Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mycobacterium smegmati

Academic literature on the topic 'Mycobacterium smegmati'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycobacterium smegmati"

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Deng, Guoying, Fei Zhang, Shufeng Yang, Jian Kang, Shanshan Sha, and Yufang Ma. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0431 expressed in Mycobacterium smegmati s, a potentially mannosylated protein, mediated the immune evasion of RAW 264.7 macrophages." Microbial Pathogenesis 100 (November 2016): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.013.

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Pandey, N., K. Singh, F. Ahmad, and R. Sharma. "Characterization of biofilm formation by Mycobacterium smegmatis during different environmental stress conditions: An in-vitro study." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 6 (November 15, 2022): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/6/mrn-4081.

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Aim: In-vitro characterisation of biofilm produced by Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis), a surrogate model for biofilm production by Mycobacteria, and to evaluate the impact of different environmental stress on mycobacterial growth and biofilm formation. Methodology: M. smegmatis biofilms were studied using tissue culture plate and tube adherence methods. Confocal Laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the 3D structure and surface morphology, respectively. Additionally, the effect of different environmental stress, such as the absence of essential ions, exposure to harsh environmental conditions, such as acidic environment or oxidative stress, on mycobacterial biofilm formation and mycobacterial growth was assessed. Results: All the exposures, except for carbon supplemented media had a detrimental effect on the number of viable counts and on biofilm formation by mycobacteria (p<0.001). Growth in low pH and oxidative stress was found to be maximum showing reduction by 98% when compared with control. Interpretation: Our findings present various environmental conditions that profoundly affect biofilm formation and thus, may find practical implications in future as effective mycobacterial control strategies having attributes of mycobacterial growth as well as biofilm inhibition. Key words: Biofilm, Environmental stress, Multi-drug resistance, Mycobacterium
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Burguière, Adeline, Paul G. Hitchen, Lynn G. Dover, Anne Dell, and Gurdyal S. Besra. "Altered expression profile of mycobacterial surface glycopeptidolipids following treatment with the antifungal azole inhibitors econazole and clotrimazole." Microbiology 151, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 2087–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27938-0.

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The azole antifungal drugs econazole and clotrimazole are known cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors. This study shows that these drugs are potent inhibitors of mycobacterial growth and are more effective against Mycobacterium smegmatis than isoniazid and ethionamide, two established anti-mycobacterial drugs. Several non-tuberculous mycobacteria, including the pathogenic members of the Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex (MAC) and the fast-growing saprophytic organism M. smegmatis, produce an array of serovar-specific (ss) and non-serovar-specific (ns) glycopeptidolipids (GPLs). GPL biosynthesis has been investigated for several years but has still not been fully elucidated. The authors demonstrate here that econazole and clotrimazole inhibit GPL biosynthesis in M. smegmatis. In particular, clotrimazole inhibits all four types of nsGPLs found in M. smegmatis, suggesting an early and common target within their biosynthetic pathway. Altogether, the data suggest that an azole-specific target, most likely a cytochrome P450, may be involved in the hydroxylation of the N-acyl chain in GPL biosynthesis. Azole antifungal drugs and potential derivatives could represent an interesting new range of anti-mycobacterial drugs, especially against opportunistic human pathogens including MAC, M. scrofulaceum, M. peregrinum, M. chelonae and M. abscessus.
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Cai, Xiaoying, Lei Liu, Chunhong Qiu, Chongzheng Wen, Yao He, Yanxiang Cui, Siyu Li, et al. "Identification and architecture of a putative secretion tube across mycobacterial outer envelope." Science Advances 7, no. 34 (August 2021): eabg5656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg5656.

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Tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria have thick cell-wall and capsule layers that are formed from complex structures. Protein secretion across these barriers depends on a specialized protein secretion system, but none has been reported. We show that Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3705c and its homologous MSMEG_6251 in Mycobacterium smegmatis are tube-forming proteins in the mycobacterial envelope (TiME). Crystallographic and cryo-EM structures of these two proteins show that both proteins form rotationally symmetric rings. Two layers of TiME rings pack together in a tail-to-tail manner into a ring-shaped complex, which, in turn, stacks together to form tubes. M. smegmatis TiME was detected mainly in the cell wall and capsule. Knocking out the TiME gene markedly decreased the amount of secreted protein in the M. smegmatis culture medium, and expression of this gene in knocked-out strain partially restored the level of secreted protein. Our structure and functional data thus suggest that TiME forms a protein transport tube across the mycobacterial outer envelope.
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Poupin, P., J. J. Godon, E. Zumstein, and N. Truffaut. "Degradation of morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine by mycobacteria: evidences for the involvement of a cytochrome P450." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-002.

