Journal articles on the topic 'Mutual aid Societies'
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1
White, William L. "Pre-A.A. Alcoholic Mutual Aid Societies." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 19, no. 2 (June 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j020v19n02_01.
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Roe, Jill, David G. Green, and Lawrence G. Cromwell. "Mutual Aid or Welfare State. Australia's Friendly Societies." Labour History, no. 49 (1985): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27508766.
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SIBALIS, MICHAEL DAVID. "THE MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES OF PARIS, 1789–1848." French History 3, no. 1 (1989): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/3.1.1.
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Warden, Therese Dillon. "The Association Par Excellence in Complex Societies: Mutual-Aid Groups." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 26, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.26.1.51.
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As society evolves from simple to more complex many changes take place which are evident in attributes such as integrating trait, leadership pattern, political system, specialization and so on. After a review of this cyclical process on an ideal plane this essay focuses specifically upon changes which occur in voluntary associations and are exemplified in mutual-aid groups in complex cultures. How such configurations provide a framework for the growth and maturity of individual man through the revitalization of the historical principle mutual-aid, therefore assisting in his survival, is also characterized.
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MOKLIAK, V. "PRINCIPLES, METHODS, FORMS AND TYPES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF STUDENT SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE UNIVERSITIES OF UKRAINE IN THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 29 (September 10, 2022): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2022.29.264297.
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In the process of scientific research, it was found that the following bodies of student self-government were active during the studied period: Stage I (1804–1863) – student economic organizations, scientific societies, society of lovers of domestic literature, Bible society, literary circles, public intellectual circles, Slavophile circles, student theater, Kharkiv-Kyiv secret society, social court (court of honor), student libraries and reading rooms, private libraries, Lithuanian Corporation of Kyiv University, mutual aid funds, communes; Stage ІІ (1863–1884) – mutual aid societies, compatriots, student canteens, mutual aid funds, educational circles and public educational organizations, self-education circles, libraries, self-education circles; Stage ІІІ (1884–1900) – fellowships, library associations, cash registers and mutual aid societies, scientific circles, student canteens, Union Councils, Kharkiv Union Council of United Organizations and Fellowships, Ukrainian Student Community, Union Council of United Fellowships and Organizations, and the Executive Committee of the Imperial Novorossiysk University; Stage IV (1900–1917) – elders, student military wives, canteens, professional unions, cash registers and mutual aid societies, student shops, scholarship commissions, social courts, fellows, scientific circles, student senate, Council of Student Deputies of Kharkiv Imperial University.
The principles of student self-government (democracy, legality, openness, equality, accountability, responsibility, etc.) are highlighted; methods (communication, introspection, conversation, discussion, the example of an older person, self-control, etc.); forms (associations, communes, communities, mutual aid funds, circles, library associations, partnership courts, etc.); types (general meetings, congresses, gatherings, gatherings, classes, meetings, etc.).
Students (the “eternal students” certainly played a special role in it) by combining the traditions and customs of their educational institution, created rules of behavior in the student environment, which were strictly followed, appealed to these rules at student courts of honor. These rules were called “codes of honor”. They were never rigidly fixed and were mostly fixed conventionally. They included a list of the so-called “natural rights of a student”. They are: the right to be called a student and wear a student uniform (the main feature of corporate style); the right to inviolability and impunity; recognition of guilt and punishment for it belonged to the competence of the court of honor only (“presumption of innocence”); the right to board; the right to corporate assistance; the right to create student organizations.
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Springer, Simon. "Caring geographies: The COVID-19 interregnum and a return to mutual aid." Dialogues in Human Geography 10, no. 2 (June 2, 2020): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820620931277.
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Mutual aid is the fundamental basis of all human societies, an understanding that is exemplified with striking clarity during times of crises. The coronavirus pandemic has brought the caring geographies of mutual aid into sharp relief with the failings of both capitalism and the state. Beyond fear and uncertainty, this commentary examines the one single theme that has resonated with the COVID-19 pandemic more than all others: care.
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Beito, David T. "Mutual aid for social welfare: The case of American fraternal societies." Critical Review 4, no. 4 (September 1990): 709–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913819008459626.
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Gorsky, Martin. "Mutual aid and civil society: friendly societies in nineteenth-century Bristol." Urban History 25, no. 3 (December 1998): 302–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800012931.
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ABSTRACTRecent work on ‘civil society’ has made claims for the past capacity of mutual aid associations to generate ‘social capital’: self-help, trust, solidarity. Friendly societies in nineteenth-century Bristol are examined to test these claims. Their origins and growth are explored, as well as their membership and social, convivial and medical roles. Solidarities of class and neighbourhood are set against evidence of exclusion and division. Trust and close personal ties proved insufficient to avert the actuarial risks that threatened financial security.
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Oosthuizen, Gerhardus C. "Ecumenical Burial Societies in South Africa: Mutual Caring and Support that Transcends Ecclesiastical and Religious Differences." Missiology: An International Review 18, no. 4 (October 1990): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969001800406.
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Burial societies play a significant role in the African community in South Africa. Even in the most deprived circumstances, Africans concern themselves with burials of dear ones worthy of the person and the occasion. The sense of mutual support which has always been foremost in the African community comes to expression within the context of the burial societies. Each burial society is a mutual aid organization. Each member contributes towards this communal assistance. In no other organization associated with the churches are denominational and ecclesiastical barriers of so little concern as in the context of these burial societies. Here many non-Christians receive for the first time the Christian message. A few thousand such burial clubs or societies exist in South Africa, with several million members from South Africa's black community.
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Vernon, Richard. "States of Risk: Should Cosmopolitans Favor Their Compatriots?" Ethics & International Affairs 21, no. 4 (2007): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00118.x.
