Dissertations / Theses: 'Mustard'

1

Kaminsky, Margaret I. "Kinetic studies of DNA interstrand crosslinking by nitrogen mustard and phenylalanine mustard. /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10687.

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2

Susko, David J. "The ovule ecology of garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae), and other mustard species." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0011/NQ52441.pdf.

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3

Chahal, Nirmal Singh. "α-glutamyl N mustard prodrugs." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46991.

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4

Miller, Paul. "Sulfur Mustard penetration of thermoplastic elastomers." Fishermans Bend Vic. : Defence Science and Technology Organisation, 2008. http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-24764.

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5

Almgren, Johanna. "Characterization of antibodies against mustard and development of immunological methods for the detection and quantification of mustard in foods." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8093.

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ABSTRACT

Allergy to mustard has been reported for many years, in some cases as severe anaphylactic reactions. Recent studies imply that this allergy is increasing. Three major allergens have been isolated and characterised; Sin a 1 and Sin a 2 in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba), and Bra j 1 in oriental mustard (Brassica juncea). Yellow mustard and black mustard (Brassica nigra) are the most common species in Europe, whereas oriental mustard is more frequent outside Europe. Mustard plants belong to the Brassicaceae/Cruciferae family. Mustard is present as an ingredient in different foods, sauces and spices, often in small amounts. According to the European labelling directives, mustard and products thereof must always be declared. To monitor this regulation, methods need to be developed to detect mustard. Polyclonal antibodies, produced in rabbits, against yellow and black mustard were characterised with immunodiffusion, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions, and immunoblotting. Rocket-immunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed for the detection and quantification of mustard protein. With indirect competitive ELISA a concentration of 156ng mustard protein per ml food extract was detected, which is more than enough to cover the lowest reported reactive doses.

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Harper, Marc Alan. "Synthesis and Characterization of Oxazaphospholidinone Phosphorus Mustard Derivatives." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1596552579697146.

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7

Davis, Geoffrey P. "Transparent polyurethanes : synthesis, characterisation and mustard gas resistance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1987. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11238.

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Transparent Polyurethanes based upon Polycaprolactone and H 12MDIisocyanate (Desmodur W) have been synthesised and tested with regard to permeation by Mustard Gas (HD). Variations in soft segment molecular weight, reaction ratio, and chain extender, as well as the effect of crosslinking have been investigated. It was found that the principal factor governing permeation behaviour was soft segment molecular weight. However as hard segment content increased the determinant role of the soft segment diminished. Morphological Analysis of the synthesised polyurethanes was carried out using DSC, CMI'A, GPC, and WAXD techniques. The physical properties (Hardness, Tensile Strength, etc) of these materials were also determined. Results showed that the use of mixed diol chain extenders or trifunctional crosslinking elements produced increased phase mixing in the polyurethanes as a consequence of poorer hard segment domain organisation. This had the effect of reducing soft segment restrictions such that poorer permeation performance was obtained. GPC and DSC Analysis of the various polycaprolactones used in the synthesis programme suggested that the lower molecular weight polyols (550-2000) were composed of at least two different molecular weight species. Work with mixed polyol formulations indicated this may affect the physical properties of the polyurethanes. GPC Analysis of the synthesised polyurethanes themselves showed a wide variety of molecular weights were obtained; these were seen to be very dependent upon polyol molecular weight. The CAPA 210 (1000 Mol.Wt.) based elastorners had the highest Mn values. It is believed these variations in molecular weight are related to the presence of different catalysts, activators, etc in the original polyols. Injection Moulding trials were carried out on the formulation considered to be the most promising candidate for the face mask material. Slight changes in physical properties were obtained as processing conditions were varied. Most significantly the polyurethane began to shown signs of yellowing at high injection temperatures (190°C and above).

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8

Williams, Stephen. "Soil transformations of added organic matter in organic farming systems and conventional agriculture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU083669.

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The aim of this work was to assay the effects of previous history of organic amendment to soils in the field on the ability of those soils to mineralise mustard, a non-legume green manure. Soil and 15N labelled mustard mineralisation was followed in laboratory microcosms. Volatilised N was assayed by direct acid trapping of N in glass fibre disks, followed by direct combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Animal manures, green manures and straw added to the soil in the field in the previous season, same season and for 7 years continuously did not significantly affect these soils' ability to mineralise mustard in microcosms. Nitrification and mineralisation were the dominant processes during the first 12 days of incubation. Volatilisation rates were 1000-fold lower than mineralisation or nitrification rates. Mustard N accounted for between 1-3% of the soil mineral N, whereas only a maximum of 0.01% of mustard N was volatilised over 24 days. Soils sampled at different times in the season decomposed mustard at similar rates at stimulated low spring temperatures. Nitrification rate was reduced 5-fold more than the mineralisation rate at 8oC. Straw incorporation for seven years did not affect the subsequent recovery of 15N enriched fertiliser or of 15N from labelled straw, by oil seed rape. 15N labelled fertiliser contributed up to 63% of the winter barley N. The labelled barley straw subsequently contributed 16% of the oil seed rape N in the absence of any applied fertiliser. Ploughing in straw in the autumn, in the absence of applied fertiliser had no yield penalty or effect on crop uptake, and may retain more mineral N in the upper soil layers, lessening the risk of leaching over the winter period. The results obtained here emphasise the importance of additions of organic materials to soil in supplying plant nutrients and minimising nutrient losses.

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9

Bohman, Svante. "Molecular studies of Arabidopsis and Brassica with focus on resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6316-5.pdf.

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10

Lantzy, Tim. "The mustard seed a surprising symbol for the kingdom /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1988. http://www.tren.com.

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11

Rich, T. C. G. "Phototropism in light-grown mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35340.

