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Academic literature on the topic 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Résistance aux antibiotiques'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Résistance aux antibiotiques"
Truffot-Pernot, Ch. "La résistance aux antibiotiques de Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Revue Française des Laboratoires 1995, no. 273 (February 1995): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(95)80203-7.
Full textHerrmann, JL, and PH Lagrange. "Résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques : épidémiologie moléculaire." Immuno-analyse & Biologie Spécialisée 16, no. 3 (May 2001): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2532(01)80030-2.
Full textHeym, B., and S. T. Cole. "Les mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 26, no. 11 (November 1996): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(96)80199-5.
Full textLe Anh, Tuan. "115-PA11 Résistance de M. tuberculosis aux antibiotiques." Tubercle and Lung Disease 76 (October 1995): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(95)90347-x.
Full textIllouz, Morgane, Matthéo Alcaraz, Françoise Roquet-Banères, and Laurent Kremer. "Mycobacterium abscessus, un modèle de résistance aux différentes classes d’antibiotiques." médecine/sciences 37, no. 11 (November 2021): 993–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2021164.
Full textGérôme, Patrick, Michel Fabre, and Jean-Louis Koeck. "Les méthodes d'étude de la sensibilité de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques." Revue Française des Laboratoires 2003, no. 352 (April 2003): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(03)80503-6.
Full textSougakoff, Wladimir, Chantal Truffot-Pernot, Michel Szpytma, Emmanuelle Cambau, Nadine Lemaître, and Vincent Jarlier. "Diagnostic moléculaire de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antituberculeux." Revue Française des Laboratoires 1999, no. 314 (June 1999): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(99)80174-7.
Full textRobert, J., D. Trystram, C. Truffot, and J. Grosset. "La multirésistance (MDR) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques en France depuis 1992." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 33 (March 2003): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(03)00064-7.
Full textKabedi, Marie José Bajani, Steve Mundeke Ahuka, Octavie Metila Lunguya, Jean Marie Ntumba Kayembe, Hippolyte Nani Tuma Situakibanza, Serge Fueza Bisuta, Nicolas Kalulu Taba, Paulin Mbaya, and Jean Jacques Tamfum Muyembe. "Tuberculose chez les enfants de 0-14 ans : résistance primaire de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antituberculeux et variants génétiques à Kinshasa." Annales Africaines de Medecine 16, no. 4 (September 28, 2023): e5375-e5381. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aamed.v16i4.10.
Full textDagnra, A. Y., A. Patassi, A. Hounkpati, K. Adjoh, D. Sadzo-Hetsu, M. Prince-David, and O. Tidjani. "347 Résistance aux antibiotiques des souches de Mycobactérie du complexe tuberculosis isolées chez des patients souffrant de tuberculose pulmonaire à Lomé." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 24 (January 2007): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0761-8425(07)72723-7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycobacterium tuberculosis – Résistance aux antibiotiques"
Robert, Jérôme. "Epidémiologie de la tuberculose et de la résistance de Mycobacterium tuberculosis aux antibiotiques en France." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066490.
Full textFournier, Le Ray Laure. "Impact de l'hôte sur le risque d'émergence de résistance à la bédaquiline chez Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS380.pdf.
Full textThe aim of my project was to describe and characterise the emergence of bedaquiline (BDQ) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a first study, we performed an in vitro fluctuation test and adapted it for the first time in vivo in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. We found that immunosuppression appeared to increase the risk of resistance emergence, but this increase was not due to an increase in the mutation rate but to greater heterogeneity in this population, with individuals deviating significantly from the mean values and harbouring large numbers of mutants. In a second work, we described the first European case of selection for BDQ resistance by atpE mutation. Finally, we performed a retrospective study of BDQ susceptibility among all MDR strains isolated in France between 2018 and 2020. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis showed that mutated strains are classified as phenotypically susceptible according to the current WHO criteria and that these strains are a mixture of strains with no increase in MIC and strains with a minimal increase in MIC that do not classify the strain as resistant. In conclusion, we have shown that the work classically performed in vitro to measure mutation rate only gives a simplified idea of the complexity of the emergence of resistance in vivo. Our work has also shown that it is difficult with current genotypic and phenotypic tools to distinguish between Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are susceptible and those that are resistant to BDQ
Bonnet, Isabelle. "Rôle de whiB6 et kdpDE dans le clone MDR hypertransmissible B0/W148 de Mycobacterium tuberculosi." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS478.pdf.
