Journal articles: 'Mutha River'

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Prof. A.B. More, Prof A. B. More, Prof C. S. Chavan Prof. C.S. Chavan, Ajoy Gurung, Pramod Sarwade, Shashikant Chaudhari, and Rohit Vyas. "Water Quality Status of Mula-Mutha River." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/apr2014/24.

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Hore, Shubham P. "Water Quality Analysis of Mula-Mutha River." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.32533.

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Sela, Rotem, Sivan Laviad-Shitrit, Leena Thorat, Bimalendu B. Nath, and Malka Halpern. "Chironomus ramosus Larval Microbiome Composition Provides Evidence for the Presence of Detoxifying Enzymes." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081571.

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Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae) are aquatic insects that are abundant in freshwater. We aimed to study the endogenous microbiota composition of Chironomus ramosus larvae that were sampled from the Mutha River and a laboratory culture in India. Furthermore, we performed a metagenomic analysis of the larval microbiome, sampled from the Mutha River. Significant differences were found between the bacterial community composition of C. ramosus larvae that were sampled from the Mutha River and the laboratory culture. A total of 54.7% of the amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that were identified in the larvae from the Mutha River were unique, compared to only 12.9% of unique ASVs that were identified from the laboratory-reared larvae. The four most abundant phyla across all samples were: Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, while the nine most abundant genera were: Aeromonas, Alkanindiges, Breznakia, Cetobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Desulfovibrio, Dysgonomonas, Thiothrix, and Vibrio. Moreover, in the metagenomic analysis, we detected bacterial genes and bacterial pathways that demonstrated the ability to degrade different toxic compounds, detoxify metal, and confer resistance to antibiotics and UV radiation, amongst other functions. The results illuminate the fact that there are detoxifying enzymes in the C. ramosus larval microbiome that possibly play a role in protecting the insect in polluted environments.

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Jadhav, S. D., and M. S. Jadhav. "Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune Maharashtra." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-1, Issue-6 (October 31, 2017): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2509.

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Singh, Gaurav. "Study of Mutha River Water Quality with Respect to its Conservation and Restoration." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 1346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.6232.

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., Ritica Thakur. "DETERMINATION OF SAFE GRADE ELEVATION BY USING HEC-RAS: CASE STUDY MUTHA RIVER." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 01 (January 25, 2016): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0501023.

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Shukla, S., M. V. Khire, and S. S. Gedam. "Monitoring Land Use/Land Cover Changes in a River Basin due to Urbanization using Remote Sensing and GIS Approach." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-949-2014.

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Faster pace of urbanization, industrialization, unplanned infrastructure developments and extensive agriculture result in the rapid changes in the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) of the sub-tropical river basins. Study of LU/LC transformations in a river basin is crucial for vulnerability assessment and proper management of the natural resources of a river basin. Remote sensing technology is very promising in mapping the LU/LC distribution of a large region on different spatio-temporal scales. The present study is intended to understand the LU/LC changes in the Upper Bhima river basin due to urbanization using modern geospatial techniques such as remote sensing and GIS. In this study, the Upper Bhima river basin is divided into three adjacent sub-basins: Mula-Mutha sub-basin (ubanized), Bhima sub-basin (semi-urbanized) and Ghod sub-basin (unurbanized). Time series LU/LC maps were prepared for the study area for a period of 1980, 2002 and 2009 using satellite datasets viz. Landsat MSS (October, 1980), Landsat ETM+ (October, 2002) and IRS LISS III (October 2008 and November 2009). All the satellite images were classified into five LU/LC classes viz. built-up lands, agricultural lands, waterbodies, forests and wastelands using supervised classification approach. Post classification change detection method was used to understand the LU/LC changes in the study area. Results reveal that built up lands, waterbodies and agricultural lands are increasing in all the three sub-basins of the study area at the cost of decreasing forests and wastelands. But the change is more drastic in urbanized Mula-Mutha sub-basin compared to the other two sub-basins.

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Prajkta, Ghule. "Feasibility Study of Modified Flow Pattern for the Onsite Treatment of Polluted River, Case Study on Mutha River." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.6093.

