the constitutive sigAP promoter. To decipher the nature of promoter specificity of RbpA, we used biochemical assays, mutagensis and genomics approaches. We found that placing ‘TG-motif' between -14 to -17 positions in sigAP wild-type promoter makes transcription independent of RbpA. Also, we have shown that RbpA increases ability of RNAP to melt sigAP promoter at sub-optimal temperatures and stabilises promoter complexes. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues H166 and E169 in the σB region 3.0 (σR3.0), interacting with TG-motif, demonstrated an implication of σR3.0 in RbpA-mediated stabilisation of RNAP promoter complexes. Substitution in RbpA at amino acid residue R79 affected the promoter-complex stability, while the substitutions at RbpA resdiues K73, K74 affected the transcription initiation. However, none of the RbpA mutants studied here affected opening of the promoter DNA. The differential roles played by these RbpA residues in promoter complex stabilization and transcription initiation together with the effect produced by the σB mutations suggest the implication of σR3.0 in RbpA action. Next, we performed genome-wide cartography of the RbpA-dependent genes from the σB regulon by using an in vitro RunOff Microarray Analysis (ROMA). ROMA analysis has shown clear evidence of 15 fold increase in the number of genes activated by σB-RNAP in the presence of RbpA. Bioinformatics analysis of 140 genes controlled by RbpA-σB pair allowed us to identify characteristic signature in the -10 consensus (‘TANNNT’) specific to σB subunit. Our study underlines an importance of the interplay between σR3.0 and RbpA in Mtb transcription. Based on our results we propose that RbpA may play a role of functional replacement for TG-motif of the extended -10 elements in mycobacterium species
Alame, Emane Amel Kevin. "Les infections à mycobactéries du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis à Libreville : profil des résistances aux antibiotiques et diversité génétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC129/document.
Full textThe emerging phenomenon of the MDR and XDR-TB is a worldwide public health issue. In developing countries, this problem is amplified due to the fact that TB diagnostic laboratories lack equipment and diagnostic tools to identify these cases and therefore prescribe appropriate chemotherapy. In the first part of this doctoral work, the sequencing of the pncA gene allowed us to show that the resistance to Pyrazinamide occurs significantly when the strain is MDR, corresponding to the acquisition of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid; and that after the acquisition of Fluoroquinolones and to injectable antibiotics of second line (Amykacine, Kanamycine, Capreomycine) resistance by MDR strains, this rate increases even more. In the second part of the study, we propose an alternative method to the culture of bacilli in a BSL3 confined environment. From uncultivated clinical samples (sputum) and through GeneXpert MTB/RIF, sequencing of genes and spoligotyping, we identified 19 MDR strains, active transmission of sensitive strains belonging to clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 and finally as well as an underlying epidemic of 5 Beijing MDR strains.In the first study, 272 retrospective samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were selected from two large cosmopolitan cities: Northern Paris (Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 101 strains) and Southwest of Shanghai (Songjiang district, 171 Strains). These strains were selected according to their known phenotypic sensitivity to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). These phenotypic resistances were confirmed by the HAIN genotype analysis tools MTBDRplus and by the sequencing of the rpoB and katG/inhA genes. To determine the extensively drug resistance strains (XDR), we sequenced the gyrA/gyrB and rrs genes to identify genetic mutations associated with resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotics: Amikacin (AMK)-Kanamycin ( KAN)-Capreomycin (CAP), respectively. Finally, we sequenced the pncA gene of all isolates to identify the genetic mutations associated with resistance to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The strains were genotyped by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.In the second study, from October 2014 to February 2015, 159 morning sputum samples with smear-positive smear after Ziehl-Neelsen staining were collected at the three main diagnostic laboratories for tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. These clinical samples were transported to the National Laboratory of Public Health in Libreville for analysis with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF automaton to confirm the microscopic diagnosis and to determine the resistance of bacilli to Rifampicin. Of the 159 samples, 29 samples had a sputum volume less than 1 ml, the minimum required according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For the 130 sputum samples analyzed by the GeneXpert automaton, 375 μl of the remaining GeneXpert solution not introduced into the cartridge was introduced into a 50 ml conical tube containing 25 ml of phosphate buffer (autoclaved solution) to neutralize the pH of the GeneXpert solution. The conical tube is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4,500 rpm, the pellet is taken up in 100 μl of TE and then transferred to a 100 μl microtube which is subsequently heated for 30 minutes at 90°C. After a cycle of freezing (-40 ° C. for 1 h)-defrosting, the microtube is briefly centrifuged and the supernatant is transferred to a new microtube. From this new microtube we amplified by PCR and then sequenced the rpoB, katG/inhA, pncA, gyrA, rrs and rpsL genes to identify mutations associated with resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Fluoroquinolones, Antibiotics in second lines: Amikacin-Kanamycin-Capreomycin and Streptomycin (SM), respectively. All the samples were genotyped by the multiplexed spoligotyping applied to the Luminex MagPix
Mathys, Vanessa. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance de mycobacterium tuberculosis aux agents anti-tuberculeux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210242.
Full textLa sélection de mutants résistants se produit chez le patient lorsque les taux d’antibiotiques présents dans le corps sont sub-thérapeutiques ou lorsque la thérapie est inappropriée. Un des facteurs favorisant est l’exceptionnelle durée de la chémothérapie. Le besoin de maintenir des taux élevés d’antibiotiques pendant des mois, combiné avec la toxicité inhérente des agents, résultent en une observance incomplète du traitement par le patient et le risque d’acquérir des résistances. La résistance aux antibiotiques chez M. tuberculosis résulte d’altérations dans des gènes chromosomiques spécifiques. Les causes génétiques de la résistance ont été définies pour certains antibiotiques bien que plusieurs inconnues persistent.
Le présent travail a consisté en l’étude du problème de la résistance aux antibiotiques anti-tuberculeux par différentes approches :l’analyse génétique des mécanismes de résistance, l’évaluation de l’activité thérapeutique de nouvelles molécules et la caractérisation du profil de résistance de souches cliniques.
L’acide p-aminosalicylique (PAS) est un antibiotique bactériostatique de deuxième ligne dont le mécanisme d'action sur le bacille tuberculeux est incompris. Récemment, en utilisant la mutagenèse par transposon, la résistance au PAS fut associée à des mutations de la thymidylate synthase encodée par le gène thyA. Suite à cette découverte, nous avons entrepris une étude moléculaire de souches cliniques et de mutants spontanés résistants au PAS. Des mutations du gène thyA furent identifiées chez seulement 37% des souches. En tout, vingt-quatre mutations différentes furent identifiées dans le gène thyA. Les séquences nucléotidiques de cinq autres gènes de la voie de synthèse du folate et de la thymine (dfrA, folC, folP1, folP2, et thyX) ainsi que de 3 gènes encodant des N-acétyltransférases (nhoA, aac1 et aac2) furent également analysées mais aucune mutation associée à la résistance au PAS n’a pu être mise en évidence. L’utilisation de techniques bioinformatiques de prédiction structurelle révèle que les mutations identifiées affectent soit la structure soit le site fonctionnel de ThyA. L’étude des profils de croissance des organismes résistants au PAS nous permit de constater que les organismes porteurs d’une mutation de la protéine ThyA présentent un profil de croissance constant en présence de concentrations croissantes de PAS. Les organismes résistants au PAS possédant une protéine ThyA sauvage répondent, quant à eux, aux concentrations croissantes de PAS de façon dose-dépendante, indiquant que le(s) mécanisme(s) alternatif(s) de résistance au PAS est (sont) dose-dépendant(s).
La thymidylate synthase est également une des cibles du 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), l’agent chimiothérapeutique le plus largement utilisé pour le traitement du cancer colorectal avancé. Etant donné l’augmentation du nombre de souches résistantes de M. tuberculosis, de nouveaux composés anti-tuberculeux sont nécessaires de façon urgente. Ici, nous avons évalué l’efficacité in vitro et in vivo du 5-FU sur M. tuberculosis. La concentration minimale inhibitrice du 5-FU fut déterminée sur une collection de souches cliniques sensibles et multi-résistantes ainsi que sur des mutants spontanés résistants au PAS. Tous les isolats montrèrent une sensibilité au 5-FU à des concentrations allant de 0.4 à 1.8 µg/ml, et ce indépendamment de leur profil de sensibilité/résistance aux agents anti-tuberculeux actuels. Les études in vivo du 5-FU (sur un modèle murin de tuberculose active) montrèrent une efficacité de celui-ci durant les deux premières semaines de traitement puis une perte d’activité à la troisième semaine, vraisemblablement engendrée par les effets secondaires du 5-FU.
