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1
Sun, Bo, Yu-Xiao Tian, Qing Chen, Yong Zhang, Ya Luo, Yan Wang, Meng-Yao Li, et al. "Variations in the glucosinolates of the individual edible parts of three stem mustards ( Brassica juncea )." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 2 (February 2019): 182054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182054.
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The composition and content of glucosinolates were investigated in the edible parts (petioles, peel and flesh) of tuber mustard, bamboo shoots mustard and baby mustard by high-performance liquid chromatography to reveal the association between the different cooking methods and their glucosinolate profiles. Eight glucosinolates were identified from tuber mustard and baby mustard, including three aliphatic glucosinolates, four indole glucosinolates and one aromatic glucosinolate. Only six of the eight glucosinolates were detected in bamboo shoots mustard. The results show that the distribution and content of glucosinolates varied widely among the different tissues and species. The highest contents of glucosinolates in tuber mustard, bamboo shoots mustard and baby mustard were found in flesh, petioles and peel, respectively. The content of total glucosinolates ranged from 5.21 µmol g –1 dry weight in bamboo shoots mustard flesh to 25.64 µmol g −1 dry weight in baby mustard peel. Aliphatic glucosinolates were predominant in the three stem mustards, followed by indole and aromatic glucosinolates. Sinigrin was the predominant glucosinolate in the three stem mustards. Sinigrin content in tuber mustard was slightly higher than that in baby mustard and much higher than that in bamboo shoots mustard, suggesting that the pungent-tasting stem mustards contained more sinigrin. In addition, a principal components analysis showed that bamboo shoots mustard was distinguishable from the other two stem mustards. A variance analysis indicated that the glucosinolates were primarily influenced by a species × tissue interaction. The correlations among glucosinolates were also analysed.
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Wakefield, Zachary R., André R. O. Cavalcanti, Lucía Driessen, Ana Jaramillo, Edward J. Crane, Giuliano Richetta, and Wallace M. Meyer. "Effects of Mustard Invasions on Soil Microbial Abundances and Fungal Assemblages in Southern California." Diversity 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010050.
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Although mustards (family, Brassicaceae) are common across southern California, research has not focused on the effects of type-conversion of native California sage scrub (CSS) to areas dominated by invasive mustards. To better understand how mustard invasions, primarily the short-pod mustard, Hirschfeldia incana, impact soil microbial assemblages, we examined microbial abundance and assemblages from intact CSS and adjacent mustard-dominated soils at three sites. We also explored if germination rates for various plant species differed between CSS and mustard soils. We found that mustard invasions reduce soil microbial abundances by more than 50% and alter soil fungal assemblages. Fungal richness, diversity, and evenness did not differ between habitats, highlighting that these habitats harbor unique microbial assemblages. While mustard allelopathy is predicted to be the primary driver of these changes, mustard invasions also increased soil pH. Although functional consequences of these shifts are unknown, low mustard germination in CSS soils supports biological resistance to mustard invasion in CSS. Overall, our results demonstrate that mustard invasions, H. incana in particular, exert a strong selecting force on soil microbial assemblages, which can influence effective CSS restoration and preservation of ecosystem services.
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PAUL SCHREINER, R., and ROGER T. KOIDE. "Mustards, mustard oils and mycorrhizas." New Phytologist 123, no. 1 (April 28, 2006): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb04536.x.
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Aloatuan, Febiayu, and Centhya Victorin Maitimu. "The Effectiveness of Liquid Bio-Organic Fertilizer Water Hyacinth with Trichoderma Sp on The Growth and Productivity of Mustard Pakcoy, Mustard Petsai and White Mustrad." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i2.3345.
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Mustard is a vegetable with high economic value, including mustard pakcoy (Brassica rapa subsp, chinensis), mustard petsai (Brassica chinensis L), and white mustard (Brassica rapa subsp, pekinensis). To meet consumer needs, it is necessary to increase the production of mustard through organic farming by implementing an agricultural system that utilizes water hyacinth in the form of liquid organic fertilizer. Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed so an alternative is needed to reduce its population by using it as a liquid organic fertilizer with a bio-activator Trichoderma sp. The purpose of the study was to measure plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and wet weight of mustard pakcoy, mustard petsai, and white mustard. The design of this study used a single factor RAL, namely giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp on 3 types of mustard, with 3 levels, namely A = 32 ml/L (mustard pakcoy), B = 32 ml/L (mustard petsai), C=32 ml/L (white mustard) which was repeated 5 times. Research proves that giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp 32 ml/liter has a significant effect on the height and width of white mustard leaves. For the number of leaves and wet weight, giving water hyacinth POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp 32 ml/liter had a significant effect on mustard pakcoy compared to other mustards. This means that POC with bio-activator Trichoderma sp can be used as an environmentally friendly liquid organic fertilizer, especially for mustard pakcoy and white mustard which can stimulate plant growth and productivity.
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Sharma, Manoj, R. Vijayaraghavan, and Om Prakash Agrawal. "Comparative Toxic Effect of Nitrogen Mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) and Sulfur Mustard on Hematological and Biochemical Variables and Their Protection by DRDE-07 and Its Analogues." International Journal of Toxicology 29, no. 4 (May 13, 2010): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810365730.
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The chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustards (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) are highly reactive vesicants. The study was planned to investigate the protective efficacy of amifostine, DRDE-07 and their analogues, and few conventional antidotes (30 minutes pretreatment) against dermally applied SM and nitrogen mustards in preventing hematological and biochemical changes in mice. Mustard agents (1.0 median lethal dose [LD50]) induced a significant decrease in the body weight and spleen weight. A significant decrease in the white blood cell (WBC) count and an increase in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were observed. A significant decrease in reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were also observed. All the mustard agents increased DNA fragmentation. The effects of SM were significantly ameliorated by DRDE-07 analogues, and with nitrogen mustards the protection was partial. Overall, DRDE-30 (propyl analogue) followed by DRDE-35 (butyl analogue) are favored as safer and better compounds.
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Yabanoglu, Hakan, Sami Akbulut, and Feza Karakayali. "Phytocontact Dermatitis due to Mustard Seed Mimicking Burn Injury: Report of a Case." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/519215.
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Mustard seeds have been used in traditional folk medicine as a stimulant, diuretic, and purgative and to treat a variety of ailments including peritonitis and neuralgia. Mustards are still used today in mustard plasters to treat rheumatism, arthritis, chest congestion, aching back, and sore muscles. To make a mustard plaster, mix equal parts of flour and powdered mustard and spread it as a paste on a doubled piece of soft cloth. Apply mustard plaster to the affected area for a maximum of 15 minutes. Prolonged application can result in burns to the skin and nerve damage. Skin lesions occur within hours after exposure, and there is no significant therapy procedure. This case report is about a patient with second-degree burn, occurred when a mixture including mustard seed was exposed to her skin in the pain therapy of the osteoarthritis in her left knee. There are no studies analyzing treatment of skin burns induced by mustard seed in the literature. While in this type of burns our experience is limited, we think that conservative approach should be first choice of treatment.
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Krishnan, Gopal, David L. Holshouser, and Scott J. Nissen. "Weed Control in Soybean (Glycine max) with Green Manure Crops." Weed Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00042639.