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Keskar, Ashwini, Pradeep Kumkar, Mandar S. Paingankar, Anand Padhye, and Neelesh Dahanukar. "Length-weight and length-length relationships of seven loach species (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from five localities in northern Western Ghats, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 15 (December 26, 2015): 8025. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2462.7.15.8025-8220.

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Length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of seven loach species (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): Botia striata, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, Paracanthocobitis mooreh, Indoreonectes evezardi, Nemacheilus anguilla, Nemachilichthys rueppelli and Schistura denisoni were studied from five localities within the Krishna River system of the Indian Western Ghats: Lonawala (Indrayani River), Paud (Mula River), Warje (Mutha River), Bhor (Nira River) and Patan (Koyna River). With the exception of L. thermalis all species are endemic to peninsular India, and to our knowledge this is the first presentation of LWR and LLR data for them. New maximum lengths are also reported for I. evezardi, N. anguilla, N. rueppelli and S. denisoni. <div> </div>

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Rao, Prakash, Urvashi G Dhingra, and Madhura Bedarkar. "Sustainable Restoration Strategies for Rivers Mula-Mutha, Pune, India Adaptive Learnings from Global River Restoration Experiences and Thematic Analysis." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 31, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2022.10038827.

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Dhawde, Rutuja, Ragini Macaden, Dhananjaya Saranath, Kayzad Nilgiriwala, Appasaheb Ghadge, and Tannaz Birdi. "Antibiotic Resistance Characterization of Environmental E. coli Isolated from River Mula-Mutha, Pune District, India." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6 (June 12, 2018): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061247.

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Kulkarni, Aboli S., and K. A. Subramanian. "Habitat and seasonal distribution of Odonata (Insecta) of Mula and Mutha river basins, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 5, no. 7 (April 26, 2013): 4084–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3253.4084-95.

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Namachivayam, Sivanandan R., Rutuja R. Dhawde, Ragini S. Macaden, Mary Dias, and Tannaz J. Birdi. "Molecular detection of virulence markers to identify diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from Mula-Mutha river, Pune District, India." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 56, no. 7 (June 6, 2021): 818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2021.1930771.

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Rahman, SMR, NR Sarker, MR Amin, M. Kamruzzaman, and MR Haque. "Identification of naturally available forage species and their feeding effect on dairy cows in different climatic vulnerable areas of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 46, no. 2 (October 27, 2017): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v46i2.34446.

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An investigation was carried out with the objectives to identify the naturally occurring forage species, seasonal availability, production patterns under different climatic zones and production performance and methane emission from dairy cow under existing feeding systems. For this purpose, three different agro-climatic zones of Bangladesh, namely saline prone area (Satkhira), flood plain/river basin areas (Pabna), semi-arid/drought prone areas (Chapainobabgonj) were selected. To achieve the objectives, three Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in each location to obtain more information from different age groups of farmers. A total of 9 FDGs were conducted under three selected locations and twelve participants were attended in each FGD. During FDGs, information was collected through participatory discussions through check list and also discussion was recorded to verify the information gathered as per check list. After collection of information in each side, all the data were checked and analyzed. The results indicated that in saline area, farmers reported that different types of local grass e.g. Tale Shapna,Durba,Nona Shapna, Khud Gate/ KhudKhachra, Shama, Full Paira, Bass Pata, Math Pora/KhataShak, GhimeeShak and Baksha etc were available round the year but according to their observation Nona Shapna, Tale Shapna and Baksha were more available compared to other species of the natural grasses and these three natural forages are more suitable in this area. In the drought prone area, different types of native grasses e.g. Durba,Shama, Mutha,Katla,Kausha/Kannar, Binna, Datuloka,Shanchi, Shunshue, Bash Batari, Ulo and Binna Pati were identified and utilized by the farmers in different seasons but Durba,Katla and Mutha were found more drought tolerant compared to other species. In flood prone area, Kolmi, Shanti, Baksha, Arail, Dubla, Bokma, Vadail and Bolenga etc were found and Kolmi, Baksha and Arail are more suitable in this area. Farmers were also reported that fodder tree like Dumur/khoksha also is survive in water logging situation and or flood prone area. The study revealed that calculated total DMI (Kg/h/day) was the highest (14.14±1.06) in flood prone followed by drought (13.80±1.30) and saline areas (4.43±0.20), respectively. Similarly, the milk production was also higher (12.06±1.19 litre/h/day) in flood prone area followed by drought (4.47±0.60 litre/h/day) and saline (1.83±0.11 litre/h/day) areas, respectively. The calculated total methane emission (g/h/d) was significantly higher in flood prone (478.31±36.36) and the lowest in saline (153.35±7.14) prone areas. Whereas, methane production per unit of milk yield, was the lowest in flood prone (46.55±6.78) and the highest (110.48±21.69) in drought prone area and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Therefore, it may be concluded that farmers rearing animals under climate vulnerable areas utilizing natural grasses are more prone to higher methane production compared to animals rearing better feed resources though their availability was varied with the seasons and locations. Hence, further research is needed to explore more suitable natural grasses in addition to introduction of high yielding fodder with higher biomass and nutritive values based on the existing cropping systems in those climate vulnerable areas for higher milk production and low enteric methane emission in the country.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2017. 46 (2): 150-158