L’éthionamide (ETH) est un autre antibiotique de deuxième ligne dont l’utilisation est limitée aux tuberculoses multi-résistantes étant donné les effets secondaires qu’il engendre. Ces dernières années, les études ont montré que l’ETH est un pro-médicament, transformé en forme active par l’enzyme monooxygénase EthA dont l’expression est contrôlée par le répresseur transcriptionnel EthR. Notre étude décrit l’élaboration d’inhibiteur d’EthR capable d’augmenter la sensibilité de M. tuberculosis à l’ETH suite à l’amélioration de son activation. Les composés synthétisés et sélectionnés pour leur capacité à inhiber l’interaction EthR-ADN furent co-cristallisés avec EthR. Les structures tridimensionnelles des complexes furent utilisées pour la synthèse d’analogues capables d’améliorer la puissance de l’ETH en culture. Les molécules les plus prometteuses furent testées sur un modèle murin de tuberculose. Pour un des inhibiteurs d’EthR testés, nous avons montré que sa co-administration avec l’ETH permet une réduction de la dose d’ETH utilisée de 3 fois, pour l’obtention d’une même réduction de charge mycobactérienne pulmonaire. Ce travail démontre la possibilité d’augmenter l’index thérapeutique de l’éthionamide en agissant pharmacologiquement sur le mécanisme régulateur de son activation.
Dans certaines régions du monde, le problème de la multi-résistance devient très présent. Nous avons étudié l’état de la situation à Mourmansk (Fédération russe), une région à haute incidence de tuberculose. La résistance aux antibiotiques et l’épidémiologie moléculaire de la tuberculose furent étudiées sur des isolats collectés en 2003 et 2004 dans cette région. Une extrêmement haute prévalence de tuberculose multi-résistante (MDR-TB) fut constatée à la fois pour les nouveaux cas (primaires) (26%) et les cas précédemment traités (72.9%). Le typage des souches MDR primaires révèle une appartenance au génotype Beijing pour la plupart des isolats (79.8%) et l’homogénéité génétique des souches suggère une transmission active au sein de la population. L’analyse moléculaire des gènes impliqués dans la résistance à l’INH et à la RIF montre la présence des mutations katG codon 315 et rpoB codon 531 chez, respectivement, 98,2% et 76,3% des isolats MDR-TB primaires. La haute fréquence de ces mutations « communes » suggère la possible utilisation de tests moléculaires ciblant spécifiquement ces mutations pour détecter rapidement la plupart des cas de MDR-TB.
Nos travaux illustrent les différentes voies à suivre pour maitriser le problème de la résistance aux antibiotiques :l’élucidation des mécanismes de résistance, le développement de nouveaux médicaments et la détection rapide des cas de résistance.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Wan, Kanglin. "Diversité génétique et résistance aux médicaments anti-tuberculeux de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en Chine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734513.
Full textHugonnet, Jean-Emmanuel. "Nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux β-lactamines et nouvelles cibles de ces antibiotiques chez les bactéries à Gram positif." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066457.
Full textLingoupou-Minime, Fanny. "Diagnostic moléculaire de la tuberculose et caractéristiques des souches mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques à Bangui (République Centrafricaine)." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077068.
Full textHuman tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. One of the most alarming trends concerning tuberculosis is the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which are serious threats to the control of tuberculosis. Early detection of M. Tuberculosis drug resistance in clinical isolates is crucial for appropriate treatment to prevent the development of further résistance and the spread of resistant strains. The first part of our study compare molecular tests for the detection of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistant strains to conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) and sequencing. Génotype MTBDRplus testing seems to be reliable tool for the detection of INH and RIF résistance in various strains. In addition, our work has also confirmed that T2 spoligotype is common among MDR isolates circulating in Central African Republic (CAR). Second, we studied the innate immune response by infecting in vitro human macrophages with T2 and other M. Tuberculosis strains. Our results show that, compared to reference strains (H37Rv), T2 strains induce a less inflammatory response. Sequencing identified SNPs carried by ail T2 strains suggesting a phylogenetic link. These preliminary results give an important information on chacteristics and pathogenicity of MDR strains in CAR. Finally, we assessed Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of tuberculous adenopathy in children. FNA allowed detection of 67. 2»% of TB cases. This tool is simple, cost-effective and non-invasive that provides samples that could be used for bacteriological or molecular confirmation of TB
Muhammed, Ameen Sirwan. "Re-evaluation of older antibiotics in the area of resistant mycobacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5058.
Full textFirstly, we measured the serum concentration of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-Trimethoprim (TMP) in patients treated with high dosage regimen. The mean values and standard deviation for SMX concentration was 161.01± 69.154 mg/L and of 5.788 ± 2.74 mg/L for TMP. Susceptibility testing yielded a minimum inhibitory concentration 90% (MIC90) of 10 mg/L for cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. All M. tuberculosis complex mycobacteria (MTC) were inhibited by 20 mg/L cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. Also, the MICs of ivermectin varied between 10 and 40 mg/L, against 13 MTC mycobacteria. Moreover, all M. tuberculosis isolate were resistant to squalamine with MIC > 100 mg/L. Also, all Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolates were resistant to trimethoprim with MIC > 200 mg/L. Cotrimoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine exhibited MIC of 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively against all tested MAC isolates except for Mycobacterium chimaera which exhibited MICs of 10 mg/L for these molecules. Comparing the DHPS gene sequence in M. intracellulare and M. chimaera type strains and clinical isolates yielded only four amino acid changes
Somphavong, Silaphet. "Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and antibiotic resistance in Lao PDR." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT097/document.
Full textTuberculosis (TB) is still one of the top 10 leading causes of death worldwide; the emergence/re-emergence of drug resistant TB aggravates the situation globally and challenges the prospect of ending TB by 2035. Lao PDR is surrounded by TB and MDR-TB high burden countries and TB continues to be one of the priority infection diseases in this country. The prevalence of TB in 2010 was almost twice as high than previous estimates and little is known about drug resistance. Up to now, M. tuberculosis population data regarding drug resistance and genetic structure are totally absent. In this context, we aimed to study the diversity and the structure of M. tuberculosis population and the genetic determinants associated to drug resistance using clinical samples collected from the TB prevalence survey (TBPS), 2010-2011; from the Drug resistance survey (DRS), 2016-2017 and from presumptive MDR-TB cases in Lao PDR (2010-2014). Various methods and analyses were used, including drug susceptibility testing (phenotypic and genotypic), DNA sequencing and genotyping of M. tuberculosis using spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR. The data were analyzed by statistical and phylogenetic analyses.Firstly, this work was focused on the diversity of M. tuberculosis families circulating in Lao PDR. According to the result form TBPS, EAI and Beijing family (76.7% and 14.4% respectively) were mainly observed, while Beijing family was more observed in DRS, and presumptive MDR-TB cases (35% and 41% respectively). The level of recent transmission in Lao PDR was non-negligible with a global clustering rate of 11.9% and in Beijing and EAI of 20% and 11%, respectively. Secondly, the results demonstrated the diversity of drug resistant patterns from mono-resistance to pre-extensively drug resistance (pre-XDR). A high diversity of mutations associated with drug resistance was also observed, however common mutations were mainly found (e.g: mutations in rpoB gene, katG and rpsL). The pattern was different for pncA gene, we observed a diversity of mutations without preeminent ones. Besides the number of known and unknown mutations associated with anti-TB drug resistance, deletion and insertion of bases were also observed. The sequencing showed its usefulness for drug resistance detection. Lastly, Beijing family, which is the more problematic family in the world in terms of resistance and transmissibility, was observed on a significant manner in young age group, mainly in the northern provinces, in recent transmission cases and among highly drug resistant isolates, suggesting an increasing risk of highly drug resistance TB due to highly transmissible Beijing strains in Lao PDR.In conclusion, this study provides the first genetic insights into the M. tuberculosis population in Lao PDR. The results underline the risk of increase of Beijing and drug resistant TB in the country. In order to prevent a more serious situation in the future regarding drug resistance as observed in neighboring countries, there is an urgent need of effective strategy improvement for drug resistance screening and the development of rapid molecular tests that cover a large number of drug resistance simultaneously with a feasible implementation in the limited resource countries. The results of genotyping from our study will be the baseline of families/subfamilies/genotype of M. tuberculosis population and of the mutations associated with drug resistance in Lao PDR. These data will be compared with further study/analysis to evaluate the trend of TB and drug resistant TB in the country and to determine if the drug resistance is under control after the set-up of new policies. The data of drug resistance associated mutations are used to build a regional database in collaboration with Vietnam and Cambodia in order to develop a diagnostic tool based on DNA chip technology to improve the drug resistance detection in the region
Abukar, Ayan. "Synthetic biology and open science : the next frontier of antibiotic discovery and antimicrobial resistance research." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7127.
