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1
Straatsma, Gerben, Tineke W. Olijnsma, Jan P. G. Gerrits, Leo J. L. D. Van Griensven, Robert A. Samson, and Huub J. M. Op Den Camp. "Bioconversion of cereal straw into mushroom compost." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-352.
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Agaricus bisporus mushrooms are cultivated on straw compost prepared in the sequence phase I and phase II. Phase I is a process at 70–80 °C for several days up to 2 weeks. Phase II is a controlled process at 45 °C for 6 days. In phase II the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum becomes abundant. Its density in finished compost is correlated with the yield of mushrooms. It stimulates the growth rate of mushroom mycelium. Scytalidium thermophilum was inoculated in batches of 1 tonne of pasteurized compost for experimental phase II. Mushroom yields on these composts were twice those of controls (pasteurized, not inoculated). This indicated that S. thermophilum is important for the conversion of straw to compost. The essential actions for mushroom crop productivity of high temperatures during phase I and of S. thermophilum during phase II are unclear. Key words: Agaricus bisporus, button mushroom, Scytalidium thermophilum, solid-state fermentation, processing, review.
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Sharma, Vaibhav. "Efficacy of Different Types of Composts on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Kashi Pragati." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8768.
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The experiment entitled “Efficacy of different types of Composts on growth, yield and quality parameters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cv. Kashi Pragati” was conducted during Rabi season of the year 2020-2021 on experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, AKS University, Satna (M.P.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replicated 12 treatments viz., T0: Without compost (Control), T1: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost, T2: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T3: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 100% Mushroom Spent compost, T4: 100% Vermicompost + 100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost, T5: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T6: 100% Vermicompost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T7: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Vermicompost, T8: 100% Biogas slurry compost + 50% Mushroom Spent compost, T9: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Vermicompost, T10: 100% Mushroom Spent compost + 50% Biogas slurry compost, T11: 50% Vermicompost + 50% Biogas slurry compost +50% Mushroom Spent compost. The results reveal that increase in Composts level had significant response on vegetative growth yield and quality of Okra. The treatment T4-100%Vermicompost +100% Biogas slurry compost +100% Mushroom Spent compost was found to be the best treatment among the different treatments with growth, yield and quality for Okra under satna condition.
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Rashid, Husam Mahmod, Idham Ali Abed, and Mustafa Nadhim Owaid. "Effect of Sesbania sesban on cultivation of Agaricus bisporus, Basidiomycota, and properties of spent mushroom compost outcome." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0068.
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Abstract Because wheat straw has a high cost as a feed for livestock, this work aims to use straw of Egyptian pea (Sesbania sesban) in compost preparation as an alternative for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus. Six composts were used within this study on two mushroom strains A. bisporus (C9 and F599 strains). The type of compost has a significant (p<0.05) effect on the size of button mushroom fruits. WHS1 compost exhibited the best diameter of pileus at 5.28 cm while WCS1 compost showed the lowest diameter reaching 4.68 cm. A. bisporus C9 had the longest stipe while A. bisporus F599 has the greatest cap diameter.A. bisporus F599 showed a larger ratio of the diameter of pileus to the length of stipe (DP/ LS ratio) (1.14) compared with C9 (1.07). C:N ratios of compost decreased significantly (p<0.05) after cultivation of mushrooms because of the high increase of nitrogen content in spent mushroom compost (SMC). Finally, the straw of S. sesban is suitable as a supplement for the cultivation of A. bisporus.
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Vollmer, Kurt M., and Mark J. VanGessel. "Fate of weed seeds in spent mushroom compost following commercial mushroom production." Weed Technology 33, no. 6 (August 7, 2019): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.57.
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AbstractCommercial mushroom producers grow several varieties of mushrooms on compost. Upon completion of the growing cycle, the spent mushroom compost is often sold as a soil amendment for both agricultural and homeowner use. Mushroom compost ingredients often come from fields infested with weeds, and in turn compost may spread unwanted weed seed. We conducted studies to assess the viability of weed seed following specific stages of the commercial mushroom production process. Weed seed was more likely to survive if the entire production process was not completed. However, no viable hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass, ivyleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, or velvetleaf remained at the end of the study. Although the seeds of most species were eliminated earlier in the composting process, ivyleaf morningglory required the complete process to eliminate 100% of the seed. These results indicate that spent mushroom compost is free of many weed species upon removal from mushroom houses and is unlikely to spread weed seed.
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Cresswell, GC, NG Nair, and JC Evans. "Effect of boron and copper contaminants in poultry manure on the growth of the common mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900707.
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The toxicity of boron (B) and copper (Cu) to cultivated mushrooms was tested in 2 experiments. The growth of mushroom mycelium (Agaricus bisporus) on potato dextrose agar in vitro was inhibited by additions of B as H3BO3 and Cu as CuSO4.5H20. Boron was more inhibitory than Cu to mycelial growth. Addition of B to compost at spawning decreased sporophore (i.e. mushroom) production and increased B concentrations in the sporophore. Boron added at 35 mg/kg of fresh compost gave a 10% yield reduction and this was associated with a sphorophore tissue B concentration of 170 mg/kg dry weight. Addition of Cu to the compost had no effect on the final yield of mushrooms but increased Cu concentrations in the sporophores. Boron added at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg and Cu at 10 mg/kg of fresh compost stimulated sporophore growth at first flush but this was not evident in total mushroom yield from all flushes. There was a significant negative linear effect of mushroom tissue B (r2=0.98) and Cu (r2=0.54) at harvest 1 (day 1) on the change in tissue B or Cu from harvest 1 to 6 (day 17). This suggested that tissue B was buffered around 7 mg/kg and Cu around 73 mg/kg. The results indicate that the levels of B and Cu which are normally contributed to mushroom compost from poultry litter are unlikely to cause significant losses in mushroom production.
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Carvalho, Maiara A., Simone C. Marques, Emerson T. Martos, Renê LO Rigitano, and Eustáquio S. Dias. "Bioaccumulation of insecticide in Agaricus subrufescens." Horticultura Brasileira 32, no. 2 (June 2014): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362014000200006.
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Agaricus subrufescens, known as Sun Mushroom, is a high-value mushroom because of its medicinal properties, used as nutraceutical food to stimulate the immune system and to prevent some diseases, including cancer. Mushrooms are generally characterized by their great ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals and other toxic substances from the mushroom compost. Sugarcane bagasse is a common raw material used in mushroom compost production for Agaricus subrufescenscultivation, whereas insecticides, such as fipronil, can be applied to combat several pests in sugarcane crops. For this reason, we aimed to assess mushroom yield and fipronil bioaccumulation in Sun Mushroom, regarding different concentrations added to the mushroom compost (0, 8, 16 and 32 mg kg-1) and casing layer (0, 2, 4 and 8 mg kg-1). Each experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Regression analysis from mushroom production data was applied using SISVAR 5.1 program. Fipronil was quantified using gas-liquid chromatography (HP 6890) with thermionic detector (NPD). Mushroom yield was affected when fipronil was added, decreasing from 12% (compost with 0 mg kg-1 of fipronil) to 4.8% (compost with 32 mg kg-1). However, bioaccumulation was not detected. In contrast, insecticide bioaccumulation was detected when adding fipronil to casing layer, increasing from <0.01 mg kg-1 (casing layer with 2 mg kg-1) to 0.26 mg kg-1 (casing layer with 8 mg kg-1), however, mushroom yield was not affected.