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Greenhouse and field experiments were initiated to evaluate rapeseed and mustard species as green manure crops for weed suppression. Under greenhouse conditions incorporating 20 g fresh wt leaf and stem tissue of rapeseed, two white mustards, and brown mustard into 450 g Sharpsburg, silty clay loam soil resulted in significant reductions in weed emergence, biomass, and height. Kochia, shepherd's-purse, and green foxtail emergences were reduced by all green manure crops. Redroot pigweed emergence was reduced by all green manure crops except brown mustard, and velvetleaf emergence was reduced by white mustards only. Kochia and shepherd's-purse fresh weights were reduced by all green manure crops, while redroot pigweed and velvetleaf fresh weights were reduced by brown mustard and white mustard var. Salvo. Green foxtail fresh weight was reduced by all green manure crops except rapeseed. With the exception of shepherd's-purse, no relationship between glucosinolate content of the incorporated green manure and suppression of weed growth was found. Under field conditions, early spring-planted green manure crops reduced early season weed biomass in soybean at one of the two locations. Mustard species as green manure crops reduced total weed biomass in soybean by 40% 4 weeks after emergence (WAE) and 49% 6 WAE. Soybean biomass and yield were sometimes reduced by the incorporation of green manure crops in treatments containing weeds; however, hand-weeded plots with green manure treatments yielded similar to hand-weeded plots without green manure.
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Loeppky, H. A., and R. E. Blackshaw. "Mustard tolerance to clopyralid applied alone or with ethametsulfuron." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-114.
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Mustard is a drought-tolerant crop well adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soils of the Prairies; however, lack of broad-leaved weed control limits production. Two field studies were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan and Lethbridge, Alberta to determine the response of brown and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), and yellow mustard (B. hirta Moench) to clopyralid. Clopyralid was applied at 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.60 kg a.i. ha−1 at the 4- or 10-leaf stage in one experiment. The other was a factorial experiment of clopyralid at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 kg a.i. ha−1 with ethametsulfuron at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 kg a.i. ha−1. Clopyralid applied at 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1, the lowest rate at which it is registered for weed control in canola, resulted in brown mustard yield reductions of 21%, oriental mustard yield reductions of 23% and yellow mustard yield reductions of 9% over 5 site years. This rate of clopyralid applied with ethametsulfuron reduced brown, oriental and yellow mustard yield by 30, 33 and 8%, respectively. Oil content was also reduced by clopyralid. Clopyralid cannot be used for weed control in mustards. Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, clopyralid, ethametsulfuron, seed yield, oil content
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Diethelm-Varela, Benjamin, Yong Ai, Dongdong Liang, and Fengtian Xue. "Nitrogen Mustards as Anticancer Chemotherapies: Historic Perspective, Current Developments and Future Trends." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 9 (June 20, 2019): 691–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666190401100519.
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Nitrogen mustards, a family of DNA alkylating agents, marked the start of cancer pharmacotherapy. While traditionally characterized by their dose-limiting toxic effects, nitrogen mustards have been the subject of intense research efforts, which have led to safer and more effective agents. Even though the alkylating prodrug mustards were first developed decades ago, active research on ways to improve their selectivity and cytotoxic efficacy is a currently active topic of research. This review addresses the historical development of the nitrogen mustards, outlining their mechanism of action, and discussing the improvements on their therapeutic profile made through rational structure modifications. A special emphasis is made on discussing the nitrogen mustard prodrug category, with Cyclophosphamide (CPA) serving as the main highlight. Selected insights on the latest developments on nitrogen mustards are then provided, limiting such information to agents that preserve the original nitrogen mustard mechanism as their primary mode of action. Additionally, future trends that might follow in the quest to optimize these invaluable chemotherapeutic medications are succinctly suggested.
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Rhee, Min-Suk, Sun-Young Lee, Richard H. Dougherty, and Dong-Hyun Kang. "Antimicrobial Effects of Mustard Flour and Acetic Acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2959-2963.2003.
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ABSTRACT This study was designed to investigate the individual and combined effects of mustard flour and acetic acid in the inactivation of food-borne pathogenic bacteria stored at 5 and 22°C. Samples were prepared to achieve various concentrations by the addition of acetic acid (0, 0.5, or 1%) along with mustard flour (0, 10, or 20%) and 2% sodium chloride (fixed amount). Acid-adapted three-strain mixtures of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains (106 to 107 CFU/ml) were inoculated separately into prepared mustard samples stored at 5 and 22°C, and samples were assayed periodically. The order of bacterial resistance, assessed by the time required for the nominated populations to be reduced to undetectable levels against prepared mustards at 5°C, was S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (1 day) < E. coli O157:H7 (3 days) < L. monocytogenes (9 days). The food-borne pathogens tested were reduced much more rapidly at 22°C than at 5°C. There was no synergistic effect with regard to the killing of the pathogens tested with the addition of 0.5% acetic acid to the mustard flour (10 or 20%). Mustard in combination with 0.5% acetic acid had less bactericidal activity against the pathogens tested than did mustard alone. The reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes among the combined treatments on the same storage day was generally differentiated as follows: control < mustard in combination with 0.5% acetic acid < mustard alone < mustard in combination with 1% acetic acid < acetic acid alone. Our study indicates that acidic products may limit microbial growth or survival and that the addition of small amounts of acetic acid (0.5%) to mustard can retard the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. These antagonistic effects may be changed if mustard is used alone or in combination with >1% acetic acid.
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Ramos, Eva, Emilio Gil-Martín, Cristóbal De Los Ríos, Javier Egea, Francisco López-Muñoz, René Pita, Antonio Juberías, et al. "Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics." Antioxidants 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020397.
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Sulfur and nitrogen mustards, bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide and tertiary bis(2-chloroethyl) amines, respectively, are vesicant warfare agents with alkylating activity. Moreover, oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammatory response induction, metalloproteinases activation, DNA damage or calcium disruption are some of the toxicological mechanisms of sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced injury that affects the cell integrity and function. In this review, we not only propose melatonin as a therapeutic option in order to counteract and modulate several pathways involved in physiopathological mechanisms activated after exposure to mustards, but also for the first time, we predict whether metabolites of melatonin, cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine could be capable of exerting a scavenger action and neutralize the toxic damage induced by these blister agents. NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to a wide variety of infectious stimuli or cellular stressors, however, although the precise mechanisms leading to activation are not known, mustards are postulated as activators. In this regard, melatonin, through its anti-inflammatory action and NLRP3 inflammasome modulation could exert a protective effect in the pathophysiology and management of sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced injury. The ability of melatonin to attenuate sulfur and nitrogen mustard-induced toxicity and its high safety profile make melatonin a suitable molecule to be a part of medical countermeasures against blister agents poisoning in the near future.
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Blackshaw, R. E., and D. A. Derksen. "Response of cultivated mustard species to DPX-A7881." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-020.
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Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of cultivated mustards, Brassica juncea and B. hirta to the herbicide DPX-A7881 [methyl 2-(4-ethoxy-6-menthylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) (amino) (carbonyl) (amino) (sulfonyl) benzoate]applied at various rates and stages of growth. Cultivated mustards are tolerant to DPX-A7881 at rates required to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) thus fallowing the previously impossible selective control of this weed in cultivated mustards.Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, seed yield, DPX-A7881, Ethametsulfuron
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Čapek, J. "White Mustard Polarka." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 4 (November 21, 2011): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6062-cjgpb.