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Recent cosmopolitan thinking attempts to find a place for local (including national) attachment, but all of the proposals offered have been exposed to telling critique. There are objections to the claim that local obligations are only instances of cosmopolitan duty, and to the claim that we can give a moral justification to national societies as networks of mutual benefit. This article argues that it is not mutual benefit but mutual risk that grounds compatriot preference. While exposure to coercion as such does not track national boundaries, exposure to the risks of state abuse, political choice, and social conformity provide us with a reason to take our compatriots' interests seriously. The same argument, however, displays the limits of this reasoning, and also grounds a demanding obligation to aid other societies.
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Harris, Bernard. "Social Policy by Other Means? Mutual Aid and the Origins of the Modern Welfare State in Britain During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Policy History 30, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 202–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030618000052.
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Abstract:During the last twenty years, several writers have drawn attention to the role played by friendly societies and other mutual-aid organizations in the development of Britain’s welfare state. Proponents of mutual aid have argued that these organizations were part of the rich associational culture of working-class life; that they represented a viable alternative to state welfare; and that they were eventually undermined by it. However, this article highlights the challenges that these organizations were already facing toward the end of the nineteenth century as a result of changes in working-class culture and the rise of more commercial insurance agencies. It suggests that the rise of state welfare was not so much a cause of these difficulties as a response to them. It also examines the role that friendly societies played in the expansion of welfare services after 1914 and their attitude to calls for further expansion before 1945.
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Pierotti, Mariarita, Alessandro Capocchi, and Paola Orlandini. "Mutual aid for the arts in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Milan: The ‘Pio Istituto Teatrale’." Accounting History 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 602–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373219895295.
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In the nineteenth century, when the theatre arts were at their peak, Milan was considered the intellectual and artistic capital of Italy. This article explores the objectives and the functioning of an important mutual aid company based in Milan – the Pio Istituto Teatrale – through its accounting system. These accounting documents clearly convey the dual nature of this organization, which was dedicated to protecting both social welfare and the arts. This study confirms the social role of accounting and its implications. In recent years, the attention paid to accounting in artistic institutions has been increasing. However, while many studies have explored Italian mutual aid societies in general, few have considered those in the artistic field specifically. This article attempts to rectify this oversight by examining a mutual aid society functioning in the world of theatre via its accounting records.
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Hielscher, Stefan, and Bryan W. Husted. "Proto-CSR Before the Industrial Revolution: Institutional Experimentation by Medieval Miners’ Guilds." Journal of Business Ethics 166, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04322-5.
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Abstract In this paper, we argue that antecedents of modern corporate social responsibility (CSR) prior to the Industrial Revolution can be referred to as “proto-CSR” to describe a practice that influenced modern CSR, but which is different from its modern counterparts in form and structure. We develop our argument with the history of miners’ guilds in medieval Germany—religious fraternities and secular mutual aid societies. Based on historical data collected by historians and archeologists, we reconstruct a long-term process of pragmatic experimentation with institutions of mutual aid that address social problems in the early mining industry, and thus before the rise of the modern state and the capitalist firm. Co-shaped by economic and political actors, these institutions of mutual aid have influenced the social responsibility programs of early industrialists, modern social welfare legislation, and contemporary CSR. We conjecture that other elements of proto-CSR might have evolved according to similar trajectories.
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Dzyra, Olesya. "ACTIVITIES OF THE UKRAINIAN AID SOCIETIES IN CANADA IN 1918–1939s." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (December 17, 2020): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-73-78.
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The article analyses and systematizes the information about the charitable work of Ukrainian public organizations in Canada in the interwar period, with the purpose to facilitate the complicated process of removal, departure and further settlement of compatriots overseas. In general, such aid societies were divided into three types, namely those that fulfilled their functions to simplify the immigration process, those who financially supported their members in case of illness, accident, or death, and those who were founded for social and political purposes, but also directly supported their supporters, built orphanages, shelters, and schools, as well as fed and provided clothing to the extremely impoverished countrymen. Thus, the first aid society gave as much help as possible to everybody willing to leave for Canada, the second engaged in mutual insurance of their membership, and the third donated funds for the benefit of the diaspora. Immigration aid societies were promoted by the Canadian authorities, funded by shipping and railway companies that were particularly interested in immigration from Eastern Europe after the 1925 railway agreement with the Canadian government, and received dividends from it. The organizations that provided the mutual insurance service operated at the expense of mandatory membership fees. In addition to membership fees, other public organizations received funds from voluntary donations from members, supporters, and sponsors. And finally, this type of activity was not the main one. These organizations were both local and dominion in nature, both working on a temporary and permanent basis. Despite of common goal, they could be divided by religious or political affiliation. And yet they combine representatives of the diaspora for a good mission – to make life easier for newly arrived Ukrainian immigrants.
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Mayo, Marjorie. "Covid-19 and mutual aid: Prefigurative approaches to caring?" Theory & Struggle 122, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ts.2021.9.
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With over 2,000 support groups listed in Britain at the time of writing at the beginning of 2021, the growth of mutual aid has been among the more positive outcomes of the Covid-19 pandemic. So much for the neoliberal view of humans as rational individuals focused on the pursuit of their own self-interests, whatever the needs of others. For Marxists, though, the recent growth of mutual aid groups needs to be set within the framework of critical understandings about civil society, the respective roles of civil society, the market and the state, and the potential for building alternatives within capitalist societies. The Covid-19 pandemic has been highlighting the failures of market-led approaches to meeting people’s needs, demonstrating the need for more rather than less public provision, including the need for a national care service. Meanwhile, the voluntary and community sectors have been struggling to fill the gaps between shrinking public services on the one hand and growing social needs on the other. This has been the context for the emergence of the mutual aid groups that are the focus of the final section of this article, exploring their potential contributions, promoting values of mutuality, cooperation and care within these contemporary constraints. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications of such prefigurative community-based initiatives more generally, their contributions as well as their inherent limitations as component parts of social justice movements.