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This thesis is an investigation of the mechanisms of blue-light- mediated phototropism in higher plants. Phototropism was analysed in light-grown mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings under low pressure sodium (SOX) lamps to minimise the involvement of phytochrome. Light-grown mustard seedlings do not show a blue-light-mediated inhibition of axis extension growth and the Blaauw theory must therefore be rejected as an explanation of phototropism. Phototropic curvature was established by an inhibition of growth on the illuminated side of the hypocotyl accompanied by an equal but opposite acceleration on the shaded side, with little or no change in net growth. This pattern of differential growth can be modified by light-growth responses separate from those involved in phototropism. Preliminary results from a biophysical analysis of cell growth using micro-pressure probes indicates phototropic growth responses are caused by changes in wall rheological properties, possibly by wall extensibility alone. There is a complex relationship between the kinetics of phototropism and stimulus fluence rate. The lag time is independent of fluence rate. The initial rate of curvature was directly proportional to log fluence rate between threshold and saturation fluence rates. Following this initial phase, gravitropic compensation and auto-tropic straightening modify curvature, which can no longer be used as a quantitative measure of phototropism. Implications for measurement of the response and selection of appropriate photobiological conditions are outlined. The magnitude of the internal light gradient influences the rate of curvature. The experimental results are discussed in relation to other knowledge of the phototropic transduction chain. The results are not inconsistent with the Cholodny-Went theory of phototropism. Preliminary data indicating phytochrome-mediated phototropism are presented, and the comparison of lag times in plant physiology is also discussed.

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12

Wilcock, Carol. "The effects of nitrogen mustard on plasma membrane function." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12553/.

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The antitumour bifunctional alkylating agent nitrogen mustard (HN2) inhibited the unidirectional influx of the potassium congener, 86 rubidium, into murine PC6A plasmacytoma cells and L1210 leukaemia cells. The proliferation of L1210 cells in vitro was characterised and shown to be sentitive to HN2. 86Rubidium influx into cells from rapidly-dividing cultures was more sensitive to inhibition by HN2 than that of cells from stationary cultures. Three components of unidirectional 86Rb+ & K+ influx into proliferating L1210 cells were identified pharmacologically: approximately 40% was active to the Na+ K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain (10-3M), 40% was sensitive to the `loop' diuretics bumetanide (10-4M) and furosemide (10-3M) and the remainder was insensitive to both ouabain and furosemide. HN2 (10-5M) selectively inhibited the diuretic-sensitive component, which was entirely dependent upon extracellular Na+ and Cl- ions, and was presumed to represent Na+ K+ Cl- cotransport activity. The system did not mediate K+ /K+ exchange or unidirectional 86Rb+ efflux; accordingly, 86Rb+ efflux was insensitive to HN2. Inhibition of 86Rb & K+ influx by 10-5M HN2 was accompanied by approximately 35% of cell volume under isosmotic conditions; thus intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations remained unchanged. These effects followed lethal damage to the cells but preceded actual cell death; other cellular functions were maintained including accumulation of cycloleucine, transmembrane potential, permeability to trypan blue, intracellular pH, total intracellular glutathione and calcium concentrations. No evidence was found that elevated cAMP levels or reduced ATP levels were involved in modulation of 86Rb+ & K+ influx. However, the Na+ - depedent transport of an amino acid was inhibited in a manner which appeared to be independent of 86Rb & K+ influx. An HN2-resistant L1210R cell line was also resistant to furosemide, and lacked a component of 86Rb+ & K+ influx which was sensitive to furosemide (10-3M). The results strongly suggest that the Na+ K+ Cl- costransporter of L1210 cells is a cellular target for HN2. This lesion is discussed with reference to the cytotoxic effects of the agent.

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13

Uddin, Mohammad Mahir. "Chemical ecology of mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae (F.) /." Tönning ; Lübeck Marburg : Der Andere Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993422985/04.

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14

Ciola, Victoria Lyn. "DISTRIBUTION AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF ERYSIPHE CRUCIFERARUM (POWDERY MILDEW) ATTACKING ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (GARLIC MUSTARD), IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1247167400.

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15

Gunasekera, Chandra Padmini. "Adaptation of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to short season dryland Mediterranean-type environments." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1998.