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Noble, R., and R. H. Gaze. "Controlled environment composting for mushroom cultivation: substrates based on wheat and barley straw and deep litter poultry manure." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067794.
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SummarySubstrates for mushroom cultivation were prepared, following a 2 day mixing and blending process, in bulk tunnels under a controlled temperature regime using forced ventilation. The temperature regime was based on a conventional bulk tunnel composting process, i.e. pasteurization at 60 °C for 6 h, followed by a conditioning phase at 47 °C until the substrate was clear of ammonia. With the exception of ammonia, which increased with increasing compost nitrogen content, this process did not result in strong odours. The substrates were ready for inoculation with mushroom ‘spawn’ 7–12 days after the initial mixing of the compost ingredients. Increasing the compost nitrogen content from 1·1 to 2·5% of the dry matter by increasing the quantity of deep litter poultry manure added to straw in the ingredients resulted in a greater subsequent yield of mushrooms. Further increases in the substrate nitrogen content resulted in prolonged tunnel processing times, substrate desiccation, incomplete clearance of ammonia from the substrate and subsequently low or no mushroom yields. Substrate bulk density at the time of spawning decreased with increasing nitrogen content, but was increased by chopping the straw ingredient. Mushroom yields from composts prepared with barley straw were significantly lower than those from wheat straw composts, at equivalent nitrogen contents. Supplementation of prepared substrates with the proprietary protein-rich ingredient, Betamyl 1000, increased yields by 13·6%.
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Rosmayati, Hasanuddin, and Nini Rahmawati. "UPAYA PENINGKATAN KEMANDIRIAN DAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN SISWA MELALUI PROGRAM SEKOLAH BERKEBUN." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v3i1.2352.
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OSIS and Production Unit SMKS IT Marinah Al-Hidayah Medan are two elements that work together in the development of SMKS IT Marinah Al-Hidayah Medan. Production Unit which is media for students to develop creativity, interests and talents as well as place students to add experience and income with entrepreneurship. The activities to be carried out are the cultivation of oyster mushrooms, the utilization of mushrooms baglog waste and agricultural waste as compost raw material for use as a medium in vertical agricultural systems. However, the problem faced is the difficulty of supplying good quality oyster mushroom independently and also limited information about the technical culture of oyster mushroom cultivation, baglog waste handling and agricultural waste and utilization of school land for vegetable cultivation by vertikultur method. To help overcome these problems, the community service team of the Faculty of Agriculture USU through the Garden School Program conducts training on producing good quality oyster mushroom seeds by introducing mushroom seed making tools, press baglog and 20 m2 of growing room. Wastes baglog mushrooms and agricultural waste from around the school environment then processed into compost using compost machine. The resulting compost is used as a medium for planting organic vegetables using vertikulture cultivation system. Students are also trained to process a variety of food products made from oyster mushroom so that the shelf life, nutritional content and economic value of oyster mushrooms can be increased so it can be marketed to train to increase self-reliance with entrepreneurship.
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Ranjbar, Mohammad Ebrahim, Zahra Ghahremani, and Jaime Carrasco. "Effect of compost formulation and postharvest management on quality parameters of button mushroom." International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 8, S1 (October 9, 2019): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-00304-9.
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Abstract Purpose The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of compost formulation made from agricultural by-products and thermal treatment of fresh mushrooms on the postharvest quality parameters. Methods Quail manure was evaluated as an alternative ingredient to the broadly used chicken manure for compost preparation. In addition, the treatment of fresh mushrooms by hot water to extend shelf-life was tested. Quality parameters including color (browning due to microbial activity), cap opening and the weight loss (senescence) were evaluated. Results The nature of the manure employed as base material in the substrate can affect the postharvest browning ratio of mushroom. However, no significant differences in Δb value, weight loss or cap opening were noticed between two different substrates during storage of harvested mushrooms. The cap opening ratio was further retarded while applying thermal treatment to the mushrooms at 55 °C. Conclusions The use of chicken manure as base material to prepare mushroom substrate reduces mushroom browning during storage compared to quail manure, although mushrooms from quail compost are whiter at picking. Postharvest treatment at 45 °C for 4 min was the best to minimize the weight loss.
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Andriyanto, Andriyanto, Retni S. Budiarti, and Agus Subagyo. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) Pada Budidaya Jamur Merang (Volvariella volvaceae) Menggunakan Media Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Biologi UNAND 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jbioua.7.1.59-68.2019.
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Indonesia is the biggest producer of palm oil in the world. Palm oil empty fruit bunches is the biggest waste generated by the palm oil processing industry. However, utilization of the palm oil empty bunches has been not optimal. The palm oil empty fruit bunches have potential to be developed into a medium for growing mushroom because it has a high cellulose content. However, the high content of cellulose and lignin in palm oil empty fruit bunches is difficult to decompose into organic material that need for mushroom growth. The composting processes of empty fruit bunches can be increased by using Effective Microorganism (EM4). This study aims to understanding the role of Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) on Volvariella volvaceae cultivation processes that used Empty Fruit Bunches compost. This research was conducted by composted the empty fruit bunch with different concentration of EM-4 there are 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Parameters observed were number of mushrooms, weight of mushrooms and C / N ratio of compost. The results showed that EM-4 had reduce C/N ratio of empty bunch palm oil compost, C/N ratio was not affected mushroom production and EM4 was affected mushroom production, the highest production reached by concentration of 15% that had not significant with concentration of 5%, 10% and 20%. At concentration of 25% mushroom production was decreased. It is probably there are several mechanisms by EM4 microorganisms containing that affected mushrooms production.
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Ji, Jiangtao, Jingwei Sun, Xin Jin, Hao Ma, and Xuefeng Zhu. "Measuring the Cap Diameter of White Button Mushrooms ( Agaricus bisporus ) by Using Depth Image Processing." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 4 (2021): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14356.
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Highlights A new background segmentation algorithm for depth image was developed. Cap diameter of white button mushroom was measured automatically. The average of diameter measurement error was 4.94%. This work can provide online decision support for selectively harvesting of Agaricus bisporus . Abstract. With the increase in the production and yield of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), efficient harvesting has become a challenge. Automatic selective harvesting has gradually become a solution. The diameter of the mushroom cap is an essential indicator of the harvesting standard. To provide guidance for selective harvesting, this article presents a method for target detection and measuring the diameter of mushroom caps by using depth image processing. According to the three-dimensional structure characteristics of the mushroom, a novel method is proposed to segment it from the compost it grows on. In this method, compost is regarded as the floor of the sea and mushrooms as standing islands. With the rise of sea level, the compost is gradually submerged, and the target of Agaricus bisporus is stable. These features were used to realize the background segmentation. After background segmentation, the pixel coordinates of the contour points of the mushroom caps are transformed into world coordinates, and the cap diameter is measured by Hough transform. In total, 380 mushrooms depicted in 25 depth images were used to test the developed algorithms. The results showed that 92.37% of the mushrooms were correctly detected. The missed detection rate was less than 8%, and the false detection rate was 1.96%. The average diameter measurement error was 4.94%, and the average process time to measure a single mushroom was approximately 0.50 s. The method proposed in this article can provide online decision support for automatic selective harvesting of Agaricus bisporus, which can improve the quality and efficiency of its production. Keywords: Background segmentation, Computer vision, Diameter measurement, Edible fungus, Hough transform.
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Davis, Donald D., Larry J. Kuhns, and Tracey L. Harpster. "Use of Mushroom Compost to Suppress Artillery Fungi." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-23.4.212.