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Nine bacterial strains that grew on morpholine and pyrrolidine as sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy sources were isolated from three different environments with no known morpholine contamination. One of these strains could also degrade piperidine. These bacteria were identified as Mycobacterium strains. A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the isolated strains clustered within the fast growing group of mycobacteria. When the above-mentioned cyclic amines were used as growth substrates, the synthesis of a soluble cytochrome P450 was induced in all these bacteria. Other laboratory strains, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, were tested for their abilities to degrade morpholine. Neither of them degraded morpholine but could use pyrrolidine and piperidine. The growth of M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis mc2155 on these compounds involved a soluble cytochrome P450, suggesting that mycobacterial strains are naturally able to use pyrrolidine and have developed a similar enzymatic pathway to metabolize this amine.Key words: mycobacteria, morpholine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, cytochrome P450.
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Harth, Günter, Saša Masleša-Galić, and Marcus A. Horwitz. "A two-plasmid system for stable, selective-pressure-independent expression of multiple extracellular proteins in mycobacteria." Microbiology 150, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27113-0.

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Recombinant mycobacteria expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular proteins are leading candidates for new vaccines against tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, and important tools both in antimycobacterial drug development and basic research in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Recombinant mycobacteria that stably overexpress and secrete major extracellular proteins of M. tuberculosis in native form on plasmids pSMT3 and pNBV1 were previously constructed by the authors. To enhance the versatility of this plasmid-based approach for mycobacterial protein expression, the Escherichia coli/mycobacteria shuttle plasmid pGB9 was modified to accommodate mycobacterial genes expressed from their endogenous promoters. Previous studies showed that the modified plasmid, designated pGB9.2, derived from the cryptic Mycobacterium fortuitum plasmid pMF1, was present at a low copy number in both E. coli and mycobacteria, and expression of recombinant M. tuberculosis proteins was found to be at levels paralleling its copy number, that is, approximating their endogenous levels. Plasmid pGB9.2 was compatible with the shuttle vectors pSMT3 and pNBV1 and in combination with them it simultaneously expressed the M. tuberculosis 30 kDa extracellular protein FbpB. Plasmid pGB9.2 was stably maintained in the absence of selective pressure in three mycobacterial species: Mycobacterium bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis. Plasmid pGB9.2 was found to be self-transmissible between both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, but not from mycobacteria to E. coli or between E. coli strains. The combination of two compatible plasmids in one BCG strain allows expression of recombinant mycobacterial proteins at different levels, a potentially important factor in optimizing vaccine potency.
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Converse, Scott E., and Jeffery S. Cox. "A Protein Secretion Pathway Critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Is Conserved and Functional in Mycobacterium smegmatis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 4 (February 15, 2005): 1238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.4.1238-1245.2005.

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ABSTRACT The Snm protein secretion system is a critical determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. However, genes encoding components of this pathway are conserved among all mycobacteria, including the nonpathogenic saprophyte Mycobacterium smegmatis. We show that the Snm system is operational in M. smegmatis and that secretion of its homologous ESAT-6 and CFP-10 substrates is regulated by growth conditions. Importantly, we show that Snm secretion in M. smegmatis requires genes that are homologous to those required for secretion in M. tuberculosis. Using a gene knockout strategy in M. smegmatis, we have also discovered four new gene products that are essential for Snm secretion, including the serine protease mycosin 1. Despite the evolutionary distance between M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, the M. smegmatis Snm system can secrete the M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins, suggesting that substrate recognition is also conserved between the two species. M. smegmatis, therefore, represents a powerful system to study the multicomponent Snm secretory machine and to understand the role of this conserved system in mycobacterial biology.
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Korycka-Machala, Malgorzata, Ewelina Rychta, Anna Brzostek, Heather R. Sayer, Anna Rumijowska-Galewicz, Richard P. Bowater, and Jarosław Dziadek. "Evaluation of NAD+-Dependent DNA Ligase of Mycobacteria as a Potential Target for Antibiotics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (June 4, 2007): 2888–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00254-07.