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Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) has recently been identified as a potential and profitable alternative oilseed crop in the grain growing regions of Australia. To date, no research has been reported on adaptation of mustard in water limited Mediterranean-type environments in south Western Australia. Experiments presented in this thesis were undertaken to study adaptation of mustard in the Mediterranean-type environments in south Western Australia, with the hypothesis that mustard would be better adapted to these environments due to its reputation for drought tolerance. Experiments were conducted with three main aims. Firstly, to identify the effects of genotype, environment (times of sowing/seasons/sites) and genotype x environment interaction on the phenology, growth, dry matter production, seed yield, oil and protein contents of mustard and canola. Secondly, to identify phenological, morphological and physiological characters responsible for adaptation and yield improvement of mustard in these environments. Thirdly, to study the response of mustard to soil moisture deficits, especially in the post-flowering period, in comparison to canola. Adaptation of six mustard breeding lines/cultivars varying in maturity, height and oil quality and three canola cultivars varying in maturity were tested at a medium rainfall site (Northam) in the 1999 growing season. These genotypes were sown at four times after the break of the season and their phenology, growth, morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentrations were measured. Adaptation of mustard to short season, low rainfall areas was tested, in the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, at three sites (Merredin. Mullewa and Newdegate), by sowing seven genotypes of mustard and canola at three times after the break of the season.Seed yield, oil and protein concentrations were measured at all three sites and detailed measurements of phenology, morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentrations were taken only at Merredin. The effects of post-flowering soil moisture stress on mustard and canola was studied in detail using rainout shelters at Merredin in the 2001 growing season. Measurements of water use, leaf water potential, osmotic potential, osmotic adjustment, relative water content, and leaf diffusive conductance were taken together with morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentration. Mustard produced seed yields similar to canola at a medium rainfall site at Northam in south Western Australia. Early sowing (May) was more suitable for mid and late maturing genotypes and mid sowing (early June) was optimum for early maturing genotypes at this site. Dry matter production and seed yield was highest in early sowing due to balanced pre-anthesis and post-anthesis development of the crop and its ability to avoid terminal drought. Very late sowing (after July) significantly reduced the dry matter production, seed yield and oil concentration of mustard and canola due to poor establishment, reduced post-anthesis duration, soil moisture and high temperature stresses which occurred at the end of the season. Mustard did not produce significantly higher dry matter and seed yield compared to canola at the medium rainfall site, Northam. Seed yield and oil concentration of mustard and canola in low rainfall environments (Merredin, Mullcwa and Newdegate) were higher when sown early in the season (May). Longer growing duration and post-anthesis duration were favourable for higher yields.Higher rainfall during the post-anthesis phase, warmer pre-anthesis phase and cooler post-anthesis phase were associated with higher seed yield in these environments. As shown by the Principal Component Analysis and the Finlay Wilkinson Analysis, adaptation of mustard genotypes to low rainfall environments was better compared to canola genotypes. Mustard genotypes, 887.1.6.1, 82 No 2298 demonstrated their general adaptability by producing the highest mean seed yield across all environments and showing average phenotypic stability across all environments. The low yielding canola genotype, Oscar was best adapted to high yielding environments and showed below average phenotypic stability. Low yielding mustard genotypes, JM 25 and JM 33 were best adapted to low yielding environments and showed above average phenotypic stability. Early flowering and developmental plasticity had a significant contribution to yield potential and its stability. All mustard genotypes were more tolerant to soil moisture and high temperature stresses and exhibited early vigour compared to canola varieties. Mustards produced significantly higher dry matter compared to canola under soil moisture and high temperature stresses. Yield reduction due to late sowing VI was greater in canola compared to mustards. Greater dry matter production of mustards under severe soil moisture stress was related to their higher water use and radiation use, which in turn was related to their superior osmotic adjustment.Osmotic adjustment improved dry matter production in mustards as it allowed stomata to remain partially open at progressively lower leaf water potentials and maintained higher stomatal conductance, maintained leaf area and reduced the rate of leaf senescence by increasing both avoidance and tolerance of dehydration and thereby increased radiation use, increased water use by stomatal adjustment, and increased soil moisture uptake by producing deeper roots. Mustard exhibited many agronomic advantages over canola, such as vigorous seedling growth, quick ground covering ability, early vigour, and the feasibility of direct harvesting due to non-shattering pods. Despite all these advantages currently available mustard genotypes do not have the ability to out yield canola due to their lower efficiency of conversion of dry matter to seeds, as indicated by lower harvest indices, and inferior yield component structure. Further breeding in mustard is required to modify its morphology and yield component structure. Mustard plants with more pods and pods with more seeds would produce higher yields. Shorter, compact plant stature and reduced branching would improve harvest index in mustard. Furthermore, development of mustard genotypes with high oil quality and concentration similar to canola would improve its market value as an oil seed crop.

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16

Smith, Melvin N. E. "Variation among native and alien populations of hoary mustard, Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagreze-Fossat, and the application of DNA melting analysis to investigate microsatellite (SSR) variation." Thesis, Swansea University, 2010. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42609.

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H. incana is a native species of the Mediterranean and Middle East. As a neophyte (alien) it has undergone a large range expansion in Northern Europe, the Americas, Asia and Australasia. Casual field observations suggested that within its native range, the dominant life strategy of H.incana was annual, whereas in the British flora it was predominantly perennial. Populations from native and alien ranges were studied in the field and in common garden experiments. Phenotypic differences in morphological and physiological characteristics were compared. Plants derived from neophyte British populations made larger leaf rosettes, flowered later (> 140 days) and exhibited a perennial life cycle. Plants from native. North African and Southern European populations (excepting those from montane Spain) made smaller rosettes, flowered early (< 110 days) and died after flowering once. Neophyte populations from California were similar to native populations. Some native populations (e.g. Cypress) did not survive a British winter. Unlike native populations, initiation of flowering in neophyte British populations was stimulated by a period of vernalisation. These results suggest that life strategy changes have occurred in neophyte populations of H. incana as this species expanded its range northwards, and implies possible genetic differences. Ten microsatellite primers, previously described for related Brassicaceae species, were therefore investigated for potential use in the assessment of H. incana population genetic structure. Five primers successfully amplified a product of expected size, of which 3 were subscequently sequenced to confirm the presence of the SSR. The application of real-time PCR DNA melting analysis to identify SSR variation was investigated using Roche SYBR green and Corbett HRM platforms. SSR variation could be detected using DNA melt analysis, but due to difficulty identifying the composition of heterozygous SSR's the technique could not be sufficiently refined to investigate population diversity. However, preliminary results indicated possible SSR variation between isolated populations.

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17

Earlywine, Daniel T. Smeda R. J. "Efficacy of oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) seed meal for weed and disease control in turf." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6485.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Reid Smeda. Includes bibliographical references.

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18

Bramson, Jonathan. "Nitrogen mustard drug resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28690.