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Wagh, G. K., and H. V. Ghate. "Freshwater fish fauna of the rivers Mula and Mutha, Pune, Maharashtra." Zoos' Print Journal 18, no. 1 (December 21, 2002): 977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.zpj.18.1.977-89.

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Ghavzan, N. Jafari, and V. R. Gunale. "Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and their relationship with the environment in the Pavana and Mutha rivers (Pune-India)." International Journal on Algae 9, no. 1 (2007): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v9.i1.40.

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Pimienta, Jorge Omar Ramírez. "Review: Había mucha neblina o humo o no sé qué by Cristina Rivera Garza." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 33, no. 2 (2017): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2017.33.2.320.

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Wagner, P. D., S. Kumar, and K. Schneider. "An assessment of land use change impacts on the water resources of the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of Pune, India." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 6 (June 19, 2013): 2233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2233-2013.

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Abstract. Land use changes are altering the hydrologic system and have potentially large impacts on water resources. Rapid socio-economic development drives land use change. This is particularly true in the case of the rapidly developing city of Pune, India. The present study aims at analyzing past land use changes between 1989 and 2009 and their impacts on the water balance in the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of Pune. Land use changes were identified from three Rivers catchment multitemporal land use classifications for the cropping years 1989/1990, 2000/2001, and 2009/2010. The hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to assess impacts on runoff and evapotranspiration. Two model runs were performed and compared using the land use classifications of 1989/1990 and 2009/2010. The main land use changes were identified as an increase of urban area from 5.1% to 10.1% and cropland from 9.7% to 13.5% of the catchment area during the 20 yr period. Urbanization was mainly observed in the eastern part and conversion to cropland in the mid-northern part of the catchment. At the catchment scale we found that the impacts of these land use changes on the water balance cancel each other out. However, at the sub-basin scale urbanization led to an increase of the water yield by up to 7.6%, and a similar decrease of evapotranspiration, whereas the increase of cropland resulted in an increase of evapotranspiration by up to 5.9%.

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SILVA, Ageane Mota da, Mônica COLOMBINI, Ana Maria MOURA-DA-SILVA, Rodrigo Medeiros de SOUZA, Wuelton Marcelo MONTEIRO, and Paulo Sérgio BERNARDE. "Epidemiological and clinical aspects of snakebites in the upper Juruá River region, western Brazilian Amazonia." Acta Amazonica 50, no. 1 (March 2020): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201901561.

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ABSTRACT This study addresses the clinical and epidemiological aspects of envenoming cases resulting from snakebites treated at a hospital in Cruzeiro do Sul, in the upper Juruá River region, western Brazilian Amazonia. The specific identity of snakes that caused the envenomings was inferred (a) from the diagnosis of patient symptoms and signs upon hospital admission, (b) by enzyme immunoassay for detection of Bothrops atrox and Lachesis muta venom from serum samples taken from patients before antivenom therapy, or (c) by direct identification of the snake, when it was brought along to the hospital or photographed. There were 133 snakebites (76.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) registered during one year (July 2017 to June 2018). Most snakebites (88.7%) were caused by Bothrops spp., and the rest by non-venomous snakes or dry bites. Snakebites tended to occur more often during the rainy season, coinciding with the period of greater reproductive activity of the snakes and greater availability of their prey. In addition, the increase in the water level of rivers and lakes during the rainy season tends to concentrate snakes in dry places and, thus, to increase encounters with humans. Information campaigns on prevention and first aid, specially among the most vulnerable groups (indigenous people, farmers, and children and teenagers in rural areas), and the importance of using protective equipment (boots, leggings, leather gloves) in certain high risk activities (e.g. agriculture and extractivism in forests) are fundamental for the reduction of snakebite morbidity.