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ABSTRACT Mycobacteria contain genes for several DNA ligases, including ligA, which encodes a NAD+-dependent enzyme that has been postulated to be a target for novel antibacterial compounds. Using a homologous recombination system, direct evidence is presented that wild-type ligA cannot be deleted from the chromosome of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Deletions of native ligA in M. smegmatis could be obtained only after the integration of an extra copy of M. smegmatis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis ligA into the attB site of the chromosome, with expression controlled by chemically inducible promoters. The four ATP-dependent DNA ligases encoded by the M. smegmatis chromosome were unable to replace the function of LigA. Interestingly, the LigA protein from M. smegmatis could be substituted with the NAD+-dependent DNA ligase of Escherichia coli or the ATP-dependent ligase of bacteriophage T4. The conditional mutant strains allowed the analysis of the effect of LigA depletion on the growth of M. smegmatis. The protein level of the conditional mutants was estimated by Western blot analysis using antibodies raised against LigA of M. tuberculosis. This revealed that a strong overproduction or depletion of LigA did not affect the growth or survival of mycobacteria under standard laboratory conditions. In conclusion, although NAD+-dependent DNA ligase is essential for mycobacterial viability, only low levels of protein are required for growth. These findings suggest that very efficient inhibition of enzyme activity would be required if NAD+-dependent DNA ligase is to be useful as an antibiotic target in mycobacteria. The strains developed here will provide useful tools for the evaluation of the efficacy of any appropriate compounds in mycobacteria.
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Cayer, Marie-Pierre, Marc Veillette, Pascal Pageau, Richard Hamelin, Marie-Josée Bergeron, Anne Mériaux, Yvon Cormier, and Caroline Duchaine. "Identification of mycobacteria in peat moss processing plants: application of molecular biology approaches." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-105.

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Peat moss processing plant workers are exposed to high concentrations of bioaerosols. Although mycobacteria have been cultured from peat moss, no study has examined the workers' exposure to mycobacterial bioaerosols. We evaluated the presence of mycobacteria in air samples from peat moss processing plants using molecular biology approaches (cloning-sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) and the workers exposure using immunoglobulin G (IgG) complexes to mycobacteria. In addition, species detected in air samples and in peat moss were compared. Two peat moss processing plants were chosen among 14 previously studied. A total of 49 clones were sequenced. Real-time PCR was also performed on the same air samples to evaluate the airborne concentration of mycobacteria and estimate exposure levels. Several Mycobacterium species were present in the air samples (M. malmoense, M. smegmatis, M. graceum, M. bohemicum, and M. interjectum). Mycobacterium avium was recovered by culture in peat moss but not in the air using the molecular approach. Total airborne Mycobacterium concentration was estimated at 8.2 × 108/m3. Workers had IgG against the mycobacterial mix and M. avium, suggesting significant exposure. The findings from air samples, supported by IgG measurements, demonstrate that peat moss processing plant workers are exposed to mycobacteria in addition to other biological agents.Key words: exposure, peat moss, airborne mycobacteria.
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El-Etr, Sahar H., Ling Yan, and Jeffrey D. Cirillo. "Fish Monocytes as a Model for Mycobacterial Host-Pathogen Interactions." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 7310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.12.7310-7317.2001.

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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium marinum, a relatively rapid-growing fish and human pathogen, has become an important model for the investigation of mycobacterial pathogenesis. M. marinumis closely related to the Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex and causes a disease in fish and amphibians with pathology similar to tuberculosis. We have developed an in vitro model for the study of M. marinum virulence mechanisms using the carp monocytic cell line CLC (carp leukocyte culture). We found that fish monocytes can differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacterial species. Interestingly, M. marinum enters fish monocytes at a 40- to 60-fold-higher rate thanMycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, M. marinum survives and replicates in fish monocytes whileM. smegmatis is killed. We also found that M. marinum inhibits lysosomal fusion in fish monocytes, indicating that these cells may be used to dissect the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking in mycobacteria. We conclude from these observations that monocytic cells from fish, a natural host for M. marinum, provide an extremely valuable model for the identification and characterization of mycobacterial virulence determinants in the laboratory.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycobacterium smegmati"

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Vorwieger, Stefan [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner. "Efflux-Inhibition bei Mycobacterium smegmatis und Mycobacterium avium." Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1123467102/34.

