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Academic literature on the topic 'Myasthénie autoimmune'
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Journal articles on the topic "Myasthénie autoimmune"
Guinhouya, K. M., K. N. Anayo, L. Agba, M. Belo, and A. K. A. Baloou. "Myasthénie oculaire chez une jeune Togolaise : à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature." Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé 26, no. 1 (April 18, 2024): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jrsul.v26i1.32.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Myasthénie autoimmune"
Halliez, Marius. "Le domaine riche en cystéine de MuSK dans la myasthénie auto-immune." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS093.
Full textThe peripheral synapse established between the end terminal of a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber is the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Formation, maturation and maintenance of the NMJ are finely tuned in time and space. These processes require a dynamic communication between all the cellular compartments of the NMJ. Total or partial disruption of this trans-synaptic signaling result in morpho-functional defects responsible for neuromuscular disorders. These pathologies, including the congenital myasthenic syndromes and the auto-immune myasthenia gravis (MG), deeply impact motor function in patients and threaten their life. Even though diagnostic tools are well established, the cellular and molecular mechanisms are yet poorly understood and available treatments are limited. In order to develop new promising therapeutic strategies, it is critical to better characterize all the signaling pathways involved in neuromuscular connectivity. NMJ formation relies on the presence and activity of a complex of key receptors anchored in the muscle membrane. This complex is composed of the tyrosine kinase receptor MuSK (Muscle Specific Kinase) and its co-receptor Lrp4 (Low density lipoprotein receptor-related 4) and is activated by different ligands including the nerve-derived Agrin and Wnt glycoproteins. Activation of this complex leads to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering in the muscle synaptic area, a hallmark of post-synaptic differentiation. Previous studies from our group showed the implication of a network of Wnt pathways at the NMJ, partly signaling through the Wnt-binding cysteine rich domain (CRD) of MuSK. Even if mouse model in which MuSK is deleted from its CRD (MuSKΔCRD) display important morphological and functional defects, this mutation is compatible with life as opposed to Lrp4, MuSK or Agrin deletion. MG is an auto-immune disorder caused by antibodies targeting, in 85% of cases, the AChR. A small percentage of patient harbor antibodies against MuSK, usually against its Ig1 domain, involved in Agrin signaling. Three recent studies revealed MG patients carrying MuSK CRD targeting antibodies but whether these antibodies are pathogenic remains unknown. Characterization of their pathogenicity remains crucial to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to MG. In this context, my thesis work aims at demonstrating the pathogenicity of CRD MuSK antibodies. My results showed that injection of antibodies targeting MuSK CRD leads to a myasthenic-like phenotype in mouse. Using a large array of cell biology, biochemistry and electrophysiological experiments, I showed that the clinical symptoms were accompanied by important structural and neurotransmission defects at the NMJ. Mechanistically, my work proved that antibodies against MuSK CRD are responsible for Lrp4-MuSK interaction disruption ultimately leading to inhibition of Agrin-induced AChR clustering. Altogether, this study unravels a new pathway affected in MG, participates to a better understanding of MuSK CRD implication in this pathology and helps treatment adaptation regarding patients etiology
Michalski, Christian. "Anémie hémolytique auto-immune et érythroblastopénie chez une malade atteinte de myasthénie : revue de la littérature à propos d'une observation." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11053.
Full textWeiss, Julia Miriam. "Characterization of thymic hyperplasia associated with autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis : role of the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114831/document.