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Wagner, P. D., S. Kumar, and K. Schneider. "An assessment of land use change impacts on the water resources of the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of Pune, India." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2013): 1943–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1943-2013.

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Abstract. Land use changes are altering the hydrologic system and have potentially large impacts on water resources. Rapid socio-economic development drives land use change. This is particularly true in the case of the rapidly developing city of Pune, India. The present study aims at analyzing past land use changes between 1989 and 2009 and their impacts on the water balance in the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment upstream of Pune. Land use changes were identified from three multitemporal land use classifications for the cropping years 1989/1990, 2000/2001, and 2009/2010. The hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to assess impacts on runoff and evapotranspiration. Two model runs were performed and compared using the land use classifications of 1989/1990 and 2009/2010. The main land use changes were identified as an increase of urban area from 5.1% to 10.1% and cropland from 9.7% to 13.5% of the catchment area during the 20 yr period. Urbanization was mainly observed in the eastern part and conversion to cropland in the mid-northern part of the catchment. At the catchment scale we found that the impacts of these land use changes on the water balance cancel each other. However, at the sub-basin scale urbanization led to an increase of the water yield by up to 7.6%, and a similar decrease of evapotranspiration, whereas the increase of cropland resulted in an increase of evapotranspiration by up to 5.9%.

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Bhavsar, S. P., S. K. Augustine, and B. P. Kapadnis. "Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatments on Campylobacter Spiked into Food Samples." Food Science and Technology International 13, no. 4 (August 2007): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013207082246.

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Campylobacter spp. were isolated from rivers Mula, Mutha and Pavana by preT-Kapadnis Baseri and Preston enrichment-modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar methods. Survival studies were conducted in fresh skim cow milk, chicken meat extract and mushroom extract at various temperatures. The sensitivity of Campylobacter strains inoculated in the food samples, to chemical preservatives, gamma radiation, microwave heating and water bath heating was studied. Campylobacter strains survived well in milk and chicken extract; however, temperature significantly affected their survival in those food samples. Although most of the chemical preservatives were effective against Campylobacter isolates, the sub-inhibitory values of acetic acid and lactic acid were relatively lower against these isolates. All the strains investigated for the effect of gamma radiation, were sensitive to doses less than 3 kGy. In case of heat preservation, around 9 min was required to eliminate Campylobacter spp. by heating in water bath at 50°C while approximately 13 s from food samples exposed to heating in a microwave oven. The effect of food preservation techniques on Campylobacter varied with the temperature and type of the food. Microwave treatment appeared to be much more effective than water bath heating and that chicken meat extract conferred an additional protection to Campylobacter as compared to milk or PBS.

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Brescia, Pablo. "«Camino y camino y no ando nada»: filosofía de la caminata en los cuentos de Juan Rulfo." América sin nombre, no. 24-1 (December 9, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/amesn.2019.24-1.11.

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En este trabajo planteo un recorrido por los relatos de El llano en llamas, de Juan Rulfo, a la luz de tres libros cuya reciente lectura me hizo pensar a Rulfo desde otro ángulo. Estos volúmenes son Elogio del caminar, del antropólogo francés David Le Breton; Narrating Space/Spatializing Narrative: Where Narrative Theory and Geography Meet,de la crítica literaria Marie-Laure Ryan y los geógrafos Kenneth Foote y Maoz Azaryahu y Había mucha niebla, humo o no sé qué, de la historiadora y escritora mexicana Cristina Rivera Garza. Con base en estas lecturas y saberes cruzados, plasmo un posible mapa cognitivo de El llano en llamas. Mi análisis del libro identifica tres regiones distintas dibujadas por los personajes en sus itinerancias. Estos viajes no solo implican desplazamientos sino que además muestran un peregrinaje cognitivo consustanciado con un ecosistema narrativo inconfundible que termina transformándose en una marca de estilo.