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Previous studies of nitrogen mustard drug resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) indicated that resistance was a result of enhanced DNA repair associated with increased expression of two DNA repair genes, ERCC-1 and alkyl-N-purine DNA glycosylase. The aim of this thesis was to expand upon these observations and solidify the link between DNA repair and nitrogen mustard drug resistance. Contrary to our expectations, overexpression of ERCC-1 in CHO cells produced increased sensitivity to melphalan and cisplatin. No correlation was found between ERCC-1 expression and nitrogen mustard resistance in B-CLL, when analyzed in a larger cohort by both Northern and western blots, nor was there evidence of altered expression of a second nucleotide excision repair gene (NER), ERCC-2. Overexpression of alkyl-N-purine DNA glycosylase in CHO cells failed to produce melphalan resistance. Nitrogen mustard resistant B-CLL lymphocytes displayed cross-resistance to the bifunctional agents, mitomycin C and cisplatin, but not to UV or methyl methanesulfonate, supporting a role for enhanced crosslink repair in the resistant phenotype. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) has been identified as a binding protein which can recognize melphalan damaged DNA. This binding appears to result from nicks induced by the melphalan treatment and can be inhibited if the DNA is alkylated with melphalan in the presence of methoxyamine. PARP expression was the same in both sensitive and resistant lymphocytes. When 3-aminobenzamide was used to inhibit PARP, synergy with melphalan was found in 4 of 7 samples we studied. When the DNA synthesis inhibitors, aphidicolin and ara-C, were used to modulate chlorambucil toxicity, synergy was found in both sensitive and resistant populations. There was also evidence for cross-resistance between chlorambucil and ara-C.
Thus, our studies indicate that nitrogen mustard resistance in B-CLL correlates with enhanced activity of a crosslink specific repair process. The observation that nitrogen mustard resistance in B-CLL is associated with cross-resistance to mitomycin C, cisplatin and ara-C, through a mechanism other than P-glycoprotein or glutathione, suggests that this model may represent a novel multi-drug resistant phenotype.

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19

Parker, Laura Louise. "Macrocyclic nitrogen mustard prodrugs as hypoxia selective anti-cancer agents." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5364/.

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The low selectivity of chemotherapy is an ongoing problem in the treatment of cancer. Prodrugs that are activated in vivo provide a therapeutic advantage for selective cytotoxicity. Here we have designed redox-active compounds that are electrochemically reduced in hypoxic (poorly oxygenated) tissue, resulting in release of a nitrogen mustard cytotoxin. This thesis describes the synthesis of novel macrocyclic N-mustard drugs and the development of their Cu(II) complexes as hypoxia-selective prodrugs. (Fig. 3736A) The (2-trimethylsilyl)ethanesulfonyl (SES) protecting group is very versatile. It is removed under mild conditions using fluoride. The published synthesis of the sulfonyl chloride A gave variable yield and purity, but we have improved the conditions to give consistently pure material in high yield (70-86% overall) (Scheme 1). (Fig. 3736B) Triamines with carbon bridges longer than three are difficult to prepare, often requiring multistep syntheses. A route was developed to synthesise linear triamines, using the SES-amide B. This route produces these triamines in relatively high yields (60-80% overall), via simple reactions with little purification necessary (Scheme 2). A variation on the Richman-Atkins synthesis has been exploited to reach known an novel triazamacrocyclic compounds D (Scheme 3), in order to explore their structure-activity relationship as N-mustard drugs E (made as shown in Scheme 4). Eight novel macrocyclic N-mustards E were found to be potent DNA cross-linking agents (nM range) by Prof. John Hartley at University College London. Three of the novel triazamacrocycles D were assessed in vitro for anti-parasitic activity by Dr. Michael Barrett at the University of Glasgow. They showed moderate activity against Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei. (Fig. 3736C) Water soluble Cu(II) complexes of cytotoxic macrocyclic nitrogen mustards have been prepared and their structures have been determined using X-ray crystallography by Dr. Louis Farrugia in this department. The redox behaviour and reduction potentials (Cu[II] to Cu[I]) of the complexes in phosphate buffer were assessed using cyclic voltammetry. The thermodynamic stabilities of the Cu(II) complexes in aqueous solution were analysed qualitatively using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The mustard complexes F and G showed irreversible redox behaviour and low thermodynamic stability, and were not hypoxia-selective but behaved as typical mustard drugs. The cyclen-based mustard complex H showed reversible redox behaviour and had high thermodynamic stability under aqueous conditions. H exhibited excellent hypoxia selectivity (the best so far in the lung tumour cell line tested) and is an attractive lead compound for further development of this novel approach to cancer chemotherapy (Fig. 3736D).

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20

Au, Liemin. "VITAMIN D3 IS AN EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURE AGAINST NITROGEN MUSTARD EXPOSURE." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1396609569.

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21

Marushia, Robin Gene. "Brassica tournefortii phenology, interactions and management of an invasive mustard /." Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3359904.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Febrary 1, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 140-143). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

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22

Novak, Valerie. "A mustard seed community experiment in fostering Christian full critical consciousness /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.

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23

Augur, Alana Anita. "DIET SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION TRADEOFFS IN THE MUSTARD HERBIOVRE SCAPTOMYZA FLAVA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612560.

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Evolutionary tradeoffs occur when the fixation of a beneficial trait reduces the effectiveness of another one. In a complex environment, a population with a highly variable mixture of traits may increase the mean fitness. Specialists on the other hand, may fix alleles optimal in one environment, and thereby give up the benefit of thriving in a different environment. My senior thesis study aims to test whether the maintenance of variable traits is beneficial when the environment is variable and what, if any, tradeoffs arise as a result of specialization. I created replicated populations of a drosophilid fly species called Scaptomyza flava and evolved these in three different environments, two specialized and one generalized, for 10 generations. Emergence time, survival, and preference for environment were phenotypically tested for the different populations of flies in all environment types. Emergence time depended on both the environment in which they developed and on the population from which they came. This suggests that tradeoffs exist between specialized and generalized populations that affect their development on both types of environments.

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24

Sjödin, Per. "Effects of selection and demography on DNA polymorphism in black mustard (Brassica nigra) /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6633.

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25

Kruskopf, Österberg Marita. "From QTLs to genes : flowering time variation and CONSTANS-LIKE genes in the black mustard /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7900.

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26

Kohn, Deborah Diane. "Effects of genetic variability and founder number in small populations of an annual plant." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286448.

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27

Lui, Flora Y. H. "The production of protein isolates from hexane-defatted ground yellow mustard meal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ40910.pdf.

