Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mycobacterium

Academic literature on the topic 'Mycobacterium'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Mycobacterium"

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Fol, Marek, Piotr Koziński, Jakub Kulesza, Piotr Białecki, and Magdalena Druszczyńska. "Dual Nature of Relationship between Mycobacteria and Cancer." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158332.

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Although the therapeutic effect of mycobacteria as antitumor agents has been known for decades, recent epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed that mycobacterium-related chronic inflammation may be a possible mechanism of cancer pathogenesis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous Mycobacterium avium complex infections have been implicated as potentially contributing to the etiology of lung cancer, whereas Mycobacterium ulcerans has been correlated with skin carcinogenesis. The risk of tumor development with chronic mycobacterial infections is thought to be a result of many host effector mechanisms acting at different stages of oncogenesis. In this paper, we focus on the nature of the relationship between mycobacteria and cancer, describing the clinical significance of mycobacteria-based cancer therapy as well as epidemiological evidence on the contribution of chronic mycobacterial infections to the increased lung cancer risk.
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Slany, Michal, Petr Jezek, Vera Fiserova, Monika Bodnarova, Jiri Stork, Marta Havelkova, Frantisek Kalat, and Ivo Pavlik. "Mycobacterium marinum infections in humans and tracing of its possible environmental sources." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 58, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w11-104.

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The low frequency of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, nonspecific symptoms for individual mycobacteria, and the lack of specific identification methods could alter correct diagnosis. This study presents a combined microbiology and molecular-based approach for Mycobacterium marinum detection in four aquarists with cutaneous mycobacterial infection. Simultaneously, ecology screening for M. marinum presence in the aquarists’ fish tanks was performed. A total of 38 mycobacterial isolates originated from four human patients (n = 20), aquarium animals (n = 8), and an aquarium environment (n = 10). Isolate identification was carried out using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. A microbiology-based approach, followed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, was successfully used for detection of M. marinum in all four patients. Animal and environmental samples were simultaneously examined, and a total of seven mycobacterial species were isolated: Mycobacterium chelonae , Mycobacterium fortuitum , Mycobacterium gordonae , Mycobacterium kansasii , Mycobacterium mantenii , Mycobacterium marinum , and Mycobacterium peregrinum . The presence of M. marinum was proven in the aquarium environments of two patients. Although M. marinum is described as being present in water, it was detected only in fish.
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Chilima, Benson Z., Ian M. Clark, Sian Floyd, Paul E. M. Fine, and Penny R. Hirsch. "Distribution of Environmental Mycobacteria in Karonga District, Northern Malawi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (April 2006): 2343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2343-2350.2006.

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ABSTRACT The genus Mycobacterium includes many species that are commonly found in the environment (in soil and water or associated with plants and animals), as well as species that are responsible for two major human diseases, tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). The distribution of environmental mycobacteria was investigated in the context of a long-term study of leprosy, tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination, and the responses of individuals to various mycobacterial antigens in Karonga District, northern Malawi, where epidemiological studies had indicated previously that people may be exposed to different mycobacterial species in the northern and southern parts of the district. A total of 148 soil samples and 24 water samples were collected from various locations and examined to determine the presence of mycobacteria. The detection method involved semiselective culturing and acid-fast staining, following decontamination of samples to enrich mycobacteria and reduce the numbers of other microorganisms, or PCR with primers specific for the mycobacterial 16S rRNA gene, using DNA extracted directly from soil and water samples. Mycobacteria were detected in the majority of the samples, and subsequent sequence analysis of PCR products amplified directly from soil DNA indicated that most of the products were related to known environmental mycobacteria. For both methods the rates of recovery were consistently higher for dry season samples than for wet season samples. All isolates cultured from soil appeared to be strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum. This study revealed a complex pattern for the environmental mycobacterial flora but identified no clear differences between the northern and southern parts of Karonga District.
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Inoue, Hiroyuki, Naoki Washida, Kohkichi Morimoto, Keisuke Shinozuka, Takahiro Kasai, Kiyotaka Uchiyama, Hirobumi Tokuyama, Shu Wakino, and Hiroshi Itoh. "Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Infections Related to Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 38, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2017.00172.

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Most infections related to peritoneal dialysis (PD) are caused by common bacteria, and non-tuberculous mycobacteria are rare. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of PD patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections were investigated at our hospital. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria were detected in 11 patients (exit-site infection, tunnel infection, and peritonitis in 3, 5, and 3 patients, respectively). Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium abscessus were identified in 4, 2, and 2 patients, respectively. Most patients with peritonitis or tunnel infection required catheter removal. During the study period (2007 – 2017), peritonitis occurred in 44 patients, including 3 patients (6.8%) with non-tuberculous mycobacterial peritonitis. When non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection occurs, multi-agent antibiotic therapy, unroofing surgery, and/or catheter replacement should be performed to prevent peritonitis.
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Torkko, Pirjo, Marja-Leena Katila, and Merja Kontro. "Gas-chromatographic lipid profiles in identification of currently known slowly growing environmental mycobacteria." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05113-0.