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Čapek, J. "White mustard Severka." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 1 (November 23, 2011): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6090-cjgpb.
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Larkin, Robert, and Ryan Lynch. "Use and Effects of Different Brassica and Other Rotation Crops on Soilborne Diseases and Yield of Potato †." Horticulturae 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4040037.
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Soilborne diseases are persistent problems in potato production, resulting in reductions in tuber quality and yield. Brassica rotation crops may reduce soilborne potato diseases, but how to best utilize Brassica crops in potato cropping systems has not been established. In this research, two two-year trials were established at three different sites with histories of soilborne diseases, and up to six different Brassica crops (canola, winter rapeseed, yellow and brown condiment mustards, oriental mustard, oilseed radish, and a mustard blend) and standard rotation crops (ryegrass and buckwheat) were evaluated as rotation and green manure crops. Tuber yield did not vary substantially among the rotation crops, but rotation treatments significantly affected incidence and severity of soilborne diseases at all sites. However, results were variable among sites and years. Perennial ryegrass and mustard blend rotations reduced powdery scab disease by 31–55% relative to other rotations in the only field where powdery scab was a serious problem. Mustard blend, ryegrass, and other Brassica rotations also reduced common scab, silver scurf, and black scurf at various sites, but not consistently at all sites. At one site, mustard blend and barley/ryegrass rotations reduced black scurf (by 21–58%) and common scab (by 13–34%) relative to no rotation. Overall, disease control was not correlated with biofumigation potential or rotation crop biomass production. Although both Brassica and non-Brassica rotations provided disease reduction in potato cropping systems, no single rotation crop performed consistently better than several others.
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Dao, Bei, Jonathan Stalling, and Yongan Wu. "Mustard." Chinese Literature Today 1, no. 1 (September 2010): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21514399.2010.11833904.
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Jung, Hunmin, Naveen Kumar Rayala, and Seongmin Lee. "Translesion synthesis of the major nitrogen mustard-induced DNA lesion by human DNA polymerase η." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 4543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200767.
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Nitrogen mustards are among the first modern anticancer chemotherapeutics that are still widely used as non-specific anticancer alkylating agents. While the mechanism of action of mustard drugs involves the generation of DNA interstrand cross-links, the predominant lesions produced by these drugs are nitrogen half-mustard-N7-dG (NHMG) adducts. The bulky major groove lesion NHMG, if left unrepaired, can be bypassed by translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. However, studies of the TLS past NHMG have not been reported so far. Here, we present the first synthesis of an oligonucleotide containing a site-specific NHMG. We also report kinetic and structural characterization of human DNA polymerase η (polη) bypassing NHMG. The templating NHMG slows dCTP incorporation ∼130-fold, while it increases the misincorporation frequency ∼10–30-fold, highlighting the promutagenic nature of NHMG. A crystal structure of polη incorporating dCTP opposite NHMG shows a Watson–Crick NHMG:dCTP base pair with a large propeller twist angle. The nitrogen half-mustard moiety fits snugly into an open cleft created by the Arg61–Trp64 loop of polη, suggesting a role of the Arg61–Trp64 loop in accommodating bulky major groove adducts during lesion bypass. Overall, our results presented here to provide first insights into the TLS of the major DNA adduct formed by nitrogen mustard drugs.
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Janah, Laras Nur, Anisa Azmi Nurrisky Apriliani, Afifah Nur Hidayah, Vania Adhelia, Sukirno Sukirno, and Budi Setiadi Daryono. "Effectiveness of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Byproduct of Black Soldier Fly Maggot to the Growth of Mustard Plant (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (March 8, 2023): 70530. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.70530.
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The need for consumption of mustard plant (Brassica juncea L.) has increased every year. One of the efforts to increase its production and quality by applications of inorganic and organic fertilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of mustard plants treated with liquid organic fertilizer, a by-product of black soldier fly (BSF), and inorganic fertilizer (NPK). Mustard plants were grown at Karanggayam Research Station, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta were treated with water as a control, NPK fertilizer, DoctoRS organic fertilizer at 0.05%, organic fertilizer A, and B at 0.1, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25%. The effects of treatments to the phenotypic and the chlorophyll of the mustards were done after 2 weeks of treatments. The results showed that there were significant different on the stem height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, and wet weight. These were in line with the total chlorophyll. Liquid organic fertilizer content analysis showed that DoctoRS liquid organic fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer A were the most in accordance with the national standards for organic fertilizers on the parameters of pH, Mg, Ca, and TPC.
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Kartika, Sholikah Dwi, and Ida Agustini Saidi. "The Effect of Concentration of Flour, Green Mustard Pasta (Brassica Juncea) On The Characteristics of Ice Cream." Journal of Tropical Food and Agroindustrial Technology 3, no. 01 (December 6, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jtfat.v3i01.1587.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of green mustard flour (Brassica juncea) and green mustard paste on the characteristics of ice cream. The levels are P1 0% Green Mustard Flour and 0% Green Mustard Paste, P2 3% Green Mustard Flour, P3 6% Green Mustard Flour, P4 9% Green Mustard Flour, P5 12% Green Mustard Flour, P6 15% Green Mustard Paste, P7 20% Green Mustard Paste, P8 25% Green Mustard Paste and P9 30% Mustard Paste. The variables measured were organoleptic tests on aroma, taste, color, texture and overall acceptance. The results showed that the concentration of green mustard flour and green mustard paste had a significant effect on organoleptic tests (aroma, taste, color, texture and overall acceptance). The best treatment parameters in this study were ice cream with a concentration of mustard paste 25% (P8) which showed an organoleptic aroma value of 3.3 (slightly typical of mustard greens - not typical of mustard greens), organoleptic taste of 2.9 (no taste typical of mustard greens - slightly taste typical of mustard greens), color organoleptic 3.6 (Slightly green – green), texture organoleptic 3.9 (soft), organoleptic overall reception 3.4 (slightly like – like).
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Walker, G. E., and B. G. Morey. "Effect of brassica and weed manures on abundance of Tylenchulus semipenetrans and fungi in citrus orchard soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 1 (1999): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97116.
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Summary. Brassica cultivars Ebony and Indian mustards, and Rangi rape residues reduced the soil level of Tylenchulus semipenetrans by up to 76% compared with unamended soil, and in a greenhouse reduced levels on the roots of orange (Citrus sinensis) seedlings. Paratrichodorus lobatus reached high levels in pots containing unamended soil but was not detected in pots containing amended soils. However, Pythium ultimum was isolated more frequently from roots, and propagule numbers of Pythium spp. were significantly higher in amended soils. Soil amendment did not affect growth of orange seedlings, and the benefits from reduced nematode levels may have been negated by the increase in pythium infection. In field experiments at 3 citrus orchards cleared for replanting, and at 1 established orchard between tree rows, brassica cultivars were grown in situ (20 kg seed/ha) as green manure crops. Highest crop production was at a site with heavier soil under drip irrigation, where Ebony and Yellow mustards produced 13–15 kg fresh weight/m2. Although soil levels of T. semipenetrans were reduced by 79–91% by incorporation of green manures, brassica cultivars including Ebony, Indian and Yellow mustards, and Humus and Rangi rapes, were no more effective than were self-seeding weeds. At 1 site, incorporation of a poor stand of Ebony mustard (but not of weeds) produced higher soil levels of T. semipenetrans; Paratrichodorus sp. numbers declined after mustard incorporation at this site but increased after weeds. Growth and soil incorporation of either brassicas or weeds increased soil levels of Pythium spp., but fusarium levels were decreased by incorporation of weed and Indian mustard residues. Growth of citrus measured at 2 field sites did not differ between soils amended with brassica or weed residues.