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Abstract Mushroom compost (spent mushroom substrate, SMS, mushroom soil) exhibits suppressive characteristics against various fungi, as well as against plant diseases caused by fungi. In addition, mushroom compost has physical and chemical characteristics that make it ideal for blending with landscape mulch to enhance growth of horticultural plants. There is currently an oversupply of used compost in mushroom-growing areas, where it represents a major disposal and regulatory problem. Concurrently, artillery fungi (Sphaerobolus spp.), which commonly live in landscape mulch, have recently become a plague for many homeowners due to the sticky spore masses they expel onto houses and cars. There is increasing interest among homeowners to control artillery fungi without the use of chemical fungicides. Therefore, we have explored the use of aged mushroom compost as a biocontrol agent for artillery fungi. The abundance of mushroom compost, as well as its antagonistic nature to fungi, made it an ideal candidate to blend with landscape mulch to suppress artillery fungi without the use of fungicides. We previously reported that 100% aged mushroom compost suppressed artillery fungi. In the current 3-year field study, we examined the suppressive nature of lower percentages of aged mushroom compost blended with wood landscape mulch. Lower percentages of compost did suppress artillery fungi, but the high variability in the data precluded detailed statistical analyses. Nevertheless, blending mushroom compost with landscape mulch may yield a possible solution for both the compost disposal and the artillery fungi problems.
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Kameník, Ivan, and Jan Mareček. "The use of waste cellulose in production of white mushroom substrate." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050131.
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The employment of industrial wastes in agricultural production is one of the possible ways of waste management. Composting of organic waste can cut the cost of transport and disposal of these wastes while obtaining cheep resource materials for the production of composts. Apart from composting or using wastes in the biogas plants, there is yet another possibility of using local organic waste and it is its employment as a component of substrate (compost) for the white mushroom growing. This study deals with the use of waste cellulose in the production of white mushroom substrate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of cellulose content in the substrate on the level of mushroom crop when the mushrooms are grown in the form of compacted substrate designed for small growers. The greatest emphasis is placed on matters of efficient yield of the mushrooms and which are considered to be indispensable for achieving production results over a longer period. This means first and foremost the growing methods and growing environment in the small growing plant. This way the growers could overwhelm the very complicated calculation before the compost preparing. Thanks this way the producers can obtain the utmost probability of the stable crops in the package form of the substrate. The research shows the potential for using of the waste material and fostering the environment friendly food production.
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Rosmayati, Darma Bakti, Nini Rahmawati, and Ridwansyah. "Efforts to increase production sweet potato as raw materials Kaya Beta Karoten flour by using compost baglog mushroom waste." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v5i1.4031.
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Research-based community partnership program activities involve two partners, namely the Murti Lestari Farmer Group and Agrina Creation UKM in Helvetia Village, XI Gang Sawit Hamlet, Labuhan Deli District Deli Serdang Regency. This dedication activity is the application of the results of research that had been carried out two years earlier which was USU's Talent Grants in 2017 and 2018. The problem faced was the lack of understanding of oyster mushroom baglog waste management techniques that have the potential to pollute the environment, on the other hand the farmer group Murti Lestari also experienced difficulties in increasing the quantity and quality of sweet potato production which is also widely cultivated in this village. The low interest of farmers is also encouraged because of the low price of sweet potato products and a relatively limited shelf life. The method implemented for training and discussion, accompanied by the practice of making compost from mushroom baglog waste, the practice of preparing planting material in the form of local sweet potato clones with high beta carotene content, compost application in sweet potato cultivation, maintenance to harvesting and post-harvest process using processing equipment into sweet potato flour rich in beta carotene and various other processed food products. Activities that have been carried out are training on composting of baglog mushroom waste using compost counting machines and bioactivators introduced in this activity so that the composting process goes faster, training on technical culture of orange sweet potato cultivation by applying mushroom baglog compost, training on mushroom making mushrooms and composting Oyster mushroom cultivation using shelves made of mild steel and fogging using a sprayer. Production and quality of yields of sweet potatoes that were given compost baglog oyster mushroom waste increased compared without the provision of compost. The next crop is processed into sweet potato flour with high beta carotene content and various food products using an introduced machine, which is a sweet potato slicing machine, flour machine, macaroni making machine and equipment for making sweet potato flour based food processing products.
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Phillips, M. S., A. A. Robinson, T. W. Higenbottam, and I. M. Calder. "Mushroom Compost Worker's Lung." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80, no. 11 (November 1987): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688708001105.
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This study draws attention to difficulties in the diagnosis and the understanding of the mechanism of action of mushroom compost worker's lung. Descriptions are given of 4 workers in one factory who developed acute respiratory failure within a 6-month period; 13 others who were unaffected were also studied. Serological investigation appears to be largely unhelpful, and the evidence against the condition being included amongst the extrinsic allergic alveolitides is discussed. A detailed clinical and occupational history is essential for diagnosis.
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Tweddell, Russell, G. M. Olah, André Gosselin, and Antoine Karam. "EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON SPAWNED COMPOST FOR AGARICUS BISPORUS PRODUCTION." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 480b—480. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.480b.
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Several studies have demonstrated the importance of physical, chemical and microbiological properties of compost on Agaricus bisporus growth and yield. However, to our knowledge, no experimentation has been conducted to determine the effect of storage on the properties of spawned compost. For this study, our objective was to compare the properties of spawned compost stored under different temperature regimes. The microflora and, the chemical and physical properties of prespawned compost pressed in shrink wrapped blocks were first determined and mushroom yield evaluated. Subsequently, composts that had been stored at 4°C, 15°C, 24°C for 10 and 14 days were analysed for the same variables. Our results showed that storage temperature affected some properties of compost but these changes did not affect mushroom yield.
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Fidanza, Michael A., David L. Sanford, David M. Beyer, and David J. Aurentz. "Analysis of Fresh Mushroom Compost." HortTechnology 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.2.449.
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Fresh mushroom compost is a byproduct of the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) industry and represents the composted growing substrate that remains after a crop has been harvested to completion. Thirty samples were obtained from commercial mushroom farms in southeastern Pennsylvania and sent to a laboratory for analysis to determine plant nutrient content, bulk density, and particle size distribution of fresh mushroom compost. Fresh mushroom compost had an average pH of 6.6, with an average carbon:nitrogen ratio of 13:1. Organic matter content averaged 25.86% (wet weight), 146.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 60.97% (dry weight). For the primary macronutrients, average total nitrogen content averaged 1.12% (wet weight), 6.40 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.65% (dry weight), phosphorus measured 0.29% (wet weight), 1.67 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 0.69% (dry weight), and potassium was 1.04% (wet weight), 5.89 lb/yard3 (wet volume) or 2.44% (dry weight). Average soluble salt content was 13.30 mmho/cm (wet weight basis). However, on a per acre basis, the calculated sodium absorption ratio of 0.38 was considered very low. The average bulk density of fresh mushroom compost was 574.73 lb/yard3 (wet volume basis), and 91% of the material measured ≤3/8 inch in diameter as determined on a wet weight basis. Overall, fresh mushroom compost is suitable as a natural organic fertilizer and soil amendment for agriculture and horticulture.
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Hatvani, Lóránt, Petra Sabolić, Sándor Kocsubé, László Kredics, Dorina Czifra, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Joško Kaliterna, Dario Ivić, Edyta Đermić, and Ivan Kosalec. "The First Report on Mushroom Green Mould Disease in Croatia / Prvi Izvještaj O Bolesti Zelene Plijesni U Hrvatskoj." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2220.
