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1
Mare, Joonsalu, Talvistu Tiiu, Jürma Halliki, Haugas Siiri, Talvistu Enriko, and Tartu Kunstimuuseum, eds. Elmar Kitse fenomen, 1913-1972: Näitus Tartu Kunstimuuseumis, 2. märts-20. mai 1994 : kataloog, Tartu Kunstimuuseum, Eesti = Phenomenon of Elmar Kits, 1913-1972 : exhibition in the Tartu Art Museum, March 2nd-May 20th, 1994 : catalogue, Tartu Art Museum, Estonia. Tartu: Kunstimuuseum, 1994.
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2
Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum., ed. Collecting: A Texas phenomenon. San Antonio, Tex: Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum, 1986.
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3
Kits, Elmar. Elmar Kitse fenomen, 1913-1972: Näitus Tartu Kunstimuuseumis, 2. märts-20. mai 1994 : kataloog = Phenomenon of Elmar Kits, 1913-1972 : exhibition in the Tartu Art Museum, March 2nd-May 20th, 1994 : catalogue. Tartu: Tartu Kunstimuuseum, 1994.
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4
Traviglia, Arianna, Lucio Milano, Cristina Tonghini, and Riccardo Giovanelli. Stolen Heritage Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Heritage in the EU and the MENA Region. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-517-9.
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It is a well-known fact that organized crime has developed into an international network that, spanning from the simple ‘grave diggers’ up to powerful and wealthy white-collar professionals, makes use of money laundering, fraud and forgery. This criminal chain, ultimately, damages and dissipates our cultural identity and, in some cases, even fosters terrorism or civil unrest through the illicit trafficking of cultural property.The forms of ‘possession’ of Cultural Heritage are often blurred; depending on the national legislation of reference, the ownership and trade of historical and artistic assets of value may be legitimate or not. Criminals have always exploited these ambiguities and managed to place on the Art and Antiquities market items resulting from destruction or looting of museums, monuments and archaeological areas. Thus, over the years, even the most renowned museum institutions have - more or less consciously - hosted in their showcases cultural objects of illicit origin. Looting, thefts, illicit trade, and clandestine exports are phenomena that affect especially those countries rich in historical and artistic assets. That includes Italy, which has seen its cultural heritage plundered over the centuries ending up in public and private collections worldwide.This edited volume features ten papers authored by international experts and professionals actively involved in Cultural Heritage protection. Drawing from the experience of the Conference Stolen Heritage (Venice, December 2019), held in the framework of the NETCHER project, the book focuses on illicit trafficking in Cultural Property under a multidisciplinary perspective.The articles look at this serious issue and at connected crimes delving into a variety of fields. The essays especially expand on European legislation regulating import, export, trade and restitution of cultural objects; conflict antiquities and cultural heritage at risk in the Near and Middle East; looting activities and illicit excavations in Italy; the use of technologies to counter looting practices.The volume closes with two papers specifically dedicated to the thorny ethical issues arising from the publication of unprovenanced archaeological objects, and the relevance of accurate communication and openness about such topics.
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Wacker, Christian, ed. Sport im Museum. Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956508448.
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Sport is omnipresent in museums. There are around 1,500 sports museums worldwide—from the lovable bicycle museum in the Palatine to the FIFA World Football Museum. Sport gets collected, sports objects are researched, sport is exhibited, and sport can be experienced and learned about in museums. In this anthology, international authors deal with 'Sport in Museums' and reflect on the fast-moving phenomenon of sport in the context of museum work, which offers opportunities for future-oriented museum work. The editor has been working in the context of sports museums for almost 30 years and compiled this volume to describe and research sport in museums and to raise awareness of it as an important component of popular culture. With contributions by Jason Beck, Prof. Dr. Louise Bielzer, Martin Ehlers, Dr. Matthias Henkel, Pekka Honkanen, Yousef Khacho, Volker Kluge, Geoffrey Z. Kohe, Prof. Dr. Michael Krüger, Barbara Kummler, Ulrich Schulze Forsthövel, Jed Smith, Prof. Dr. Junko Tahara (und Kyoko Raita), Jurryt van de Vooren, Prof. Dr. Axel Vogelsang, Kalle Voolaid, Dr. Christian Wacker, Prof. Dr. Ronald Wadsack and Helen Walpole.