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Greenberg, Brian, and David T. Beito. "From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967." Journal of American History 88, no. 4 (March 2002): 1555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700685.
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Hoffman, Beatrix, and David T. Beito. "From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967." Journal of Southern History 68, no. 1 (February 2002): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3069732.
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Shannon, Christopher, and David T. Beito. "From Mutual Aid to the Welfare State: Fraternal Societies and Social Services, 1890-1967." American Historical Review 106, no. 4 (October 2001): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2693031.
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Escott, Margaret, and David Neave. "Mutual Aid in the Victorian Countryside: Friendly Societies in the Rural East Riding, 1830-1914." Economic History Review 45, no. 4 (November 1992): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597431.
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Robertson, Nicole. "Collective strength and mutual aid: Financial provisions for members of co-operative societies in Britain." Business History 54, no. 6 (October 2012): 925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2012.706895.
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Beito, David T. "“This Enormous Army”: The Mutual Aid Tradition of American Fraternal Societies before the Twentieth Century." Social Philosophy and Policy 14, no. 2 (1997): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001801.
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The social-welfare world of the poor has changed considerably since the turn of the century. It is not difficult to find dramatic evidence of progress. Most obviously, there has been a substantial reduction in the percentage of Americans who are poor. Even in 1929, about 40 percent of the population still lived in poverty. The corresponding figure for 1993 was 15.1 percent. The poor have also enjoyed notable material and physical gains in terms of income, diet, health, and housing conditions.
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García-Bryce, Iñigo. "Politics By Peaceful Means: Artisan Mutual Aid Societies in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Lima, 1860-1879." Americas 59, no. 3 (January 2003): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0010.
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In July 1866, Lima conducted its independence celebrations with great fanfare. The festivities began at the main portal of the walled city, where the members of various patriotic associations gathered to celebrate Independence Day. The participants included the Sociedad de Fundadores de la Independencia, the veteran corps from both the Independence Wars and from the recent war with Spain, the national fire brigades, and the members of an artisan society named the Sociedad de Artesanos de Auxilios Mutuos. Together they sang the national anthem while standing at the foot of a Tree of Liberty, a republican symbol dating back to the French Revolution. They subsequently marched into the city, thus initiating two days of celebrations that included fireworks displays and an intricate reenactment, in Lima's central plaza, of the recent naval combat with Spain. In the course of the ceremonies, two artisans were presented with prizes, one for the most outstanding piece of craftsmanship (in the 1866 celebration the prize was won by Vicente Pedraza for making an organ) and the other for the artisan who had shown the most bravery during the recent military encounter with Spain. The prizes were in the amount of 200 soles. At another point in the celebrations the Chief of the Artisan Fire Brigade gave a patriotic speech and following the speech a young girl offered the President Mariano Ignacio Prado a laurel wreath in the name of the artisans.
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Jeeva Rekha, B. "Membership Positions and Problems Faced by Housing Cooperative Societies." Shanlax International Journal of Management 7, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/management.v7i2.720.
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Cooperative action is being increasingly recognized as an ideal mechanism for securing the involvement of the people and for utilizing their self-help in the whole process of home building. Cooperatives allow members to pool resources to achieve greater benefits than they could as individuals. Cooperation in its literal sense means working together. However, in a technical sense, the term means working together for some economic pursuit, but based on certain basic principles and values. These essentially include idea of self help, mutual aid and defence of the poor against exploitation. This paper indeed concentrates on the borrowers preferences in selecting Cooperative Housing Societies as their agency and in turn the problems faced by the societies during distribution of loans.
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Ferry, Darren. "“To the Interests and Conscience of the Great Mass of the Community:” The Evolution of Temperance Societies in Nineteenth-Century Central Canada." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 14, no. 1 (February 4, 2005): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010323ar.
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Abstract The resilience of nineteenth-century temperance societies as a cultural force in central Canada is a testament to their adaptability towards shifting societal trends, as well as their ability to utilize diverse strategies in the war against the liquor traffic. And yet the inclusive appeal of these organizations among all members of the community masked the conflicts and contentions found within the temperance movement. Pre-Confederation temperance societies established a large constituency of support culled from middle-class evangelicals and the skilled working class, although the measured withdrawal from the benefit system of mutual aid eroded the enthusiasm of skilled workers for temperance societies. However, the sectarian and political turmoil from within temperance associations clearly resulted in the irrelevance of temperance societies by mid-century. While temperance societies experienced a marked escalation in influence by the last two decades of the nineteenth century, a divergent approach taken by rural and urban temperance advocates in relation to legislative prohibition led to more discord and disagreements over the ultimate direction of the temperance movement. The openness of late nineteenth-century temperance societies was once again exposed as empty rhetoric, as the spectre of prohibition became a political hurdle too strong for a divided temperance community to overcome.
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Greenbaum, Susan D. "Economic Cooperation Among Urban Industrial Workers: Rationality and Community in an Afro-Cuban Mutual Aid Society, 1904–1927." Social Science History 17, no. 2 (1993): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016813.
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Mutual aid societies represent intentional institutionalized cooperation. Groups of individuals pool their resources to provide risk protection and social benefits for themselves in what are usually inhospitable settings. Such organizations are clearly adaptive at the group level. However, their development and maintenance require considerable investment of time and financial resources that could be applied to more individualistic ends. What incentives encourage individuals to assume leadership responsibilities in such organizations? And by what means are free riders prevented from negating the organizations’ efforts by sinking the system?