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AbstractGreen mould disease, caused by Trichoderma species, is a severe problem for mushroom growers worldwide, including Croatia. Trichoderma strains were isolated from green mould-affected Agaricus bisporus (button or common mushroom) compost and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) substrate samples collected from Croatian mushroom farms. The causal agents of green mould disease in the oyster mushroom were T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola, similar to other countries. At the same time, the pathogen of A. bisporus was exclusively the species T. harzianum, which is different from earlier findings and indicates that the range of mushroom pathogens is widening. The temperature profiles of the isolates and their hosts overlapped, thus no range was found that would allow optimal growth of the mushrooms without mould contamination. Ferulic acid and certain phenolic compounds, such as thymol showed remarkable fungistatic effect on the Trichoderma isolates, but inhibited the host mushrooms as well. However, commercial fungicides prochloraz and carbendazim were effective agents for pest management. This is the first report on green mould disease of cultivated mushrooms in Croatia
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Siregar, Maimunah, and Abdul Hadi Idris. "The Production of F0 Oyster Mushroom Seeds (Pleurotus ostreatus), The Post-Harvest Handling, and The Utilization of Baglog Waste into Compost Fertilizer." Journal of Saintech Transfer 1, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jst.v1i1.272.
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Community service is one of the duties that must be carried out by every lecturer in Higher Education as one aspect of Tri Dharma University. This community service was titled "The Production of F0 Oyster Mushroom Seeds (Pleurotus ostreatus), The Post-Harvest Handling, and The Utilization of Baglog Waste into Compost" which involved two partners. Partner 1 was in Pegajahan Village, Pegajahan Sub-District who experienced problems with the availability of high-quality F0 and F1 seeds and low production in terms of quality and quantity. Partner 2 was in Blok H Village Dolok Masihul Sub-District, Serdang Bedagai Regency who had a lack of knowledge about post-harvest handling and composting from oyster mushroom baglog waste. Solutions offered for both partners were: (1) transfer of knowledge, such as lectures and discussions; (2) training; and (3) mentoring about the cultivation of F0 and F1 oyster mushrooms. Goals and targets of this activity were: (1) the communities or the farmer groups were able to produce and cultivate F0 and F1 oyster mushrooms, so they did not need to buy F0 and F1 seeds from other regions and can fulfill the market demand; and (2) Partner 2 was able to make compost from oyster mushroom baglog waste and various processed food from oyster mushroom to increase their income. The results of this activity have provided benefits to Partner 1 regarding their ability to produce F0 and F1 seeds, ability to process post-harvest oyster mushrooms into several types of food to increase its selling value, and ability to make compost from baglog waste which can be used for plants to overcome environmental pollution and to increase Partner 2’s income.
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Fidanza, Michael A., and Donald D. Davis. "Recycled Mushroom Compost Suppresses Bird's Nest Fungi in Landscape Mulch." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.4.238.
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Abstract Mushroom compost blended into landscape mulch has been reported to suppress sporulation of artillery fungi (Sphaerobolus spp). In this paper, mushroom compost is also shown to inhibit growth and sporulation of a common bird's nest fungus in landscape mulch. Field plots containing 0, 10, 20, 40, or 100% (by volume) mushroom compost blended with a common landscape mulch were naturally infested with a bird's nest fungus (Cyathus stercoreus (Schweinitz) de Toni). Compost at percentages ≥ 40% significantly reduced growth and sporulation of the bird's nest fungus. It is likely that mushroom compost contains populations of beneficial microbes that are antagonistic to, or feed on, various species of fungi.
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Kalyoncu, Fatih, Erbil Kalmış, and Gökçe Canan Altaylı. "Üretim Ortamına Kırmızı Biber Atığı İlavesinin Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer’in Selenyum Düzeyine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, no. 3 (March 17, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i3.128-130.557.
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In this study, selenium levels of P.citrinopileatus added different rates of red pepper waste to compost as a source of selenium were determined. For this purpose, six different compost groups were prepared and inoculated with P.citrinopileatus mycelia. Selenium levels of harvested mushrooms were analysed. In conclusion, 0.338 µg/g selenium were determined in one gram dry mushroom that red pepper waste added to compost at 5%. Mycelia growth and selenium accumulation were negatively affected by higher rates of red pepper waste.
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Pardo-Giménez, Arturo, Jaime Carrasco, Jose E. Pardo, Manuel Álvarez-Ortí, and Diego C. Zied. "Influence of substrate density and cropping conditions on the cultivation of sun mushroom." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (June 23, 2020): e0902. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-16037.
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Aim of the study: To evaluate agronomical features demanded by the sun mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens) in order to optimise the commercial cultivation of this worldwide demanded medicinal mushroom.Area of study: The study was carried out in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the second most productive region of cultivated mushrooms in Spain.Material and methods: In this work we summarise the results obtained while evaluating the performance of sun mushroom crops (A. subrufescens). Two agronomical traits have been evaluated, the effect on the productive outputs of applying five different compost filling rates of high N substrate (yield and BE of the compost), and the influence of implementing two different conditions for the induction to fructification on the analytical properties of the harvested mushrooms. Besides, two commercial compost formulations (CM and VC) obtained from local providers have been used.Main results: The number of sporophores harvested and the yield per unit area increased with rising density of compost load, although the biological efficiency was not significantly modified. Compost fill rate of 70 kg m-2 provided an average yield of 13.33 kg m-2 and BE=55.45 kg dt-1, generally higher than those values reported in the literature. The proposed moderate slow induction provides better yields, particularly in the last flushes, and larger sporophores. Proximate analysis of harvested sporophores has not shown significant differences between treatments or factors.Research highlights: As guidance for growers, compost fill weight between 65 and 70 kg per m2 of productive area with a moderate slow induction to fructification is presented as the best option for commercial production under controlled environmental conditions.
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Hermosa, M. R., I. Grondona, and E. Monte. "Isolation of Trichoderma harzianum Th2 from Commercial Mushroom Compost in Spain." Plant Disease 83, no. 6 (June 1999): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.591b.
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Trichoderma spp. are associated with green mold of mushrooms. This fungal disease has caused severe losses in mushroom production in countries such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. This disease is caused by two biotypes of T. harzianum (Th2, Europe; Th4, North America) (1,2). Both biotypes have not been detected in mushrooms or other material in Spain previously. However, during 1998, green mold was detected at facilities dedicated to produce compost, as well as in facilities used to produce Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. Three compost samples were isolated from commercial bags with mushroom substrate and three more samples were taken from mushroom yards. Several spores were isolated by the dilution plate method. Initial identification of the pathogenic fungi was made by examining cultures grown on potato dextrose agar. Morphological characteristics of all isolates coincided with the description of T. harzianum (3). The following amounts of CFU per g were found in commercial compost samples: 1.2 × 108, 5.5 × 107, and 1.4 × 107 per g; whereas 3 × 108, 12.4 × 107, and 2.2 × 106 were obtained from mushroom yards. The fragment containing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) was amplified and sequenced for each of the six samples obtained. The ITS1 sequence (201 bp) was identical in all samples, and the sequence was aligned, with Clustal W, with Th2 and Th4 biotype sequences of the EMBL data base. The ITS1 sequence showed 0.55% divergence from Th2 isolates and more distance, 3.3%, with Th4 isolates. The ITS1 sequence obtained with all Spanish samples studied, EMBL accession number AJ1321550, was identical to that described for the Irish isolate Th2I (#63), with accession number U78880 in the EMBL data base (1). This is the first description of the Th2 biotype in Spain. References: (1) M. D. Ospina-Giraldo et al. Mycologia 90:76, 1998. (2) D. L. Rinker et al. Mushroom World 8:71, 1997. (3) D. A. Seaby. Plant Pathol. 45:905, 1996.