Full textHumanity has come a long way from a time where common infections were seen as a death sentence. However, as the organisms driving these infections evolve resistance to treatment, we are forced to face the fast approaching reality of a post-antibiotic era. Antibiotic resistance is evolving at a pace that is significantly ahead of the present-day systems and innovation is urgently required. The aim of my PhD is to do just that by generating an open-science synthetic biology platform to accelerate antibiotic discovery and to further study resistance landscapes of pathogen targets. The platform is based on engineering E.coli as a host to express foreign pathogen targets in order to identify their corresponding antimicrobial drug candidates. This project is also founded on principles of open science and accessibility, which are evident in the development of a frugal drug screening kit and spectrophotometer to engage citizen scientists of all levels
Galian, Barrueco Carmen. "Caractérisation de 2 transporteurs ABC (“ATP-Binding Cassette”) bactériens de fonction inconnue : YheI/YheH de Bacillus subtilis et Rv1747 de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00369447.
Full textDeux nouveaux transporteurs ABC bactériens, Rv1747 de Mycobacterium tuberculosis et YheI/YheH de Bacillus subtilis, potentiellement impliqués dans la résistance aux antibiotiques, ont été étudiés ici en réalisant une expression hétérologue chez Escherichia coli et en isolant des vésicules de membrane inversées. Ce système s'est avéré inapproprié pour l'étude du transporteur Rv1747, à cause vraisemblablement des différences entre E. coli et M. tuberculosis dans l'usage des codons. En revanche, nous avons obtenu un degré important de surexpression de YheI/YheH qui nous a permis de caractériser son activité de transport et d'hydrolyse de l'ATP. Nous avons ainsi montré que les deux protéines, YheI et YheH, s'associent pour former un exportateur hétérodimérique capable de transporter de multiples drogues, et que le rôle des deux sous-unités n'est pas identique dans le mécanisme catalytique du transporteur. Enfin, nous avons réussi à purifier le transporteur YheI/YheH avec un rendement élevé et dans un état fonctionnel stable, permettant d'approfondir sa caractérisation biochimique ainsi que d'obtenir des cristaux bidimensionnels pour une étude structurale par microscopie électronique.
Tomas, Nicolas. "Recherche et caractérisation des enzymes-clés du processing des lipides mycobactériens." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30072.
Full textTuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu) is a major health problem aggravated by the worrying resurgence of multi-resistant Mtu strains. It is crucial to develop new anti-tuberculosis molecules and discover therapeutic targets. The Mtu envelope, atypical and displaying very low permeability, contains mycolic acids, very long chain fatty acids, which are essential and whose metabolism represents a reservoir of validated targets. The degradation of these molecules, which seems important during the mechanisms of host infection, has yet to be fully explored.The thesis project focused on the study of the first key step of this pathway, catalyzed by an enzyme from the Baeyer-Villiger-Mono-Oxygenase (BVMO) family. This oxygenation step allows the mycolic acid to be directed towards the degradation pathway. We have selected five potential candidates for this step on the Mtu genome, including three coding for BVMO-like proteins with a BVMO signature sequence. The expression and optimization of the production of the various candidate proteins in two expression systems, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis, were carried out. The BVMO activity and substrate specificities of the candidate proteins were tested. BVMO-like candidates have a higher activity in the presence of an aliphatic substrate with a mycolic pseudo-motif compared to other cyclic or aliphatic substrates tested. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that these BVMO-like candidates could be involved in the first step of mycolic acid degradation. Two of the three BVMOs are already known to activate the prodrug ethionamide, a second-line anti-tuberculosis drug. This work also shows that the third BVMO can also metabolize this compound. To further our knowledge of the role of these candidate proteins in Mtu, two complementary strategies were adopted, the production and analysis of (i) overexpression strains and (ii) deletion mutants. Lipidomic analysis of overexpression strains shows significant quantitative variations in glycolipids containing mycolic acids, trehalose monomycolate and trehalose dimycolate. On the other hand, the different deletion mutants exhibit quantitative variations of an apolar compound potentially related to a product of the mycolic acid degradation pathway. All the lipidomic studies seem to confirm the link between BVMOs and the metabolism of mycolic acids, and in particular their degradation
Nguyen, Quang Huy. "Genetic determinants and evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Vietnam : toward new diagnostic tools." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT081/document.
Full textTuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide, mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB are currently main challenges for TB control. In high MDR-TB burden countries like Vietnam, one of the main factors of drug resistant strain spread is the insufficient capacity of drug resistance detection. Besides, still little is known in these countries about the resistance to second line and pyrazinamide drugs (key drugs in the MDR-TB treatment) and the genetic determinants linked to these resistances. In this context, this work aimed to acquire knowledge on drug resistance in Vietnam and to understand how M. tuberculosis evolved from sensitive to highly drug resistance form by molecular analysis.260 clinical isolates collected in Vietnam between 2005 and 2009 were included. Various techniques and analyses were used: drug susceptibility testing (development of a test with a reduced turn-around time), spoligotyping and 24-MIRU-VNTR typing and gene sequencing. The data were analyzed by statistical and phylogenetic analyses.First, this work was focused on highly drug resistant M. tuberculosis clinical isolates and pyrazinamide resistance. A high proportion of quadruple first-line drug resistant isolates (resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol) have been characterized as pre-XDR and XDR isolates, belonging especially to Beijing family. The molecular analysis revealed also high proportion of drug resistant isolates carrying highly confident pyrazinamide resistance-associated mutations, particularly in MDR and quadruple resistant isolates and in Beijing family.Second, the genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed high diversity of mutation patterns within each family and each MIRU-VNTR cluster suggesting various evolutionary trajectories towards first and second-line drug resistance. The predominance of specific mutations and combinations of mutations associated with high level of resistance and low fitness cost suggests a cumulative effect of mutations and a role for epistasis in multiple-drug resistance acquisition. In addition, high frequency of fitness-compensatory mutations associated with rifampicin resistant mutations was detected in highly drug resistant isolates. These processes may drive the evolution of drug resistance in this sample and lead to a successful spread of highly drug resistant strains. It is worth noting that Beijing family was specifically linked to high-level drug resistance and low fitness cost mutations and to compensatory mutations.In conclusion, this work provides knowledge on the resistance to the first and second-line anti-TB drugs in clinical M. tuberculosis samples collected in Vietnam between 2005 and 2009. These data predict an evolution towards a more problematic situation in terms of drug resistance. First, because the Beijing family, which is currently invading Vietnam, is associated with highly drug resistance, mutations linked to high-level drug resistance and low fitness cost and compensatory mutations. Second, the high risk of pyrazinamide resistance in our sample challenges the efficacy and the use of this drug in MDR-TB treatment. Third, our data suggest an evolution of M. tuberculosis towards a higher potential of drug resistance because of a probable cumulative effect of drug resistant mutations and epistatic interactions. Since the samples under study were collected between 2005-2009, the next step is to test our hypotheses on a recent sampling. Finally, this study together with published data allowed making, for the first time, an inventory of the drug resistance associated mutations in M. tuberculosis isolates from Vietnam
Engohang, Ndong Jean. "Mécanismes génétiques de l'activation de la pro-drogue éthionamide chez les mycobactéries." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-369.PDF.
Full textDelaine, Tamara. "Conception, synthèse, étude de l'équilibre tautomérique et évaluation biologique de nouveaux analogues de l'adduit Isiniazide-NAD(H) comme inhibiteur d'InhA de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/49/.
Full textThe resurgence of tuberculosis can be associated to the resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain to the most important antitubercular drugs as isoniazid (INH). INH is a prodrug that requires activation by catase peroxydase KatG to form with NADH the INH-NAD adduct. This adduct inhibits the InhA enzyme, necessary to the biosynthesis of mycolic acids that are essential components of mycobacterial envelope. The resistance to INH is resulting from mutations in katG that diminish its ability to convert INH in active form. So, compounds able to inhibit directly InhA without requiring activation have tremendous promise as novel drugs. We have synthesized in one first stage, truncated analogues of INH-NAD adduct in order to eliminate resistance problems attributed to KatG. The biological evaluation of these compounds did not exhibit satisfactory inhibition of the enzyme InhA neither of the mycobacterial growth. In one second stage, we have developed another strategy named bi-substrate. All compounds prepared was tested on the inhibition of InhA and mycobacterial growth and it gave interesting and promising results. Next we have used simplified analogues to studied tautomerism equilibrium of INH-NAD adduct with experimental data supported by studies of molecular modeling. Lastly, in order to try to understand this phenomenon, we carried out studies of interaction of different adducts present in solution with InhA by docking and molecular dynamics
Marrakchi, Hedia. "Implication de deux protéines de mycobactérium tuberculosis, InhA et MabA, dans un système d'élongation d'acides gras, cible de l'antituberculeux isoniazide." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30231.