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Baranova, Irina V. "Charity within Professional Environment of Saint Petersburg Germans in the Late 18th - Early 20th Century." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 4 (208) (December 23, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-4-48-53.
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The article studies the system of German professional charitable organizations that existed in the late 18th - early 20th century. Charitable associations related to professional activities are conditionally divided into three categories: 1) shelters for representatives of various professions; 2) societies and mutual aid funds; 3) associations providing various assistance to the poor segments of the city population. We analyse the underlying mechanisms and functions of philanthropic institutions created either by German charitable organizations or private individuals for representatives of certain professions; in some cases we overview their financing as well. The article provides brief look at German immigrant mutual aid funds and principles of their operations. Charitable support was especially necessary for the Germans who had recently arrived in the city and had not yet found and employment, as well to the layers of German population unable to work. By analyzing the means of inter-societal support and external charity efforts it is possible to identify and suggest possible ways to provide social assistance to foreigners who come to St. Petersburg for the purpose of professional employment.
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Beito, David T. "Mutual Aid, State Welfare, and Organized Charity: Fraternal Societies and the “Deserving” and “Undeserving” Poor, 1900–1930." Journal of Policy History 5, no. 4 (October 1993): 419–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600007533.
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Few terms have recurred so often in the work of American social welfare historians as “deserving” (or worthy) and “undeserving” (unworthy). These concepts, of course, describe criteria employed by private and government agencies to determine eligibility for social welfare assistance. A special object of concern in the literature has been their use, in particular misuse, by charity organizations and welfare agencies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Ryabtsev, Sergey Viktorovich. "SPECIFICS OF THE FORMATION PRACTICES OF MUTUAL AID IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD’S SOCIETIES. SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem, no. 4-1 (December 18, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2016-4-1-89-98.
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Vorster, Nico. "Human Identity, Political Recognition and Social Symbiosis: A Public Theological Perspective." International Journal of Public Theology 12, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 260–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15697320-12341538.
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Abstract Muslim radicalization has forced western states to rethink policies on integrating minority communities into their societies. As a result, some European countries are in the process of replacing the traditional multiculturalist state paradigms with a civic integration model. This article warns against integration policies that: i) create parallel societies; ii). impose the identity of the majority group on minority groups; iii). or impose a difference-blind universal identity on all its citizens. Drawing on the Christian-informed political philosophies of John Althusius and Charles Taylor, the case is made for an inclusionary political mindset that addresses the challenges of globalization and pluralization. The approach proposed is termed symbiotic politics and is based on a common respect for political values such as human dignity, equality and freedom that are essential for human coexistence, a shared commitment to non-aggression and mutual aid, and the political recognition of collective identities.
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Stuer, Francesca, Francis Ogojo Okello, Medhanit Wube, and Lucy Y. Steinitz. "From Burial Societies to Mutual Aid Organizations: The Role ofIdirs—Traditional Burial Societies in Ethiopia—In Ensuring Community-Level Care and Protection of Vulnerable Children." Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2012.652543.
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Galvão, Nágila. "CONFLITO E COOPERAÇÃO: AS RELAÇÕES E AS CONDIÇÕES DE TRABALHO NO PORTO DE FORTALEZA (1912-1933)." Entropia 7, no. 13 (2023): 58–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52765/entropia.v7i13.455.
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The present article aims to analyze the workers of the port of Fortaleza who were part of the mutual association Deus e Mar, Deus e União and the STPC, and who strengthened themselves collectivity through self-knowledge and the identification of common needs and struggles in the process of becoming a social class. For this purpose, I will study the labor relations established between dockworkers and contractors in Fortaleza and the organization of practices put into use in the mutual societies (medical assistance, funeral aid, etc.), resistance (strikes, demonstrations, shutdowns) and negotiations with the contractors and shipping companies, which aim to improve the living and working conditions of the dockers. I use as sources the newspapers O Legionário, Folha da Tarde, O Correio do Ceará, O Nordeste, A Tribuna, O Trabalhador Gráfico, O correio da Tarde and seek to understand the work relations among the dockers, based on their experiences, using the concepts of E. P. Thompson.
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Boxer, Diana. "8. DISCOURSE ISSUES IN CROSS-CULTURAL PRAGMATICS." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 22 (March 2002): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190502000089.
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This chapter focuses on recent research in cross-cultural pragmatics (CCP) as distinct from interlanguage pragmatics (IP). The essential difference between the two lies in the perspective from which each views cross-cultural communication. CCP takes the point of view that individuals from different societies or communities interact according to their own pragmatic norms, often resulting in a clash of expectations and, ultimately, misperceptions about the other group. The misperceptions are typically two-way; that is, each group misperceives the other. In an age in which cross-cultural interaction is the norm not only across societies but also within them, different rules of speaking have the potential to cause stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination against entire groups of people. Research in the area of CCP can greatly aid in ameliorating these consequences. Recent studies that view CCP from this two-way perspective are the focus of this chapter. The overview of this body of research demonstrates the potential contribution of the field of applied linguistics to mutual understanding through the study of discourse issues in cross-cultural pragmatics.
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Cole, Jennifer, Adam Badger, Phil Brown, and Oli Mould. "Social Kropotkinism: The Best ‘New Normal’ for Survival in the Post COVID-19, Climate Emergency World?" Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 6 (November 5, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0143.