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Open 16: The Art Biennial as a Global Phenomenon. NAi Uitgevers / Publishers Stichting, 2009.
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7
Watson, Nicola J. The Author's Effects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847571.001.0001.
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The Author’s Effects: On Writer’s House Museums is the first book to describe how the writer’s house museum came into being as a widespread cultural phenomenon across Britain, Europe, and North America. Exploring the ways that authorship has been mythologized and materialized through the conventions of the writer’s house museum, The Author’s Effects anatomizes the how and why of the emergence, establishment, and endurance of popular notions of authorship in relation to creativity. It traces how and why the writer’s bodily remains, possessions, and spaces came to be treasured in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as a prelude to the appearance of formal writer’s house museums. It ransacks more than 100 museums and archives to tell the stories of celebrated and paradigmatic relics—Burns’ skull, Keats’ hair, Petrarch’s cat, Poe’s raven, Brontë’s bonnet, Dickinson’s dress, Shakespeare’s chair, Austen’s desk, Woolf’s spectacles, Hawthorne’s window, Freud’s mirror, Johnson’s coffee-pot, and Bulgakov’s stove, amongst many others. It investigates houses within which nineteenth-century writers mythologized themselves and their work—Thoreau’s cabin and Dumas’ tower, Scott’s Abbotsford and Irving’s Sunnyside. And it tracks literary tourists of the past to such long-celebrated literary homes as Petrarch’s Arquà, Rousseau’s Île St Pierre, and Shakespeare’s Stratford to find out what they thought and felt and did there, discovering deep continuities with the redevelopment of Shakespeare’s New Place for 2016
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Irland, Basia. Inscriptions: Stars, tides, and ice : [exhibition] University of New Mexico Art Museum, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 6-March 25, 2001 (Water library ... into the phenomenon of water / Basia Irland). The Museum, 2001.
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9
Ystehede, Per Jørgen. Contested Spaces. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.17.
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This article provides an outline of the history of crime museums, monuments, and crime memorials and suggests how these can be understood as historical, social, and cultural phenomena. First, some common characteristics of crime museums, monuments, and memorials are set out. Second, a short historical outline of the rise of the (crime) museum from the Renaissance period until the twenty-first century is provided, followed by a consideration of crime museums, crime monuments, and memorials as separate categories and objects of study. A selection of examples of crime museums, monuments, and memorials is presented with the aim of showing some particular perspectives on and approaches to the study of crime museums, monuments, and memorials, and their relevance to criminological research.
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Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob, and Bettina Graf. Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited, 2008.
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11
Bielo, James S. Performing the Bible. Edited by Paul C. Gutjahr. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258849.013.36.
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This chapter explores the phenomenon of performing the Bible; that is, transforming the written words of scriptures into materialized, experiential environments. Throughout the United States, the Bible is performed as replicas and re-creations of particular and general biblical scenes, characters, and stories through registers of museum, theme park, and garden. Distinctive insights into key dynamics of religious materiality and American religious history can be gained by closely analyzing the cultural production of sites that perform the Bible. Ultimately, the chapter argues that performing the Bible is a strategy for actualizing a problem that animates any and every lived expression of Christianity.
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HP, Lee. 7 The Islamization Phenomenon: The New Constitutional Battlefront. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755999.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the phenomenon of Islamization in Malaysia. The hallmark of Islamism is its ‘quintessentially political agenda’ involving ‘the politicization of Islam through the aligning of structures of governance and society with Islamic strictures’. In contemporary Malaysia, Islamization puts into the spotlight the reconciliation of this phenomenon with the Malaysian Constitution, which was crafted as a governing instrument for a multiracial, multilingual, and multireligious society. The general unease of the non-Muslim segment of Malaysian society was aggravated by a highly publicized pronouncement of Prime Minister Mahathir, on 29 September 2001, that Malaysia was already an Islamic State. The remainder of the chapter discusses controversial episodes that have engendered concern over the Islamization phenomenon and its significance for constitutionalism in Malaysia.
