Academic literature on the topic 'Mūzih-i ʻAkskhānah-i Shahr (Tehran, Iran)'

Revolusi Republik Islam Iran merupakan sebuah keberhasilan rakyat Iran dalam menumbangkan kekuasaan Reza Shah Fahlevi, dan menghasilkan sebuah perubahan segala aspek dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat Iran, dan salah satunya konsep pembaharuan yang dicetuskan oleh Ayatullah Uzhma Ruhullah Imam Khomeini, setelah dua pemerintahan sebelumnya tidak mampu memberikan bentuk pembaharuan yang nyata kepada masyaraka. Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka atau Library Research yang menggunakan khazanah kepustakaan tentang sejarah serta revolusi republik Islam Iran sebagai referensi utama. Bentuk pembaharuan yang digagas oleh Ayatullah Uzhma Ruhullah Imam Khomeini adalah ulama sebagai pemegang kekuasaan tertinggi dan dikenal dengan istilah Velayat al-Faqih, ulama merupakan representasi pengamalan atas ajaran agama, sehingga langkah dan keputusan yang diambil berdasarkan hukum agama. Hingga saat ini, Velayat al-Faqih masih bertahan dan memberikan warna tersendiri dalam sistem pemerintahan Islam. Kata kunci: Imam Khomeini, Pembaharuan, Velayat al-Faqih References: Allouche, A. (1983). The Origins and Development of the Ottoman (First Edit). Klaus Schawrs Verlag. Halim, S. (2011). Farhang Moaster Persian-English Dictionary (Edisi I). Farhang Moaser Publisher. Jafri, S. H. M. (2003). Mazhab Syiah Dua Belas Imam. In S. H. Nasr (Ed.), Ensiklopedia Tematis: Spiritualitas Islam (Edisi I, p. 656). Penerbit Mizan. Kurdi, S. (1989). PARA MULLAH ( Studi Pemikiran Khomeini tentang Wilayatul Faqih ) Sulaiman Kurdi * nasional di kawasan Timur Tengah dan berdampak internasional adalah revolusi Islam Iran Pimpinan Ayatullah Khomeini yang pecah pada 1979 . Revolusi Iran itu berhasil membeba. Hermenia: Jurnal Kajian Islam Interdisipliner, 6, 160. Lorentz, J. H. (2007). Historical Dictionary of Iran (Second Edi). The Scarerow Press Inc. Rahnema, A. (2002). Ali Syari’ati: Biografi Politik Intelektual Revolusioner (S. Mahdi, Sayed & Bhawono, Ed.; Edisi I). Penerbit Erlangga. Rakhmat, J. (1999). Rekayasa Sosial: Reformasi, Revolusi atau Manusia Besar? (Edisi I). Penerbit Remaja Rosdakarya. Sihbudi, R. (1991). Islam, Dunia Arab, Iran: Bara Timur Tengah (Edisi I). Penerbit Mizan. Sihbudi, R. (1992). Eksistensi Palestina: di Mata Teheran dan Washington (Edisi I). Penerbit Mizan. Sihbudi, R. (1996). Biografi Politik Imam Khomeini (Edisi I). PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Yamani. (2002). Filsafat Politik Islam: Antara Al-Farabi dan Imam Khomeini (Edisi I). Penerbit Mizan.