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Mpongoshe, Vuyiseka. "Gene expression changes in macrophages infected with pathogenic M. tuberculosis and non-pathogenic M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86729.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current anti-TB drugs have had success in decreasing the number of deaths caused by TB, however, this success is limited by the emergence of drug resistant TB strains. Therefore, a novel TB therapy that limits the development of resistance has become necessary in an attempt to effectively control TB. The anti-TB drugs directly target mycobacterial enzymes, and potentiate the development of this resistance, and have therefore provided the rationale for this study. The aim was therefore to identify host macrophage genes that affect M. tb intracellular survival. The proposed alternative anti-TB therapy potentially involves the application of RNA interference (RNAi) and RNA activation (RNAa) biological processes that will target host genes, thereby inducing an indirect bactericidal effect. We hypothesized that macrophage genes that are differentially expressed by pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial species may be important in the regulation of M. tb intracellular survival. The lipid-rich mycobacterial cell wall is implicated in the excessive clumping of the mycobacterial cells in liquid culture. In order to minimize this, Tween 80 detergent was supplemented (mycobacteriaT). However, due to substantial evidence emphasising the detrimental effects of Tween 80 on the mycobacterial cell wall, mycobacteria were also cultured without Tween 80 (mycobacteriaNT), in order to investigate if the perturbed mycobacterial cell wall induced by Tween 80 affects the transcriptional response of macrophages. We endeavoured to develop a new method to culture mycobacteria without Tween 80 that will still generate single cells. We further hypothesized that the macrophage gene expression profile induced by mycobateriaNT differs from the response induced by mycobacteriaT. Differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells were infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria (for 3 h, 24 h and 48 h with M. tb and M. bovis BCG, and 3 h and 8 h with M. smegmatis) cultured in the presence or absence of Tween 80. The expression of 12 macrophage genes, selected based on their involvement in the phagocytic pathway and autophagy, as well as their general involvement in the immune response, was determined by qRT-PCR and further analysed on the REST programme. The expression of each target gene was normalised relative to the expression of the reference gene (Beta actin). We observed that out of the 12 genes, TLR7 and VAMP7 were consistently downregulated in dTHP-1 cells infected with M. tbNT and upregulated in dTHP-1 cells infected with M. smegmatisNT. Their response to M. bovis BCG was inconsistent and not significantly different, and therefore could not be interpreted. Furthermore, CCL1 was upregulated by all the mycobacterial species. However, its expression was more pronounced in response to mycobacteriaNT, when compared to mycobacteriaT. Differential gene expression of TLR7 and VAMP7 in response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteriaNT suggests that these 2 genes may be potential targets for RNAa-based anti-TB therapy, even though we could not conclude whether their response was specific to macrophages. In addition, the observed difference in the expression of CCL1 induced by mycobacteriaNT, compared to mycobacteriaT suggests that the perturbation caused by Tween 80 on the mycobacterial cell wall most likely affected the response of macrophages to infection with mycobacteria. Furthermore, this study has demonstrated a feasible method by filtration to generate single cells from mycobacteriaNT, which should be considered for future mycobacterial infection studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige anti-tuberkulose