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Colvin, Michael E., Jennifer C. Sasaki, and Ngoc L. Tran. "Chemical Factors in the Action of Phosphoramidic Mustard Alkylating Anticancer Drugs: Roles for Computational Chemistry." Current Pharmaceutical Design 5, no. 8 (August 1999): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612805666230110215849.
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The nitrogen mustard based DNA alkylating agents were the first effective anticancer agents and remain important drugs against many forms of cancer. More than fifty years of research on the nitrogen mustards has yielded a broad range of therapeutically useful compounds and a detailed knowledge of the biochemical mechanism of these drugs. Nevertheless, there is much ongoing research on the phos phosphoramidic and other nitrogen mustards to increase their potency and reduce their toxic and mutagenic side effects. To understand the existing nitrogen mustards, and to design the next generation of these drugs, more knowledge is needed about the effects of chemical modifications on their activation and selectivity. Because of the existing knowledge of these drugs, atomic-level chemical modeling can play an important role in the understanding of the phosphoramidic mustard compounds; however, it has not proved straight forward to directly relate the activity of these mustards with simple chemical properties such as bond lengths or atomic charges. Instead, quantum chemical simulations will be required to simulate the activation and alkylation reactions of these compounds, which will require the newest generation of quantum chemical and solvent modeling methods. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations of the adducted DNA can provide data on the factors favoring crosslinking and its structural consequences. This review summarizes the extensive literature on the metabolism, activation, and action of the phosphoramidic mustards, with an emphasis on the roles that chemical modeling has and will play in the development of this important class of drugs.
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Wall, David A. "Comparative Analysis of Three Cruciferous Weeds: Growth, Development, and Competitiveness." Weed Science 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080851.
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Wild, ball, and dog mustard growth and development were investigated by mathematical growth analysis in a greenhouse experiment. Plant height and total plant biomass over the growth period followed the trend wild mustard > ball mustard > dog mustard. Dog mustard plants had lower leaf areas than either wild or ball mustard. In a replacement series experiment, wild mustard was more competitive than either ball or dog mustard, and ball mustard was more competitive than dog mustard.
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White, William E., Micah J. Sobus, and Brian c. Okerberg. "CONFORMATIONS OF MUSTARD SULFOXIDE AND MUSTARD SULFONE." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 142, no. 1 (November 1, 1998): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426509808029673.
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Kumar, Pradeep, M. Z. Siddiqui, Sunil Kumar Prajapati, Shivendra Singh, Gurwaan Singh, and Deepak Kumar Rawat. "The Effect of Diverse Intercropping System on Growth Indices, Yield and Profitability of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.): Variety Azad Mahak." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 22 (November 17, 2023): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i224120.
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Intercropping enhances crop yield and quality by growing different crop species together on the same piece of land in distinct row combinations. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to study the suitable combination of mustard based intercropping with different crops at students’ instructional farm, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during Rabi season 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatment combinations viz., T1 Sole Mustard, T2 Mustard: Chickpea (1:1), T3 Mustard: Chickpea (2:1), T4 Mustard: Lentil (1:1), T5 Mustard: Lentil (2:1), T6 Mustard: Linseed (1:1), T7 Mustard: Linseed (2:1), T8 Mustard: Field Pea (1:1) and T9 Mustard: Field Pea (2:1) with replicated thrice. The result revealed that growth attributes in the intercropping system were most notably observed in sole Mustard, with the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system following closely. The Mustard + Lentil (1:1) intercropping system yielded a significantly higher mustard equivalent yield (2.77 t ha-1). Notably, the greatest net returns were obtained from sole Mustard cultivation (INR 151,045.50 ha-1), though the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system also produced substantial returns (INR 144,001.00 ha-1). Furthermore, the benefit-cost ratio was highest for sole Mustard (5.05), with the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) system (4.82). In conclusion, these results support the superior productivity and profitability of sole Mustard cultivation, closely followed by the Mustard + Lentil (1:1) intercropping system.
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Rizka, Rizka Faticha Sari, Ida Agustini Saidi, Syarifa Ramadhani Nurbaya, and Rahmah Utami Budiandari. "Characteristics Sensory of White Bread Enriched with Various Concentrations of Green Mustard Flour (Brassica Juncea)." Journal of Tropical Food and Agroindustrial Technology 3, no. 02 (April 20, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jtfat.v3i02.1602.
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This study aims to find out the effect of the concentration of green mustard flour (Brassica juncea) on the characteristics of fresh bread. This study was conducted using a randomized design group (RAK) factorial with the first factor of treatment of the concentration of green mustard flour consisting of 9 levels namely P1 0% Green Mustard Flour, P2 1% Green Mustard Flour, P3 2% Green Mustard Flour, P4 3% Green Mustard Flour, P5 4% Green Mustard Flour, P6 5% Green Mustard Flour, P7 6% Green Mustard Flour, P8 7% Green Mustard Flour and P9 8% Mustard Flour. The variable measured is an organoleptic test of volume, taste, and texture. The results showed that the treatment of the concentration of green mustard flour had a noticeable effect on organoleptic tests (volume, taste, and texture).
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Bodnaryk, Robert P. "Physical and chemical defences of pods and seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) against tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-006.
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Adult tarnished plant bugs (Lygus lineolaris) fed 5–10 times less frequently on seeds within pods of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) than on seeds within pods of canola (Barssica napus L.) in no-choice feeding tests in the laboratory. The presence of long, sharp spines (trichomes) on pods of S. alba did not account for all of the difference in feeding on this mustard and on the smooth pods of canola because the feeding rate on shaved pods of S. alba was only twofold higher than on unshaved controls. Lygus lineolaris fed four times less frequently on seeds within pods of a commercial cultivar than on seeds of a near-isogenic low-glucosinolate line of S. alba, suggesting that it is the high concentration of the glucosinolate "sinalbin" in seeds that largely determines the low rate of feeding of L. lineolaris on this species.Plant breeders are currently developing low-glucosinolate lines of mustards such as S. alba for the oilseed market. Seed damage by L. lineolaris in an oilseed S. alba likely will be considerably higher than currently occurs in the mustard S. alba. Key words:Brassica, Sinapis, Lygus, trichome, glucosinolate, feeding damage, antixenosis
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Biswas, PK, H. Chakma, and TS Roy. "Production Potential and Competitive Indices of Mustard Based Intercropping With Wheat Under Different Row Ratios." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 22, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v22i2.47644.