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Cellular fatty acid analysis by GLC is widely used in the species identification of mycobacteria. Combining mycolic acid cleavage products with shorter cellular fatty acids increases the informative value of the analysis. A key has been created to aid in the identification of all currently known slowly growing environmental species. In this scheme, the species are classified into six categories, each characterized by a combination of fatty markers shared by those species. Within each category, individual species may be distinguished by the presence or absence of specific marker substances, such as methyl-branched fatty acids or secondary alcohols. This study also describes earlier unpublished GLC profiles of 14 rare, slowly growing, environmental mycobacteria, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium botniense, Mycobacterium branderi, Mycobacterium conspicuum, Mycobacterium cookii, Mycobacterium doricum, Mycobacterium heckeshornense, Mycobacterium heidelbergense, Mycobacterium hiberniae, Mycobacterium kubicae, Mycobacterium lentiflavum, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium triplex and Mycobacterium tusciae. Though no single identification technique alone, even sequencing of an entire single gene such as 16S rRNA, can identify all mycobacterial species accurately, GLC has proven to be both reliable and reproducible in the identification of slowly growing mycobacteria. In cases of earlier unknown species, it generates useful information that allows their further classification and may lead to the description of novel species.
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Lutsenko, A. V., A. L. Yasenyavskaya, and M. A. Samotrueva. "Mycobacterial infections: features of microbiological diagnosis." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 43, no. 6 (January 10, 2024): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20230604.

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To date, more than 200 species of mycobacteria have been identified, in addition to the well-known Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among microorganisms belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, there are obligate pathogenic, opportunistic and saprophytic strains. The incidence of non-tuberculous or atypical mycobacteria, which cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals, is steadily increasing. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are increasingly recognized as a source of healthcare-associated infections.Aim of the study was to analyze the literature on current methods of microbiological diagnosis of mycobacterial infections.Material and methods. A search and analysis of scientific literature in the Web of Science, PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, Europe PMC databases was performed using the following key words: mycobacteriosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, mycobacterial infections, MALDITOF MS, atypical mycobacteria. Results and discussion. The review summarizes and presents the classification, morphological, cultural, genetic and ecological features of mycobacterial strains. Modern approaches in the diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases and identification of pathogens are analyzed; their advantages and disadvantages are indicated.Conclusions. Mycobacterial infections are often considered as diseases associated with the provision of medical care, requiring a detailed assessment of the situation with the definition of criteria for microbiological monitoring of objects of a medical organization, etc. The analyzed literature data demonstrate a variety of methods for laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections with the need for further improvement of methodological approaches.
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Zavgorodniy, A. I., S. A. Pozmogova, and M. V. Kalashnyk. "Domestic parrots as a potential source of Mycobacteriosis." Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36016/jvmbbs-2020-6-2-1.

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The article presents the results of bacteriological examination of five samples of feces from grey parrots (Psittacus) (n = 3), cockatoo (Cacatua) (n = 1), yellow-crowned amazon (Amazona) (n = 1). Five cultures of mycobacteria were bacteriologically isolated from the five samples. According to biochemical and cultural-morphological characteristics, mycobacterial cultures are classified as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (n = 1) and Mycobacterium genavense (n = 4). Isolated cultures of mycobacteria are important in human pathology. Infected exotic poultry pose a potential risk of mycobacterial infection in their owners, so it is necessary to conduct research on biological material
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Chin, Kai Ling. "Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium species Isolates from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sabah, Malaysia." Medicine & Health 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mh.2022.1701.15.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, caused by members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), commonly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Mycobacterium bovis. In Malaysia, Sabah is one of the states of public health concern with the highest TB cases. Clinical presentations of TB and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease are similar, and mycobacteria appear to be identical under standard diagnosis with sputum smear microscopy, causing difficulty to diagnose TB. Identification of Mycobacterium species is essential for effective management of mycobacterial diseases treatment and their control strategy. Thus, this study aimed to identify the Mycobacterium species from suspected TB patients in Sabah using molecular methods. Sputum samples (n=595) were screened with GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), and positive TB samples (n=67) were processed and cultured in BACTEC MGIT. Forty-five isolates were successfully recovered in MGIT and characterisation of the mycobacterial isolates using PCR and/or sequencing with rpoB, RD9, hsp65, and 16S rRNA genes confirmed the presence of Mtb in 41 samples, and four non-mycobacteria, i.e. Microbacterium laevaniformans, Streptomyces sp., Streptomyces misionensis and Gordonia sp. These non-mycobacteria isolates showed negative results when tested directly with Xpert. In conclusion, Mtb is the predominant species of MTBC circulating in Sabah. The presence of non-mycobacteria in this study was due to bacterial contamination in MGIT, not bacterial cross-reactivity in Xpert, implying the high sensitivity and specificity of Xpert for diagnosis of TB.
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Falkinham, Joseph O., Cheryl D. Norton, and Mark W. LeChevallier. "Factors Influencing Numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Other Mycobacteria in Drinking Water Distribution Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 1225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1225-1231.2001.