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Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin was originally an evolutionary biologist, writing shortly after Charles Darwin, who pointed to collaboration rather than competition as the underlying driver of (human) evolution, development and survival. This paper questions why ‘Social Darwinism’ has entered the language when ‘Social Kropotkinism’ has not. We position Social Kropotkinism – based on mutual support and community cooperation as opposed to Darwinian survival of the fittest – as having value as a new societal organising principle that can help to ensure social justice and equitable distribution of increasingly scarce resources in the post-pandemic, climate emergency world. We chart the re-emergence of Kropotkin’s ideas of mutualism against the current literature on the evolution of human cooperation, showing how the blossoming of community-level mutual aid during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exposed and filled many cracks in UK Government provision of welfare and social care, is the inevitable end-result of the empathy and predisposition for cooperation that has underpinned the development of complex societies and civilisation.
Received: 5 August 2022 / Accepted: 13 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022
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Williams, John P. "Exodus from Europe: Jewish Diaspora Immigration from Central and Eastern Europe to the United States (1820-1914)." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 16, no. 1-3 (April 7, 2017): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341422.
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This article examines one of the largest exoduses in human history. In less than three decades, over five million Jews from Poland, Germany, and Russia journeyed to what they considered to be the “American Promised Land.” This study serves five main purposes: first, to identify social, political, and economic factors that encouraged this unprecedented migration; second, to examine the extensive communication and transportation networks that aided this exodus, highlighting the roles that mutual aid societies (especially the Alliance Israelite Universelle in Paris, the Mansion House Fund in London, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in New York City) played in the success of these migrations; third, to analyze this diaspora’s impact on the cultural identity of the Jewish communities in which they settled; fourth, to discuss the cultural and economic success of this mass resettlement; and finally, fifth, identify incidents of anti-Semitism in employment, education, and legal realms that tempered economic and cultural gains by Jewish immigrants to America.
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McAuley, James White, and Paul W. Nesbitt-Larking. "Imagining the Post-COVID-19 Polity: Narratives of Possible Futures." Social Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080346.
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The COVID-19 crisis is arguably the most important development of the 21st century so far and takes its place alongside the great eruptions of the past century. As with any crisis, the current pandemic has stimulated visions and proposals for post-COVID-19 societies. Our focus is on narratives—both predictive and prescriptive—that envisage post-COVID-19 political societies. Combining narrative analysis with thematic analysis, we argue that societal changes conditioned by the pandemic have accelerated a turn toward five inter-related developments: A renaissance in rationality and evidence-based science; a return to social equality and equity, including wage equity and guaranteed incomes; a reimagining of the interventionist state in response to crises in the economy, society, the welfare state, and social order; a reorientation to the local and communitarian, with reference in particular to solidaristic mutual aid, community animation, local sourcing, and craft production; and the reinvention of democracy through deep participation and deliberative dialogical decision making. The empirical focus of our work is an analysis of predominantly legacy media content from the Canadian Periodicals Index related to life after the pandemic and post-COVID-19 society.
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Massingill, Ruth. "The Founding and Development of Secret Societies and Fraternal Orders and their Influence on Modern American Society." International Journal on Social and Education Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.415.
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Secret societies and fraternal orders came to America with the arrival of the colonists, bringing ideals that influenced the founding of the United States. As the country grew and prospered, so did fraternal organizations, which exerted political influence, provided mutual aid for health and security to its members, and were instrumental in the growth of civic engagement. During the height of the Golden Age of Fraternity, one third of American men were members of a fraternal order. With the Depression of the 1930’s, fraternal societies began a slow decline that continues to the present although the groups evolved to became more inclusive in their membership and took on community service projects in their local communities. Scholars suggest that despite efforts to adapt to societal changes, fraternal groups, like other American civic institutions, are suffering from the growing lack of civic engagement in society, which may be traced in part to the rise of digital communication. This paper follows the evolution of fraternal organizations in the United States, explores their changing roles in society, and suggests additional research to explore the future viability of fraternal groups.
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Levandovska, Liudmyla, and Serhii Semenchuk. "Russophile societies in Przemysl: activities and reasons for decline (second half of the 19th century – 1930s of the 20th century)." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 37 (October 4, 2022): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2022-37.169-183.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze the activities of Russophile societies and their infl uence on the Russophile movement in the city of Przemysl, as well as to establish and highlight the reasons for their decline. Th e research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, integrity, systematicity, as well as the use of the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-comparative, historical-typological, and problem-chronological. Th e scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that, for the fi rst time, the activity of Russophile societies in the city of Przemysl has been systematically analyzed, and the reasons for their decline clarifi ed. Conclusions. In the course of the research, it has been identifi ed that in the city of Przemysl in the second half of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century, the Russophile movement did not have a large number of supporters, in general, it was rep- resented by several cultural and educational societies. Among the most active champions of Russophile ideas were gymnasium professor Mykola Antonevich (1840-1919) and lawyer Kyrylo Cherlyunchakevych (1869-1950). Th e following reasons led to the decline of Russophile societies and the movement in general: 1) the main Russophile organizations, such as the Stavropygian Institute, the Galician-Russian Motherland, the Lviv People’s House, did not have branches and were not represented in Przemysl; 2) Ukrainophile cultural and educational societies predomi- nated quantitatively, their activities encompassed the educational, cultural, artistic, economic, and spiritual life of the city community, in particular such societies as “Prosvita”, Ukrainian Pedagogical Society, “Teachers’ Community”, “Mutual Aid of Ukrainian Teachers”, “Petro Mohyla Society of Scientifi c Lectures”, “Union of Ukrainian Women”; 3) the city’s pro-Ukrainian intelligentsia founded the “People’s House” society, which became a center for patriotic activists, and also provided locations for hosting various societies, holding cultural, educational and ar- tistic events; 4) Ukrainophiles had an advantage in mass media; 5) in one of the oldest societies “Ruska Besida” at the end of the 19th century, Narodovites began to prevail, who later com- pletely mastered this society; 6) representatives of the M. Kachovsky Society lost their positions in the Diet of Galicia and the Vienna Parliament; 7) during the First World War, many supporters of Russophilism were imprisoned or destroyed. Th e reasons above led to the complete decline of Russophile cultural and educational societies in Przemysl even before the Second World War.