Full textTuberculosis (TB) is, excluding COVID, the leading cause of death linked to an infectious agent. Rapid determination of the full resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is essential to initiate appropriate treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) cases, thereby limiting the acquisition of additional resistance, increasing the chances of therapeutic success and reducing transmission of these strains. There are 9 main lineages within the M. tuberculosis complex, 2 of which are widespread throughout the world (L2 and L4). Within lineage 2, the clone W148 (or clonal complex CC 100-32) has recently spread to Europe and Asia. This spread could be explained by specific mutations within the genome.First, we investigated the Deeplex Myc-TB tool for rapid detection of genotype and resistance in clinical Mtb MDR strains. The Deeplex Myc-TB technology, based on multiplex PCR and high-throughput sequencing, determines species (hsp65), genotype (spoligotype) and resistance to 13 first- and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs (18 targets). Our evaluation included 112 samples and 94 strains sent to the Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et de la Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux (CNR MyRMA). We have observed that the Deeplex Myc-TB test is efficient on microscopically positive samples and strains. The resistance profiles obtained are 85.4% concordant with the results of the phenotypic reference method. The use of Deeplex Myc-TB provides results within ten days, and around 6 weeks before those of the phenotypic antibiogram. Deeplex Myc-TB can therefore be used to adapt antibiotic therapy much earlier than was previously possible, to the patient benefit. We were thus able to validate this tool, which is now routinely used at CNR MyRMA. We next studied mutations specific to CC 100-32 MDR. Genome-wide analysis of 36 strains received at CNR MyRMA identified 30 non-synonymous mutations and small deletions specific to CC 100-32 MDR strains. Among these, we chose to study mutations present in kdpD and whiB6, as data in the literature indicated an impact of these genes on the virulence of the strain. On the one hand, KdpDE is a two-component system regulating expression of the inducible potassium transport system KdpFABC. The mutation present in the CC 100-32 MDR complex is a 2-nucleotides deletion at the end of the kdpD gene, resulting in a KdpDE fusion protein. We therefore constructed such a mutant in Mtb H37Rv by deleting both the kdpD and kdpE genes before complementing it with the wild-type or mutated form of kdpDE. We observed no difference in the in vitro growth of the different strains, even in the absence of potassium, suggesting that KdpDE is not essential for bacterial fitness in presence or absence of potassium. The impact of the deletion on transcriptional activity and virulence is currently being studied. On the other hand, WhiB6 is a transcription factor that regulates the ESX-1 system, necessary for virulence. Work from the laboratory generated a ∆whiB6 mutant and the complemented WT and mutated (T51P) strains and their re-analysis indicated that T51P mutant strain produces less ESAT-6 and pro-inflammatory cytokines than the wild-type strain. Our transcriptome analysis of these strains is currently underway. Initial results suggest that the T51P mutation in WhiB6 results in less virulence and inflammation. This work has validated a tool that is now essential for routine diagnosis of MDR TB at CNR MyRMA, and to study the spread of an MDR clone through the function of two transcription factors involved in virulence
Sudalaiyadum, Perumal Ayyappasamy. "Role of the activator protein RbpA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in transcription regulation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT092/document.
Full textRNA polymerase binding protein A (RbpA) is global transcriptional activator from actinomycetes species which is essential for growth and which increases tolerance of bacteria to antibiotics. RbpA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) specifically stimulates transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) containing either the σA or σB subunits but none of the other 11 alternative σ factors. It has been reported that the functioning of RbpA is promoter-dependent and it is indispensible for promoter unwinding of the constitutive sigAP promoter. To decipher the nature of promoter specificity of RbpA, we used biochemical assays, mutagensis and genomics approaches. We found that placing ‘TG-motif' between -14 to -17 positions in sigAP wild-type promoter makes transcription independent of RbpA. Also, we have shown that RbpA increases ability of RNAP to melt sigAP promoter at sub-optimal temperatures and stabilises promoter complexes. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues H166 and E169 in the σB region 3.0 (σR3.0), interacting with TG-motif, demonstrated an implication of σR3.0 in RbpA-mediated stabilisation of RNAP promoter complexes. Substitution in RbpA at amino acid residue R79 affected the promoter-complex stability, while the substitutions at RbpA resdiues K73, K74 affected the transcription initiation. However, none of the RbpA mutants studied here affected opening of the promoter DNA. The differential roles played by these RbpA residues in promoter complex stabilization and transcription initiation together with the effect produced by the σB mutations suggest the implication of σR3.0 in RbpA action. Next, we performed genome-wide cartography of the RbpA-dependent genes from the σB regulon by using an in vitro RunOff Microarray Analysis (ROMA). ROMA analysis has shown clear evidence of 15 fold increase in the number of genes activated by σB-RNAP in the presence of RbpA. Bioinformatics analysis of 140 genes controlled by RbpA-σB pair allowed us to identify characteristic signature in the -10 consensus (‘TANNNT’) specific to σB subunit. Our study underlines an importance of the interplay between σR3.0 and RbpA in Mtb transcription. Based on our results we propose that RbpA may play a role of functional replacement for TG-motif of the extended -10 elements in mycobacterium species
Alame, Emane Amel Kevin. "Les infections à mycobactéries du complexe Mycobacterium tuberculosis à Libreville : profil des résistances aux antibiotiques et diversité génétique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC129/document.