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ABSTRACT Eight water distribution systems were sampled over an 18-month period (528 water and 55 biofilm samples) to measure the frequency of recovery and number of mycobacteria, particularly Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare, in raw source waters before and after treatment and within the distribution system. The systems were chosen to assess the influence of source water, treatment, and assimilable organic carbon levels on mycobacterial numbers. Overall, mycobacterial recovery from the systems was low (15% of samples). Numbers of mycobacteria ranged from 10 to 700,000 CFU liter−1. The number of M. avium in raw waters was correlated with turbidity. Water treatment substantially reduced the number of mycobacteria in raw waters by 2 to 4 log units. Mycobacterial numbers were substantially higher in the distribution system samples (average, 25,000-fold) than in those collected immediately downstream from the treatment facilities, indicating that mycobacteria grow in the distribution system. The increase in mycobacterial numbers was correlated with assimilable organic carbon and biodegradable organic carbon levels (r 2 = 0.65, P = 0.03). Although M. intracellulare was seldom recovered from water samples, it was frequently recovered (six of eight systems) in high numbers from biofilms (average, 600 CFU/cm2). Evidently, the ecological niches of M. avium and M. intracellulare are distinct.
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Harth, Günter, Saša Masleša-Galić, and Marcus A. Horwitz. "A two-plasmid system for stable, selective-pressure-independent expression of multiple extracellular proteins in mycobacteria." Microbiology 150, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27113-0.

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Recombinant mycobacteria expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular proteins are leading candidates for new vaccines against tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases, and important tools both in antimycobacterial drug development and basic research in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Recombinant mycobacteria that stably overexpress and secrete major extracellular proteins of M. tuberculosis in native form on plasmids pSMT3 and pNBV1 were previously constructed by the authors. To enhance the versatility of this plasmid-based approach for mycobacterial protein expression, the Escherichia coli/mycobacteria shuttle plasmid pGB9 was modified to accommodate mycobacterial genes expressed from their endogenous promoters. Previous studies showed that the modified plasmid, designated pGB9.2, derived from the cryptic Mycobacterium fortuitum plasmid pMF1, was present at a low copy number in both E. coli and mycobacteria, and expression of recombinant M. tuberculosis proteins was found to be at levels paralleling its copy number, that is, approximating their endogenous levels. Plasmid pGB9.2 was compatible with the shuttle vectors pSMT3 and pNBV1 and in combination with them it simultaneously expressed the M. tuberculosis 30 kDa extracellular protein FbpB. Plasmid pGB9.2 was stably maintained in the absence of selective pressure in three mycobacterial species: Mycobacterium bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis. Plasmid pGB9.2 was found to be self-transmissible between both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria, but not from mycobacteria to E. coli or between E. coli strains. The combination of two compatible plasmids in one BCG strain allows expression of recombinant mycobacterial proteins at different levels, a potentially important factor in optimizing vaccine potency.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mycobacterium"

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Jucker, Markus Thomas. "Relationship of plasmids in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39450.

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Bacteria of the Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. scrofulaceum group (MAIS) are opportunistic human pathogens and widespread in the environment. The first objective of this study was to demonstrate that plasmids from clinical isolates are closely related to plasmids from environmental MAIS isolates. A 12.9 kb plasmid, pVT2, from a clinical M. avium isolate, MDl, was cloned and used a a DNA probe to examine the relationship of MAIS plasmids. The pVT2 probe hybridized with plasmids isolated from MAIS strains from the environment, from patients without AIDS with pulmonary infections, and from AIDS patients with disseminated MAIS infections. Similar results were seen with a second probe derived from pLR 7, a 15.3 kb plasmid from clinical M. intracellulare strain LR 113. The similarity of plasmids from environmental and clinical isolates supports the hypothesis that the environment is a source of MAIS infection in humans.
Ph. D.
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Narbonne-Nguyen, The Tich Valérie. "Analyse de plusieurs marqueurs moléculaires de mycobactéries : applications épidemiologiques (doctorat : sciences de la vie et de la santé)." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES3102.

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Redford, Paul Stuart. "Regulatory mechanisms inhibiting anti-mycobacterial immunity following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445023/.