middels se sukses lê daarin dat dit die aantal sterftes verminder maar hierdie sukses word weer beperk met die ontstaan van middel-weerstandige M.tb stamme. Daarom is nuwe middels nodig wat die ontwikkeling van middel-weerstandigheid beperk in ʼn poging om effektiewe TB behandeling te bewerkstellig. Anti-tuberkulose middels teiken hoofsaaklik mycobakteriële ensiemsisteme en ontlok sodoende weerstandigheid in M.tb stamme en dit vorm die rasionale vir hierdie studie. Die doel was om gasheer makrofaag gene te identifiseer wat M.tb oorlewing intrasellulêr bewerkstellig. Die voorgestelde alternatiewe anti-TB behandeling sal dan behels die toepassing van RNA intervensie (RNAi) en RNA aktivering (RNAa) tegnologie wat gasheer selgene teiken (inaktiveer) en sodoende ʼn bakterisidiese respons induseer. Die kanse is skraal dat mycobakterieë weerstandigheid sal kan ontwikkel onder hierdie omstandighede. Ons hipotetiseer dus dat makrofaag gene wat differensieel uitgedruk word deur patogeniese en nie-patologiese mycobakteriële spesies belangrik mag wees vir die oorlewing van M.tb intrasellulêr. Die lipiedryke selwand van mycobakterieë word geïmpliseer in die oormatige sameklomping van die bakterieë in vloeistofkulture. Om hierdie effek te minimaliseer word Tween 80 normaalweg tot die medium gevoeg (mycobakterieëT). Maar weens genoegsame bewyse dat Tween-80 die selwand van bakterieë nadelig beïnvloed, is mycobakterieë ook in die afwesigheid van Tween 80 gekultureer (mycobakterieëNT) om te bepaal of die nadelige effek van Tween 80 op die selwand die transkripsionele respons in makrofage beïnvloed post-infeksie. Dit was daarom ook ons doelstelling om ʼn nuwe tegniek te ontwikkel om mycobakterieë te kultureer in die afwesigheid van Tween 80 wat ook enkelselle sal genereer vir beter gekontroleerde makrofaag infeksie. Ons hipotetiseer ook verder dat makrofaag geenuitdrukking-profiele verskil afhangende of infeksie gedoen is met mycobakterieë wat in die afwesigheid of teenwoordigheid van Tween 80 gekultureer is. Gedifferensieerde THP-1 (dTHP-1) was geïnfekteer met patogeniese en nie-patogeniese mycobakterieë (vir 3 h, 24 h en 48 h met M.tb en M.bovis BCG, en 3 h en 8 h met M.smegmatis) gekultureer in die teenwoordigheid en afwesigheid van Tween 80. Die uitdrukking van 12 makrofaag gene, geselekteer op grond van hul betrokkenheid in die fagositose meganisme en in outofagie asook hul betrokkenheid in die immuunrespons, is gekwantifiseer met qRT-PCR en daaropvolgens geanaliseer met die REST-program. Die uitdrukking van elke geen is genormaliseer relatief tot die uitdrukking van die verwysingsgeen (Beta actin). Daar is bevind dat van die 12 gene, TLR7 en VAMP7 deurlopend afgereguleer was in dTHP-1 selle geïnfekteer met M.tbNT en opgereguleer was in dTHP selle geïnfekteer met M.smegmatisNT. Selrespons met M.bovis BCG was onbeduidend en derhalwe kon geen gevolgtrekking hier gemaak word nie. Ook, CCL1 was opgereguleer met infeksie deur enige van die mycobakteriële spesies, maar CCL1 se uitdrukking was groter in respons tot mycobakterieëNT wanneer vergelyk word met respons tot mycobakterieëT. Differensiële geenuitdrukking van TLR7 en VAMP7 in respons tot patogeniese en nie-patogeniese mycobakterieëNT impliseer dat hierdie twee gene potensiële teikens kan wees vir RNAa-gebaseerde anti-TB behandeling, alhoewel ons nie kon beslis of hierdie respons spesifiek vir makrofage was nie. Ook, die verskille waargeneem in die uitdrukking van CCL1 geïnduseer deur mycobakterieëNT, vergeleke met mycobakterieëT, impliseer dat die steuring in die selwand veroorsaak deur Tween 80, heelwaarskynlik die respons van die makrofaag beïnvloed het. Hierdie studie beskryf ook ʼn filtrasiemetode om enkele mycobakteriële selle te genereer wat oorweeg moet word by toekomstige mycobakteriële infeksiestudies.
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CHIARELLI, PERDOMO IGOR. "PRODUCTION OF NATURAL AROMA COMPOUNDS BY BIOCATALYSIS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/694810.