Full textThe emerging phenomenon of the MDR and XDR-TB is a worldwide public health issue. In developing countries, this problem is amplified due to the fact that TB diagnostic laboratories lack equipment and diagnostic tools to identify these cases and therefore prescribe appropriate chemotherapy. In the first part of this doctoral work, the sequencing of the pncA gene allowed us to show that the resistance to Pyrazinamide occurs significantly when the strain is MDR, corresponding to the acquisition of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid; and that after the acquisition of Fluoroquinolones and to injectable antibiotics of second line (Amykacine, Kanamycine, Capreomycine) resistance by MDR strains, this rate increases even more. In the second part of the study, we propose an alternative method to the culture of bacilli in a BSL3 confined environment. From uncultivated clinical samples (sputum) and through GeneXpert MTB/RIF, sequencing of genes and spoligotyping, we identified 19 MDR strains, active transmission of sensitive strains belonging to clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 and finally as well as an underlying epidemic of 5 Beijing MDR strains.In the first study, 272 retrospective samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were selected from two large cosmopolitan cities: Northern Paris (Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 101 strains) and Southwest of Shanghai (Songjiang district, 171 Strains). These strains were selected according to their known phenotypic sensitivity to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). These phenotypic resistances were confirmed by the HAIN genotype analysis tools MTBDRplus and by the sequencing of the rpoB and katG/inhA genes. To determine the extensively drug resistance strains (XDR), we sequenced the gyrA/gyrB and rrs genes to identify genetic mutations associated with resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotics: Amikacin (AMK)-Kanamycin ( KAN)-Capreomycin (CAP), respectively. Finally, we sequenced the pncA gene of all isolates to identify the genetic mutations associated with resistance to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The strains were genotyped by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.In the second study, from October 2014 to February 2015, 159 morning sputum samples with smear-positive smear after Ziehl-Neelsen staining were collected at the three main diagnostic laboratories for tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. These clinical samples were transported to the National Laboratory of Public Health in Libreville for analysis with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF automaton to confirm the microscopic diagnosis and to determine the resistance of bacilli to Rifampicin. Of the 159 samples, 29 samples had a sputum volume less than 1 ml, the minimum required according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For the 130 sputum samples analyzed by the GeneXpert automaton, 375 μl of the remaining GeneXpert solution not introduced into the cartridge was introduced into a 50 ml conical tube containing 25 ml of phosphate buffer (autoclaved solution) to neutralize the pH of the GeneXpert solution. The conical tube is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4,500 rpm, the pellet is taken up in 100 μl of TE and then transferred to a 100 μl microtube which is subsequently heated for 30 minutes at 90°C. After a cycle of freezing (-40 ° C. for 1 h)-defrosting, the microtube is briefly centrifuged and the supernatant is transferred to a new microtube. From this new microtube we amplified by PCR and then sequenced the rpoB, katG/inhA, pncA, gyrA, rrs and rpsL genes to identify mutations associated with resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Fluoroquinolones, Antibiotics in second lines: Amikacin-Kanamycin-Capreomycin and Streptomycin (SM), respectively. All the samples were genotyped by the multiplexed spoligotyping applied to the Luminex MagPix
Mathys, Vanessa. "Contribution à la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de résistance de mycobacterium tuberculosis aux agents anti-tuberculeux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210242.