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An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka from November, 2015 to March, 2016 to study the performance of wheat-mustard intercropping as influenced by different row ratios. Ten treatments were included in the study as, T1 (sole wheat), T2 (sole mustard), T3 (wheatmustard in 2:1 rows), T4 (wheat-mustard in 3:1 rows), T5 (wheat-mustard in 4:1 rows), T6 (wheat-mustard in 5:1 rows), T7 (wheat-mustard in 2:2 rows), T8 (wheat-mustard in 3:2 rows), T9 (wheat-mustard in 4:2 rows) and T10 (wheat-mustard in 5:2 rows). The experimental result indicatedthe significant variations of wheat yield by the wheatmustard intercropping system. The highest seed yield of wheat (3.4 t ha-1) was obtained from T1 (sole wheat) that identical with T4 (wheat-mustard in 3:1 rows) and similar with T9 (wheat-mustard in 4:2 rows). Wheat yield gradually decreased with increasing mustard rows. The lowest seed yield (1.87 t ha-1) was obtained from T7 (wheat-mustard in 2:2 rows) which was statistically similar to T8 (wheat-mustard in 3:2 rows). The highest wheat equivalent yield (5.03 t ha-1) was obtained from T4 (wheat-mustard in 3:1 rows). Treatment T4 (wheat-mustard in 3:1 rows) produced the highest LER (1.45). Economic analysis of the different treatments showed that the highest gross return (Tk. 120250.0 ha- 1), the highest net return (Tk. 61178.0 ha-1) and BCR (2.04) from T4 (wheat-mustard in 3:1 rows). Therefore, present study suggest that wheat and mustard intercropped in 3:1 rows showed the most compatible in respect of yield advantage and economic gain.
Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(2): 161-169
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Aasted, Annet, Erik Darre, and Hans Christian Wulf. "Mustard Gas." Annals of Plastic Surgery 19, no. 4 (October 1987): 330–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-198710000-00007.
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Rice, Paul. "Sulphur mustard." Medicine 35, no. 10 (October 2007): 578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.07.009.
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Rice, Paul. "Sulphur mustard." Medicine 40, no. 2 (February 2012): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.11.007.
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Rice, Paul. "Sulphur mustard." Medicine 44, no. 2 (February 2016): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.11.010.
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Williams, William G. "Mustard Operation." Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 3, no. 4 (November 1998): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-2942(07)70092-2.
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Sarhadi, Wakil Ahmad, Mir Zaman Naybkhil, Wahida Yousofzai, and Shamsurahan Shams. "The Effects of Different Seed Rates on Yield and Economical Feasibility of Mustard (Brassica juncea)." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2024): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.3.32.
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Rapeseed-mustard plant (Brassica juncea)” is any one of several plant species in the genera Brassica, Rhamphospermum and Sinapis in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family). Mustard seed is used as a spice. Grinding and mixing the seeds with water, vinegar, or other liquids creates the yellow condiment known as prepared mustard. The seeds can also be pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. Many vegetables are cultivated varieties of mustard plants; domestication may have begun 6,000 years ago. Mustard is a popular condiment, commonly it is a popular condiment made from the seeds of the mustard plant. It can be prepared using white/yellow mustard, brown mustard, or black mustard seeds mixed with liquids, salt, and other flavorings to create a paste or sauce. Mustard pairs well with meats, vegetables, and cheeses and is commonly used in sandwiches, hamburgers, and hot dogs. It is also used in dressings, glazes, sauces, and marinades around the world. The word "mustard" has origins in Latin and French, and archaeological evidence suggests mustard cultivation dates back to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley. Mustard has a long history of culinary use, with the Romans likely being the first to experiment with mustard as a condiment. In France, Dijon became a renowned center for mustard making, and Dijon mustard is still highly regarded today. Mustard has various uses, such as a condiment, an ingredient in sauces and soups, and an emulsifier in dishes like Hollandaise sauce. The flavor and heat of mustard depend on the seed type and preparation method. Mustard offers nutritional benefits such as vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Mustard plants is used for producing edible oil for human, oil-cake for feeding animals, sauce, spices, medicine and other purposes in Afghanistan. Mustard has a long history in Afghanistan and is mostly cultivated in the Northern provinces such as Baghlan, Kunduz, Thakkar, Samangan and etc. For the above-mentioned importance of Mustard, we decided to apply a research on seed rates to fine the desirable seed rate of mustard crop for Afghan Mustard growers. Seed rates are one of the important factors, which the suitable seed rates prevent from the economic loss of farmers. This research accomplished in the title of “The effects of different seed rates on yield and growth components of mustard (Brassica juncea)” The research was designed in a complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and five treatments. The data were collected from growth parameters such as plant height, number branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1 as well as yield parameters such as number of pods plan-1, number of seeds plant-1, seed yield kg ha-1, dry matter kg ha-1 and biological yield kg ha-1. The collected data were analyzed using excel, OPSTAT online testing program, statistical tool for agricultural research (STAR). Based on the statistical analysis the significant differences were observed in all parameters at (P≥0.05. Least significant difference (LSD) was used to compare treatments. A positive correlation was also recognized between growth and yield parameters. Mostly treatment three (15 cm) space between rows performed high influence then the other treatments. We recommend much more research to find the best space between plant to plant and row to row. For the moment the farmers of Afghanistan can use the result of this research on their field for obtaining high yield from Mustard.
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Kadji, Veby, Damianus Adar, and Maximiliam M. J. Kapa. "PERILAKU KONSUMEN SAWI (Brassica Juncea L) PADA BEBERAPA PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KOTA KUPANG PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." Buletin Ilmiah IMPAS 21, no. 2 (September 19, 2020): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/impas.v21i02.2634.
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This research has been carried out in the Oeba Traditional Market and Naikoten Traditional Inpres market in October to November 2017. The aim is to find out: (1) Purchase Volume of Mustard Consumer; (2) the preferred type of mustard; (3) identify the factors that influence the demand of mustard consumers; (4) Mustard Sales Volume. The method used in this research is survey. Determination of the location of research carried out by purposive sampling. Respondents were determined as many as 120 people. The type of data collected is primary data and secondary data. To answer the first and fourth objectives, the data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively, answering the second goal using a Likert scale and the third objective of the data analyzed using multiple linear regression.
The results showed that; (1) Of the 5 types of mustard the lowest purchase volume is dominated by curly mustard, namely the frequency of purchases per week 1-2 times with a volume of 1 kg - 2 kg. (2) The results of the study of 60 respondents, namely: 30 respondents in traditional traditional markets in Naikoten and 30 respondents in traditional Oeba markets, there are 3 types of mustard which are included in the Average category, namely curly mustard greens, and white mustard, and 2 types of mustard which are included in Like categories namely: mustard huma, and mustard caisim. (3) together - all factors significantly influence the demand for mustard greens shown by the F-count (14.895)> F-table (2.54) is significant at α = 5%. While the results shown by t-count which significantly influence α = 5% are Consumer Taste, and Holidays / Holidays. While the price of mustard greens, other vegetable prices, consumer income, the number of family members, the volume of mustard greens prepared by traders does not significantly affect the demand for mustard. (4) The lowest sales volume of mustard is dominated by Curly mustard, that is 9 respondents or 5% who sell with a volume of 22 - 42Kg / week
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Mikolajko, I., and L. Karpuk. "Peculiarities of mustard genofond formation in Ukraine." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(183) (November 23, 2023): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2023-183-2-187-194.