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28

Barco, Brenden Lee. "Evolution, Regulation, and Function of Tryptophan-Derived Secondary Metabolism in Mustard Plants." Thesis, Yale University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13851840.

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Plants produce a variety of small molecules, including those essential for survival in all conditions (primary metabolites) or for more ecologically specific conditions (secondary metabolites). While primary metabolic pathways are broadly shared among plants, secondary metabolism is under constant selective pressure towards chemical innovation, given the continual fluctuation of the environment. Thus, plant secondary metabolism - whose constituents number in the hundreds of thousands - is lineage-specific, highly structurally diverse, and ultimately of high value to medicine, agriculture, and industry. Efforts to optimize the production of specific metabolites or to discover new compounds remain difficult primarily due to inadequate understandings of the metabolic genes involved and how these genes are regulated. This work first examines co-regulation, a major form of organization by which plant secondary metabolic genes are organized. In response to the bacterial crop pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, Arabidopsis thaliana and its relatives in the mustard family produce numerous secondary metabolites from the amino acid tryptophan, including the antimicrobial compound camalexin. However, hundreds of biosynthetic genes of unknown function are also simultaneously upregulated. Using metabolic profiling and co-expression analysis, I helped to identify the complete biosynthetic pathway to the indole-3-carbonylnitriles (ICNs), a previously unknown class of compounds. When the cytochrome P450 gene CYP82C2 is mutated, biosynthesis of the compound 4-hydroxy-ICN (4OH-ICN) is abolished, and plant defense against P. syringae is impaired. Conversely, addition of 4OH-ICN to plants is sufficient to suppress bacterial growth. Next, this work examines the evolution of camalexin and 4OH-ICN metabolism. Cytochrome P450-directed secondary metabolism has been shown almost without exception to be evolutionarily derived from changes to enzymes with broad substrate specificity. By contrast, I observe through genetics, enzyme phylogenetic analysis, and transient expression assays that the ICN and camalexin biosynthetic pathways evolved from a common chemical substrate. In particular, changes to camalexin catalysis by the newly duplicated gene CYP71A12 led to the formation of ICN metabolism in several mustard species, although both compounds are directly derived from indole cyanohydrin. Furthermore, 40H-ICN is an extremely recently evolved metabolite, derived from a flurry of genic, epigenetic and transposon-mediated rearrangements of a yet-more recent gene duplicate (CYP82C2). These regulatory changes to CYP82C2 lead to its pathogen-inducibility solely in the species A. thaliana. I additionally identify WRKY33 and MYB51 as two sets of defense regulators that carefully fine-tune 40H-ICN metabolism by direct biosynthetic gene regulation. WRKY33 transcription factor, which is involved in the species-specific regulation of CYP82C2, is conserved throughout flowering plants, indicating that transcriptional recruitment is an important feature in the expansion of secondary metabolism. Finally, this work probes possible molecular functions of 40H-ICN and camalexin by exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying their secretion from roots and regulation of cell death processes. This study ultimately reveals that the proliferation of diverse chemical arsenals in plants is greatly aided by the regulatory capture of new and rapidly evolving genes by evolutionarily more stable transcription factors. Future emphases on transcriptional regulators of secondary metabolism may thus aid in the discovery of new secondary metabolic pathways on a more rapid scale.

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Castellano, Steven Michael. "Effect of Alliaria petiolata invasion on ectomycorrhizal colonization of Quercus rubra." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1217280009.

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30

Ford, Kate E. "Genome structure and genetic diversity in Crambe L. Brassicaceae." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327518.

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Mazumder, Deepika. "Studying the effect of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria supplementation on growth and seed yield of Brassica campestris L. (mustard plant)." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2020. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4371.

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32

Sjödin, Per. "Effects of Selection and Demography on DNA Polymorphism in Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Evolutionär funktionsgenomik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6633.

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The evolution of three genes from the CONSTANS-LIKE gene family is studied in Brassica nigra. We use a combination of population genetic and phylogenetic techniques in order to assess the relative importance of selection and demography on the pattern of DNA variation. The analysis is complicated by the fact that they are recent duplicates of each other and hence there is a potential redundancy factor that has to be considered. The relationship between two of the genes, COa and COb, is however much closer than between any relationship to the third gene, COL1. The three genes are all suspected to play a part in the natural variation of flowering time of B. nigra. The thesis consists of four papers. The first paper is a technical paper concerning when and if the existence of an effective population size can be assumed. More specifically, the impact of population structure and a fluctuating (census) population size on the standard coalescent is studied. The second paper is a population genetic study of B. nigra using micro-satellites and RFLP. The resulting population genetic structure is argued to reflect the early spread of agriculture in Europe. In the third paper the general evolution of the three genes is studied. We find that not all aspects of the data could be accounted for by demography or redundancy effects, but that selection most likely played a part in the evolution of these genes. The fourth paper concerns the functional status of COb, whether it is a pseudogene or not. The most likely scenario is that COb recently became non-functional due to the fixation of a deleterious mutation during a recent bottleneck.

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33

Girma, Kefyalew. "Interference of wild mustard, Sinapis arvenis L., in spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31832.pdf.

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34

Dezfooli, Amin. "Competition between wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0027/MQ51059.pdf.

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35

Sunters, Andrew. "Studies on the molecular and cellular pharmacology of nitrogen mustard based chemotherapeutic agents." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264272.

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36

Zelles, Alexandra M. "Examining the relationship between garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and European earthworms." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1348589345.

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37

Nardone, Anthony. "The importance of Na'+ -K'+ -Cl'- cotransport in nitrogen mustard induced cell death." Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293941.

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38

Gunasekera, Chandra Padmini. "Adaptation of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to short season dryland Mediterranean-type environments." Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute of Agriculture, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14498.