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The work reported in this thesis addresses the regulatory factors that function to limit the initiation of protective immune responses following exposure to the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Control and clearance of intracellular pathogens, such as MTb, is dependent on the cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) and induction of a T-helper 1 (Thl) response, which is characterised by production of IFN-gamma driven by interleukin (IL)-12. In other infection models the presence of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in the local milieu has been shown to down-regulate Thl responses thus limiting detrimental host induced immune-pathology. To determine a role for IL-10 following murine infection, we examined its function during acute and chronic infections with two strains of H37Rv obtained from either i) National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) or ii) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). IL-10 receptor blockade during the chronic phase of MTb infection reduced bacterial burdens in mice infected with H37Rv NIMR, but not mice infected with H37Rv LSHTM. However, despite the lack of effect of IL-10 blockade on the bacterial load during chronic infection with H37Rv LSHTM, immune cells obtained from MTb infected mice produced elevated levels of IFN-gamma when stimulated in vitro in the presence of IL-10 blocking antibodies. In addition, neutralisation of IL-10 before and during acute MTb infection with H37Rv LSHTM resulted in a transient reduction in bacterial burdens and enhanced IFN-gamma production, suggesting that IL-10 plays a role in regulating the early immune response to MTb. Additional regulators that may function together with or in parallel to IL-10 to limit bacterial clearance such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be regulators of autoimmunity, atopy and infectious disease. Using flow cytometric analysis of the Treg specific transcription factor FoxP3, we observed an early increase in the number of lung Tregs following aerosol MTb infection of mice. However, when addressing the effect on bacterial clearance in the absence of Tregs by either i) antibody depletion or ii) adoptive transfer approaches into immuno-deficient mice, a suppressive role for Tregs on bacterial burdens could not be found. Finally this work evaluated the role of plasmacytoid precursor DC (pDC) during MTb infection, which is in contrast their normal function as mediators of the anti viral response. Upon in vitro exposure to viable MTb, plasmacytoid pDC could not be infected and did not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using flow cytometry, we observed no increase in plasmacytoid pDC in either the lung or spleen during the early stages of aerosol or intravenous infection. In addition, antibody depletion of plasmacytoid pDC during the early stages of MTb infection did not affect bacterial load. In summary, the data suggests that plasmacytoid pDC play only a minor role during the early immune response to MTb.
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Mpongoshe, Vuyiseka. "Gene expression changes in macrophages infected with pathogenic M. tuberculosis and non-pathogenic M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86729.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current anti-TB drugs have had success in decreasing the number of deaths caused by TB, however, this success is limited by the emergence of drug resistant TB strains. Therefore, a novel TB therapy that limits the development of resistance has become necessary in an attempt to effectively control TB. The anti-TB drugs directly target mycobacterial enzymes, and potentiate the development of this resistance, and have therefore provided the rationale for this study. The aim was therefore to identify host macrophage genes that affect M. tb intracellular survival. The proposed alternative anti-TB therapy potentially involves the application of RNA interference (RNAi) and RNA activation (RNAa) biological processes that will target host genes, thereby inducing an indirect bactericidal effect. We hypothesized that macrophage genes that are differentially expressed by pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial species may be important in the regulation of M. tb intracellular survival. The lipid-rich mycobacterial cell wall is implicated in the excessive clumping of the mycobacterial cells in liquid culture. In order to minimize this, Tween 80 detergent was supplemented (mycobacteriaT). However, due to substantial evidence emphasising the detrimental effects of Tween 80 on the mycobacterial cell wall, mycobacteria were also cultured without Tween 80 (mycobacteriaNT), in order to investigate if the perturbed mycobacterial cell wall induced by Tween 80 affects the transcriptional response of macrophages. We endeavoured to develop a new method to culture mycobacteria without Tween 80 that will still generate single cells. We further hypothesized that the macrophage gene expression profile induced by mycobateriaNT differs from the response induced by mycobacteriaT. Differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) cells were infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria (for 3 h, 24 h and 48 h with M. tb and M. bovis BCG, and 3 h and 8 h with M. smegmatis) cultured in the presence or absence of Tween 80. The expression of 12 macrophage genes, selected based on their involvement in the phagocytic pathway and autophagy, as well as their general involvement in the immune response, was determined by qRT-PCR and further analysed on the REST programme. The expression of each target gene was normalised relative to the expression of the reference gene (Beta actin). We observed that out of the 12 genes, TLR7 and VAMP7 were consistently downregulated in dTHP-1 cells infected with M. tbNT and upregulated in dTHP-1 cells infected with M. smegmatisNT. Their response to M. bovis BCG was inconsistent and not significantly different, and therefore could not be interpreted. Furthermore, CCL1 was upregulated by all the mycobacterial species. However, its expression was more pronounced in response to mycobacteriaNT, when compared to mycobacteriaT. Differential gene expression of TLR7 and VAMP7 in response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacteriaNT suggests that these 2 genes may be potential targets for RNAa-based anti-TB therapy, even though we could not conclude whether their response was specific to macrophages. In addition, the observed difference in the expression of CCL1 induced by mycobacteriaNT, compared to mycobacteriaT suggests that the perturbation caused by Tween 80 on the mycobacterial cell wall most likely affected the response of macrophages to infection with mycobacteria. Furthermore, this study has demonstrated a feasible method by filtration to generate single cells from mycobacteriaNT, which should be considered for future mycobacterial infection studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige anti-tuberkulose middels se sukses lê daarin dat dit die aantal sterftes verminder maar hierdie sukses word weer beperk met die ontstaan van middel-weerstandige M.tb stamme. Daarom is nuwe middels nodig wat die ontwikkeling van middel-weerstandigheid beperk in ʼn poging om effektiewe TB behandeling te bewerkstellig. Anti-tuberkulose middels teiken hoofsaaklik mycobakteriële ensiemsisteme en ontlok sodoende weerstandigheid in M.tb stamme en dit vorm die rasionale vir hierdie studie. Die doel was om gasheer makrofaag gene te identifiseer wat M.tb oorlewing intrasellulêr bewerkstellig. Die voorgestelde alternatiewe anti-TB behandeling sal dan behels die toepassing van RNA intervensie (RNAi) en RNA aktivering (RNAa) tegnologie wat gasheer selgene teiken (inaktiveer) en sodoende ʼn bakterisidiese respons induseer. Die kanse is skraal dat mycobakterieë weerstandigheid sal kan ontwikkel onder hierdie omstandighede. Ons hipotetiseer dus dat makrofaag gene wat differensieel uitgedruk word deur patogeniese en nie-patologiese mycobakteriële spesies belangrik mag wees vir die oorlewing van M.tb intrasellulêr. Die lipiedryke selwand van mycobakterieë word geïmpliseer in die oormatige sameklomping van die bakterieë in vloeistofkulture. Om hierdie effek te minimaliseer word Tween 80 normaalweg tot die medium gevoeg (mycobakterieëT). Maar weens genoegsame bewyse dat Tween-80 die selwand van bakterieë nadelig beïnvloed, is mycobakterieë ook in die afwesigheid van Tween 80 gekultureer (mycobakterieëNT) om te bepaal of die nadelige effek van Tween 80 op die selwand die transkripsionele respons in makrofage beïnvloed post-infeksie. Dit was daarom ook ons doelstelling om ʼn nuwe tegniek te ontwikkel om mycobakterieë te kultureer in die afwesigheid van Tween 80 wat ook enkelselle sal genereer vir beter gekontroleerde makrofaag infeksie. Ons hipotetiseer ook verder dat makrofaag geenuitdrukking-profiele verskil afhangende of infeksie gedoen is met mycobakterieë wat in die afwesigheid of teenwoordigheid van Tween 80 gekultureer is. Gedifferensieerde THP-1 (dTHP-1) was geïnfekteer met patogeniese en nie-patogeniese mycobakterieë (vir 3 h, 24 h en 48 h met M.tb en M.bovis BCG, en 3 h en 8 h met M.smegmatis) gekultureer in die teenwoordigheid en afwesigheid van Tween 80. Die uitdrukking van 12 makrofaag gene, geselekteer op grond van hul betrokkenheid in die fagositose meganisme en in outofagie asook hul betrokkenheid in die immuunrespons, is gekwantifiseer met qRT-PCR en daaropvolgens geanaliseer met die REST-program. Die uitdrukking van elke geen is genormaliseer relatief tot die uitdrukking van die verwysingsgeen (Beta actin). Daar is bevind dat van die 12 gene, TLR7 en VAMP7 deurlopend afgereguleer was in dTHP-1 selle geïnfekteer met M.tbNT en opgereguleer was in dTHP selle geïnfekteer met M.smegmatisNT. Selrespons met M.bovis BCG was onbeduidend en derhalwe kon geen gevolgtrekking hier gemaak word nie. Ook, CCL1 was opgereguleer met infeksie deur enige van die mycobakteriële spesies, maar CCL1 se uitdrukking was groter in respons tot mycobakterieëNT wanneer vergelyk word met respons tot mycobakterieëT. Differensiële geenuitdrukking van TLR7 en VAMP7 in respons tot patogeniese en nie-patogeniese mycobakterieëNT impliseer dat hierdie twee gene potensiële teikens kan wees vir RNAa-gebaseerde anti-TB behandeling, alhoewel ons nie kon beslis of hierdie respons spesifiek vir makrofage was nie. Ook, die verskille waargeneem in die uitdrukking van CCL1 geïnduseer deur mycobakterieëNT, vergeleke met mycobakterieëT, impliseer dat die steuring in die selwand veroorsaak deur Tween 80, heelwaarskynlik die respons van die makrofaag beïnvloed het. Hierdie studie beskryf ook ʼn filtrasiemetode om enkele mycobakteriële selle te genereer wat oorweeg moet word by toekomstige mycobakteriële infeksiestudies.
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Dumartin, Catherine. "Activité de l'antiseptique chloré amukine Rsur "Mycobacterium fortuitum", "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" et "Mycobacterium avium"." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P185.