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Wu, Rong Mei, Barry Palmer, and Anthony Cole. "Phenotypic variation and survival of genetically marked Pseudomonas tolaasii in mushroom compost." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-003.
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The role of Pseudomonas tolaasii as an important pathogen of the common mushroom Agaricus bisporus is difficult to study in the microbially complex growth medium used for mushroom production. Two strains of P. tolaasii that had been marked with kanamycin resistance and xylE genes were introduced individually into casing soil over mushroom compost. Survival studies revealed that P. tolaasii numbers in casing soil over mushroom compost decreased a 1000-fold in the first 9 days and then remained relatively stable over the rest of the monitoring period. The presence of the pathogenic colony form and the nonpathogenic colony variant was monitored on mushroom caps and in mushroom compost to detect any phenotypic variation while incubated in these environments. Reversion from the nonpathogenic to pathogenic form was detected following isolation and culture from diseased mushroom caps. Inoculation of the marked strains directly onto the cap or into compost beds seeded with A. bisporus resulted in the appearance of brown blotch symptoms.Key words: Pseudomonas tolaasii, Agaricus bisporus, phenotypic variation, mushroom disease.
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Vajna, Balázs, Szilvia Kanizsai, Zsuzsa Kéki, Károly Márialigeti, Peter Schumann, and Erika M. Tóth. "Thermus composti sp. nov., isolated from oyster mushroom compost." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 62, Pt_7 (July 1, 2012): 1486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.030866-0.
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A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium (strain K-39T) was isolated from the thermophilic phase of the composting process for oyster mushroom substrate preparation. The strain grew at 40–80 °C (optimum, 65–75 °C), at pH 5–9 (optimum, pH 7), in media containing up to 1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain K-39T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Thermus . Its closest cultivated relative was Thermus islandicus PRI 3838T (96.8 % similarity). The DNA G+C content of strain K-39T was 71.3 mol%. The new strain could be differentiated from the related taxa by not being able to hydrolyse starch. The predominant fatty acids of strain K-39T were iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Strain K-39T contained a lower amount of the fatty acid iso-C15 : 0 as compared to related species of the genus Thermus . The predominant respiratory quinone of the new isolate was menaquinone MK-8. On the basis of a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, strain K-39T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Thermus , for which the name Thermus composti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K-39T ( = DSM 21686T = NCAIM B 02340T).
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Cantelo, William W. "Effect of Insecticide Treatment of Compost and Casing on Mushroom Yield." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.2.158.
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Bendiocarb, carbosulfan, cyromazine, penfluron, Sumitomo 31183, and Sumitomo 4496 have proven efficacious for controlling a sciarid fly, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae), the principal insect pest of commercial mushrooms in North America. In this study, these compounds were evaluated for potential phytotoxicity to the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange). Growth rate of the mycelium through the compost and through the casing; the weight, number, and size of mushrooms produced; and the time of each growth flush were measured. Penfluron was the only material that did not cause some yield reduction. Cyromazine and the low dosage of carbosulfan caused minor reductions in yield.
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Stoknes, Ketil, Ewelina Wojciechowska, Agnieszka Jasinska, and Ralph Noble. "Amelioration of Composts for Greenhouse Vegetable Plants Using Pasteurised Agaricus Mushroom Substrate." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 6779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236779.
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When using food and green waste composts as peat-free plant growing media, there is a challenge that nutrient immobilisation and high pH and salts content limit plant growth. The present study explored the use of spent mushroom compost (SMC) of Agaricus subrufescens in a sustainable plant growing system where only vermicompost from digested food waste and composted green wastes were used, even for the seedling stage. However, negative effects of high compost inclusion were offset by adding SMC. Significantly higher plant yield was obtained in several of the SMC amended treatments in four out of five lettuce experiments and in one tomato experiment. In addition, an experiment with cucumbers showed that nutrients were not available to the plant when the mushroom mycelium was actively growing, but became available if the mushroom mycelium had been inactivated first by pasteurisation. A significant effect from SMC was not observed under full fertigation. This study demonstrated that the addition of pasteurised Agaricus mycelium colonised compost can successfully offset negative effects from high pH and EC as well as limited nutrient supply (and nitrogen immobilisation) in peat-free, compost-based growing media.
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Pfeil, Richard M., and Ralph O. Mumma. "Air Sampling of Volatiles from Agaricus bisporus in a Mushroom Facility and from Mushroom Compost." HortScience 27, no. 5 (May 1992): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.5.416.
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Air sampling using Tenax, a selective solid absorbent, was performed from spawning to pinning over the duration of four mushroom crops of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (Fungi; Agricaceae). The contents of the air sampling tubes were thermally desorbed directly to a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. In two crops 3-octanone and 1-octen3-ol were detected 12 to 13 days after spawning. These two compounds were also detected after compost was added at casing (CAC) and the ketone was present in large quantities. Air sampling of a 10-g sample of spawned compost vs. unspawned compost confirmed that these two compounds were of fungal origin. Bags of spawned compost were used to determine the effects of a CAC layer, a soybean supplement, and Spawn Mate on the volatiles released by the spawned compost. The CAC layer and the soybean supplement selectively absorbed 1-octen-3-ol and, to a lesser extent, 3-octanone. The addition of Spawn Mate to the compost at spawning did not alter the quantity or ratio of 3-octanone to 1-octen-3-ol released by the spawned compost.
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Miller, FC, ER Harper, BJ Macauley, and A. Gulliver. "Composting based on moderately thermophilic and aerobic conditions for the production of commercial mushroom growing compost." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900287.
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Mushroom compost was prepared using an enclosed, environmentally controlled composting (ECC) method, designed to promote rapid substrate decomposition and subsequent establishment of ecological conditions favourable to mushroom culture. Composting aerobically. usually at 54�C early in processing followed by 47�C for the majority of processing. produced a compost ready for spawning in 6-8 days. Final compost had a bulk density of 486 kg/m3 (range 440-510 kg/m3) at 70.4% moisture (range 66-75%) and produced average fresh mushroom yields of 19.4 kg per bed m2 (range 22.7-17.3/m2), or 0.66 kg per kg dry compost, in a 3 flush cropping cycle. Disease, or growth of competitive fungi, was not observed. Composting odours were greatly reduced compared to traditional methods. The processing control and uniformity of the ECC method offer much potential for detailed investigation into compost production and ecological and chemical factors in mushroom nutrition.
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Bąkowski, Józef, Krystyna Szudyga, Marcin Horbowicz, and Janusz Czapski. "The influence of compost on carbohydrates and minerals content in the mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)." Acta Agrobotanica 39, no. 1 (2013): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1986.008.
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A study of the effect of different composts: horse manure and broiler chicken manure and the influence of flushes during the growing cycle on the carbohydrates and mineral composition of mushrooms (<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>) was carried out. In this study the strain Somycel 11 was used. It was found that mannitol, glucose and fructose contents in mushrooms growing on broiler chicken manure were significantly higher than on horse manure. Noticeable differences of macro- and microelement contents were observed, depending on the size of the fruit-body, flushes and type of compost. Phosphorus content in mushroom tissue of the first three flushes growing on horse manure was 2.7 times higher than in those from broiler chicken manure. Boron level in mushrooms in all flushes growing on broiler chicken manure was four times higher as compared with that on horse manure.