Full textEmergence of tubercle bacilli resistant to multiple drugs has prompted the search for a new generation of antibiotics effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among the first line antituberculous drugs, isoniazid (INH) is highly specific of mycobacteria, and its primary effect corresponds to inhibition of a characteristic metabolism of these bacteria, the mycolic acid biosynthesis. Mycolic acids are very long-chain fatty acids and are major components of mycobacterial cell-wall. It was established that an isoniazid target, the InhA protein, is a 2-trans-enoyl-ACP reductase probably involved in the mycolic acid pathway. However, the exact role of InhA in mycobacteria is still unclear. Reduction of enoyl compounds corresponds to one step of fatty acid biosynthesis. We therefore isolated an enzymatic complex which contains the InhA protein, and using InhA inhibitors, we showed that the elongation activity of the system is InhA-dependent. Moreover, the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis in cell-wall extracts by InhA inhibitors strongly suggests that the InhA-containing elongation system participates in the mycolic acid production in mycobacteria. .
Meniche, Xavier. "Importance du tréhalose et des acides mycoliques dans l'ultrastructure et la perméabilité de l'enveloppe des Corynebacterineae." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30233.
Full textTuberculosis remains a major health problem for humans caused by the etiologic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Association of M. Tuberculosis with AIDS is responsible of the resurgency of tuberculosis since the nineties. In this context, the cell wall constituants represent potential targets of choice for the development of new antitubercular drugs. First, I study the role of trehalose in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids, specific and essential fatty acids of Mycobacterium genus. Contrary to M. Tuberculosis, Corynebacterium glutamicum can grow without trehalose althought the growth is severely impaired. We have shown that the triple mutant of trehalose of C. Glutamicum (Tre- mutant), grown in standard culture conditions (minimal medium + sucrose) was totaly devoided of mycolic acids. Furthermore freeze-fracture analysis of Tre- mutant demonstrate that the external pseudo-bilayer (mycomembrane), is absent of the cell wall. However, the Tre- mutant is able to synthesis mycolic acids when is grown on minimal medium with glucose, maltose or maltotriose. In these culture conditions, we have structuraly caracterised new glycolipids esterified by mycolic acids on the C-6 of their terminal non-reducing ?-glucopyranosyl unit. Then, we have demonstrated by using radiolabeled trehalose in transport experiments that the biosynthesis of trehalose monomycolate and dimycolate (TMM and TDM respectively) is localised in the cell wall. All these results led us to propose a new model of the final steps of mycolate biosynthesis and transfer in Corynebacterineae. Second, we study the role of mycolic acids in the permeability of the cell wall of the L-lysine producer strain of C. Glutamicum ATCC 21527, in collaboration with Pr. R. Krämer. This project is involved in the improvement of the amino acids producer strains, used in food industry. .
Edoo, Zainab. "Mechanism of L,D-transpeptidase inhibition by β-lactams and diazabicyclooctanes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS565.pdf.
Full textAntibiotic resistance is a growing and global threat to human health that has led to an acute need for the development of new antibiotics. Elucidating the mechanism of inhibition of antibiotic targets is crucial for the development of more potent drugs. The essentiality of peptidoglycan and more than seventy years of successful use of β-lactams have made polymerization of this major cell wall component an attractive and validated target for drug development. Active-site serine Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) have long been considered as the only enzymes catalyzing the essential cross-linking step of peptidoglycan polymerization. The thesis explores inhibition of a distinct family of enzymes, the active-site cysteine L,D-transpeptidases (LDTs), that have a preponderant role in peptidoglycan synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that the efficacy of LDT inhibition by β-lactams is primarily governed by the reactivity of the four-membered ring. We propose that acylation of LDTs by β-lactams proceeds through formation of an amine anion intermediate, followed by a subsequent irreversible step that is essential for the antibacterial activity of the drugs. A fluorescence spectroscopy approach enabling kinetic analyses of the acylation steps was developed to explore inactivation mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new synthetic drugs. We also identify diazabicyclooctanes (DBOs) as new pharmacophores that inactivate LDTs by formation of a thio-carbamoyl-enzyme. We discuss several mechanism-based strategies for rational optimization of LDT inhibitors belonging to the β-lactam and DBO families
Bernard, Christine. "Résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux fluoroquinolones : histoire naturelle et diagnostic de la résistance." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066462.
Full textFluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is the main factor of worsened prognosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Therefore to better understand the development of FQ resistance is essential in order to improve the tools for early detection of this resistance. We have (i) evaluated the performance of gyrA and gyrB sequencing in the detection of FQ resistance through a prospective study; (ii) studied the natural history of the emergence of FQ resistance in vivo using a murine model of tuberculosis; and (iii) identified tracks for new mechanisms of resistance to FQ by comparative genomics. We showed that the proportion method, designated as the reference method, is not effective in detecting low levels of FQ resistance and that, neither genotypic methods nor phenotypic methods, allow the diagnosis of FQ heterogeneous resistance. A combined strategy based on phenotypic detection of an abnormal proportion of resistant bacteria and genotypic characterization of these resistant bacteria would improve the detection of this heterogeneous resistance. We have identified hypotheses for new FQ resistance mechanisms. These new mechanisms could be responsible of a low-level resistance facilitating the selection of a high-level resistance due to mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase in a second time. However, their involvement in FQ resistance and our assumption about the selection process remain to be demonstrated
Bernard, Christine. "Résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux fluoroquinolones : histoire naturelle et diagnostic de la résistance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066462.
Full textFluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is the main factor of worsened prognosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. Therefore to better understand the development of FQ resistance is essential in order to improve the tools for early detection of this resistance. We have (i) evaluated the performance of gyrA and gyrB sequencing in the detection of FQ resistance through a prospective study; (ii) studied the natural history of the emergence of FQ resistance in vivo using a murine model of tuberculosis; and (iii) identified tracks for new mechanisms of resistance to FQ by comparative genomics. We showed that the proportion method, designated as the reference method, is not effective in detecting low levels of FQ resistance and that, neither genotypic methods nor phenotypic methods, allow the diagnosis of FQ heterogeneous resistance. A combined strategy based on phenotypic detection of an abnormal proportion of resistant bacteria and genotypic characterization of these resistant bacteria would improve the detection of this heterogeneous resistance. We have identified hypotheses for new FQ resistance mechanisms. These new mechanisms could be responsible of a low-level resistance facilitating the selection of a high-level resistance due to mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase in a second time. However, their involvement in FQ resistance and our assumption about the selection process remain to be demonstrated
Richard, Matthias. "Mécanismes de régulation impliqués dans la résistance aux antibiotiques chez Mycobacterium abscessus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT066.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is an environmental non-tuberculous mycobacteria causing severe lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Its intrinsic resistance to antibiotics renders treatments extremely challenging. This pathogen has developed a wide panel of strategies to resist to antibiotics, including efflux pumps and target-modifying enzymes. Standard antibiotherapy combines an aminoglycoside (amikacin (AMK)), -lactams (imipenem (IPM)) and macrolides (clarithromycin (CLR) or azithromycin (AZM)). My thesis was focusing on the regulation of antibiotic resistance mechanisms involving efflux pumps from the MmpL family as well as an enzyme modifying the macrolide target. Selection of resistant mutants against thiacetazone derivatives (TACd) and clofazimine (CFZ) unraveled mutations in the TetR regulators MAB_4384 and MAB_2299c, respectively. The CFZ-mutants, also co-resistant to bedaquiline (BDQ), overexpress two distinct MmpS/MmpL, MAB_135c/1134c and MAB_2300/2301 while the TACd mutants overproduce the MAB_4383c/4382c efflux pump. Biochemical, genetic and structural approaches confirmed their involvement in drug resistance mechanisms. MAB_2299c could therefore represent a potential resistance marker to monitor in strains isolated from patients under CFZ/BDQ therapy. The methyltransferase Erm(41) modifies the adenosine 2058 of the ribosomal 23S rRNA, protecting the ribosome from the macrolides. WhiB7 may represent a major actor in inducible resistance, observed in 40% of clinical cases, often leading to treatment failure. We confirmed the role of WhiB7 in this process and showed that inducible resistance occurred also in vivo in the zebrafish model. Our data suggest that AZM is a stronger and faster resistance inducer than CLR in vitro and that both drugs show antagonism with AMK, thus reducing drugs’ efficacy. This work enriched our knowledge regarding both MmpL-mediated and macrolides inducible resistance mechanism against M. abscessus. It also provides new efficient tools to investigate the function of proteins through a novel unmarked gene deletion approach and to rapidly assay new antibiotics to counteract inducible macrolide resistance
Bouzinbi, Nicolas. "Caractérisation et épidémiologie moléculaire du complexe Mycobacterium abscessus en France et au Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT093.