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Gli esteri svolgono un ruolo rilevante nell'industria alimentare, sono tra i composti più importanti e versatili di aromi e fragranze naturali in alimenti, bevande e cosmetici. La loro preparazione da substrati naturali e l'utilizzo di bioprocessi (eg. fermentazione o reazioni enzimatiche) è attrattivo, perché il prodotto finale può essere etichettato e commercializzato in UE e USA come naturale. Pertanto, nuovi approcci biotecnologici per ottenere aromi sono desiderati, una volta che siano efficienti e sostenibili. Molti esteri con proprietà aromatiche possono essere ottenuti enzimaticamente usando lipasi che catalizzano reazioni di esterificazione, transesterificazione o interesterificazione. In questa tesi di dottorato abbiamo sviluppato due sistemi per la produzione di esteri con proprietà aromatiche: 1) Un metodo biocatalitico per la preparazione enzimatica di diversi esteri con proprietà aromatiche da alcoli primari (isoamilico, n-esilico, geranilico, cinnamilico, 2-feniletilico e benzilico) ed esteri etilici naturalmente disponibili (formiato, acetato, propionato e butirrato). Le biotrasformazioni sono catalizzate da un'aciltransferasi di Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) e precedute da eccellenti rese (80- 97%) e brevi tempi di reazione (30-120 minuti), anche quando sono state utilizzate concentrazioni di substrato elevate (fino a 0,5 M). Questa strategia enzimatica rappresenta un'alternativa efficace all'applicazione delle lipasi nei solventi organici e un miglioramento significativo rispetto ai metodi già noti in termini di uso ridotto di solventi organici, aprendo la strada a una preparazione sostenibile ed efficiente degli agenti aromatizzanti naturali. 2) Un metodo biocatalitico con la lipasi legata al micelio liofilizzato di Aspergillus oryzae che catalizza l'esterificazione diretta di alcoli e acido acetico in solvente organico. Ha mostrato un'elevata stabilità verso substrati e prodotti. L'acqua prodotta durante l'esterificazione non ha influenzato in modo significativo l'equilibrio della reazione, consentendo conversioni elevate. Queste caratteristiche sono state sfruttate per preparare esteri con proprietà aromatiche dell'acetato (isoamil e cinnamil acetato) in sistemi in batch e continui. È stato sviluppato un continuous stirred tank membrane reactor (CST-MR) ovvero un reattore continuo a membrana sotto agitazione per garantire una buona produttività e un'elevata stabilità del biocatalizzatore. Entrambi i sistemi di produzione sono promettenti, rappresentano due diverse alternative e possono essere ulteriormente ottimizzati e scalati per gli interessi del settore.
Esters play a significant role in the food industry, they are among the most important and versatile components of natural flavours and fragrances in food, drinks and cosmetics Their preparation starting from natural substrates and using bioprocesses (e.g., fermentation or enzymatic reactions) is appealing, since the final product can be labelled and commercialized in EU and USA as natural. Therefore, new biotechnological approaches for obtaining flavours are highly demanded as long as they are efficient and sustainable. Many flavour/fragrance esters can be enzymatically obtained using lipases that catalyse esterification, transesterification or interesterification reactions. In this PhD thesis we studied two systems for production of flavours esters: 1) A straightforward biocatalytic method for the enzymatic preparation of different flavour esters starting from primary alcohols (e.g., isoamyl, n-hexyl, geranyl, cinnamyl, 2-phenethyl, and benzyl alcohols) and naturally available ethyl esters (e.g., formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate) was developed. The biotransformations are catalysed by an acyltransferase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) and preceded with excellent yields (80-97%) and short reaction times (30-120 minutes), even when high substrate concentrations (up to 0.5 M) were used. This enzymatic strategy represents an efficient alternative to the application of lipases in organic solvents and a significant improvement compared to already known methods in terms of reduced use of organic solvents, paving the way to a sustainable and efficient preparation of natural flavouring agents. 2) Mycelium-bound lipase of dry mycelium of Aspergillus oryzae catalysed direct esterification of alcohols and acetic acid in organic solvent, showing high stability towards substrates and products. Water produced during the esterification did not significantly affect the equilibrium of the reaction, allowing for high conversions. These features were exploited for preparing flavour-active acetate esters (e.g., isoamyl and cinnamyl acetate) in batch and continuous systems. A continuous stirred tank membrane reactor (CST-MR) was developed securing good reactor productivity and high biocatalyst stability. Both production systems are promising, represent two different alternatives and can be further optimized and scaled up for the interests of the industry.
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Mahenthiralingam, Eshwar. "The amidase promotor of Mycobacterium smegmatis." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278899.