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Nair, NG, KY Cho, and F. Mitchell. "An alternative method of nutrient supplementation in the cultivation of the common mushroom Agaricus bisporus." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 1 (1993): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930115.
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Addition of cottonseed meal to the casing material, rather than to the compost, was examined as an alternative method of nutrient supplementation in the cultivation of the common mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Formaldehyde and calcium sulfate were used independently to prepare delayed release supplement. Casing supplementation significantly (Pv0.05) increased mushroom production (by 0.5-52% in the different trials) and required significantly less nutrient than compost supplementation. It did not result in the increased compost temperature from microbial thermogenesis that is associated with compost supplementation. A supplementation rate of 6 or 8% (on a fresh weight basis) could be recommended. Increases in mushroom yield from the use of formaldehyde and calcium sulfate were not significantly different but calcium sulfate treatment is quicker and less hazardous than formaldehyde treatment.
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Salim, Hussein Ali, Sobita Simon, Abhilasha A. Lal, and Abbas Lateef Abdulrahman. "Effectiveness of some integrated disease management factors (IDM) on Fusarium wilt infected tomato." Journal of Scientific Agriculture 1 (September 22, 2017): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2017.v1.820.
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The study was conducted to investigate efficacy of Integrated disease management (IDM) viz., solarized soil, Trichoderma harzianum, spent mushroom compost and carbendazim on growth characteristics of infected tomato by Fusarial wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici) under pots conditions in the Bio-net house during 2013-2014. Seven treatments and five replicates were taken up in completed randomized design. Maximum shoot length, fresh and dry shoot weight were noticed in T4 (solarized soil+ Spent mushroom compost+ T. harzianum) 118.10 cm, 67.25 and 42.20 g respectively as compared to T. harzianum or spent mushroom compost that alone treated plants. Maximum root length, fresh and dry root weight were also recorded in T4 (solarized soil+ spent mushroom compost+ T. harzianum) 28.35 cm, 4.65 and 2.55 g respectively. The yield of tomato plants was significantly increased in T6 (tomato plant alone without Fusarium oxysporum) 170.15 g/plant followed by T4 137.52 g/plant as compared with T0- Fusarium oxysporum alone and T1- Solarized soil + Fusarium oxysporum 0.0 g.
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Leiva, Francisco, Juan-Carlos Saenz-Díez, Eduardo Martínez, Emilio Jiménez, and Julio Blanco. "Environmental impact of mushroom compost production." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96, no. 12 (January 25, 2016): 3983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7587.
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Kecskeméti, Sándor, József Fail, and András Geösel. "Development of Lycoriella ingenua and Bradysia impatiens on different phases of agaricus composts." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.55-60.
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Fungus gnats are small, dark colored, mosquito like fragile insects. They can be encountered all around the world, excluding places with extreme climate. Gnats prefer habitats that are damp with high relative humidity and rich in organic debris. Most of the species are not considered to be harmful in agriculture, but some may cause serious damage, especially in forcing of vegetable or ornamental plants. In mushroom production, however, they are considered as the most destructive pests; the damage caused by them alone can result in huge loss for mushroom farmers. In the Hungarian mushroom industry, fungus gnats damage mainly white-button mushroom, oyster mushroom and pioppino productions. Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) and Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen, 1912) are the two most commonly found fungus gnat species from the family Sciaridae on Hungarian mushroom farms.
We have conducted an experiment with the two aforementioned species, to find out, whether they can fully develop into adults, feeding purely on Agaricus compost diet. We used unspawned white button mushroom compost (phase 2) and spawned compost which has been colonized by the mycelia of Agaricus bisporus (phase 3). We did not conduct any experiment with the first compost phase, as it undergoes pasteurization, which eliminates any pests in it. We recorded emerging gnats only from phase 2 compost. Neither L. ingenua, nor B. impatiens could complete its development on phase 3 compost diet, furthermore not even pupae were observed in these breeding pots. From pots containing phase 2 compost, a total of 1607 adults emerged. The number of B. impatiens adults was 653, and 954 for L. ingenua. Sex ratios for the two species were different. For B. impatiens, the number of females was 1.36 times greater than that of males, in L. ingenua there were 1.7 times more males than females in total. Swarming took approximately 6 days for B. impatiens and 10 days for L. ingenua. From the experiment we can conclude that phase 3 compost, which is well interwoven with Agaricus bisporus mycelia is not suitable for B. impatiens and L. ingenua to complete their whole life cycle.
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Ashrafi, R., MH Mian, MM Rahman, and M. Jahiruddin. "Reuse of spent mushroom substrate as casing material for the production of milky white mushroom." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 15, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v15i2.35069.
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An experiment was conducted to reuse waste generated from mushroom farm called composted spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as casing material for the production of milky white mushroom. The production trial of milky white mushroom was conducted with five casing mixture viz. Loam soil + Sand (3:1) (farmer’s practice), SMS compost + Sand (3:1), Loam soil + SMS compost + Sand (2:1:1), Loam soil + SMS compost + FYM (1:1:1) and SMS compost + FYM (1:1). Results revealed the suitability of SMS to reuse as casing materials through composting. Casing treatments containing SMC alone or combination with sand (3:1) and soil + FYM (1:1:1) produced statistically similar yield which were statistically higher than farmer’s practice. Among these three treatments, pH, EC, particle density and organic carbon ranged between 7.16-7.82, 1.69-1.84 mmhos cm−1, 1.52-1.90 g cc−1 and 11.3%-15.8%, respectively. Below or above this range reduced the yield of milky white mushroom. SMC, SMC + Sand (3:1) and Soil + SMC + FYM (1:1:1) produced statistically similar yield but SMC and SMC + Sand (3:1) took shorter time to harvest than Soil + SMC + FYM (1:1:1). So, SMC or SMC + Sand (3:1) can be recommended to use as casing material.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 239-247, December 2017
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Zied, Diego Cunha, Marli Teixeira Almeida Minhoni, J. Emilio Pardo-González, and Arturo Pardo-Giménez. "A Study of Compost Added to a Casing Technique in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation from Phase III Bulk Compost." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1649.
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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of different rates of colonized compost and formaldehyde treatment on production parameters (yield, biological efficiency, mushroom number, mushroom weight, and earliness) in a Dutch commercial casing using Phase III bulk compost as a base substrate for growing Agaricus bisporus. Four rates of spawn-run compost (0 g·m−2, 200 g·m−2, 400 g·m−2, and 600 g·m−2) and formaldehyde treatment (with or without) were used. The experiment was designed as a double factorial in a randomized complete block design. Each block contained six replicates per treatment (a compost bag with 20 kg). The compost added to casing (CACing) technique when applied properly and combined with the use of Phase III compost had significant benefits, including increased mushroom yield, weight, and reduced the growing cycle, especially with the rate of 600 g of spawn-run compost/m2 of casing. On the other hand, the application of formalin reduced yield with or without the CACing technique, which implies the need for an alternative treatment for disinfection. An alternative method may either be thermal or chemical treatments to the casing such as using formaldehyde before mixing the casing with spawn-run compost and before the addition of casing above the colonized compost.
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Beattie, V. E., I. A. Sneddon, N. Walker, and R. N. Weatherup. "Environmental enrichment of intensive pig housing using spent mushroom compost." Animal Science 72, no. 1 (February 2001): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800055533.