Full textThe Mycobacterium abscessus complex is a nontuberculous mycobacteria. It is an environmental opportunistic pathogen that can cause chronic lung infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis, and severe extra-pulmonary infections. It is also resistant to most antibiotics, and does not have an effective treatment. It is divided into three subspecies: Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus, Mycobacterium subsp. massiliense and Mycobacterium subsp. bolletii, These three subspecies have clinical and antibiotic resistance differences, Thus, a safe and rapid identification is essential. In addition, little is known about its epidemiology, particularly among patients with cystic fibrosis.First, we assessed the identification performance within the M. abscessus complex and the characterization of the main resistances of a commercial assay (Genotype NTM-DR). The kit was highly efficient, with 100% success in identifying the subspecies and also in characterizing resistance to clarithromycin and amikacin, which are the recommended antibiotics for the treatment of complex M. abscessus infection. This kit is therefore a fast and robust alternative to the main methods for identifying and characterizing resistance in the M. abscessus complex.Secondly, we tested the efficacy of two different molecules, clofazimine and tigecycline, in synergy. Synergy was demonstrated in 42% of the isolates, and the presence of clofazimine reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of tigecycline in 52% of the isolates. This combination could be an effective and more tolerable therapeutic alternative for the patient.Finally, we carried out two epidemiological studies: in Vietnam, in patients with inflammatory lung disease, and in France, in patients with cystic fibrosis in five different hospitals. In France, longitudinal follow-up was carried out on 7 patients from two different centres, Brest and Montpellier. Two different typing tools were used: MLST and VNTR.Vietnam had a large number of new Sequence Type (ST) (29/38) and a high genotypic diversity (0.72 for 53 isolates). A majority of M. abscessus subsp. massiliense was found. In addition, STs responsible for epidemics in different countries have also been found (ST 23 and ST 117). Three clonal complexes have been identified, reflecting the great diversity of the M. abscessus complex in this country. Two of these clonal complexes were composed of M. abscessus subsp. massiliense containing ST 23 and 117. The large number of new genotypes is due to the lack of data in Vietnam, this is the first epidemiological study in this country.In France, there was a greater number of known sequence type (20/31), certainly due to the number of existing studies in this region. A majority of M. abscessus subsp. abscessus was found. Seven sequence type of epidemiological importance were found, including ST 23. Longitudinal monitoring shows a high variability of the ST in Brest compared to Montpellier, which is confirmed by the VNTR. This follow-up shows that: the risk of exogenous infection is high; the genotype pool in Brest is greater than in Montpellier, even if STs persist in the same patient, the risk of exogenous infection cannot be excluded. Finally, the VNTR analysis of isolates from the five centres suggests possible nosocomial transmission and the spread of genotypes in France.In conclusion, this thesis work has improved the approach to the identification and treatment of M. abscessus complex infections, as well as exploring and comparing its epidemiology in two different populations. We show the ubiquitous presence of certain clinically important genotypes, a high genotypic diversity, a variability in carrying in the cystic fibrosis patient as well as a risk of exogenous infections and transmission in this population
Nessar, Rachid. "Mycobacterium abscessus : contribution à l'étude de la paroi et à la résistance aux antibiotiques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077192.
Full textMy thesis work was focused on the study of M. Abscessus resistance to aminoglycoside drugs, including kanamycin, amikacin gentamycin and streptomycin. In this study, we reported the presence of four mutations affecting the gene coding for the 16S rRNA (rrs) within a single rRNA operon, these mutations conferred drugs résistance to M. Abscessus. Besides the substitution A1408G (E. Coli numbering) found in earlier study i found three new substitutions T1406A, ; C1409T and G1491T conferring high level résistance to kanamycin, amikacin and gentamycin (MICs > 1000 ug/ml) but not to streptomycin. These mutations were shown to confer the same drugs résistance profil in clinical isolates of M. Tuberculosis (7). On the other hand, by complementing the different spontaneous mutants of M. Abscessus with wild-type rrs gene cloned into replicative plasmid pNBVl, l showed that these mutations are recessive compared to the wild type rrs gene. The absence of the three new mutations found in this study in clinical isolates of M. Abscessus, led us to consider their potential fitness cost. Our data showed that these mutations are no-cost (the mutations have no effect on the fitness of M. Abscessus) in our in-vitro competition System. This work lead to a publication submitted to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy journal this month. Another part of my project concerns the optimization of the recombineering System; this System was successfully used in M. Abscessus to generate mutants. However its low effkiency (7% of double cross over DCO) led us to develop a better System in order to improve the method. Three major phenomenons are responsible for the low level of the double cross-over (DCO) event in M. Abscessus : singles cross over (SCO), illegitimate recombination and the presence of spontaneous kanamycin resistant isolates. I have replaced the antibiotic résistance cassette kanamycin by zeocin (a Bleomycin family of antibiotic) in order to suppress the spontaneous background, in the linear construct used to make the homologous recombination; our System improved the method (15-20 % of double cross-over). In the final part of my project I have constructed by using the optimized recombineering System a mutant in mmpL4b gene in 390S isogenic strain of M. Abscessus and have complemented this M. Abscessus mmpL4b knock out strain by cloning the gene mmpL4b into replicative vector pNBVl and transforming the mutant strain with the construct pNBVl mmpL4b. The product of this gene is predicted to be involved in the transport of GPL to the cell surface. The mutant has rough phenotype (deprived from glycopeptidolipids (GPL) at the cell surface) the complemented strain has a smooth phenotype like the wild-type M. Abscessus 390S strain. I have shown that unlike the wild type and complemented strains, The mmpL4b deletion mutant lost sliding motility, demonstrating a role of the glycopeptidolipids in conferring motility. In collaboration with Dr Thomas F Byrd's group, we have shown that the M. Abscessus 390S mmpL4b knock out strain lost the ability to form biofilm. Importantly, the deletion mutant has regained the ability to replicate in macrophage and stimulate macrophage toll-like receptor 2. This study indicates that a single genetic change associated with loss of GPL is sufficient to convert M. Abscessus to a virulent phenotype. This study lead to a publication submitted this month to Microbiology Journal
Stoffels, Karolien. "Contribution to the research on drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209194.
Full textFirst of all, a profound analysis of the MDR-TB situation in Belgium was conducted. It is the first retrospective population-based survey of MDR-TB in Belgium, covering a 15-year period (1994-2008). It comprises 174 patients representing more than 80% of the culture positive MDR-TB patients reported to the Belgian register, thus this study is considered of national relevance. It includes bacteriological and molecular data on the isolates as well as clinical aspects of the patients and treatment results. Considering only the patient’s first MDR-TB isolate, an increase over time was observed in the number of isolates resistant to a second-line drug as well as the total number of drugs each isolate was resistant to. XDR-TB was detected since 2002 and panresistant TB (resistant to every available antituberculosis drug) since 2009. Overall, a successful treatment outcome was obtained for 67.8% of the MDR-TB cases. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to first line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) in liquid culture medium has a turn around time of at least two weeks, after identification of the positive culture (obtained after 2 to 4 weeks) from the patient’s clinical isolate. In order to provide the clinician with valuable information about the isolated mycobacteria leading to patient adapted therapy before bacteriological DST results are available, resistance is predicted by detection of mutations in certain genes of the mycobacteria. It is common practice for rifampicin (rpoB gene) and isoniazid (katG gene and/or inhA promoter region). In this MDR-TB collection, rifampicin resistant related mutations were found in 97.1% (168/173) of the clinical isolates and isoniazid resistant related mutations in 94.1% (160/170). The pncA, embB and gyrA genes have been sequenced to identify possible mutations because of their possible involvement with resistance to pyrazinamide, ethambutol and the fluoroquinolones respectively. However, little is known about the resistance prediction value of the mutations in these genes.