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Barrio, Ángel B. Espina. "Bandoleros Y Jinetes Míticos En Iberoamérica." REVISTA PLURI 1, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26843/rpv112018p39-46.

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Asaltos de diligencias, emboscadas, ataques en caseríos, todos sucesos que ocurrían en el pasado con mucha frecuencia, configuran la imagen del bandolero, asaltador de caminos. Pero para comprender bien estas figuras del delito en Iberoamérica hemos de considerar primero la caballería en su generalidad desde tiempo antes de la expansión ibérica en el Continente Americano. Se considera que la capacidad de dominio de muchos imperios de la antigüedad se debió a los animales empleados, especialmente el caballo. Lo mismo sucedió en la conquista americana cuya rapidez se debió en parte al empleo militar de los importados caballos, empleo que poco a poco derivaría hacia el transporte y se generalizaría en todo el Continente americano dando lugar a un tipo de jinete que en su polimorfismo y por su importancia comentaremos en detalle a continuación.Palabras-Clave: Bandoleros, Jinetes Míticos, Iberoamérica, Expansión, Conquista AmericanaAbstractAssaults of stagecoaches, ambushes, attacks in hamlets, all events that happened in the past very often, make up the image of the bandit, highway robber. But to understand these figures of crime in Ibero-America we must first consider the cavalry in its generality since a time before the Iberian expansion in the American Continent. It is considered that the ability to dominate many empires of antiquity was due to the animals used, especially the horse. The same happened in the American conquest, whose speed was partly due to the military employment of the imported horses, a job that would gradually lead to transportation and would become widespread throughout the American Continent, giving rise to a type of rider that in its polymorphism and Because of its importance we will comment in detail below.Keywords: Bandoleros, Mythical Horsemen, Latin America, Expansion, American Conquest

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KALEKAR, PRADNYA, SHAMPA CHAKRABORTI, and SHANKAR LAWARE. "ESTIMATION OF CADMIUM FROM DRINKING WATER SOURCES AND ITS EFFECT ON CHICK EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT." FLORA AND FAUNA 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33451/florafauna.v24i1pp183-186.

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The aim of the study was to screen Cd contamination from the River Mutha and to investigate its effects on chick embryo development. The study was correlated with the toxicity of fetal development in humans, as chick embryo provides an excellent model system for studying the development of higher vertebrates including humans. The estimated average concentration of Cd in water column of River Mutha was 0.0986 mg/l, exceeded the safe limit of drinking water (0.0003 mg/l). To study the effects of Cd on chick embryo development, analogous concentration observed in River water was introduced in fertilized chicken eggs. Aqueous solutions of Cd ranging from 0.05 to 1.00 mg/l were injected into fertilized chicken eggs at 72 hours of incubation and metal injected eggs were further incubated for 10 days to see the toxic effects if any. Control eggs were treated in the similar way with sterile distilled water. Results showed abnormal development of blood vessels and decrease in the embryo survival rate in the Cd treated eggs.

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Dhawde, Rutuja, Ragini Macaden, Appasaheb Ghadge, and Tannaz Birdi. "Seasonal prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the river Mula-Mutha, India." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190, no. 9 (August 20, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6911-0.

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"Managing Pollution Impacted Potable Ground Water in Rural Area of Eastern Pune Metropolitan Region: Disinfection by Common Plants." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 9869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d9153.118419.