Full textAutoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a muscular disease mediated by autoantibodies, mainly directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The pathogenic antibodies are especially produced in the thymus, which is often characterized by a hyperplasia with germinal centers. Recent studies demonstrated the overexpression of chemokines and the abnormal development of high endothelial venules (HEV) in the MG thymus. The aim of my thesis was to better understand the mechanisms that lead to thymic hyperplasia in MG by analyzing the role of chemokines in peripheral cell recruitment. We demonstrated that the number of HEVs correlated with the degree of hyperplasia suggesting a direct link between HEVs and peripheral cell recruitment. To define its mechanism of action, we examined which chemokines were expressed on thymic HEVs. We uniquely detected SDF-1 and observed that B cells, myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), plasmacytoid DCs and monocytes/macrophages that expressed the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 localized inside and around thymic HEV. In parallel we observed a decreased CXCR4 expression and a decreased number of mDCs and also monocytes in the periphery suggesting their recruitment to the MG thymus. As the MG thymus was recently characterized by the overexpression of CXCL13 in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), we investigated its contribution to thymic hyperplasia. We therefore generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing in medullary TECs CXCL13 under the control of keratin 5. We demonstrated that transgenic K5-CXCL13 mice specifically overexpressed CXCL13 in the thymus, while no other tested chemokines were upregulated. Preliminary results showed that elevated levels of CXCL13 resulted in an increased number of B cells in the thymus of transgenic mice, which localized preferentially in loose aggregates in medullary areas. We are presently investigating if immunization with purified AChR induces experimental MG with thymic hyperplasia in these mice. Myasthenic mice with a hyperplastic thymus could present a new animal model for MG with a phenotype that is closer to the human disease than the current MG model. As the hyperplastic MG thymus displays the hallmarks of a viral signature, we investigated the effect of pathogen-associated molecules on thymic changes associated with MG. We demonstrated that dsRNA signaling induced by Poly(I:C) specifically triggers the overexpression of α-AChR in human TECs through the release of IFN-I. We also observed that IFN-I was able to upregulate CXCL13 and CCL21, similarly to what is observed in the MG thymus. In addition, Poly(I:C) injections in wildtype mice, but not in IFN-I receptor KO mice, specifically increase thymic expression of α-AChR and, in parallel, CXCL13 and CCL21 expression. In periphery, Poly(I:C) even induced an anti-AChR autoimmune response characterized by a significant production of serum anti-AChR antibodies and a specific proliferation of B cells. Overall the results obtained in the course of my PhD showed that the abnormal development of SDF-1-expressing HEVs and the CXCL13 overexpression play a central role in the recruitment of peripheral cells to the MG thymus. Once these cells have arrived in the inflammatory environment, which is characteristic for MG, they could develop an autoimmune reaction against AChR. New therapeutic molecules that control chemokine expression and angiogenic processes could diminish the development of thymic hyperplasia and avoid thymectomy or the use of corticoids
Cron, Mélanie. "Implication of microRNAs in the pathophysiology of autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis Analysis of microRNA expression in the thymus of Myasthenia Gravis patients opens new research avenues Use of Toll-like receptor agonists to induce ectopic lymphoid structures in Myasthenia gravis Mouse Models." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS395.
Full textAutoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (MG), characterized by autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, is a rare disease causing muscular weaknesses. This study shows the involvement of small non coding RNAs, miRNAs, in the pathophysiology of MG. We investigated the expression of dysregulated miRNAs in the effector organ of the disease, the thymus, through a miRnome analysis. I showed 1) that miR-7-5p could participate in thymic abnormalities observed in patients through its action on CCL21, 2) the down-regulation of two miRNA clusters on chromosome X and, 3) a new MG inflammatory pathway involving miR-125a-5p and WDR1. I also studied the sensitivity of miR-29a KO mice to the experimental model of MG. Indeed, miR-29a is down-regulated in MG thymuses and modulates type 1 interferon pathway, involved in thymic changes. Finally, I investigated the causes and consequences of the serum overexpression of miR-150-5p, characterized as a biomarker in MG. We showed that miR-150 is overexpressed in MG thymuses and correlated to the presence of ectopic germinal centers. Moreover, miR-150 is down-regulated in CD4+T cells, in the blood of patients. Once in the serum, miR-150 modulated the expression of target genes, such as MYB, and is involved in the survival of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These studies allows a better understanding of how miRNAs are involved in the pathophysiology of MG and allowed us to open new research avenues in MG
Payet, Cloé. "Study of Interferon type I in Myasthenia Gravis." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS517.
Full textMyasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The thymus of patients is the effector organ and is characterized by chronic overexpression of interferon (IFN)-β. My PhD aimed to understand the implication of IFN-I in MG. First, I demonstrated that no IFN-I signature is detected in serum and PBMC of patients. IFN-I signature is specific to the thymus and I investigated the cause of this overexpression. IFN-I is produced in response to pathogen infection but also in response to endogenous nucleic acids (eNA) in diseases, such as interferonopathies. I demonstrated that molecules mimicking eNA, such as double-stranded DNA or RNA induced the overexpression of IFN-β and of AChR in human thymic epithelial cells (TEC) or in the thymus of mice. As I was suspecting eNA to be released by necrotic cells, I induced thymocyte necrosis in in vitro or in vivo models. I then showed an increased IFN-I signature and the expression of AChR in TEC and in the thymus of mice treated with dexamethasone. In addition, I observed in the MG thymus a decrease in thymic macrophages, cells responsible for the clearance of apoptotic cells. In mice, depletion of thymic macrophages led to an increase in necrotic thymocytes associated with IFN-I and AChR expression. Consequently, I hypothesize that in the MG thymus, a decrease in the number of macrophages may alter the processing of apoptotic cells leading to the release of eNA from necrotic thymocytes. These eNA would activate innate immunity signaling pathways leading to the IFN-β signature which would induce thymic changes self-sensitization against AChR