AbstractThis essay unravels the intertwined emergence of “Fordist” connections and conceptions of America in Iran during the 1920s. By focusing on the interplay of infrastructure and information, I use a Persian travelogue to chart the impact of motor transport that, in the wake of the First World War, connected a formerly isolated Iran to the Arab Mediterranean and thence to America. Compared to the extensive Levantine encounter with the Americas that from the 1870s generated an Arab diaspora and Arabic emigration literature from Buenos Aires to Detroit, the Iranian encounter with the United States was much later and more limited. This changed rapidly, however, with the opening of the “Nairn Way” and the importing of American automobiles, developments that tied Iran to the Levant at the very moment American strategists were coining the unitary spatial concept of a “Middle East.” In Iran, this conjunctural moment coincided with the rise of Riza Shah and the nationalist search for a third-power strategy to negate a century of Russian and British influence. Expanding the recent literature on Middle Eastern globalization, this essay uses ‘Abdullah Bahrami's 1926 travelogueAz Tihran ta Niyu Yurk(From Tehran to New York) to reconstruct what Iran's new nation-builders hoped to learn from the United States during the formative decade of U.S.-Iran relations. From behind the better-known story of petropolitics, Bahrami's travelogue captures the turning point when the United States first rose on the globalizing horizons of Iran's modernizing nationalists.

Poetry readings are an intimate affair; they are not suitable for mobilizing the masses. But poems can capture moods and trigger emotions. They can create closeness and community, send messages and demand change. Indeed, in the case of Iran, a series of poetry reading sessions can be considered a milestone event on the country's path toward revolution.2 During ten nights of poetry reading, known as the dah shab, in October 1977 in Tehran, the country's most prominent poets and writers took advantage of a short window of opportunity that opened up for them when the Shah loosened somewhat the reins of dictatorship. Beginning on October 10, 1977, they presented their poems to thousands of listeners on ten consecutive evenings on the premises of the German-Iranian Cultural Association on Pahlavī Avenue. Poets of all political persuasions were present, united above all in their common interest of demanding an end to censorship and standing up for freedom of speech. The impressive list of participants includes such well-known names as Behazin, Simin Behbehani, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Houshang Golshiri, Saeed Soltanpour, and Siavosh Kasrai, along with many more.3

Sahar Pakseresht¹, Manel Guàrdia Bassols¹ ¹ Department of Theory and History of Architecture. Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC). Av. Diagonal, 64908028 Barcelona, Tel:93-4017874 E-mail: sahar.pakseresht@estudiant.upc.edu, manel.guardia@upc.edu Keywords: Iranian city, Kermanshah, urban morphology, Islamic city, urban transformation, Modernisation Conference topics and scale: City transformations, urban form and social use of space Pre-1920 cities in Iran are characterized by a number of features considered to be typical of the so-called “Islamic city”. A set of features are shared by traditional cities where dominated by Islam religion. The notion of “Islamic city”, often criticised for its Eurocentric nature, has guided most studies of these traditional cities. The modernisation process in so-called Islamic cities is crucial due to its serious impacts on the traditional morphology and transformation of their urban structure. We, thus, need more holistic and integrated understanding about changes of these cities derives from the modernisation process. In order to explore the broad and wide-spread changes due to modernisation process in the traditional cities in Muslim world, it is more enlightening if we study second order cities, rather than studying the transformations of major capitals such as Cairo, Istanbul or Teheran, where interventions are goal to approach a more exceptional and rhetorical characters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study the historic core of Kermanshah city, to understand the link between urban transformations and social due to modernisation process by tracing it historically. We will focus, particularly, on studying the stages of urban transformation and changes of urban morphology as well as conflict and differences between traditional urban features with the modern ones. For example, we are interested in understanding how traditional morphology and structure of residential and commercial zone are affected by the opening of new and wide boulevards in course of modernisation process, and how these changes influence everyday people life. References Kheirabadi, M. (2000). Iranian cities: formation and development. Syracuse University Press. Clarke, J. I., & Clark, B. D. (1969). Kermanshah: an Iranian provincial city (No. 10). University of Durham, Department of Geography. Bonine, M. E. (1979). THE MORPHOGENESIS OF IRANIAN CITIES∗. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 69(2), 208-224. Stefano Bianca. (2000). Urban form in the Arab world: Past and present (Vol. 46). vdf Hochschulverlag AG. Habibi, M. (1996). Az shar ta Shahr (de la Cite a la Ville). Analytical review of the city concept and its physical image in the course of time), Tehran: University of Tehran. (In Persian)