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Hasan, Zehra. "Mycobacterium - host interactions : trafficking of mycobacteria within the host cell." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264976.

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Millar, Douglas Spencer. "Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, mycobacteria and chronic enteritis in humans and animals." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308932.

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Muhammed, Ameen Sirwan. "Re-evaluation of older antibiotics in the area of resistant mycobacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5058.

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Chez les patients traités par un régime posologique, La concentration sérique moyenne et l'écart type de la concentration SMX était 161,01 ± 69,154 mg/L et de 5,788 ± 2,74 mg/L pour le TMP. La concentration minimale inhibitrice 90% (CMI 90) était de 10 mg/L pour le cotrimoxazole et la sulfadiazine contre Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Toutes les mycobactéries étaient inhibées par 20 mg/L de cotrimoxazole et de sulfadiazine. Les CMI de l'ivermectine contre 13 souches complexe M. tuberculosis ont varié entre 10 et 40 mg/L. En outre, tous isoler M. tuberculosis étaient résistants à la squalamine avec CMI > 100 mg/L. Dans une autre partie nous avons montré que tous les isolats du complexe Mycobacterium avium étaient résistants au triméthoprime avec une CMI > 200 mg/mL. Le cotrimoxazole, le sulfaméthoxazole et la sulfadiazine ont montré une CMI respectivement de 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L et 20 mg/L, à l'exception de Mycobacterium chimaera qui présentait une CMI de 10 mg/L pour ces molécules. La comparaison de la séquence du gène de la dihydroptéroate synthase de M. intracellulare et M. chimaera a montré seulement quatre changements d'acides aminés
Firstly, we measured the serum concentration of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-Trimethoprim (TMP) in patients treated with high dosage regimen. The mean values and standard deviation for SMX concentration was 161.01± 69.154 mg/L and of 5.788 ± 2.74 mg/L for TMP. Susceptibility testing yielded a minimum inhibitory concentration 90% (MIC90) of 10 mg/L for cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. All M. tuberculosis complex mycobacteria (MTC) were inhibited by 20 mg/L cotrimoxazole and sulfadiazine. Also, the MICs of ivermectin varied between 10 and 40 mg/L, against 13 MTC mycobacteria. Moreover, all M. tuberculosis isolate were resistant to squalamine with MIC > 100 mg/L. Also, all Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) isolates were resistant to trimethoprim with MIC > 200 mg/L. Cotrimoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine exhibited MIC of 10 mg/L, 25 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively against all tested MAC isolates except for Mycobacterium chimaera which exhibited MICs of 10 mg/L for these molecules. Comparing the DHPS gene sequence in M. intracellulare and M. chimaera type strains and clinical isolates yielded only four amino acid changes
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Vorwieger, Stefan [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner. "Efflux-Inhibition bei Mycobacterium smegmatis und Mycobacterium avium." Freiburg : Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1123467102/34.