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Maina, John, and Ambrose Jagongo. "EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SMALL TIERED DEPOSIT TAKING SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES SOCIETIES IN NAIROBI COUNTY." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 7, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1486.
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Purpose: The study is focused to determine the effects of capital structure on financial performance of small tiered deposit taking savings and credit cooperatives societies (DTS) in Nairobi County.
Methodology used: systematic review research design. It involved the evaluation of relevant studies that address the dependent and independent variables using specific criteria.
Major findings and conclusions: The reviewed studies indicated that a conceptual framework gap exists. Empirical literature does not offer conclusive results on the nature of relationship between capital structure and financial performance. In addition, the studies were conducted for other prior periods and in other markets presenting a contextual gap.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study used the pecking order theory to put forth the preference of external funds (debt) over internal funds (equity), in making capital structure decisions, in addition to the trade-off theory, which indicated to mutual exclusivity of debt and equity financing decisions. The study will be beneficial to deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya to adopt capital structure strategies to sustain consistent superior financial performance. The models developed from this study will aid the regulatory institutions that regulate DTS in Kenya to develop policies on Capital structure. The study will add new knowledge on capital structure and financial performance of DTS
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Di Cimbrini, Tiziana. "Welfare or politics? The identity of Italian mutual aid societies as revealed by a latent class cluster analysis of their annual reports." Accounting History 20, no. 3 (July 16, 2015): 310–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373215590824.
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Tacey, Ivan, and Diana Riboli. "Violence, fear and anti-violence: the Batek of Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 6, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-03-2014-0114.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and analyze socio-cultural and political forces which have shaped anti-violent attitudes and strategies of the Batek and Batek Tanum of Peninsular Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – Data collection during the authors’ long-term, multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork among the Batek and Batek Tanum in Peninsular Malaysia. Methodology included participant observation, semi-structured interviews and a literature review of texts on the Orang Asli and anthropological theories on violence. Findings – Traumatic experiences of past violence and atrocities greatly influence the Batek's and Batek Tanum's present attitudes toward direct and structural forms of violence. A variety of anti-violent strategies are adopted, including the choice to escape when physically threatened. Rather than demonstrating “weakness,” this course of action represents a smart survival strategy. External violence reinforces values of internal cooperation and mutual-aid that foraging societies, even sedentary groups, typically privilege. In recent years, the Batek's increasing political awareness has opened new forms of resistance against the structural violence embedded within Malaysian society. Originality/value – The study proposes that societies cannot simply be labelled as violent or non-violent on the basis of socio-biological theories. Research into hunter-gatherer social organization and violence needs to be reframed within larger debates about structural violence. The “anti-violence” of certain foraging groups can be understood as a powerful form of resilience to outside pressures and foraging groups’ best possible strategy for survival.
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Chwat, Olivia. "Social Solidarity during the Pandemic: The “Visible Hand” and Networked Social Movements." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 65, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2021.65.1.3.
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The author poses the following questions: (1) What forms are social movements adopting today, particularly in response to the epidemic crisis? (2) Are we observing the practice of grassroots solidarity reaching beyond the charitable model of support? She seeks answers taking the Facebook group Visible Hand [Widzialna Ręka] as an example; it was established shortly after lockdown had been announced in the first quarter of 2020, as a form of social organisation aiming to provide mutual aid during the difficult time of the pandemic. She asserts that communities organising themselves in a manner similar to Visible Hand are an example of how external crises highlight problems existing within societies and contribute to their destabilisation. While deliberating over whether the initiative in question is one of ad-hoc episodes of non-organised collective activity, a discussion-and-contact forum, or perhaps a contemporary social movement, she reaches for Manuel Castells’ concept of networked social movements—and asserts that Visible Hand may be acknowledged as a social movement. In closing her paper, she considers the connections between moral bond and solidarity.
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Kowalczyk, Ks Stanisław. "Idea sprawiedliwości społecznej w kontekście procesu globalizacji." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 11, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.11.1.21.
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The subject of social justice are groups or whole societies – also states, object of this justice are their mutual rights and common good. The process of economic and technological globalization means among other things: establishment of the world market, predominant role of international companies, centralization of leading elites’ decisions, financial disproportion between individual people and countries. In the teaching of contemporary popes (John XXIII’s, Paul VI’s, John Paul II’s) the idea of social justice has also international dimension and therefore process of economic globalization ought to respect two principles of the Church’s social teaching: the principle of the subsidiarity and the principle of solidarity. The principle of the subsidiarity demands to respect subjectivity of all nations and states as well as to aid their integral development. The principle of solidarity postulates creation of common good of world society, this good are: peace, economic prosperity, commerce profitable for all states, cooperation and financial help of rich countries for underdeveloped countries. The social justice in the international dimension is the expression and the imperative of solidarity of all nations and states.
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Gaidauskienė, Nida. "Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis’s Socio-Cultural Connections and Professional Self-Realisation in Lithuania." Colloquia 46 (December 30, 2021): 13–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.21.46.02.