The study is also the first study on the molecular epidemiology of MDR-TB in the country. DNA fingerprinting showed a large diversity of strains (67% of the patients were infected by a strain with a unique pattern) and further epidemiological examination revealed limited local transmission of MDR-TB in Belgium.
The second part investigated the pncA gene and its association with pyrazinamide resistance in MDR-TB isolates from Belgium and in vitro cultured spontaneous mutants. The genetic analysis showed that 98.3% (59/60) of the Belgian clinical MDR pyrazinamide resistant (PZAR) isolates present a mutation in the pncA gene. We found 1.7% (1/60) of the PZAR MDR-isolates encoding wild type pncA and flank. A total (PZAR and PZAS) of 41 different amino acid changes, 3 protein truncations and 5 frameshifts were observed including eight novel mutations: 8Asp>Ala, 13Phe>Leu, 64Tyr>Ser, 107Glu>stop, 143Ala>Pro, 172Leu>Arg and frameshifts starting in codon 55 and 82. Analysis of all observed mutations (i.e. in clinical isolates as well as spontaneous mutants) revealed that they are not always associated with drug resistance and that they are not scattered randomly throughout the gene, but occur rather at preferential sites such as in codons with amino acids associated with either iron or substrate binding and catalytic active sites. The frequency of in vitro mutagenesis to pyrazinamide at pH 6.0 was determined and found to be relatively high at 10-5 CFU/ml.
Finally, the in vitro activity of tobramycin and clarithromycin (with unclear efficacy against M. tuberculosis) was evaluated on 25 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates with various resistance profiles. The effect of the drugs administered together was examined for possible synergistic effect. The median minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 µg/ml obtained for both drugs in this study is rather high but are beyond the concentrations obtained in lung tissues. This suggests that both drugs should be investigated further as potential adjuncts to the treatment of resistant TB when other alternatives have failed; in particularly through new drug delivery systems such as the Dry Power Inhaler which allows local drug deposition with high drug concentrations in the lungs but low toxicity due to limited systemic absorption. In addition, for 36% of the tested isolates a decrease of the MIC of clarithromycin by a single or twofold dilution was observed in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of tobramycin and no antagonistic effect was seen for the remaining isolates.
This research illustrates different (laboratory) aspects in the fight against drug resistant TB, all using the Belgian TB collection: characterisation of the Belgian MDR-TB situation on bacteriological, molecular and epidemiological level; profound analysis of genomic mutations and their possible association with drug resistance; and investigation of synergistic activity of drugs with low efficacy against M. tuberculosis.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mougari, Faïza. "Etude phénotypique et génotypique de la résistance à la clarithromycine chez Mycobacterium abscessus, de la caractérisation des isolats à la thérapeutique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC062.
Full textThis work focuses on phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clarithromycin resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus. This nontuberculous mycobacteria is causing infections in patients with chronic lung diseases, especially cystic fibrosis, and extra-respiratory diseases usually in a iatrogenic context. M abscessus is extremely resistant to most available antibiotics with no standard effective treatment so far. First, we reviewed current literature for nontuberculous mycobacteria and M abscessus infections. We studied M abscessus genotyping by a semi-automated REP-PCR DiversiLab® and showed that each patient is infected by a different strain but a cystic fibrosis patient is infected by the same strain over time. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) study permits to distinguish subspecies of M abscessus. We studied clarithromycin resistance mechanisms for M abscessus with two approaches: one descriptive including clinical strains (we studied also resistance to other antibiotics especially amikacin, second important antibiotic), the other done through in vitro mutant selection. We described new resistance mechanisms. The majority of mutants and resistant clinical strains had mutations of 23S rRNA or in ribosomal proteins. Natural inducible resistance was due to erm(41) gene polymorphism. Knowledge of resistance mechanisms to clarithromycin and amikacin allowed us to develop a molecular diagnostic test prototype, with Hain LifeScience (GenoType NTM-DR). The clinical evaluation in our laboratory gave highly satisfactory results. This test is now commercially available. We have developed new tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of M abscessus infection
Khalil, Dima. "Résistance aux antibiotiques chez Mycoplasma bovis : mécanismes moléculaires et évolution en France." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1238/document.
Full textMycoplasma (M.) bovis is a bacterial pathogen for cattle, responsible for various clinical signs, like mastitis, arthritis, otitis and respiratory diseases, the latter being the main syndrome present in France. Mycoplasmoses have a great economic impact and their control entails drastic sanitary measures and a frequent use of antibiotherapy. Few data was available until recently on the molecular subtyping and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the French strains of M. bovis. Two previous studies done in the UMR « Mycoplasmoses des ruminants » proved that clinical isolates collected in France after the year 2000 belonged to one major subtype (ST2), which is very homogeneous, and that they were multiresistant to the main antimicrobial families except fluoroquinolones. These results suggested the diffusion of one unique multiresistant clone on the national territory. The first aim of the present study was to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the loss of susceptibility to antimicrobials of the French strains. Secondly the links between the molecular subtypes, the antibiotics susceptibility profiles, the clinical origins and the polymorphisms of the target genes were assessed. This approach was used for 3 antimicrobial families currently used in veterinary medicine: macrolides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, although recently classified as critical. Actually, the point mutations observed in the target genes of the antimicrobials accounted for the observed resistance phenotypes. Some mutations in the ribosomal RNAs, targets of the macrolides and the tetracyclines, were observed in clinical isolates as soon as 1978 and they were generalized in all isolates collected after 2000 and belonging to the major subtype ST2. Concerning the fluoroquinolones, the slight increase in MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) observed in most of the recent isolates was not associated with mutations in the QRDR (Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions). However alterations that were associated with increased MICs were highlighted and proved to be sequentially cumulated during experiments of in vitro selection under antimicrobials pressure. This was mainly true for strains belonging to a recent and uncommon subtype, ST3, which is apparently more variable and more able to fix the mutations. In 2013 the first clinical strain showing an increased MIC to fluoroquinolones was isolated and proved to belong to ST3. The whole results of this study showed that the different subtypes did not evolve with the same speed towards resistance. This fact, associated with the multiresistant phenotype of the recent isolates (ST2 or ST3), highlights the urge to monitor (subtyping and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles) and to follow-up the evolution of the isolates of M. bovis circulating in France in order to anticipate a potential emergence of the resistance to fluoroquinolones
Blanc, Landry. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'inhibition de la réponse immune innée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2588/.
Full textMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. Tb) detection by innate immune system involves different receptors called, Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which include: Toll-like receptors (TLR1, 2, 4, 8 and 9), NOD2, and C-type lectins such as the mannose receptor (MR) or DC-SIGN. The concerted action of these receptors results in the phagocytosis of mycobacteria and activation of intracellular signaling pathways, leading to nuclear translocation of transcription factors (such as NF-kB and AP -1) inducing genes expression and regulation of cytokines and chemokines. However, M. Tb is also able to inhibit the innate immune response, most particularly the inflammatory response, thus promoting its survival in infected macrophages. In this context, my work was aimed at deciphering the mechanisms used by M. Tb to inhibit the innate immune response, by focusing on immunomodulatory (glyco)lipids of the bacilli envelope. The strategy consisted in screening a library of about 11,000 transposition mutants of M. Tb on a human THP-1 macrophage cell line expressing a reporter system for NF-kB activation. This cell line expresses most of the PRRs involved in the detection of M. Tb: TLR2, 4, 9, mannose receptor, DC-SIGN, Mincle, NOD2. After the screening and validation steps, a mutant disrupted in the mmpL8 gene was selected for further study because: i) it induced an increased NF-kB activation as compared to the wild-type strain and was thus likely to be affected in an inhibition mechanism used by M. Tb, and ii) it was altered for the biosynthesis of M. Tb specific glycolipids, namely sulfolipids, which suspected to be involved in the bacilli virulence. We investigated by which molecular and cellular mechanisms sulfolipids were able to inhibit the innate immune response. By performing the structures/activities relationships study of sulfolipids inhibitory properties and using different cell models, we were able to show that sulfolipids act as TLR2 antagonists, thereby inhibiting the signaling pathways associated to this receptor. In conclusion, we highlighted a new inhibitory mechanism of innate immune response, involving M. Tb mycobacterial sulfolipids and TLR2
Hervin, Vincent. "Synthèse d’analogues de nucléosides et d'hétérocycles visant l'inhibition des Mur ligases bactériennes." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3110.