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Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) has recently been identified as a potential and profitable alternative oilseed crop in the grain growing regions of Australia. To date, no research has been reported on adaptation of mustard in water limited Mediterranean-type environments in south Western Australia. Experiments presented in this thesis were undertaken to study adaptation of mustard in the Mediterranean-type environments in south Western Australia, with the hypothesis that mustard would be better adapted to these environments due to its reputation for drought tolerance. Experiments were conducted with three main aims. Firstly, to identify the effects of genotype, environment (times of sowing/seasons/sites) and genotype x environment interaction on the phenology, growth, dry matter production, seed yield, oil and protein contents of mustard and canola. Secondly, to identify phenological, morphological and physiological characters responsible for adaptation and yield improvement of mustard in these environments. Thirdly, to study the response of mustard to soil moisture deficits, especially in the post-flowering period, in comparison to canola. Adaptation of six mustard breeding lines/cultivars varying in maturity, height and oil quality and three canola cultivars varying in maturity were tested at a medium rainfall site (Northam) in the 1999 growing season. These genotypes were sown at four times after the break of the season and their phenology, growth, morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentrations were measured. Adaptation of mustard to short season, low rainfall areas was tested, in the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons, at three sites (Merredin. Mullewa and Newdegate), by sowing seven genotypes of mustard and canola at three times after the break of the season.
Seed yield, oil and protein concentrations were measured at all three sites and detailed measurements of phenology, morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentrations were taken only at Merredin. The effects of post-flowering soil moisture stress on mustard and canola was studied in detail using rainout shelters at Merredin in the 2001 growing season. Measurements of water use, leaf water potential, osmotic potential, osmotic adjustment, relative water content, and leaf diffusive conductance were taken together with morphology, dry matter production and partitioning, radiation absorption, seed yield and its components, and seed oil and protein concentration. Mustard produced seed yields similar to canola at a medium rainfall site at Northam in south Western Australia. Early sowing (May) was more suitable for mid and late maturing genotypes and mid sowing (early June) was optimum for early maturing genotypes at this site. Dry matter production and seed yield was highest in early sowing due to balanced pre-anthesis and post-anthesis development of the crop and its ability to avoid terminal drought. Very late sowing (after July) significantly reduced the dry matter production, seed yield and oil concentration of mustard and canola due to poor establishment, reduced post-anthesis duration, soil moisture and high temperature stresses which occurred at the end of the season. Mustard did not produce significantly higher dry matter and seed yield compared to canola at the medium rainfall site, Northam. Seed yield and oil concentration of mustard and canola in low rainfall environments (Merredin, Mullcwa and Newdegate) were higher when sown early in the season (May). Longer growing duration and post-anthesis duration were favourable for higher yields.
Higher rainfall during the post-anthesis phase, warmer pre-anthesis phase and cooler post-anthesis phase were associated with higher seed yield in these environments. As shown by the Principal Component Analysis and the Finlay Wilkinson Analysis, adaptation of mustard genotypes to low rainfall environments was better compared to canola genotypes. Mustard genotypes, 887.1.6.1, 82 No 2298 demonstrated their general adaptability by producing the highest mean seed yield across all environments and showing average phenotypic stability across all environments. The low yielding canola genotype, Oscar was best adapted to high yielding environments and showed below average phenotypic stability. Low yielding mustard genotypes, JM 25 and JM 33 were best adapted to low yielding environments and showed above average phenotypic stability. Early flowering and developmental plasticity had a significant contribution to yield potential and its stability. All mustard genotypes were more tolerant to soil moisture and high temperature stresses and exhibited early vigour compared to canola varieties. Mustards produced significantly higher dry matter compared to canola under soil moisture and high temperature stresses. Yield reduction due to late sowing VI was greater in canola compared to mustards. Greater dry matter production of mustards under severe soil moisture stress was related to their higher water use and radiation use, which in turn was related to their superior osmotic adjustment.
Osmotic adjustment improved dry matter production in mustards as it allowed stomata to remain partially open at progressively lower leaf water potentials and maintained higher stomatal conductance, maintained leaf area and reduced the rate of leaf senescence by increasing both avoidance and tolerance of dehydration and thereby increased radiation use, increased water use by stomatal adjustment, and increased soil moisture uptake by producing deeper roots. Mustard exhibited many agronomic advantages over canola, such as vigorous seedling growth, quick ground covering ability, early vigour, and the feasibility of direct harvesting due to non-shattering pods. Despite all these advantages currently available mustard genotypes do not have the ability to out yield canola due to their lower efficiency of conversion of dry matter to seeds, as indicated by lower harvest indices, and inferior yield component structure. Further breeding in mustard is required to modify its morphology and yield component structure. Mustard plants with more pods and pods with more seeds would produce higher yields. Shorter, compact plant stature and reduced branching would improve harvest index in mustard. Furthermore, development of mustard genotypes with high oil quality and concentration similar to canola would improve its market value as an oil seed crop.

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39

Chilcott, Robert Peter. "Vesicant prophylaxis and decontamination." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325530.

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40

Nelson, Matthew N. "Genetic analysis of Sinapis alba." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327544.

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Wixted, Kerry Lynn. "A Panax-centric view of invasive species and a case study on the effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10038.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 98 p. : ill., map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Althaus-Meissner, Ursula Maria. "Zur Pharmakokinetik von Cyclophosphamid und seinem Metaboliten Phosphoramid Mustard in der Hochdosiskonditionierungstherapie vor Knochenmarktransplantation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96752833X.

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43

Trott, Donna M. "Assessing near-field naturally occurring isothiocyanates emissions after mustard green manure cover crop incorporation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/d_trott_071609.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 7, 2009). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.

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44

Rapp, Graeme George. "The value of Indian mustard in cereal and legume crop sequences in northwest NSW." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18504.