Full textLa sélection de mutants résistants se produit chez le patient lorsque les taux d’antibiotiques présents dans le corps sont sub-thérapeutiques ou lorsque la thérapie est inappropriée. Un des facteurs favorisant est l’exceptionnelle durée de la chémothérapie. Le besoin de maintenir des taux élevés d’antibiotiques pendant des mois, combiné avec la toxicité inhérente des agents, résultent en une observance incomplète du traitement par le patient et le risque d’acquérir des résistances. La résistance aux antibiotiques chez M. tuberculosis résulte d’altérations dans des gènes chromosomiques spécifiques. Les causes génétiques de la résistance ont été définies pour certains antibiotiques bien que plusieurs inconnues persistent.
Le présent travail a consisté en l’étude du problème de la résistance aux antibiotiques anti-tuberculeux par différentes approches :l’analyse génétique des mécanismes de résistance, l’évaluation de l’activité thérapeutique de nouvelles molécules et la caractérisation du profil de résistance de souches cliniques.
L’acide p-aminosalicylique (PAS) est un antibiotique bactériostatique de deuxième ligne dont le mécanisme d'action sur le bacille tuberculeux est incompris. Récemment, en utilisant la mutagenèse par transposon, la résistance au PAS fut associée à des mutations de la thymidylate synthase encodée par le gène thyA. Suite à cette découverte, nous avons entrepris une étude moléculaire de souches cliniques et de mutants spontanés résistants au PAS. Des mutations du gène thyA furent identifiées chez seulement 37% des souches. En tout, vingt-quatre mutations différentes furent identifiées dans le gène thyA. Les séquences nucléotidiques de cinq autres gènes de la voie de synthèse du folate et de la thymine (dfrA, folC, folP1, folP2, et thyX) ainsi que de 3 gènes encodant des N-acétyltransférases (nhoA, aac1 et aac2) furent également analysées mais aucune mutation associée à la résistance au PAS n’a pu être mise en évidence. L’utilisation de techniques bioinformatiques de prédiction structurelle révèle que les mutations identifiées affectent soit la structure soit le site fonctionnel de ThyA. L’étude des profils de croissance des organismes résistants au PAS nous permit de constater que les organismes porteurs d’une mutation de la protéine ThyA présentent un profil de croissance constant en présence de concentrations croissantes de PAS. Les organismes résistants au PAS possédant une protéine ThyA sauvage répondent, quant à eux, aux concentrations croissantes de PAS de façon dose-dépendante, indiquant que le(s) mécanisme(s) alternatif(s) de résistance au PAS est (sont) dose-dépendant(s).
La thymidylate synthase est également une des cibles du 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), l’agent chimiothérapeutique le plus largement utilisé pour le traitement du cancer colorectal avancé. Etant donné l’augmentation du nombre de souches résistantes de M. tuberculosis, de nouveaux composés anti-tuberculeux sont nécessaires de façon urgente. Ici, nous avons évalué l’efficacité in vitro et in vivo du 5-FU sur M. tuberculosis. La concentration minimale inhibitrice du 5-FU fut déterminée sur une collection de souches cliniques sensibles et multi-résistantes ainsi que sur des mutants spontanés résistants au PAS. Tous les isolats montrèrent une sensibilité au 5-FU à des concentrations allant de 0.4 à 1.8 µg/ml, et ce indépendamment de leur profil de sensibilité/résistance aux agents anti-tuberculeux actuels. Les études in vivo du 5-FU (sur un modèle murin de tuberculose active) montrèrent une efficacité de celui-ci durant les deux premières semaines de traitement puis une perte d’activité à la troisième semaine, vraisemblablement engendrée par les effets secondaires du 5-FU.
L’éthionamide (ETH) est un autre antibiotique de deuxième ligne dont l’utilisation est limitée aux tuberculoses multi-résistantes étant donné les effets secondaires qu’il engendre. Ces dernières années, les études ont montré que l’ETH est un pro-médicament, transformé en forme active par l’enzyme monooxygénase EthA dont l’expression est contrôlée par le répresseur transcriptionnel EthR. Notre étude décrit l’élaboration d’inhibiteur d’EthR capable d’augmenter la sensibilité de M. tuberculosis à l’ETH suite à l’amélioration de son activation. Les composés synthétisés et sélectionnés pour leur capacité à inhiber l’interaction EthR-ADN furent co-cristallisés avec EthR. Les structures tridimensionnelles des complexes furent utilisées pour la synthèse d’analogues capables d’améliorer la puissance de l’ETH en culture. Les molécules les plus prometteuses furent testées sur un modèle murin de tuberculose. Pour un des inhibiteurs d’EthR testés, nous avons montré que sa co-administration avec l’ETH permet une réduction de la dose d’ETH utilisée de 3 fois, pour l’obtention d’une même réduction de charge mycobactérienne pulmonaire. Ce travail démontre la possibilité d’augmenter l’index thérapeutique de l’éthionamide en agissant pharmacologiquement sur le mécanisme régulateur de son activation.