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In 1907–1909, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis worked with seven national societies active in Lithuania: Lithuanian Art Society, Amateur Music and Theatre Society “Vilniaus Kanklės”, Lithuanian Association “Rūta” in Vilnius, Music and Theatre Society “Daina” in Kaunas, Lithuanian Scientific Society, Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius, and Charitable Society for Pupils and Students “Žiburėlis”. He was a member of the formerthree organizations. The Lithuanian Art Society was the main platform for Čiurlionis’s professional and social self-realisation. He served as its vice-chair and from September 1907 to September 1909 stood in for its chair, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius. He organised the Second Lithuanian Art Exhibition. On Čiurlionis initiative, the music section was established at the Society. Together with his colleagues, he organized a competition for Lithuanian composers; he also envisaged a periodical of music, art, and literature.The article discusses the question of the affiliation with the Lithuanian Vilnius Choir led by Čiurlionis. The research has revealed that Čiurlionis conducted a united choir consisting of the singers from the Lithuanian Mutual Aid Society of Vilnius and “Vilniaus Kanklės”. His participation in two soirees organised by “Žiburėlis”, quite favourable reviews of his artworks written by the liberals, and the principled criticism by the conservative cleric Aleksandras Dambrauskas (nom de plume Adomas Jakštas) demonstrate that Čiurlionis found it easier to work with democratic left-wing cultural figures. In June of 1909, Čiurlionis’s concert and the design of the curtain on the premises of the Lithuanian Association “Rūta” were associated with Andrius Domaševičius and Kipras Petrauskas. In his letter, Čiurlionis called himself “progressive.” It was uncharacteristic to indicate one’s party affiliation; in Čiurlionis’s case, it meant to be of liberal orientation. However, it was precisely because of his “leftist” views that the Educational Society “Aušra” deemed his membership unreliable. On July 11, 1909, Čiurlionis was nominated to the commission to collect songs for the Lithuanian Scientific Society. Unfortunately, the illness that manifested itself in December of 1909 prevented the composer from carrying out the work.
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LIU, Junxiang, Qiang YUE, and Xiaomu MA. "新冠疫情背景下的人類命運共同體探析." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 18, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.181696.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The COVID-19 pandemic requires people and political bodies to reflect on the abundant and complicated relationships between human beings, governments, and organizations. We hold that Prof. Sass emphasizes the urgency and necessity of the view that “life is interconnected.” With the continuous progress of globalization, mankind has become an interdependent community with a shared future. However, global cooperation and communication face numerous challenges due to the diversity of cultures, national conditions, and competing interests. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven individuals and political bodies to discuss effective measures and control the disaster together, which demands that a basic consensus be reached on how to manage the tension between individual freedom and interests and public health and well-being. Even more importantly, the pursuit of happiness is the common goal of mankind. Solidarity and mutual aid are required to create a stable, harmonious, healthy, and orderly community. Chinese traditional philosophy can contribute some wisdom and strategies to build similar but not identical bodies and societies. DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 8 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Macias, John J. "In the Shadow of the Spanish Fantasy Heritage." California History 100, no. 2 (2023): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.2.31.
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This article presents an overlooked chapter in San Gabriel’s history as it examines the Mexican experience in the historic mission city during the early twentieth century. In the 1910s, enterprising Anglo-American commercial and civic leaders romanticized the city’s Spanish heritage, especially in the area around old Mission San Gabriel, hoping to draw tourists to the newly incorporated city. Simultaneously, the arrival of Mexican immigrants to San Gabriel sparked concern among local leaders who, ironically, viewed the growing Mexican population as a threat to the city’s Spanish fantasy heritage. This article reveals how San Gabriel’s Mexican community harnessed civic leaders’ merchandizing of the city’s history, subverting the Spanish fantasy narrative to celebrate their Mexican history and presence in a city seemingly determined to deny both. It uses Spanish-language accounts, church records, and contemporary local histories to reveal a Mexican community asserting pride in its culture and history. In the process, it illustrates the interplay between San Gabriel’s Mexican community and the Roman Catholic parish at Mission San Gabriel, and the ways in which Mexican radicalism and grassroots mutualistas (mutual-aid societies) shaped the colonia (Mexican neighborhood).
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Zarzoso, Alfons. "Private surgery clinics in an open medical market: Barcelona, 1880s-1936." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 67–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.1.j084.
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The main purpose of this article is to examine how a new medical technology – the operating room- resulted in the establishment of a model of private clinics in late 19th – century Barcelona. This research explains that this kind of private medical care happened in an open medical market and successfully met a growing demand. Since its origins in the 1880s, private surgery clinics rose to more than 50 in just half-a-century. Here, several business strategies put at work by those surgeons-entrepreneurs are considered, especially those related to publicity and the search of patients/customers. Several aspects played a paramount role in that success: medical technology, domestic comfort, and surgical efficacy. In a context where medical care delivered at hospital was provided by the city-state or the local bourgeoisie as a part of the medieval model of charity, a potential customer for the private surgery clinics was formed by the urban, popular and working classes through the model of mutual aid societies and health insurance companies. Moreover, private clinics also showed how the process of medical specialization was configured and what kind of relationships surgeons-entrepreneurs established with general practitioners to attract their patients. Here, medical directories and medical journals reveal as a useful source of information.
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AYDOĞDU, Yunus. "Bilgi Çağında Ülkelerin Uluslararası İmaj İnşası: Araçlar ve Pratikler." International Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 34 (May 25, 2024): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/usbd.8.34.16.