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Agustí, Adalid Gemma. "Caracterització d'un nou polièster present en les soques llises de Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium chubuense i Mycobacterium gilvum. Implicació en la morfologia colonial, motilitat i formació de biofilms." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3928.

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Els micobacteris són un grup de microorganismes de gran importància clínica, ja que existeixen múltiples espècies que són agents causals de diverses malalties humanes amb unes importants morbiditat i mortalitat. Entre aquest grup de micobacteris patògens cal destacar Mycobacterium tuberculosis i Mycobacterium leprae, agents causals de la tuberculosi i la lepra, respectivament.
D'altra banda, a part dels microorganismes que constitueixen els complexes M. tuberculosis i M. leprae trobem un grup nombrós de micobacteris, format per micobacteris atípics o micobacteris ambientals (MNT). Aquest grup engloba la resta d'espècies micobacterianes no incloses en els dos grups anteriors. De les més de 130 espècies descrites de MNT, aproximadament un terç podrien estar relacionades amb malalties en humans i ser les responsables de les anomenades micobacteriosis, encara que, a diferència del complex M. tuberculosis i M. leprae, les espècies de MNT no són patògens obligats.
Els MNT tenen una gran capacitat de prevalença en aigües de distribució i això és degut principalment a la seva capacitat de créixer en un ampli rang de condicions ambientals i, sobretot, a la seva capacitat de colonitzar superfícies. La motilitat i la capacitat d'adherir-se a superfícies són algunes de les respostes funcionals que es manifesten en el procés de colonització d'una superfície. Per tant l'estudi de la motilitat, la hidrofobicitat i la capacitat d'adhesió a diferents materials ens pot ajudar a entendre i determinar els mecanismes de colonització, persistència i transmissió dels MNT en el medi ambient.
En el gènere Mycobacterium, els efectes de la morfologia colonial en les funcions biològiques són múltiples. Diferents estudis, en Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abcessus i Mycobacterium smegmatis, mostren una relació directa entre la morfologia colonial, la motilitat, la hidrofobicitat, l'adhesió cel·lular i la formació de biopel·lícules en superfície, a més a més de relacionar aquestes funcions biològiques amb la presència en la paret cel·lular d'aquests micobacteris d'un tipus específic de glicolípids anomenats glicopeptidolípids.
Aquesta tesi s'ha centrat a estudiar i relacionar la morfologia colonial amb les funcions biològiques (motilitat, hidrofobicitat, adhesió cel·lular i formació de biopel·lícules en superfície), descrites inicialment en M. avium, M. abcessus i M. smegmatis, en un altre grup de micobacteris ambientals, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium parafortuitum i Mycobacterium vaccae. Aquestes espècies micobacterianes tenen en comú que són de creixement ràpid, presenten originàriament una morfologia colonial llisa i, segons els estudis comparatius del 16S ARN, són filogenèticament properes entre elles, a la vegada que filogenèticament distants de les espècies micobacterianes ja estudiades.
En aquest sentit, ens vem proposar obtenir de forma espontània, a partir de les colònies llises de M. aurum, M. chubuense, M. gilvum, M. obuense, M. parafortuitum i M. vaccae, variants rugoses estables les quals van ser aïllades en cultiu pur. Posteriorment, ens vem centrar en analitzar els lípids i glicolípids de la paret cel·lular d'aquests micobacteris mitjançant cromatografia de capa fina per a comprovar si s'observaven diferències en la composició lipídica i glicolipídica entre les dues variants morfològiques. A més, es va dur a terme l'estudi comparatiu de la capacitat de motilitat, de les característiques hidrofòbiques, de l'adhesió cel·lular i de la formació de biopel·lícules en la interfase líquid-aire entre les dues morfologies colonials en les diferents espècies estudiades. I, finalment, es van fer estudis genètics per determinar les bases moleculars relacionades amb els canvis de morfologia colonial en M. vaccae.
Mycobacteria are a clinically important group of microorganisms due to the fact that there are some species which are causal agents of human diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Among this group of pathogenic mycobacteria it has to be highlighted Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, which are, respectively, the causal agents for tuberculosis and leprosy.
Besides, apart from the microorganisms which constitute the complexes M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, there is a large group of mycobacteria species which includes atypical or environmental mycobacteria (NTM). This group comprises the other mycobacteria species which have not been included in both groups before mentioned. At least a third out of the 130 NTM described could be related to human diseases and could be responsible for mycobacteriosis, although, unlike complex M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, NTM species are not obligated pathogens.
NTM have a great capacity to remain in the environment, and this is mainly due to their capacity to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions and, overall, due to their capacity to colonize surfaces. The motility and the capacity to adhere to many different surfaces are some of the functional responses which appear in a surface colonization process. That is why the study of motility, hydrophobicity and adhesion to many materials can help us to understand and determine the colonization, persistence and transmission mechanisms of NTM in the environment.
In Mycobacterium genus, the effects of colonial morphology in the biological functions are numerous. Different studies in Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abcessus and Mycobacterium smegmatis, show a direct connection among colonial morphology, motility, hydrophobicity, cellular adhesion and biofilm formation. These biological functions are also connected with the presence in these mycobacteria cell wall of a specific type of glycosylated peptidolipids named glycopeptidolipids (GPLs).
This thesis has been focused on studying and connecting colonial morphology with biological functions (motility, hydrophobity, cellular adhesion and the biofilm formation), which have been described previously in M. avium, M. abcessus and M. smegmatis, in another environmental mycobacteria group, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium parafortuitum and Mycobacterium vaccae. These species have in common that they are fast growing, show an originally smooth colonial morphology and, according to comparative 16S ARN studies, they are phylogenetically nearby among them but phylogenetically distant of the other mycobacteria species already studied. Moreover, none of these last species possess GPLs in their cell wall.
In this sense, we proposed to obtain spontaneous rough variants from the original smooth colonies of M. aurum, M. chubuense, M. gilvum, M. obuense, M. parafortuitum and M. vaccae. Afterwards, we analyzed and compared the lipid and glycolipid composition of the cell wall between both morphological variants by thin layer chromatography. In addition, we carried out the comparative study about the motility capacity, hydrophobical characteristics, cellular adhesion and biofilm formation in liquid-air interface between both colonial morphologies studied. And, finally, genetic studies were realized in order to determine the molecular bases connected with the changes in the colonial morphology in M. vaccae.
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Books on the topic "Mycobacterium"