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AbstractIn a comparative study which examined the effect of having access to mushroom compost in an otherwise barren environment there were three treatments and six replicates. The three treatments were (T1) control barren pen providing 0·7 m2 per pig with fully slatted floor, (T2) empty horizontal rack suspended above the pigs’ heads and (T3) mushroom compost on rack as in treatment 2. Pigs released particles of compost from the rack by nosing the metal grid from below. Almost twice as many pigs with access to mushroom compost (T3) nosed the rack (P < 0·001) and the ground below the rack (P < 0·001) as pigs which had a rack with no mushroom compost (T2). Fewer pigs with mushroom compost were involved in behaviours directed at penmates such as nosing, biting and chewing penmates than pigs in treatments 1 and 2 (P < 0·001). In addition fewer pigs in T3 were involved in feeding behaviour than in T1 and T2 (P < 0·05). Percentages of tail-bitten animals which had to be removed were 11 and 24 for T1 and T2 respectively while T3 had < 1% removed because of tail biting (P < 0·05). Apparent food intake was higher (P < 0·05) and food conversion ratio tended to be poorer in T1 (P = 0·1). It is suggested that pigs will redirect rooting behaviour towards penmates and the feeder in the absence of any rooting substrate. Adding substrate to commercial finishing pens reduces this redirection of behaviour and improves welfare by minimizing injury through tail biting.
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Cunha Zied, Diego, Jose Ernesto Sánchez, Ralph Noble, and Arturo Pardo-Giménez. "Use of Spent Mushroom Substrate in New Mushroom Crops to Promote the Transition towards A Circular Economy." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091239.
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The use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in new cultivation cycles has already been reported due to its economic and environmental viability. When considering the application of the circular economy concept in the production of edible mushrooms, the re-use of the SMS within the same process is highly attractive, because it allows a better use of the biomass and the energy involved in the process and, therefore, tends to improve energy efficiency and resource conservation. However, this alternative generates important challenges, which derive from maintaining the quality standards of the mushrooms produced and, at the same time, not incurring excessive costs that are detrimental to the process itself. In our opinion, the main difficulty of the process in achieving success is regarding the biological and agronomic parameters that involve the production of the mushroom. It is useless to apply SMS in new cycles if the mushroom harvest is impaired and farms become non-viable. However, numerous examples are reported here where SMS was recycled into new substrates for either the same or different mushroom species without negatively affecting yield compared with using substrates prepared from 100% fresh raw materials. Thus, we suggest that each farm has its own specific technological study, since a small variation in the raw material of the compost, and mushroom cultivation practices and casing layer used, can influence the entire viability of the mushroom circular economy.
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Palizi, Parisa, E. Goltapeh, Ebrahim Pourjam, and Naser Safaie. "Potential of Oyster Mushrooms for the Biocontrol of Sugar Beet Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0004-6.
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Potential of Oyster Mushrooms for the Biocontrol of Sugar Beet Nematode (Heterodera Schachtii)The potential of oyster mushrooms to attack and kill sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) was studied. The ability ofPleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. flabellatus, P. ostreatus(sporeless),P. eryngiiandHypsizygus ulmariusto prey on the cyst nematode was confirmed. Nematodes were inoculated on water agar plates on which a single sparse fungal colony of one of the above mentioned fungi was grown. Nematodes were quickly immobilized after inoculation the plates with eachPleurotusspecies, with mortality of about 96%, 72%, 55%, 52%, 20%, 23% and 62%, respectively. Nematicidal activities of culture filtrates ofPleurotusspecies andH. ulmariusagainstH. schachtiiwere also studiedin vitro.Extracts ofP. ostreatuscould paralyse 90% of nematodes whereasP. eryngiicould paralyse only 50% of nematodes. The efficacy of old mushroom compost from cultures ofP. ostreatusandP. sajor-cajuin controlling cysts on sugar beet (Beta vulgarisICI) were studied under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 100 and 200 grams of mushroom compost per 3 kilogram/pot could significantly control cysts, reducing more than 85% cysts in soil. Presence of cysts on the roots and larvae inside roots were compared with the control treatment.
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Kortei, N. K., V. P. Dzogbefia, and M. Obodai. "Assessing the Effect of Composting Cassava Peel Based Substrates on the Yield, Nutritional Quality, and Physical Characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer." Biotechnology Research International 2014 (December 17, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/571520.
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Cassava peel based substrate formulations as an alternative substrate were used to grow mushrooms. The effect of two compost heights, three composting periods on the mycelia growth, physical characteristics, yield, and nutritional qualities of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer was studied. Mean mycelia growth of 16.2 cm after a period of seven (7) weeks was the best for 1.5 m compost height. Cap diameter and stipe length differed significantly (P<0.05) with the compost heights (0.8 m and 1.5 m). The yield on compost height of 1.5 m, composted for 5 days, differed significantly (P<0.05) from that of 0.8 m and gave increasing yields as follows: cassava peels and manure, cassava peels only, cassava peels and corn cobs (1 : 1 ratio), and cassava peels and corn cobs (1 : 1 ratio) with chicken manure. Composting periods (3 and 7 days) gave varying yields depending on the compost height. Based on the findings an interaction of 1.5 m compost height and 5 days composting period on cassava peels and corncobs (1 : 1 ratio) with chicken manure produced the best results. The nutritional quality of the mushrooms also differed significantly (P<0.05), indicating that cassava peels could be used as a possible substrate in cultivation of mushroom.
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Fazaeli, H., and A. R. Talebian Masoodi. "Nutritive value of Agaricus bisporus mushroom spent wheat straw as ruminant feed." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008097.
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Since last decades, much interest has been evidenced for bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials such as production of edible mushroom. In Iran, the mushroom industry has been expanded during the last 20 years and currently more than 50000 tons of mushroom compost is produced annually by aerobic fermentation system. The compost remained after cropping of mushroom constitutes a potential pollutant and its disposal increases the production cost. This waste material is usually rich of microorganisms and extra cellular enzymes (Ball and Jacksa, 1995) and contains a high level of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and trace elements and more degradable than the original straw in the rumen (Zadrazil, 1997). However, there are limited information regarding the nutritive value and utilisation of the mushroom spent straw in animal nutrition. This experiment was conducted to study the nutritive value and acceptability of the Agaricus bisporus mushroom spent wheat straw, obtained from bag system mushroom growing in sheep nutrition.
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Chong, Calvin, R. A. Cline, and D. L. Rinker. "Bark- and Peat-amended Spent Mushroom Compost for Containerized Culture of Shrubs." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.781.
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Four deciduous ornamental shrubs [`Coral Beauty' cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid); Tartarian dogwood (Cornus alba L.); `Lynwood' forsythia (Forsythia × intermedia Zab.); `Variegata' weigela (Weigela florida Bunge A.D.C.)] were grown in trickle-fertigated containers. There were eight media consisting of 25% or 50% sphagnum peat or composted pine bark, 25% sand, and the remainder one of two sources of spent mushroom compost; four media with 509″ peat or bark mixed with 50% spent mushroom compost; and a control medium of 10070 pine bark. Initially, higher than desirable salt levels in all compost-amended media were leached quickly (within 2 weeks of planting) and not detrimental to the species tested. Unlike cotoneaster, which showed no difference in growth (shoot dry weight) due to medium, dogwood, forsythia, and weigela grew significantly better in all compost-amended media than in the control. Growth of these three species was 20% greater in peat-based than in bark-based, compost-amended media. Dogwood and forsythia grew slightly more (+8%) with spent mushroom compost based primarily on straw-bedded horse manure than with one based on a blend of straw-bedded horse manure, wheat straw, and hay. The addition of sand (25%) to a mixture of 50% peat or bark and 25 % spent compost produced a medium with minimal compaction.