Full textLast decade, a growing problem of antibiotic resistance has become true worries for public health. Since the golden age of antibiotics, their development contributed to improve new marketing active compounds with large broad structural varieties, especially against mycobacteria, pneumococcal or staphylococcal strains. However, pathogenic bacterial infections, still an urgent public health concern because of bacterial resistance, remove the efficacy of employed antibiotics. Therefore, the development of new structural compounds for new antibiotics is a most potent pathway to improve their biological powerful against multi- and/or resistant bacterial strains. This manuscript describes new nucleosidic analogues obtained by diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) approach. Thus, new synthetic methodology for carbocyclic nucleosides cyclopentanone moiety was investigated and carba-nucleoside from virtual screening was synthetized. Small library of heterocyclic compounds containing an indole structure was developed. Key reactions was used like 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) allowing to develop a diversity-oriented synthesis approach (DOS). Furthermore, new methodology for pseudo-sugar of carbanucleoside synthesis use an allylic C-H activation cyclization palladium-catalyzed as C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation. These molecules have been shown to be active against Mur ligases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lavollay, Marie. "Rôle de la L,D-transpeptidation dans biosynthèse du peptidoglycane et la résistance aux bêta-lactamines chez les Actinomycetales." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T022.
Full textThe PBP that catalyze the last cross-linking step of peptidoglycan synthesis are the targets of β-lactams. A novel mechanism of β-lactam resistance due to activation of another pathway (L,D-transpeptidation) has been recently characterized. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the L,D-transpeptidation pathway in C. Jeikeium and M. Tuberculosis. Their L,D-transpeptidases use substrates containing a tetrapeptide stem and are inhibited by carbapenems. In C. Jeikeium, the PBP pathway is predominant. The supply in tetrapeptide substrate generated by Pbp4 is the limiting factor for L,D-transpeptidation pathway. Pbp2C was identified as the cross-linking enzyme responsible for β-lactam resistance in C. Jeikeium. In M. Tuberculosis, the peptidoglycan of non-replicating cells predominantly contains crosslinks generated by L,D-transpeptidation. L,D-transpeptidases and carbapenems may represent a target and a drug family relevant to the eradication of persistent M. Tuberculosis
Godreuil, Sylvain. "Contribution de l'épidémiologie génétique à l'étude de la transmission de Mycobacterium tuberculosis au Burkina Faso, à Djibouti et dans la région de Montpellier." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T005.
Full textGutierrez, Peraza Ana Victoria. "MmpL proteins in Mycobacterium abscessus : contribution in glycopeptidolipid transport and in drug resistance." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0592.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus (MAB), a rapidly growing mycobacterium associated to multidrug resistance, is responsible of pulmonary infections especially in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) is a family of multisubstrate efflux pumps involved in cell wall biosynthesis and drug resistance. The MmpSL4ab complex mediates the biosynthesis/transport of glycopeptidolipids (GPL) across the plasma membrane. MAB displays smooth (S) or rough (R) morphotypes, characterized by the presence or absence of GPL, respectively. The thesis research was focused in the contribution of MmpL in the S-to-R transition and in drug resistance mechanisms in MAB. We also developed genetic tools to easily generate mutants, based on a single and double homologous recombination events. We next described the heterogeneity of isolates from two CF patients pulmonary co-infected with both morphotypes using whole genome sequencing. We further elucidated the mechanism of resistance to thiacetazone analogues involving the TetR transcriptional regulator (MAB_4384) in the regulation of MAB MmpS5/MmpL5 efflux pump system. Our work based in genetic and biochemical approaches also demonstrated that mutations in the TetR transcriptional regulator MAB_2299c were associated with overexpression of two efflux pump systems, MAB_2300-2301 and MAB_1135c-1134c, both contributing to the intrinsic resistance to clofazimine and bedaquiline, two alternative therapeutic options recently proposed for treatment of MAB infections.Overall, these results expand our knowledge with respect to the regulatory mechanisms the MmpL family of proteins and on a novel mechanism of drug resistance in MAB
Corral, Dan. "Régulation métabolique de la plasticité des ILC2 au cours de l'infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30177.
Full textMucosal tissues harbor resident immune cells that play a dual role in maintaining both tissue integrity and protection against infection by pathogens. Among these, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key players in tissue homeostasis and immune response. The last few years have revealed the existence of different types of ILCs, classified according to their similarity to T cells based on expression of dedicated transcription factors and the execution of specific effector functions. These include ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, which form the innate counterparts of CD4+ T cells of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 types respectively, as well as NK for CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes. Similar to the associated Th subtypes, the different types of ILC have been implicated in various diseases. Within lung tissue, ILC2 is the quantitatively dominant subtype of ILC and its role has been characterized in particular in type 2 pathologies (asthma, allergies, parasitic infections). The lung is the site of entry for many infectious agents: yet the role of ILC2 in bacterial lung infections remains poorly explored. During my thesis, I was interested in the role of ILC, particularly ILC2, in the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, the etiological agent of tuberculosis. Infection with Mtb typically induces a type 1 immune response: IFNƴ production allows the activation of the microbicidal functions of infected macrophages. Nevertheless, this dominant mechanism of TB immunity barely predicts the outcome of infection, and the current view is that other cellular actors are likely to contribute significantly to protection. Based on their presence in the lung at the entry of the pathogen and the diversity of their antimicrobial and tissue-protective effector potential, I hypothesized that ILC could be activated and participate in the antituberculous immune response. In the mouse model of tuberculosis, I could show that ILC are differentially regulated during infection: while ILC1 and ILC3 expand and become activated, ILC2 contract and become functionally inhibited. Interestingly, inhibition of ILC2 is associated with a plasticity mechanism characterized by the loss of ILC2 markers, such as GATA3, ST2, Arg1 and IL-5, together with the acquisition of ILC1 characteristic markers, such as T-bet, IL-18Ra, CD49a and IFNƴ. Different stages of ILC2 plasticity were identified based on the expression of CD49a and IL-18Ra, leading to the formation of ILC1-like cells, which display a protective potential during infection. In this infectious model, as well as through the development of an easier model of plasticity based on the administration of cytokines, we showed that IFNƴ, originating from ILC1 and NK cells, as well as the expression of the transcription factor STAT1, were essential components for the generation of ILC1-like cells. With the aim to identify the molecular mechanisms governing this plasticity, we hypothesized that the ILC2-to-ILC1-like cell plasticity was associated with a marked metabolic change. [...]
Pham, Minh Khuê. "Surveillance de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis à travers des réseaux : méthodes, évaluation, résultats : l'exemple de la France et du Vietnam." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066085.
Full textBarbier, Maxime. "Histoire évolutive et propagation de la tuberculose à échelle planétaire : vers une approche intégrée combinant la génomique des populations et le typage multi-locus." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP051/document.
Full textAccording to a 2015 WHO report, tuberculosis remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Despite considerable efforts by the United Nations to eradicate the disease by 2030, a global TB epidemic still persists. Its causative agent, the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an obligate pathogen, has been plaguing humanity since it originated, and has coevolved with its main host, Homo sapiens, over thousands of years. Contemporary tuberculosis strains exhibit a structured phylogeographic pattern, carrying the genetic print of their geographic origin. The Koch bacillus infects and kills in large numbers, in poor and developing countries, where fragile health care systems, combined with high HIV prevalence, facilitate epidemic spread. In western countries, the major current threats are the multiplication and propagation of antibiotic resistant strains (MDR/XDR) coming predominantly from former Soviet republics. In this thesis, I unravel the evolutionary history, propagation, and acquisition of drug resistance-conferring mutations in different settings, by implementing multiple genetic and genomic data sets. First, focusing on Central Asia, using whole genome sequencing and Bayesian statistics, I assess the effects of a treatment campaign on the development of MDR strains and highlight key mutations in successful strains. More importantly, the success of DOTs campaigns was compromised by the genetic make-up of these outbreak clades (pre-treatment low frequency resistance SNPs). Special attention was also given to a particular outbreak of MDR strains, i.e. the Russian W148 clone. I present its westward spatial and temporal propagation at a continental scale during the last century, and underline the key contribution of compensatory mutations in its epidemic success. However, tuberculosis does not only infect humans, but also has experienced successive mammalian host jumps. To decipher the adaptive constraints accompanying such secondary events, a systemic gene screen with selection signature-detecting algorithms was implemented to identify putative targets during diversifying selection. Finally, novel mathematical tools and indices that reflect the epidemicity of a strain were developed, jumping from a population-driven approach to a strain specific one, with broader epidemiological applications. This allows us to correlate strain fitness with patient, lineage, and socio-economic information
Ung, Kien Lam. "Bases moléculaires du mécanisme de transport médié par les pompes à efflux de type MmpL et étude du rôle des N-acétyltransférases de type Eis dans la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les mycobactéries." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT054.