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Potable ground water quality is at risk due to contamination by pollution, sewage, industrial effluents along the nearby areas of Mula-Mutha river banks in eastern metropolitan region of Puneand needed treatment especially disinfection for making it domestically usable. The phytoremediation is one of the important useful method when considered for treatment of water in rural area. The study involved monitoring the quality of ground water in the selected areas along the banks of the river using physicochemical and biologicql parametersin continuation with our earlier studies. For the disinfection treatmentthe commonly found plantsin the area viz. Neem, Tulsi, and Amlawere selected and for the water samples, onsite river water samples and bore well water samples were used. The plants leaves were extracted by water and alcohol and the extracts in dose response manner were used to treat the water. The treated water was monitored for presence of Total coliform and E.coli, the indicators of contamination, using petri film method. The resultsshowedrandom presence of total coliform and E.coli in bore well water samples indicating contaminationand the need fordisinfection.The disinfection study showed that alcoholic leaves extracts were more potent in disinfecting the water samples than aqueous extracts. The complete disinfection by alcoholic extracts was shown at concentration of 21.12mg, 42.8mg and 24.07mgfor Tulsi, Neem and Amla respectively.

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Mantila, Harri, and Matti Leiviskä. "Pyhäjoki – murreraja ja vanha valtaraja?" Virittäjä 124, no. 3 (October 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23982/vir.80062.

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Artikkelissa tarkastellaan keskipohjalaisten ja pohjoispohjalaisten eli Oulun seudun murteiden rajaa. Kettusen murrekartastosta on poimittu kahdeksan piirrettä, jotka erottavat näitä murteita toisistaan. Näitä piirteitä ovat esimerkiksi t:n heikon asteen vastineet ja yksikön 3. persoonan päätteet. Nämä samat piirteet ovat myös itä- ja länsimurteita erottavia piirteitä siten, että keskipohjalaiset variantit ovat läntisiä ja pohjoispohjalaiset itäisiä. Analyysi pohjautuu pääosin Muoto-opin arkiston kokoelmiin. Murreanalyysin tulos on, että kaikki tähänastiset rajanvedot keski- ja pohjoispohjalaisten murteiden välillä ovat olleet liian pohjoisia. Murreraja on toki häilyvä, mutta pohjoispohjalaiset (ja itäiset) variantit ovat vallalla jo heti Pyhäjoella tai sen pohjoispuolella. Artikkelissa palataan myös siihen Kettusen esittämään argumenttiin, että puheena olevien murteiden raja on Pattijoessa, koska se on ollut Pähkinäsaaren rauhan (1323) rajalinja. Tässä Kettunen nojaa historiantutkija Jalmari Jaakkolan näkemykseen. Muissa tutkimuksissa rajaksi on tulkittu Pyhäjoki tai Petäjäisoja. Murreanalyysi tukee vahvasti Pyhäjoen tulkintaa rajajoeksi, varsinkinkin kun historiantutkimuksessa Pyhäjoen voidaan todeta olleen itä- ja länsisuomalaisen asutuksen välinen intressiraja. Viimeaikaisen tutkimuksen mukaan samoille alueille sijoittuu myös geneettinen raja. River Pyhäjoki – an old dialect boundary and a state border? This article discusses the boundary between the Central and Northern Ostrobothnian (Oulu region) dialects. The focus is on eight dialectal features (taken from Kettunen’s classic dialect map) that separate these dialects. These features include the weak-grade equivalents of t and the endings of 3rd-person singular verb forms. These features are also deemed to separate the eastern and western dialects of Finnish so that the Central Ostrobothnian variants represent the western dialect type and the Northern Ostrobothnian variants represent the eastern type. The present findings are based primarily on the materials of the Finnish Morphological Archive. The results suggest that all former borderlines between the Central and Northern Ostrobothnian dialects were drawn too far to the north. Naturally, the dialect boundary is rather fluid, but most of the Northern Ostrobothnian (and eastern) variants are already represented in the river valley around Pyhäjoki or in the parishes immediately to the north. In addition, the article re-examines Kettunen’s definition of this dialect boundary. Kettunen claims that the boundary runs along the Pattijoki valley, and in his estimation this reflects the borderline of the Pähkinäsaari Treaty (1323), the first treaty between the Swedish Kingdom and Novgorod. Here he cites the views of historian Jalmari Jaakkola. Some historians have subsequently suggested that the borderline ran along either the Pyhäjoki or Petäjäisoja rivers. Dialectological analysis strongly supports the interpretation of Pyhäjoki’s being the border, especially because historians have already proved that Pyhäjoki was once the northernmost border of the western Finnish settlement. According to recent research, it seems that Pyhäjoki represents a genetic border too.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mutha River'

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