1

Bassey, Effiong Okon Etim. Studies on protein antigens of mycobacteria: A comparative study of "mycobacterium tuberculosis" and "mycobacterium bovis". Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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R, Gangadharam P., ed. Mycobacteria. [S.l.]: Chapman and Hall, 1995.

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Pluschke, Gerd, and Katharina Röltgen, eds. Mycobacterium ulcerans. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1779-3.

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Bendinelli, Mauro, and Herman Friedman, eds. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5418-5.

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Mauro, Bendinelli, and Friedman Herman 1931-, eds. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. New York: Plenum, 1988.

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E, Snider Dixie, ed. Mycobacterial diseases. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1989.

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Parish, Tanya, and Neil G. Stoker. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Protocols. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1592591477.

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Tanya, Parish, and Stoker Neil G, eds. Mycobacterium tuberculosis protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001.

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Singh, Amit, and Divakar Sharma, eds. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5624-1.

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Koníčková-Radochová, Miluše. Genetika mykobakterií. Praha: Academia, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mycobacterium"

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Parija, Subhash Chandra. "Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria." In Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology, 439–56. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3315-8_31.

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James, Greg. "Mycobacteria Other Than Mycobacterium tuberculosis." In PCR for Clinical Microbiology, 171–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9039-3_19.

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Olsen, I., R. G. Barletta, and C. O. Thoen. "Mycobacterium." In Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, 113–32. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958209.ch7.

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Belyi, Yuri F. "Mycobacterium." In Intracellular Parasitism of Microorganisms, 149–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-22047-4_13.

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Timms, Verlaine J., and Brett Anthony Neilan. "Mycobacterium." In Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 207–14. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019] | Series: Food microbiology series | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22030-19.

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de Araújo, Flábio R., and Nalvo F. Almeida. "Mycobacterium." In Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 197–207. Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Series: Food microbiology series: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120089-12.

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Parija, Subhash Chandra. "Genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis." In Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology, 419–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3315-8_30.

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Stechenberg, Barbara. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis." In The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes, 251–55. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_24.

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Stechenberg, Barbara. "Mycobacterium leprosy." In The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes, 257–60. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-391-2_25.

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Cole, Stewart T., Staffan Bergh, Karin Eiglmeier, Hafida Fsihi, Thierry Gamier, and Nadine Honoré. "Mycobacterium leprae." In Bacterial Genomes, 685–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6369-3_68.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mycobacterium"

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SYAHPUTRA, GITA. "Anti-mycobacterial activity of methanol plants extract to against Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium smegmatis." In Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m020211.

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Pedrero Tejada, Sandra, Eva Tabernero Huguet, Borja Ortiz De Urbina Antia, Idoia Salinas Garrido, Beatriz Gonzalez Quero, Eunate Arana Arri, Elena Urra Zalbidegoitia, and Rafael Zalacain Jorge. "MYCOBACTERIUM KANSASII LUNG INFECTIONS COMPARED TO OTHER NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa4718.