Full textMycobacteria possess an atypical and hydrophobic cell wall which, limits the penetration of the antibiotics and drug-like molecules. Trehalose monomycolates (TMM) are glycolipids and building blocks of the mycomembrane. The Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3 (MmpL3) mediates the TMM transport and is essential for bacilli growth. Several studies have highlighted MmpL3 as a promising drug target. To understand by structural and biochemical approaches the molecular basis of TMM transport and the mode of action of inhibitors targeting this pathway, we first established a robust purification protocol of MmpL3. We crystallized MmpL3 from several mycobacterial species, which allowed determination of the MmpL3 crystal structure (S3D) from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Recent studies demonstrated that MmpL3 requires several accessory proteins for efficient TMM transport. We could solve the S3D of one of these MmpL3 partners, the TMM transport factor A (TtfA) that was reported to be essential for the survival of mycobacteria. The TtfA S3D revealed a unique protein fold and bioinformatics analysis suggested that the TtfA function might not be solely dedicated to TMM transport. Mycobacteria can modify and inactivate antibiotics. The enhanced intracellular survival protein (Eis2) from M. abscessus (Mab) is important for invasion of the host and persistence. We could show by structural and biochemical approaches that Eis2, on top of its role in colonization, can modify by acetylation and thus inactivate several aminoglycosides (AG) and particularly amikacin (AMK), one of the cornerstone antibiotics for Mab infection treatment. Furthermore, by exploiting the Eis2 structural data, we found several inhibitors of Eis2 and could propose why apramycin an efficient anti-Mab AG is not inactivated by Eis2. We demonstrated also that the atypical active site of Eis1 from Mab a close homolog of Eis2 is not allowing the inactivation of AG. We could conclude that Eis1 contrary to Eis2 is not involved in AG resistance
Soroka, Daria. "Rôle du motif SDN dans l'inhibition et l'activité des β-lactamases des mycobactéries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066432.pdf.
Full textMycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus produce the β-lactamases BlaC and BlaMab that contribute to the intrinsic resistance of those bacteria to β-lactams. Our objective was to characterize the inhibition of these β-lactamases by avibactam and clavulanate in order to contribute to the development of new treatments. We have determined the inhibition and substrate profiles of BlaMab, as well as its crystal structure, revealing three major differences with BlaC. BlaMab is more active than BlaC with respect to hydrolysis of all β-lactams except cefoxitin, which is used for the treatment of infections due to M. abscessus. BlaC is inhibited irreversibly by clavulanate and inefficiently by avibactam. In contrast, BlaMab shows the opposite behavior involving hydrolysis of clavulanate and a rapid inhibition by avibactam. Structurally BlaC differs from BlaMab mainly by the replacement of the conserved motif SDN by SDG. The introduction of SDG in BlaMab and of SDN in BlaC revealed that this difference determines the inhibition profile of the β-lactamases. A single mutation can therefore lead to the emergence of resistance to the association of β-lactam with clavulanate or avibactam, but not to both associations. Thus, avibactam and clavulanate offer therapeutic alternatives in case of resistance to one of the two inhibitors. We have also investigated the β-lactam partners of clavulanate for the treatment of tuberculosis and showed that the structure of carbapenems could be optimized to enhance the inactivation of the targets and to reduce hydrolysis by BlaC
Soroka, Daria. "Rôle du motif SDN dans l'inhibition et l'activité des β-lactamases des mycobactéries." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066432/document.
Full textMycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus produce the β-lactamases BlaC and BlaMab that contribute to the intrinsic resistance of those bacteria to β-lactams. Our objective was to characterize the inhibition of these β-lactamases by avibactam and clavulanate in order to contribute to the development of new treatments. We have determined the inhibition and substrate profiles of BlaMab, as well as its crystal structure, revealing three major differences with BlaC. BlaMab is more active than BlaC with respect to hydrolysis of all β-lactams except cefoxitin, which is used for the treatment of infections due to M. abscessus. BlaC is inhibited irreversibly by clavulanate and inefficiently by avibactam. In contrast, BlaMab shows the opposite behavior involving hydrolysis of clavulanate and a rapid inhibition by avibactam. Structurally BlaC differs from BlaMab mainly by the replacement of the conserved motif SDN by SDG. The introduction of SDG in BlaMab and of SDN in BlaC revealed that this difference determines the inhibition profile of the β-lactamases. A single mutation can therefore lead to the emergence of resistance to the association of β-lactam with clavulanate or avibactam, but not to both associations. Thus, avibactam and clavulanate offer therapeutic alternatives in case of resistance to one of the two inhibitors. We have also investigated the β-lactam partners of clavulanate for the treatment of tuberculosis and showed that the structure of carbapenems could be optimized to enhance the inactivation of the targets and to reduce hydrolysis by BlaC
Ducasse-Cabanot, Stéphanie. "MabA, β-cétoacyl-ACP réductase de mycobactérium tuberculosis : propriétés fonctionnelles et structurales et inhibition par l'antibiotique antituberculeux isoniazide." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU3A201.
Full textNguyen, Thi Ngoc Anh. "Development of a DNA chip for rapid detection of first-line and second-line drug resistances in Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT074.
Full textThe emergence and continuous increase of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a major challenge for tuberculosis (TB) control. To overcome the time-consuming problem of conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST), many molecular-based tests have been recently developed for early detection of drug resistance-associated mutations. Up to now, except whole genome sequencing (not ready for routine diagnostic in low and middle-income countries), no test has the capacity to simultaneously detect the different types of drug resistance to first- and second-line drugs in one reaction. Based on the literature and previous works carried out in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, in this study, a DNA chip was developed able to detect 184 main mutations conferring resistance to both first- and second-line drugs. Compared to DST, the DNA chip showed high sensitivity (between 84.3% and 100%) and high specificity (between 89.2% and 100%). Compared to sequencing, the DNA chip showed comparable accuracy, with sensitivity between 90% and 100% and specificity between 98.2% and 100%. The DNA chip showed a better coverage than the WHO endorsed molecular tests since it enables the detection of both first- and second-line drug resistances in one test. The turn-around time is about 6-7h from cultured isolates reducing considerably the diagnostic time compared to cultured-based DST. Finally, the DNA chip has been successfully developed, even if certain technical aspects need to be improved to make an affordable and easy-to-use diagnostic tool
Mehta, Shachi. "Biopharmaceutical optimization of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infections : interest of nebulization and antibiotic combinations." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT1805.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria responsible for difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections in humans. Current recommended treatment is associated with high treatment failure and emergence of resistance to most of the antibiotics. Also, with only a few new antibiotic drugs active against multidrug-resistant bacteria approved every year, it is important to optimize the use of already existing antibiotics using biopharmaceutical approach like Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD). In pulmonary infections, direct administration of low permeability drugs such as cefoxitin (FOX) and amikacin (AMK) into lungs as therapeutic aerosols should increase their efficiency and minimize whole body exposure responsible for adverse effects, particularly in the case of prolonged treatments. Moreover, the use of antibiotics in combination may reduce the risk of resistance. Several points have been addressed in this thesis: 1. Biopharmaceutical studies of AMK and FOX: It was shown that after nebulization of AMK and FOX, pulmonary concentrations were almost 1000-fold higher than after intravenous administration for both antibiotics, making them a good candidate for nebulization. 2. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study of cefoxitin: a semi-mechanistic PK/PD model was developed from in vitro time kill-kinetics assay data, enabling identification of concentration-effect relationships for two bacterial sub-populations while taking into account the unstability degradation of cefoxitin.3. PK/PD study of bi-combination: Using a mechanism-based mathematical model and data obtained from time kill-kinetics study, it was shown that the combined effect of AMK and FOX was additive to synergistic at different concentration.4. Bi-or tri-combinations: several tri-combinations including AMK, FOX and a 3rd antibiotic (including clarithromycin, linezolid, clofazimine, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin and rifabutin) were tested against reference strain, clarithromycin resistance-clinical isolate (Ma1611) and multidrug-resistance-clinical isolate (T28). All tri-combinations were active against reference strain. Similar observation was made with Ma1611 except combination with clofazimine and clarithromycin. Any combination was active against T28. Bi-combination with highest concentrations of FOX and rifamycins were effective against T28. The synergy between FOX and fluoroquinolones or rifamycins suggests a potent role of these combinations that may warrant further optimization of treatment regimen for the treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary infections. 5. Tri-combination including AMK, FOX and moxifloxacin (MXF) up to 21 days against clarithromycin-resistance clinical isolate has shown no importance of using MXF as tri-combination was not more effective than the bi-combination of AMK and FOX