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This study examines the tools and practices of image management in international relations. It emphasizes that in the 21st century, with the influence of globalization, the image of countries has gained importance in the international arena. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the importance of creating a positive international image for countries and managing this image effectively. Conceptually, image and image management are defined, and their roles in international relations are discussed. Among the tools of image management, propaganda is criticized for its one-sided and oppressive structure, while public diplomacy and soft power are considered important for mutual understanding, conveying values, and creating a positive image. The study then examines the practices of image management, such as student exchange programs, hosting international organizations, international broadcasting, language and cultural institutions, international visits, and development aid. These practices provide countries with the opportunity to introduce themselves, convey their values, interact with other societies, and create a positive image. Therefore, the study emphasizes the necessity for countries to approach image management in a rational and sustainable manner. In this regard, the study employs qualitative research methods and evaluates the findings from a historical perspective. Keywords: Image, Image Management, Image in International Relations
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Нечад, Абделхамід. "Invisible Hand of International Aid to Africa: The Geoeconomy of Deprivation." ЕКОНОМІКА І РЕГІОН Науковий вісник, no. 1(72) (June 24, 2019): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/eir.2019.1(72).1438.
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In traditional societies the poor and the needy all had their place in the community, no questions asked about aid or assistance. The unfortunate needed the less fortunate and vice versa: mutual aid was a natural behavior and nobody ever thought of it in terms of assistance. Who would have imagined that the same word would one day often designate enslaving practices against persons in distress, or serve as a justification for governments to conduct military or repressive actions against their own people? The history of debates and practices around the concept of aid shows that the inconceivable has in fact become a reality.
At a national or international level aid aims primarily at helping the alleged "donors" to maintain the devices that perpetuate their positions of power and social privileges, while depriving the poor of their own means to fight against poverty.
We easily understand now why the promoters of major international meetings regularly held in favor of helping the poor – one of them which gathered Heads of States in March 2002 at Monterrey, Mexico, – carefully avoided any debate on the root causes of the production of misery and injustice. In fact, they are well aware that a careful examination of these cases would unveil the fraud perpetrated today worldwide under the brand of aid. Indeed, such a debate risks to disclose the perverse collusions, often structural, which, always in the name of aid, unify the leaders of the North and the South against their own "subjects". And when, for the sake of propaganda, the Northern "generous donors" threaten to reduce their "aid" on the grounds that the recipient governments are corrupt, this examination would eventually reveal all the machinery set up by these same donors to "help" these "rogue" governments rule over their own populations. Finally, a serious investigation of the underlying reasons for these maneuvers would demonstrate to the world opinion that the most of the aid destined to eligible poor countries is intended whether to strengthen military and coercive programs or to restructure their economies to be adapted to the requirements of the sole global market.
Hence this bitter conclusion: what we insist on calling aid is but an expense to strengthen the structures that generate misery. However, the victims who are stripped of their real properties are never assisted since they seek to stand out from the global productive system in order to find alternatives in concert with their own aspirations.
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Odeyemi, Temitayo Isaac, and A. Sat Obiyan. "Digital policing technologies and democratic policing." International Journal of Police Science & Management 20, no. 2 (March 26, 2018): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355718763448.
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The police are expected to perform functions critical to relations between the government and citizens in democratic societies. However, in Nigeria, the reality is that the police organisation suffers limitations that undermine effective and democratic policing. Although the Nigeria Police Force has a long and chequered history, its services are dogged by challenges including adversarial police–citizen relations and mutual suspicion and police misconduct. To address these problems and enhance policing, the Nigeria Police Force has deployed digital technologies through a Complaint Response Unit [later renamed the Public Complaint Rapid Response Unit (PCRRU)]. The PCRRU allows the public to connect with the police through dedicated phone numbers for calls and SMS, and a round-the-clock presence on Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Blackberry Messenger and a mobile application. Although this initiative often draws attention and commendation, it also raises doubts about sustenance and utility value. Drawing on David Easton’s input–output nexus as a theoretical underpinning on the one hand, and data sourced through expert opinion interviews and web measurement on the other hand, this article investigates how these digital policing technologies, through the PCRRU, enhance efforts at mutually rewarding police–citizen relations and police accountability, as requisites of democratic policing, in Nigeria. The findings expand discussion on the dimensions of Nigeria’s police–citizen relations and the potentials of technology in promoting positive outcomes. The findings also suggest means through which police managers can optimise technology in ways that aid strategic efforts at improving public security.
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Sznycer, Daniel, Dimitris Xygalatas, Elizabeth Agey, Sarah Alami, Xiao-Fen An, Kristina I. Ananyeva, Quentin D. Atkinson, et al. "Cross-cultural invariances in the architecture of shame." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 10, 2018): 9702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805016115.
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Human foragers are obligately group-living, and their high dependence on mutual aid is believed to have characterized our species’ social evolution. It was therefore a central adaptive problem for our ancestors to avoid damaging the willingness of other group members to render them assistance. Cognitively, this requires a predictive map of the degree to which others would devalue the individual based on each of various possible acts. With such a map, an individual can avoid socially costly behaviors by anticipating how much audience devaluation a potential action (e.g., stealing) would cause and weigh this against the action’s direct payoff (e.g., acquiring). The shame system manifests all of the functional properties required to solve this adaptive problem, with the aversive intensity of shame encoding the social cost. Previous data from three Western(ized) societies indicated that the shame evoked when the individual anticipates committing various acts closely tracks the magnitude of devaluation expressed by audiences in response to those acts. Here we report data supporting the broader claim that shame is a basic part of human biology. We conducted an experiment among 899 participants in 15 small-scale communities scattered around the world. Despite widely varying languages, cultures, and subsistence modes, shame in each community closely tracked the devaluation of local audiences (mean r = +0.84). The fact that the same pattern is encountered in such mutually remote communities suggests that shame’s match to audience devaluation is a design feature crafted by selection and not a product of cultural contact or convergent cultural evolution.