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The purpose of the research is to assess the features of the formation of the mustard genofond and its distribution in production in Ukraine. As of 2023 in the Register of plant varieties approved for the use in Ukraine, there are 40 varieties of mustard, of which 14 varieties are white mustard or 35 % of the total. The largest number of varieties of sarepda spring mustard is 42.5 % of the total number, which is due to a greater demand, since all other types of mustard are sown before winter. There is a great threat of their death during the overwintering period, but there is no such threat when sowing spring mustard. Most varieties are recommended for cultivation in all soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. Varietal change is most intense in varieties of white and black mustard, in the register of new varieties white mustard contains 57.2 %, black mustard – 66.7 %. Mustard was grown in Ukraine by all categories of farms, and the main indicators – sowing area before harvesting, grain yield and gross harvest – were mandatory for statistical reporting until 2015. After that it was not separately identified in statistical reporting, which complicates the accounting and analysis of crop cultivation volumes. The analysis of mustard areas before harvesting showed that the main amount of mustard was grown in agricultural farms in 2009, 167.53 thousand hectares or 96.5 % of the total area. By 2015, the mustard sown areas had been significantly decreased and amounted to 58.8 thousand ha in all categories of farms, or 2.85 times, compared to 2009, and the grain yield increased by an average of 0.24 t/ha. Yield enhancement provided gross harvest increment of mustard grain intensively, although due to the reduction in areas before harvesting, the gross grain harvest decreased. Key words: variety, white mustard, varieties register, mustard type, crop productivity, grain, growing areas.
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Hossain, MS, JK Paul, MM Rahman, MU Fazlullah, and S. Sarkar. "Role of honey bee on mustard (Brassica spp.) yield." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v6i1.51328.
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The study was conducted in the field at Nagarpur, Tangail, Bangladesh, from November 2016 to February 2017 to find out the role of honey bees on mustard yield. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) was the main insect pollinator during mustard flowering season. Mustard seeds of variety Tori-7 were selected for this experiment. Three different treatments were used, viz. control, netting with honey bees and netting without honey bees. Honey bees helped mustard pollination, but decreased the flowering period (6 days) of the mustard plant. Honey bees assisted the pollination of mustard and increased the number of pod per plant (14%) as well as the number of seeds per pod (11%). Honey bees enhanced the pollination of mustard plant, and netting with honey bees increased the mean seed yield (15%) per plant of mustard, however, decreased the period of flowering stage of mustard. Mustard yield was considerably higher in honey bee foraging plots.
J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(1): 25-30
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Bracy, Regina P., J. F. Fontenot, and R. J. Constantin. "STORAGE TEMPERATURE AND DURATION INFLUENCE DETERIORATION OF FILM-BAGGED AND NONBAGGED MUSTARD." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 492c—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.492c.
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Brassica juncea var crispifolia was stored in perforated polyethylene bags, polyolefin heat-shrinkable films, and nonbagged at 1, 4, or 15C during three experiments in the spring of 1989 and 1990. Bagging mustard in perforated polyethylene bags or polyolefin films of Cryovac D-955 60-gauge or Cryovac D-955 100-gauge significantly reduced weight loss over nonbagged mustard. Bag type had a highly significant effect on CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere within bags of mustard, with highest CO2 concentrations occurring in the bags made of Cryovac film. Mustard stored in all bags retained marketable quality significantly better than nonbagged mustard. Bagged mustard was stored for 12 days at 1 or 4C with excellent quality, whereas nonbagged mustard was unacceptable after only 5 days in storage. Color, turgor, and appearance of all mustard were poor after 5 days in storage at 15C. Sensory evaluations indicated bagging and storing mustard for 12 days at 1 or 4C did not affect the flavor and quality of cooked mustard.
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Lietzow, Julika. "Biologically Active Compounds in Mustard Seeds: A Toxicological Perspective." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092089.
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Mustard plants have been widely cultivated and used as spice, medicine and as source of edible oils. Currently, the use of the seeds of the mustard species Sinapis alba (white mustard or yellow mustard), Brassica juncea (brown mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard) in the food and beverage industry is immensely growing due to their nutritional and functional properties. The seeds serve as a source for a wide range of biologically active components including isothiocyanates that are responsible for the specific flavor of mustard, and tend to reveal conflicting results regarding possible health effects. Other potentially undesirable or toxic compounds, such as bisphenol F, erucic acid or allergens, may also occur in the seeds and in mustard products intended for human consumption. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive information about potentially harmful compounds in mustard seeds and to evaluate potential health risks as an increasing use of mustard seeds is expected in the upcoming years.
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DeFrank, Joseph, G. C. Luther, and H. Valenzuela. "Implementation of Brassica spp. as Trap Crops and as Beneficial Insectaries for Caterpillar Management in Cabbage Ecosystems." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 827E—827. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.827e.
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Experiments conducted over 3 years have determined the potential of utilizing Indian mustard and `Tastie' head cabbage multi-species borders as trap crops for management of caterpillar pests of head cabbage in Hawaii. `Scorpio', a cultivar that showed less feeding damage than `Tastie', was used as the main crop. The studies point toward the use of isolated patches of multi-species attractant crops separated from the main crop by a buffer of non-host crops such as sweet corn. A sweet corn buffer was effective in preventing insect movement between plots. Initial studies showed the high susceptibility of Indian mustard to white rust (Albugo candida), to be a constraint to its use as a trap crop. Follow-up studies found that `Excel' and `Parkland' mustards may be adequate substitutes for mustard crop due to their attraction of caterpillars and their tolerance to white rust. Gradient experiments conducted on 60 × 30-m plots indicate that the trap crop may be effective for a distance of 25 to 30 m in terms of attraction of caterpillars and dispersal of beneficials into the main crop. A record was also made of growth, flowering patterns, and of beneficials hosted by 12 different Brassica cultivars during the winter and spring growing seasons.
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Frigerio, Jessica, Roberta Pellesi, Valerio Mezzasalma, Fabrizio De Mattia, Andrea Galimberti, Francesca Lambertini, Michele Suman, Sandro Zanardi, Andrea Leporati, and Massimo Labra. "Development of a DNA Barcoding-Like Approach to Detect Mustard Allergens in Wheat Flours." Genes 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10030234.
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The spread of food allergens is a topic of global importance due to its impact on public health. National and International regulations ask food producers and manufacturers to declare product compositions on the label, especially in case of processed raw materials. Wheat flour (Triticum aestivum) can be contaminated by a wide range of species belonging to the Brassicaceae in the field or during grain harvests, storage, and processing. Among them, mustards (Brassica nigra, Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba) are well known allergenic species. Often, food quality laboratories adopt an ELISA approach to detect the presence of mustard species. However, this approach shows cross-reactivity with other non-allergenic species such as Brassica napus (rapeseed). In the last few years, DNA barcoding was proposed as a valid identification method, and it is now commonly used in the authentication of food products. This study aims to set up an easy and rapid DNA-based tool to detect mustard allergenic species. DNA barcoding (matK and ITS2) and chromosome markers (A6, B, C1 genome regions) were selected, and specific primers were validated on incurred reference food matrices. The developed test was proven to be able to distinguish mustard from rapeseed and wheat, overcoming cross-reactivity with Brassica napus.
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KOPPELMAN, STEF J., RIEK VLOOSWIJK, GINA BOTTGER, GERT van DUIJN, PETER van der SCHAFT, JACCO DEKKER, and HANS van BERGEN. "Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method To Detect Mustard Protein in Mustard Seed Oil." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.1.179.