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Mustard is an annual oil seed crop that offers farmers greater flexibility compared to oil producing trees.This study examined the economic benefits of growing mustard in north-western NSW, where production is currently limited. The impact of mustard in crop sequences with wheat and chickpeas; the two most important grain crops in this region, was assessed. Yield and market quality of all three crops was examined and the economic consequences for biodiesel production and the manufacture of other industrial products determined. The Wheat-Chickpea-Wheat sequence increased wheat yield by 12.6% and the Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea sequence increased chickpea grain protein percentage by 9.9%. The wheat yield in the Wheat-Mustard-Wheat-Wheat sequence was 10% higher than continuous wheat, although this sequence produced 5% lower grain protein. High mustard grain yield and high grain protein concentration were observed in the Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea-Mustard crop sequence compared to continuous mustard. However, the highest seed oil yield was produced in the continuous mustard sequence. The sequences Wheat-Chickpea-Mustard-Mustard and Wheat-Wheat-Mustard-Mustard produced the highest mustard glucosinolates; an important compound for industrial processes. Mustard used significantly more soil moisture than wheat or chickpea, however the levels of soil sulphur and phosphorous after harvest were much higher after mustard. This was offset by generally lower levels of soil N and soil carbon compared to wheat and chickpea. The Wheat-Chickpea-Chickpea-Mustard sequence used more of the available phosphorous, nitrogen and sulphur than other mustard crop sequences and made better use of the higher residual soil moisture retained in the soil after chickpea. The primary economic and environmental benefit to the grain-grower was enhanced yield of wheat following mustard. This research indicates that mustard production can be successfully expanded in a northern farming crop sequence.

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45

Malusa, Jim, Bill Halvorson, and Deborah Angell. "Distribution of the Exotic Mustard Brassica tournefortii in the Mohawk Dunes and Mountain, Arizona." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555910.

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Ample winter-spring rains in southwestern Arizona in early 2001 allowed us to map the range of the exotic Brassica tournefortii in the Mohawk Sand Dunes. The mustard has colonized habitat ranging from creosote flats to dune crests, but it is most successful along ephemeral watercourses, the base of north-facing dunes, and along roads. An estimated 80-90% of the Mohawk Dunes, in both the Mohawk Valley and San Cristobal Valley, are host to B. tournefortii, with only the southernmost portion of the dunes uncolonized. Outside of the dunes, the mustard was found largely along roads frequented by the Border Patrol.

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46

Lu, Wan-Lin, and 呂宛霖. "Studies on the preparation of fermented mustard and high quality salt-dried mustard from pickled mustard waste." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24486228973194031554.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
95
Dapi township, Yun-lin County is famous for pickled mustard production. During pickling process, pickled mustard wastes are produced by removing stems and leaves from pickled mustard after they are graded and packed. These wastes have high salt and acid contents, and if not disposed properly, can cause environmental pollution. Thus it becomes abundantly clear that a beneficial solution to the pickled mustard disposal problem is needed. The major objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using the pickled mustard wastes to produce fermented mustard or salt-dried mustard, thus solving the pickled mustard disposal problem. The pickled mustard waste from Dapi township contains a salt content level between 8-11% , the average pH is 4.0. The titratable acidity is around 1.2%, and moisture content and water activity is about 81% and 0.9 respectively. The total aerobic count and the yeast and mold count are both lower than 5 log CFU/g. The quality of pickled mustard waste is similar to pickled mustard and without off-flavor. In this utilization of pickled mustard waste experiment , the fermented mustard and salt-dried mustard produced with pickled mustard wastes by the sun drying method and the oven drying method have an acceptable level similar to the commercially made products. When considering the factor of economic benefits, salt-dried mustard made from pickled mustard waste is actually more practical. To further improve the taste of salt-dried mustard, combination of different types of alcohol and additive were added into the salt-dried mustard made from pickled mustard waste. The result of the sensory evaluation shows that the salt-dried mustard was treated with edible edible alcohol 5% of the salt-dried mustard’s weight, the flavor of the salt-dried mustard was the best. During the storage of salt-dried mustards that were packaged in PE bag or vacuum bag at room temperature for 6 months, there were no significantly different in the pH level, titratable acidity, total sugar and water activity. The result also shows that this storage method can effectively inhibit the spoilage organisms and maintain the flavor of the salt-dried mustard.

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47

Marnoch, Rebecca. "Production of mustard protein isolates from ground oriental mustard seed." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1166575861&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName.

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48

Hu, Nai-Wen, and 胡乃文. "Utilization and flavor profile of high quality salt-dried mustard made from mustard pickle wastes." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91203111640535951023.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
96
Dapi township, Yun-lin County is a famous for mustard pickles production, and mustard pickles wastes are left from removing stems and leaves of mustard pickles after they are graded and packed during the pickling process. These wastes have high salt and acid contents, and if not disposed properly, may cause environmental pollution. Thus it becomes abundantly clear that a beneficial solution to the mustard pickles disposal problem is needed. Therefore, recycle those wastes to produce a kind of salt - dried mustard and steamed belly pork with salt-dried mustard. The steamed belly pork with salt-dried mustard is not only a popular food but also a delicious dish of Hakka people, but it can’t preserve a long period unless we can use the canning technique to solve the preserving problem. As the result, the quality and the microflora of mustard pickle wastes were both safe to produce salt-dried mustard, and whether salt-dried mustard nor canned food of steamed belly pork with salt-dried mustard have similar acceptance to commercial products. Salt-dried mustard has a special character for flavor, in the meanwhile, organic acid can enhance the flavor and sourness of them. Aroma substance and fatty acids also played an important role in their characters, so we analyzed the major organic acid contents and aroma ingredients for salt-dried mustard made from mustard pickle wastes and commercial salt-dried mustard since they contained lactic acid and acetic acid, and also find minor organic acid, such as citric acid, oxalic acid to bring out the tender flavor for salt-dried mustard made from mustard pickle wastes. The fatty acids of salt-dried mustard were consisted of plamitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid. Furthermore, we identified the aroma substance as ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl 9, 12, 15 – octadeoutrienoate, methyl 9, 12, 15 – octadeoutrienoate and so on in salt-dried mustard made from mustard pickle wastes and commercial salt-dried mustard. In conclusion, all of these comounds contribute the special falvor character and sourness to the salt-dried mustard.