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Shome, Raka. White Femininity and Transnational Masculinit(ies). University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038730.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the relationship between white (national) femininity and transnational masculinities, particularly Muslim men, in the context of the Diana phenomenon. More specifically, it considers how mediated images of Muslim masculinity are often secured in relation to images of white women. Before discussing the Muslim men–white women dialectic, the chapter provides an overview of the British national context of the 1990s with regard to Muslims. It then examines how sexuality, sexual relations, and mental perversity function as optics through which the Muslim male is depicted in relation to white women in the Diana phenomenon and popular culture at large, paying attention to the dichotomy of the “good Muslim/bad Muslim.” Given white femininity's role in guarding and preserving racialized borders of the nation, the chapter also analyzes how the nation manages the racialized and nationalized anxieties caused by threats to that role. It shows that contemporary visual structures in the West often give meaning to Muslim men through the structure of white femininity.
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Pennell, Sara. Material Culture in Seventeenth-Century ‘Britain’: The Matter of Domestic Consumption. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0004.
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This article focuses on three issues: the historiographies which have made the period prior to that in which Neil McKendrick confidently told us a ‘consumer revolution’ occurred both a necessary staging post en route to revolution and a prelapsarian era in striking contrast to it; the relative absence of ‘mundane materiality’ within these accounts; and consumption as a matter of practice, rather than as an abstract phenomenon in the ‘long’ seventeenth century in Britain (c .1600–1720). In this, it follows Joan Thirsk in her important 1975 Oxford University Ford Lectures, in accepting Jacobean and Stuart Britain (or at least England) as very much concerned with production for the ends of domestic consumption, in both senses of the word ‘domestic’. Through the case studies of objects very rarely found in public museum displays thanks to their ‘everyday’ qualities, the article then argues for a re-evaluation of non-elite consumption within the domestic sphere as significant within any story we might wish to tell of changing consumption practices and material culture in Britain across the seventeenth century.
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Korostelev, Oleg A., and Monika L. Spivak, eds. Literary Heritage. Volume 106: Epistolary Heritage of Z.N. Gippius. Book 2. А.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/ln.0130-3627-2021-106-2.
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Zinaida Gippius’s letters are a unique aesthetic phenomenon not only in Russian epistolary culture, but in the culture of the late 19th – first half of the 20th centuries in general. Gippius belonged to a generation of writers who loved (and knew how) to write letters, brilliantly mastering the tradition of the epistolary genre. According to authoritative critics, for example G.V. Adamovich, Z.N. Gippius’s letters are the best she has written, the most valuable part of her creative heritage. Despite the fact that quite a few letters have already been published, each subsequent publication reveals new facets of Gippius’s talent and personality as a writer, literary critic, memoirist, original thinker, leader of the Russian religious movement, commentator on contemporary politics. Among the Z.N. Gippius’s addressees presented in this volume are Andrei Bely, Vyach. Ivanov and A.I. Tinyakov, A.M. Remizov, S.P. Remizova-Dovgello, V.A. Zlobin, E.F. Hollerbach, G.V. Adamovich, S.P. Melgunov. The appendices and comments to publications include letters from contemporaries – participants in the literary life of the 1900–1940s. in Russia and abroad. The volume contains materials from the following archives: Scientific Research Manuscript Department of the Russian State Library (Moscow), Manuscript Department of the Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg), Department of Manuscript Collections of the V.I. Dahl State Museum for History of Russian Literature (Moscow), Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Moscow), Manuscript Department and Literary Museum of the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the RAS (Saint Petersburg), Amherst Center for Russian Culture (Amherst, Mass.)
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Deleff, Ilia. Phenomenal Crystals: Giant Quartz Crystals, Unique Minerals in World Museums, Gem Treasures of Brazil. Coronet Books, 2004.
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17
Baldauf, Ingeborg. Female Sainthood between Politics and Legend. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520294134.003.0011.