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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of mustard protein was developed. The assay is based on a polyclonal antiserum directed against a mixture of mustard proteins raised in rabbits. The assay has a detection limit of 1.5 ppm (milligrams per kilogram) and is suitable for the detection of traces of mustard protein in mustard seed–derived flavoring ingredients. Limited cross-reactivity testing showed that no other plant proteins reacted significantly. From the animal proteins tested, only milk showed some cross-reactivity. With this sensitive assay, it was shown that refined mustard seed oil produced by steam distillation does not contain detectable amounts of mustard protein. Mustard seed oil is used as a flavoring in very low quantities, typically between 40 and 200 mg/kg. Thus, 100 g of a food product flavored with 200 mg of mustard seed oil per kg containing <1.5 mg of protein per kg would represent an amount of mustard seed protein of <30 ng. Taking into account the published literature on allergic reactions to the unintended ingestion of mustard, this conservatively low calculated level indicates that it is unlikely that food products containing mustard seed oil as a flavoring ingredient will elicit an allergic reaction in mustard-allergic individuals.
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Bodnaryk, Robert P. "Will low-glucosinolate cultivars of the mustards Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba be vulnerable to insect pests?" Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-113.
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Foliar concentrations of the predominant glucosinolates in the mustards B. juncea (allyl glucosinolate, sinigrin) and S. alba (p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, sinalbin) were determined in lines that had been selected in breeding programs for low levels of glucosinolates in their seeds for the oilseed market. The glucosinolate concentrations found in the cotyledons and leaves of the selected lines were also low, often by three or more orders of magnitude, compared with the unselected parent. The flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), (both crucifer specialists) fed at equal rates on B. juncea and its low-glucosinolate lines, indicating that these species are insensitive to sinigrin and suggesting that their pest status on low-glucosinolate lines of B. juncea will likely remain unchanged. By contrast, the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk. (a generalist) fed up to fivefold more on the leaves of low-glucosinolate lines, suggesting that its pest status on low-glucosinolate B. juncea is likely to worsen relative to the mustard B. juncea. Flea beetles, diamondback moth, and the bertha armyworm fed at equal rates on the mustard S. alba and a low-glucosinolate line indicating that the status of these pests on low-glucosinolate S. alba will unlikely be much different from the mustard S. alba.Lines of S. alba differing in their sinalbin concentration by 1000-fold had equal levels of antixenosis resistance in their cotyledons against flea beetles, leaving little doubt that this resistance is independent of glucosinolates. Flea beetle resistance was also detected in the cotyledons of a low-glucosinolate line of B. juncea. The resistance was not detected in the parental line or in another low-glucosinolate line and appears to have arisen fortuitously during crossing and selection. Since resistance occurs in a line with concentrations of sinigrin three or more orders of magnitude lower than non-resistant lines, this resistance is also unlikely to be glucosinolate based. The mustards S. alba and B. juncea are a useful source of cotyledon resistance against flea beetles that is compatible with the aims of oilseed breeding. Key words: Glucosinolate, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Plutella xylostella, Mamestra configurata, resistance, mustard, canola, insect
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K., Ramakrishna, Ch Pragathi Kumari, Sreedhar Chauhan, and T. Ram Prakash. "Growth and Yield Attributes of Mustard as Influenced by Mustard – Based Vegetable Intercropping Systems." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 10 (September 15, 2023): 3340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i103002.
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The study was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, from November, 2022 to March, 2023 to identify the best intercropping system in mustard intercropped with different root vegetable crops. The treatments include, T1: Mustard sole crop; T2: Radish sole crop; T3: Beetroot sole crop; T4: Carrot sole crop; T5: Potato sole crop; T6: Mustard + Radish (2:2); T7: Mustard + Beetroot (2:2); T8: Mustard + Carrot (2:2); T9: Mustard + Potato (2:2); T10: Mustard + Radish (3:3); T11: Mustard + Beetroot (3:3) ;T12: Mustard + Carrot (3:3); T13: Mustard + Potato (3:3). Results indicated that, mustard sole crop performed significantly better in terms of growth and yield parameters. However, among the intercropping systems, mustard + radish showed higher plant height (179 and 174 cm), significantly higher plant drymatter accumulation (2478, 2456 kg/ha), number of siliqua (1689 and 1675), grain yield (972 and 950 kg/ha) and stalk yield (2267 and 2242 kg/ha) in both 3:3 and 2:2 row proportions, respectively. Moreover, all the root vegetable crops, namely radish, beetroot, carrot and potato, showed better results in terms of growth and yield parameters as sole crops compared to when grown in intercropping systems. Considering the row proportions the performance was better in 3:3 than 2:2 but not statistically significant. The study concludes that, mustard +radish in both 3:3 and 2:2 row proportions can be a better intercropping system for Telangana.
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Ghorai, Asesh Kumar, and Ankit Kumar Ghorai. "Weed Smothering in Mustard (Brassica spp) by its High-Density Uniform Broadcast Sowing." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 2 (February 22, 2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i21656.
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Manual weed control in mustard is very expensive because of its high labour requirement i.e., 150-250 labourers/ha. Chemical weed control again imposes environmental hazards. Mechanical weed control in mustard is not still that popular till date. Due to severe weed competition, the yield reduction in Indian mustard may go as high as 70 per cent. Thus weed control in zero till mustard using its high-density sowing (HDS) was studied in different farmers’ field, at ICAR-CRIJAF, in North 24 PGS and Purulia, from 2018-2022. Fast growing and high- density uniform mustard canopy (100-200 m2) developed at early stages hinders sunlight penetration (up to 99.98 per cent) below its canopy (at 35- 40 days), leading to scanty and under developed growth of different composite weed species at harvest, those germinate or grow below mustard canopy. Weed population below mustard canopy was reduced by 92 to 97 per cent at mustard harvest. It was only 10-80/m2 at harvest over 350-1000/m2 in weedy situation at initial germination. The reduction of dicot weed biomass below matured mustard at harvest was 81-99 percent (5-150g/ m2) percent over weedy plots (500-800/ m2). Reduction of effective flowers/pods of different weeds under matured mustard canopy were up to 99.5 percent. Proper agronomic management practices of HDS mustard e.g., seed rate, date of sowing, uniformity of sowing, irrigation and fertiliser application will eliminate the herbicide application or manual weeding in mustard. Nearly 80 percent mustard plants remain active at harvest. It saves 150-250 labours /ha depending on weed species and its density of germination. Mustard grain yield ranged from 15-30 q/ha depending on management and varieties used. This weed smothering merit of mustard can be used for eco friendly weed control in other wide spaced field/horticultural crops using its dwarf variety (Toria).
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McMullan, Patrick M., James K. Daun, and Douglas R. DeClercq. "Effect of wild mustard (Brassica kaber) competition on yield and quality of triazine-tolerant and triazine-susceptible canola (Brassica napus and Brassica rapa)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-071.