Dans certaines régions du monde, le problème de la multi-résistance devient très présent. Nous avons étudié l’état de la situation à Mourmansk (Fédération russe), une région à haute incidence de tuberculose. La résistance aux antibiotiques et l’épidémiologie moléculaire de la tuberculose furent étudiées sur des isolats collectés en 2003 et 2004 dans cette région. Une extrêmement haute prévalence de tuberculose multi-résistante (MDR-TB) fut constatée à la fois pour les nouveaux cas (primaires) (26%) et les cas précédemment traités (72.9%). Le typage des souches MDR primaires révèle une appartenance au génotype Beijing pour la plupart des isolats (79.8%) et l’homogénéité génétique des souches suggère une transmission active au sein de la population. L’analyse moléculaire des gènes impliqués dans la résistance à l’INH et à la RIF montre la présence des mutations katG codon 315 et rpoB codon 531 chez, respectivement, 98,2% et 76,3% des isolats MDR-TB primaires. La haute fréquence de ces mutations « communes » suggère la possible utilisation de tests moléculaires ciblant spécifiquement ces mutations pour détecter rapidement la plupart des cas de MDR-TB.
Nos travaux illustrent les différentes voies à suivre pour maitriser le problème de la résistance aux antibiotiques :l’élucidation des mécanismes de résistance, le développement de nouveaux médicaments et la détection rapide des cas de résistance.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Wan, Kanglin. "Diversité génétique et résistance aux médicaments anti-tuberculeux de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en Chine." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734513.
Full textHugonnet, Jean-Emmanuel. "Nouveaux mécanismes de résistance aux β-lactamines et nouvelles cibles de ces antibiotiques chez les bactéries à Gram positif." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066457.
Full textLingoupou-Minime, Fanny. "Diagnostic moléculaire de la tuberculose et caractéristiques des souches mycobacterium tuberculosis multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques à Bangui (République Centrafricaine)." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077068.
Full textHuman tuberculosis remains a major public health problem. One of the most alarming trends concerning tuberculosis is the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, which are serious threats to the control of tuberculosis. Early detection of M. Tuberculosis drug resistance in clinical isolates is crucial for appropriate treatment to prevent the development of further résistance and the spread of resistant strains. The first part of our study compare molecular tests for the detection of rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistant strains to conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) and sequencing. Génotype MTBDRplus testing seems to be reliable tool for the detection of INH and RIF résistance in various strains. In addition, our work has also confirmed that T2 spoligotype is common among MDR isolates circulating in Central African Republic (CAR). Second, we studied the innate immune response by infecting in vitro human macrophages with T2 and other M. Tuberculosis strains. Our results show that, compared to reference strains (H37Rv), T2 strains induce a less inflammatory response. Sequencing identified SNPs carried by ail T2 strains suggesting a phylogenetic link. These preliminary results give an important information on chacteristics and pathogenicity of MDR strains in CAR. Finally, we assessed Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of tuberculous adenopathy in children. FNA allowed detection of 67. 2»% of TB cases. This tool is simple, cost-effective and non-invasive that provides samples that could be used for bacteriological or molecular confirmation of TB
Muhammed, Ameen Sirwan. "Re-evaluation of older antibiotics in the area of resistant mycobacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5058.
Full textFirstly, we measured the serum concentration of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-Trimethoprim (TMP) in patients treated with high dosage regimen. The mean values and standard deviation for SMX concentration was 161.01± 69.154 mg/L and of 5.788 ± 2.74 mg/L for TMP. Susceptibility testing yielded a minimum inhibitory concentration 90% (MIC90) of 10 mg/L for cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. All M. tuberculosis complex mycobacteria (MTC) were inhibited by 20 mg/L cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. Also, the MICs of ivermectin varied between 10 and 40 mg/L, against 13 MTC mycobacteria. Moreover, all M. tuberculosis isolate were resistant to squalamine with MIC > 100 mg/L. Also, all Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolates were resistant to trimethoprim with MIC > 200 mg/L. Cotrimoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine exhibited MIC of 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively against all tested MAC isolates except for Mycobacterium chimaera which exhibited MICs of 10 mg/L for these molecules. Comparing the DHPS gene sequence in M. intracellulare and M. chimaera type strains and clinical isolates yielded only four amino acid changes