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In the spring of 1996 a young girl from the Uzbek-majority city of Shibirghan was killed in mysterious circumstances. Strange phenomena soon started to occur next to Bibi Nushin’s burial place, suggesting that the deceased was of exceptional spiritual rank. Within a few weeks her burial place had been turned into a major pilgrimage site, attracting the sick, needy, deprived and persecuted from near and far. From 1996 to 2006, Shibirghan therefore witnessed a phenomenon that many local people interpreted as the emergence of a new Muslim saint for troubled times. However, at the same time, the spiritual rank of Bibi Nushin was heavily contested for political as well as religious reasons, not least through the influence of local warlords and strongmen. This chapter examines these developments in relation to regional varieties of Islam and women’s religiosity in the brutal contexts of a warlord society.
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Carretero, Mario, Brady Wagoner, and Everardo Perez-Manjarrez, eds. Historical Reenactment: New Ways of Experiencing History. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800735408.
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Long dismissed as the domain of hobbyists and obsessives, historical reenactment—the dramatization of past events using costumed actors and historical props—has only in recent years attracted serious attention from scholars. Drawing on examples from around the world, Historical Reenactment offers a fascinating, interdisciplinary exploration of this cultural phenomenon. With particular attention to reenactment’s social and pedagogical dimensions, it develops a robust definition of what the practice constitutes, considers what methodological approaches are most appropriate, and places it alongside museums and memorial sites as an object of analysis.
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Miran-Guyon, Marie, and Jean-Louis Triaud. Islam. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0013.
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The chapter examines how colonial encounters transformed the course of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa both north and south of the Sahara. Its focus is on the imperial age begun by the French conquest of Algiers in 1830, but also looks to the precolonial and postcolonial periods in order to delineate the dialectic of continuity and change brought about by the colonial situation. The chapter analyses the changing perceptions and policies that colonial powers, most importantly the French and the British, developed vis-à-vis Islam and Muslims and how colonial actors and Muslim leaders worked out subtle patterns of accommodation. It calls for more attention to how Islamic thought and Muslim societies were transformed from within in the course of the twentieth century, with emphasis on Sufism, Salafism, the challenge of Western modernity, and the colonial phenomenon of conversion to Islam.
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Mir, Ali, Saadia Toor, and Raza Mir. Of Race and Religion. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.18.
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Prejudice and discrimination in the US against those perceived to be Muslim has reached an all-time high, yet not enough attention has been paid to this phenomenon within the field of management studies. In this chapter, we make the case for why management scholars must address this issue, and do so from within a framework of race and racialization. We show that racism today primarily exists in a cultural form, which is harder to identify and therefore address. Drawing on important insights offered by scholars from various disciplines, we outline the important relationship between religious, and specifically anti-Muslim, prejudice in the West and the origins and evolution of the idea of race. The racialization of Muslims today draws on this history and the various discourses of race so as to construct ‘the Muslim’ as the radical Other of a liberal and progressive West.
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Abbott, John Loraine. Wonders of the World: A Complete Museum, Descriptive and Pictorial, of the Wonderful Phenomena and Results of Nature, Science and Art. HardPress, 2020.
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Wonders of the World: A Complete Museum, Descriptive and Pictorial, of the Wonderful Phenomena and Results of Nature, Science and Art. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
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Wonders of the World: A Complete Museum, Descriptive and Pictorial, of the Wonderful Phenomena and Results of Nature, Science and Art. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2023.
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24
Sheth, Falguni A. Unruly Women. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547137.001.0001.
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Drawing upon Michel Foucault’s accounts of governmentality and neoliberalism, liberal feminist and colonial “civilizing” narratives, and tacit juridical racial dismissal toward visibly Muslim women, this book explores the neocolonial and racial-cultural aesthetics of power as directed toward women of color and Black women. Even as neocolonialism incorporates without acknowledgment the anti-Blackness and settler-colonial roots of its past, along with an anti-immigrationist sentiment—it does not do so overtly. Rather it does so through a range of biopolitical, ontopolitical, and globalizing neoliberal economic norms. Focusing on the discrimination claims of Muslim women, this study examines juridical and political approaches that dismiss Muslim women and other populations of color as culturally backward, misguided in their thinking, and gratuitously nonconformist. Likewise, it analyses the experience of excruciation undergone by the addressees of racial dismissal. Excruciation names the phenomena by which vulnerable populations are pressed into hopeless performances of cultural assimilation. Racial dismissal is excavated through legal opinions, court transcripts, and other encounters between Muslim women and the state. This work finds that the racial address of dismissal and the phenomena of excruciation have been pivotal to a liberal juridical order that otherwise claims neutrality. By concentrating on the treatment of Muslim women, this book uncovers dynamics of social and racial division which have inhabited and bolstered liberal legal neutrality from its inception. This book’s framework, while focusing on Muslim women in the United States, is a template for understanding how exclusion is juridically implemented for other racialized and marginalized populations.