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Lee, Yi-Ping, and 李逸萍. "The Effects of Cooking on Sulfur Dioxide Residue of Pickled Mustard Greens and Mustard Root Spiced." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/kg673y.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物資源學院碩士在職專班
106
Pickled mustard greens and spiced mustard root are the common foods in Chinese pickled vegetable products. However, these kind of products were quite easy to have browning problem and not easy for sale, so food industry often added sulfite to inhibit browning. According to the suggestion of Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (FDA), pickled mustard greens and spiced mustard root are "the other types of processed foods" and their sulfur dioxide residues should be less than 30 ppm (0.03 g/kg). However, it may cause serious storage problems. Pickled mustard greens and spiced mustard root were not the Ready-to-eat foods, it should be washed and cooked before eating. This study was to investigate the effect of various cooking methods on the sulfur dioxide residues of pickled mustard greens and spiced mustard root, and the sulfur dioxide residue was measured after washing and cooking. Based on the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the reasonable standard for sulfur dioxide residue was determined and recommended. The sulfur dioxide residues of pickled mustard greens after washing and cooking were reduced. In particular, the frying method was the best way to reduce sulfur dioxide residue. Besides, the stewed method was the worst way to reduce the sulfur dioxide residue. The sulfur dioxide residues of spiced mustard root after washing and cooking were reduced. Especially, the steaming method was the best way to reduce sulfur dioxide residue. Moreover, the boiling method was the worst way to reduce the sulfur dioxide residue. FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA) suggest that Acceptable Daily Intake of Sulfur Dioxide are 0-0.7 mg/kg bw. After calculation ,a weight 60 kg man he can eat 42 mg sulfur dioxide one day. Therefore, the reasonable sulfur dioxide residue for pickled mustard greens and spiced mustard root products will be 500 ppm.

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50

Mbatha, Thobile Precious. "Response of local wild mustard (Brassica species) landraces to water stress." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2628.

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Wild mustard is an indigenous leafy vegetable. Its use is limited by a lack of knowledge of its agronomy. However, it is a rich source of nutrients and other minerals. Nowadays, the use of indigenous crops has been replaced by exotic crops. Climate change is affecting agricultural productivity. South Africa is a water scarce country with uneven rainfall distribution. Therefore, studies on water stress effects on plant growth were promoted by the Water Research Commission and the University of KwaZulu-Natal to understand plant responses to water stress for commercial and subsistence farming. The objective of the study was to characterise local wild mustard cultivars morphologically and physiologically with respect to production, and for the purposes of identifying their drought tolerance. Three experiments were conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in order to evaluate the responses of local wild mustard cultivars to water stress. Seeds of wild mustard cultivars were characterised according to seed coat colour. Seed quality was determined by a standard germination test. Vigour was then tested using electrolyte conductivity. Seeds were sown in seedling trays under two water regimes of 25% field capacity (FC) and 75% (FC) on pine bark growing media. The experiment was terminated at 21 days when root and shoot lengths were measured. The effect of water stress on protein content and seedling growth parameters was determined. Soil was collected from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Farm for a pot trial. Seeds of wild mustard were sown in 81 pots, each filled with 2 kg of soil, under three water regimes (25% FC, 50% FC and 75% FC). Pots were maintained at the corresponding field capacity level by re-weighing the pots, three times a week. Measurements of plant height and leaf number were recorded weekly. The experiment was terminated at the flowering stage. At the end of the experiment, plant growth parameters (plant height, leaf area and number, dry and fresh mass) were measured in order to evaluate the effects of water stress at the vegetative stage. A field trial was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal Ukulinga Research Farm in Pietermaritzburg. The experiment was conducted during the winter and spring of 2009. A completely randomised design was used for non-irrigated and irrigated (25 mm/week) trials. Emergence was measured as well as plant height and leaf number. Plant growth parameters were also measured at the end of the experiment. Leaf samples were taken for proline determination. There was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between seed colour, landraces and days to germinate with respect to germination capacity. Isaha and Masihlalisane landraces showed higher germination percentages than Kwayimba. There was also a significant interaction (p<0.05) between landraces and seed colour with respect to electrolyte conductivity. Lighter seeds of wild mustard landraces showed higher solute leakage. Isaha and Masihlalisane had higher solute leakage than Kwayimba. Significant interactions (p<0.05) between landraces and field capacity with respect to emergence, leaf number, root and shoot length and total proteins were also observed. Isaha and Masihlalisane showed higher emergence than Kwayimba. Leaf number was reduced for all landraces under water stress. Total protein content was high in black seeded landraces under water stress. There was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between landraces and field capacity with respect to seedling fresh and dry masses. Under moderate water stress conditions, Isaha and Masihlalisane showed increased biomass accumulation. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) in plant height, leaf area, fresh and dry mass with respect to planting date. Plants performed significantly (p<0.05) better in spring than in winter. Isaha and Masihlalisane performed significantly (p<0.05) better than Kwayimba. There was a highly significant interaction (p<0.001) between landrace and irrigation treatments with respect to proline accumulation. Under water stress, Kwayimba black seeded landrace accumulated more proline. It is concluded that light-coloured seeds of wild mustard landraces were associated with good seed quality. Masihlalisane brown seeds have good early seedling establishment. Kwayimba black seeds showed tolerance to water stress through accumulation of proteins. Isaha and Masihlalisane showed an increase in biomass accumulation under moderate water stress. Water stress tolerance in some of wild mustard landraces was negatively correlated with proline accumulation. Masihlalisane brown type can grow well, with good yields, under water stress.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

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