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Romaine, C. Peter, and Laurie Raid. "Tolerance to Ammonia in the Common Edible Mushroom Induced in Vitro." HortScience 26, no. 2 (February 1991): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.2.138.
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Commercial strains of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach that were grown in vitro at 32C for 4 to 5 weeks on a medium containing 250 μg amantadine/ml followed by hyphal tip-culturing showed an enhanced tolerance of ammonia in the compost during cropping trials. Yield of mushrooms by a treated off-white strain (GSP-18) and a treated white strain (Marlowe-503) was higher in composts with elevated levels of ammonia (0.11% to 0.27%) than that of the untreated cultures. Tolerance was related to the ability of the treated cultures to grow vegetatively in the ammonia-enriched compost. Tolerance was expressed by the cultures for at least 14 months following induction.
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Beyer, David M. "The use of ion exchange resins to assess the changes in mineral element availability during the production of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 2084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-199.
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Nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic metabolites in compost are believed to be limiting factors and responsible for decreased yields as a mushroom crop ages. The objective of this study was to identify, monitor, and quantify mineral element levels in composted substrate and compost solution extracts during mushroom production. Mineral element changes were assessed by placing ion exchange resin bags in compost saturated paste extracts and directly in composted substrate. The concentration of most cations in compost solution increased as the crop aged. The addition of hypnum peat and rock phosphate to compost at spawning lowered potassium and magnesium concentration in compost solution, which suggested the accumulation of potassium, and possibly, magnesium may limit later yields. Compost solution extracted from hypnum peat moss and rock phosphate supplemented compost had less phosphorus in solution than unsupplemented compost, suggesting an increase in uptake of phosphorus by the mushroom mycelium increased later break yields. Resin-extracted potassium from the saturated paste extract solutions decreased until primordia formation, then increased as the crop aged. Hypnum peat and rock phosphate added to compost at spawning lowered resin-extracted potassium and increased resin-extracted calcium after casing. Most resin-extracted cations from around the mycelium in situ increased as the crop aged. IR-120-Na resins extracted more calcium and less potassium from around the mycelium in hypnum peat supplemented compost. The results suggested that calcium or potassium interfered with the nutrient uptake of phosphorus as the crop aged, thus reducing yield.Key words: Agaricus bisporus, hypnum peat, ion exchange resins, chelation, calcium, potassium, phosphorus.
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Altaf, Adeela, and Muhammad Inam-ul-Haq. "Utilization of Rhizobacteria and Spent Mushroom Compost for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Potato." Journal of Plant and Environment 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jpe.002.02.3480.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth most important staple food in the world after wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). In Pakistan, potato crop is cultivated over an area of 191.6 million hectares. On an average potato production in Pakistan is 20 tonnes per hectare.A target has set by The Government of Pakistan to produce about 4.871 million tons potatoes during Rabi Season 2020-21. (Federal Committee on Agriculture FCA) The potato production exceeds 376 million tonnes harvested from an area of 19.25 million hectares in the world (FAOSTAT 2018). Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt is a major threat to potato production. Management through biocontrol agents is one of the best methods that can replace synthetic chemical-based formulations. In the current study combine effect of antagonist rhizobacteria as biocontrol agent and spent mushroom compost as biofertilizer were tested against bacterial wilt disease pathogen. Potato plant samples infected with R. solanacearum and rhizobacteria were collected from potato growing fields in Rawalpindi. Out of twenty tested antagonistic rhizobacterial isolates, only three viz., Rh10, Rh12 and Rh 15 showed maximum inhibitory effect against R. solanacearum. In another experiment different combinations of treatments containing rhizobacteria alone or combined with fresh and spent mushroom composts were also tested against the bacterial wilt pathogen under laboratory conditions. Combination of rhizobacteria along with weathered compost (T5) reduced the disease incidence to 15.92 % when compared against 77.81 % in control after six weeks. Significant increase in plant height up to 41.83 cm was also observed as compared to control viz., 35.5cm. Similarly, T2 (only fresh compost), T3 (containing fresh compost along with rhizobacteria) and T4 (rhizobacteria along with weathered compost) also showed better results as compared to against control (T0) where there was no application of rhizobacteria and compost. Application of rhizobacterial along with spent mushroom compost can significantly reduce the disease incidence along with the improvement in plant growth parameters.
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Agrawal, Pavan Kumar. "MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF COMPOST ECOSYSTEM: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUSHROOM COMPOST." Journal of Biological & Scientific Opinion 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2321-6328.02111.
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Umor, N. A., S. Ismail, S. Abdullah, M. H. R. Huzaifah, N. M. Huzir, N. A. N. Mahmood, and A. Y. Zahrim. "Zero waste management of spent mushroom compost." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 23, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 1726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-021-01250-3.
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Xiang, Quanju, Lihua Luo, Yuhuan Liang, Qiang Chen, Xiaoping Zhang, and Yunfu Gu. "The Diversity, Growth Promoting Abilities and Anti-microbial Activities of Bacteria Isolated from the Fruiting Body of Agaricus bisporus." Polish Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7837.
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Agaricus bisporus plays an important role in ecological processes and is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms worldwide. Mushroom growth-promoting bacteria have been isolated from casing soil and compost, but microorganisms in the fruiting body have received only a little attention. To get an overview of phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms in the fruiting body of A. bisporus, as well as to screen antimicrobial and mushroom growth-promoting strains, and eventually intensify mushroom production, we isolated and characterized microorganisms from the fruiting body of A. bisporus. In total, 55 bacterial strains were isolated, among which nine isolates represented Actinomycetes. All the isolates were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene RFLP and sixteen representative strains by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. According to the phylogenetic analysis, eleven isolates represented the Gram positive Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Pandorea and Streptomyces genera, and five isolates belonged to the Gram negative Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas genera. The bacteria isolated from the fruiting body of A. bisporus had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and potential mushroom growth-promoting abilities.
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Miller, FC, and BJ Macauley. "Substrate usage and odours in mushroom composting." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890119.
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Odour problems associated with producing a composted substrate for mushroom culture were considered at 9 Australian farms, in relation to composting batch recipes. Effects of usage of nutrient rich composting activators were evaluated using nitrogen (N) concentration ratios (%) and a novel ratio, the C/A ratio as indicators of compost nutritional status. The CIA ratio segregated composting ingredients into nutritional classes. Both % N and the C/A ratio showed that excess nutrient usage was positively correlated with odours. Both correlations were significant at P= 0.01. Final % N, however, did not increase with higher initial % N values. This investigation indicates that reducing excessive initial concentrations of available nutrients in compost formulations can reduce odours, while not necessarily reducing compost quality in terms of final N level.
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Sharma, H. S., and M. Kilpatrick. "Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) compost quality factors for predicting potential yield of fruiting bodies." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-012.
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A quality model has been developed from parameters determining the interactions of physical, chemical, and biological factors during the preparation of mushroom compost for growing Agaricus bisporus. Our results show that a partial least square model based on the combination of pH, dry matter, ammonia, carbon, hydrogen, ash, Cu, Fe, and Na could explain nearly 90% of the variation in mushroom yield obtained from four compost comparative trials. The yields in the data base for generating the model ranged from 138 to 305 kg per tonne of compost. The validity of the yield model has been confirmed in a trial carried out in collaboration with experienced commercial growers. This has significant implications for compost producers, as production efficiencies can be maintained by targeting the important parameters.Key words: Agaricus bisporus, compost quality, partial least squares model, modelling, physiology.