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Bruell, Christian M. "Mechanism of protein synthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17733.

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Trower, Carolyn Joy 1975. "A preliminary investigation of a sialidase activity associated with M. smegmatis." Monash University, Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7646.

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Berger, Sven. "Expression der Poren bildenden Hämolysine Listeriolysin und TlyA in Mycobacterium smegmatis." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964920824.

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Faller, Michael. "Kristallstruktur eines mycobacteriellen Porins." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972775730.

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Smeulders, Maria Jeanne. "The stationary phase survival response of Mycobacterium smegmatis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287866.

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Sikder, Mahmudul Hasan. "Characterisation of the Mycobacterium smegmatis transcriptional regulator MSMEG_5424." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618297.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycobacterium smegmati"

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Majumdar, Gaurav, Rendani Mbau, Vinayak Singh, Digby F. Warner, Marte Singsås Dragset, and Raju Mukherjee. "Genome-Wide Transposon Mutagenesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 321–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6472-7_21.

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Bhatt, Apoorva, and William R. Jacobs. "Gene Essentiality Testing in Mycobacterium smegmatis Using Specialized Transduction." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 325–36. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-207-6_22.

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Clark, Ryan R., Todd A. Gray, and Keith M. Derbyshire. "Quantifying and Characterizing Distributive Conjugal Transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis." In Horizontal Gene Transfer, 123–34. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9877-7_9.

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Bloch, Konrad. "Control Mechanisms for Fatty Acid Synthesis in Mycobacterium Smegmatis." In Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 1–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470122907.ch1.

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García-Fernández, Julia, Igor Martínez, Lorena Fernández-Cabezón, Carmen Felpeto-Santero, José-Luis García, and Beatriz Galán. "Bioconversion of Phytosterols into Androstadienedione by Mycobacterium smegmatis CECT 8331." In Microbial Steroids, 211–25. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7183-1_15.

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Chelliah, Ramachandran, and Deog-Hwan Oh. "Screening of Actinobacterial Cultures for Antimycobacterial Activity Using Mycobacterium smegmatis." In Methods in Actinobacteriology, 391–93. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1728-1_47.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycobacterium smegmati"

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SYAHPUTRA, GITA. "Anti-mycobacterial activity of methanol plants extract to against Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium smegmatis." In Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m020211.

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Bruce-Micah, R., U. Gamm, D. Hüttenberger, J. Cullum, and H. J. Foth. "Photodynamic inactivation of the models Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro." In European Conference on Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ecbo.2009.7373_1l.

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Bruce-Micah, R., U. Gamm, D. Hüttenberger, J. Cullum, and H. J. Foth. "Photodynamic inactivation of the models Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis in vitro." In European Conferences on Biomedical Optics, edited by Ronald Sroka and Lothar D. Lilge. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.831872.

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Morita, Yasu S., Svetozar Kovacevic, Helen Billman-Jacobe, and Malcolm J. McConville. "RECONSTITUTION OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL MANNOSIDE BIOSYNTHESIS IN MYCOBACTERIUM SMEGMATIS." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.453.

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Patterson, John H., Dharshini Jeevarajah, Helen Billman-Jacobe, and Malcolm J. McConville. "DELETION OF PHOSPHOMANNOSE ISOMERASE IN MYCOBACTERIUM SMEGMATIS REVEALS ESSENTIAL MANNOSE CONTAINING GLYCOCONJUGATES." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.399.

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Карпов, М. В., Н. И. Стрижов, А. А. Шутов, and М. В. Донова. "Биоконверсия холестерина в прогестерон рекомбинантными штаммами Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 с делециями в генах окисления стероидного ядра." In VI Пущинская школа-конференция «Биохимия, физиология и биосферная роль микроорганизмов». ИД «Вода: химия и экология», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/ibpm2019.200-201.

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Карпов, М. В., Н. И. Стрижов, А. А. Шутов, and М. В. Донова. "Биоконверсия холестерина в прогестерон рекомбинантными штаммами Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 с делециями в генах окисления стероидного ядра." In VI Пущинская школа-конференция «Биохимия, физиология и биосферная роль микроорганизмов». ИД «Вода: химия и экология», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/ibpm2019_200-201.

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Pereira, Victor, Marcos Schwarz, and Leila Lima. "Use of a theophylline responsive riboswitch for translational control applied to the expression of secreted heterologous proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis." In International Symposium on Immunobiological. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.2021_46598.

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