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Rodriguez, W., A. Candelario, Y. Otero-Dominguez, and J. Torres-Palacios. "A Not so Typical Atypical Mycobacterial Infection: Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infection with Mycobacterium Marseillense." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a2030.

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Rimbu, Cristina Mihaela, Cristina Elena Horhogea, Catalin Carp-Carare, Dan Florin Chiriac, Gabriela Adriana Chiriac, Daniel Bejenariu, Danut Bratu, and Mariana Caraman. "Aspecte privind epidemiologia speciilor Mycobacterium bovis și Mycobacterium caprae în județul Vaslui, Romania." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.57.

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Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae are species that be-long to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (CMT) complex, together with other species of va-rying clinical relevance, and are known to be the main causative agents of tuberculosis in animals and the primary causative agent of zoonotic tuberculosis. The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence indicators of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae species in cattle from Vaslui County, Romania. The study included the analysis of data from 2015-2021, obtained as a result of microbiological examinations of various biological samples prelevated from cattle with suspected tuberculosis. With the exception of 2020, there were animals with suspected tuberculosis from which 115 strains of Myco-bacterium sp. were isolated throughout the 2015-2020 period. All strains were serotyped and classified into two species: Mycobacterium bovis (5,21%) and Mycobacterium caprae (94,78%). Analysis of the dispersion over time of Mycobacterium species isolation showed that Mycobacterium bovis was identified sporadically (2016, 2017), while Mycobacterium caprae was isolated continuously, except in 2020, when a number of sanitary-veterinary services were interrupted due to the crisis situation caused by the pandemic COVID -19.
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van Ingen, Jakko, Sarah Elizabeth Totten, Niels K. Helstrom, Leonid B. Heifets, and Charles L. Daley. "Clofazimine And Amikacin Act Synergistically, In Vitro, Against Mycobacterium Abscessus, Mycobacterium Chelonae And Mycobacterium Avium Complex." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a2408.

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Assaad, M., R. Meenakshisundaram, M. Swalih, J. Lantry, J. W. Burgei, K. Alsheimer, B. T. Hehn, and J. J. Walsh. "Mycobacterium Nebraskense as a Rare Cause of Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease." In American Thoracic Society 2023 International Conference, May 19-24, 2023 - Washington, DC. American Thoracic Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2023.207.1_meetingabstracts.a2137.

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RAMMAERT, Blandine, Emilie CATHERINOT, Pierre CAHEN, Elisabeth RIVAUD, Marie-France MAMZER, Marc LECUIT, Jean-Paul VIARD, Olivier LORTHOLARY, and Louis-Jean COUDERC. "Mycobacterium Genavense Pneumonia." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3162.

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Koh, Won-Jung, Kyeongman Jeon, Nam Yong Lee, Bum-Joon Kim, Yoon-Hoh Kook, Seung-Heon Lee, Young Kil Park, et al. "Clinical Significance Of Differentiation Between Mycobacterium Abscessus And Mycobacterium Massiliense." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a2605.

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Marras, T. K., D. Raats, M. Mehrabi, and S. K. Brode. "Mycobacterium Xenopi Retreats While Mycobacterium Avium Advances in Toronto, Canada." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a3950.

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Lee, Juhyun, Seoyoung Yoon, and Taeseon Yoon. "Analysis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium Bovis, and Mycobacterium Africanum that Cause Tuberculosis Using Apriori and Decision Tree Algorithm." In ICBBE 2017: 2017 4th International Conference on Biomedical and Bioinformatics Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3168776.3168777.

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Reports on the topic "Mycobacterium"

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Bercovier, Herve, Michael Collins, Aliza Cohen, and Louis Levy. Recognition and Production of Specific Antigens of Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7600056.bard.

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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta, and Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.
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Mederos Cuervo, Lilian Maria, Orestes Blanco González, Gilberto Fleites González, Miguel Angel Acosta Suárez, and Osvaldo Castro. Enfermedad diseminada por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare con escrofulosis inguinal bilateral. Buenos Aires: siicsalud.com, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21840/siic/137737.

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Cook, Ryan, Ryan Barnhart, and Sudipta Majumdar. Effect of pH on the Kinetics of Alanine Racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Journal of Young Investigators, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.36.1.1-4.

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Stirling, Shannon, Sudipta Majundar, Jaeju Ko, and John Ford. Monomer-dimer Equilibrium of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Alanine Racemase Depends on Buffer Conditions. Journal of Young Investigators, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22186/jyi.36.4.50-54.

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Karcher, Elizabeth L., Donald C. Beitz, and Judith R. Stabel. Osteopontin Expression in Periparturient Dairy Cows Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-843.

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Yusim, Karina, Bette T. M. Korber, Shihai Feng, and Chang-Shung Tung. Compensatory mutation in RpoC restores fitness to rifampicin-resistant multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049993.

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Barkan, Daniel, Yung-Fu Chang, Patrick McDonough, Susan Fubini, and Robin Gleed. Identification of virulence-associated genes in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by mutant-library construction. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600046.bard.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Fan, Lichao. Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pediatric bronchial lavage fluid: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0118.

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