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Research was conducted at two sites near Brandon, Manitoba, in 1990 and 1991 to determine the influence of time of removal of wild mustard from triazine-tolerant (TT) or triazine-susceptible (TS) canola and the effects of wild mustard seed contamination on canola seed yield and oil characteristics. Wild mustard was removed by either cyanazine or ethametsulfuron at the two-to-four-leaf or the four-to-eight-leaf stage of wild mustard in each of six canola cultivars. Wild mustard decreased harvested seed yield of canola, and the presence of wild mustard seed in harvested canola seeds increased meal glucosinolate content compared with that of the weed-free check. Canola yield was greater than that of the untreated check when wild mustard was removed at either the two-to-four-leaf or the four-to-eight-leaf stage. Canola seed yield was reduced compared with that of the weed-free check when wild mustard was allowed to compete with canola until the four-to-eight-leaf stage. Meal protein content was decreased by either wild mustard competition or the presence of wild mustard seed in the samples in 1991 but not in 1990. Canola seed samples contaminated with wild mustard seed had reduced oil and oleic acid content at both sites. Wild mustard competition reduced canola oil and oleic acid content of the two TT cultivars more than it did those of TS cultivars. The presence of wild mustard seed (but not interference from wild mustard) increased the linolenic and erucic acid content of the extracted oil. Key words: Cyanazine, ethametsulfuron, oleic acid content, glucosinolate content, erucic acid content
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PĂUCEAN, Adriana, Simona MAN, Sevastiţa MUSTE, Anamaria POP, Simona CHIȘ, and Delia COTIȘEL. "Physico-Chemical and Sensory Properties of Wheat Bread Supplemented With Mustard Flour." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 75, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:0017.
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The aim of this investigation was to incorporate mustard flour into bread in order to improve its quality. For this purpose, wheat flour 650 type for bread making was replaced with mustard seed flour at the level of 5, 7 and 10%. Bread quality through physico-chemical and sensory characteristics was analyzed and compared to those of bread without mustard flour. The protein content of mustard flour bread increased with 5.03% as a result of mustard flour incorporation, coupled with an increase in ash content. Sensory evaluation results revealed that the sample containing 7% mustard flour scored highest in most of the attributes including overall acceptability. The study reveals that incorporation of 7% mustard flour gave desirable results in terms of phisyco-chemical and sensory caracteristics of mustard flour fortified bread.
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Isnaeni, Selvy, and N. Nasrudin. "Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Dua Jenis Sawi Menggunakan Perbedaan Nutrisi Secara Aeroponik." JURNAL GALUNG TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (May 5, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v10i1.715.
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Consumer demand for mustard needs in Indonesia is increasing. Efforts to produce mustard greens use an aeroponic system to utilize nutrients in dosage and type correctly. The study aimed to determine the proper type of nutrition for the growth and production of two mustard greens in an aeroponic system. This study used a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor is the type of mustard which consists of two levels, namely pakcoy and pagoda. The second factor to consider is the nutrition applied at three different levels: AB mix, liquid organic fertilizer, and foliar fertilizer. Mustard greens grew and produced significantly differently when grown in an aeroponics system. Other nutrients greatly affected all observed variables, including plant height, leaf number, leaf color, root length, fresh plant weight, and dry plant weight. The use of pakcoy mustard provides the best growth and production of mustard greens compared to pagoda-type mustard. Giving AB mix nutrition to mustard greens can provide the best growth and production compared to nutrition from liquid organic fertilizers and foliar fertilizers. The AB mix nutritional treatment with pakcoy mustard produced the best results in plant height, leaf number, wet weight, dry weight, and root length. AB mix nutritional showing the best leaf color variable with pagoda mustard greens.
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Van Riper, Laura C., Roger L. Becker, and Luke C. Skinner. "Population Biology of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in Minnesota Hardwood Forests." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 1 (May 2010): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-09-00008.1.
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AbstractGarlic mustard, a biennial forb native to Europe, has invaded native ecosystems in forested regions in the United States. In anticipation of a biological control program being implemented in the United States for this plant, a garlic mustard monitoring program was initiated. The objective of this study was to characterize garlic mustard populations and the associated plant communities and their response to environmental conditions in Minnesota hardwood forest ecosystems. Additionally, we developed a baseline for long-term studies to determine future benefits and impacts of biological control agents on plant communities infested with garlic mustard, should they be released. To monitor garlic mustard populations, we used a nationally standardized protocol in which data were collected on garlic mustard population density and cover, garlic mustard plant heights and silique production, insect damage to garlic mustard, cover of the associated plant community, and litter cover. We also collected data on available photosynthetically active radiation in the understory. The results underscore the variability in garlic mustard population dynamics. At only 6 of 12 sites did garlic mustard densities follow the predicted two-point cycles due to their biennial life cycle, with the first- or second-year life stage dominating in any given year. Available light did not differ strongly among sites, but shading by adult plants is implicated in keeping the populations of first-year plants low. Sites with greater garlic mustard cover had lower native species richness and cover than sites with lower garlic mustard cover. Absent biological control agents, garlic mustard is currently experiencing very little herbivory in Minnesota with an average of 2% of leaf area removed by herbivores. Our work shows the importance of pre-release monitoring at multiple sites over multiple years to adequately characterize populations. Without control, garlic mustard will likely continue to have negative impacts on northern forests.
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Cuhra, Petr, Dana Gabrovská, Jana Rysová, Petr Hanák, Frantiek Štumr, A. Baranda, S. Barov, et al. "ELISA Kit for Mustard Protein Determination: Interlaboratory Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.2.605.
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Abstract An interlaboratory study in 12 laboratories was performed to prove the validation of the ELISA method developed for the quantitative determination of mustard protein in foods. The ELISA kit used for this study is based on rabbit polyclonal antibody. This kit did not produce any false-positive results or cross-reactivity with in-house validation for a broad range of food matrixes with no detectable mustard protein. All participants obtained the Mustard ELISA kit with standard operational procedures, a list of samples, samples, and a protocol for recording test results. The study included 15 food samples and two spiked samples. Seven food matrix samples of zero mustard content and four samples with mustard declared as an ingredient showed mustard protein content lower than that of the first standard (0.42 mg/kg). Four samples with mustard declared as an ingredient revealed mustard protein content above 12.5 mg/kg (the highest standard). The statistical tests (Cochran, Dixon, and Mandel) and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the interlaboratory study results. Repeatability and reproducibility limits, as well as an LOQ (1.8 mg mustard proteins/kg) and LOD (0.5 mg mustard proteins/kg), for the kit were calculated.
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Musliadi, Musliadi, Abdul Haris, and Andi Ralle. "PENGARUH WAKTU TANAM YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TERUNG HIJAU (Solanum molagena L.) YANG DITUMPANGSARIKAN DENGAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.)." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2022): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v3i2.249.
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This study aims to determine the best planting time for eggplant and mustard greens and to determine the Land Equivalence Ratio (NKL) between eggplant and mustard plants intercropped. This research was conducted in Sanresengade Village, Bola District, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research took place from March to June 2021. The study used a randomized block design consisting of 6 levels of treatment at planting time, namely green eggplant and mustard greens planted together, mustard greens planted after 1 week of eggplant planted, green mustard plants planted after 2 weeks eggplant was planted, mustard greens were planted after 3 weeks of eggplant planted, eggplant monoculture, mustard greens monoculture and each treatment was repeated three times so that 18 experimental units were obtained. The results showed that the time of planting eggplant together with mustard greens gave the best effect on eggplant plant growth which was shown to be 69.33 cm high, 22.33 leaves number, 4.08 fruit number, and fruit weight 227.33 g. The time of planting mustard 1 week after eggplant was planted gave the best effect on the growth of the mustard plant which was shown to be 27.50 cm tall, 9.33 leaves and weighed 731.67 g. Green mustard planted 1 week after eggplant was plant produced the highest NKL value of 2.52 so it was feasible to do so.