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Shitrit, Lihi Ben. Intersectionality Theory and Working with “Both Sides”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882969.003.0022.
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This chapter points to the importance of thinking about intersectionality before, during, and after conducting fieldwork. In order to explore such phenomena, it focuses on doing research in Israel with Mizrahi and Palestinian-Israeli women activists on the Jewish and Muslim religious right, respectively.
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Calvert, John C. Islamism. Greenwood, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400673047.
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The past thirty years have witnessed the rise of political parties and other formal groups in the Middle East and elsewhere with Islamic agendas, a phenomenon that has both surprised and frightened many in the West. Events from the Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 to the attacks of September 11, 2001, have led some to conclude that the United States is on a collision course with Islam, the religion of one-fifth of the world's population. The sourcebook aims to enhance our understanding of the Islamist phenomenon by presenting some forty documents, written by Islamists themselves, which shed light on the origins, goals, and practices of Islamic-focused groups and movements throughout the Muslim world. Each document is identified and analyzed as to its significance. The documentary section of the work is followed by an extensive bibliography and reference guide of relevant print and electronic resources.
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Ashraf-Emami, Hengameh. Generational Relations. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0008.
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Researchers have paid attention to the significance of intergenerational research for several years (see Maxey, 2006; Punch, 2002; Skelton, 2000; Tucker, 2003; Valentine, 2003). Some important scholarly works have focused on intergenerationality and identities, particularly using intersectionality to understand people’s multiple identities (Crenshaw, 1993; Brah and Phoenix, 2004; Dwyer, 1999; Nayak, 2003; McDowell, 2003; Hopkins, 2006). Pain et al. (2001: 141) argue that ‘age is a social construction’and Hopkins et al. (2011) draw attention to the complexity of intergenerationality and its functions in the everyday lives of younger and older generations by examining the experiences of Christian families in Scotland. There are some influential scholarly works on the intergenerational identity of Scottish Muslim men (e.g. Hopkins, 2006), but there is still a dearth of intergenerational research on Scottish Muslim women’s identities. By intergenerational research, I mean the study of the differences and similarities – and the transformation between generations – in the Muslim community. This phenomenon is most evident in the dynamic relationship between mothers and daughters, but the interactions between other family members are also important.
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Davidson, Lawrence. Islamic Fundamentalism. 3rd ed. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400672989.
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This review of the evolution of Islamic fundamentalism and Western-Muslim relations—from the events of September 11, 2001, to the present day—offers insight into the movement's historical roots and growing contemporary influence. Given the volatile nature of relations between the Middle East and the Western world, many Westerners, particularly Americans, have a skewed view of what comprises Islamic fundamentalism. Many wonder, are these beliefs based in religious doctrine, political motivations, or even irrational rhetoric? This book offers a highly accessible introduction to the topic that covers the movement's origins, goals, and doctrine, and shows how it has developed into the modern force we see on today's global stage. The third edition includes important updates as well as a new chapter on the recent wave of demonstrations and protests known as the Arab Spring. Organized both chronologically and topically, Islamic Fundamentalism: An Introduction, Third Edition reviews the basis for the Islamic and Muslim worldviews, examines the modern phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism through the development of the Muslim states of Iran and Saudi Arabia, and analyzes the Western view of this ideology. A chronology, glossary, and primary documents accompany the text.
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Shack, Joseph, and Hannah Weaver. Recreating the Medieval Globe. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781641899635.
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The creative reuse of materials, texts, and ideas was a common phenomenon in the medieval world. The seven chapters offer here a synchronic and diachronic consideration of the receptions and meanings of events and artifacts, analyzing the processes that allowed medieval works to remain relevant in sociocultural contexts far removed from those in which they originated. In the process, they elucidate the global valences of recycling, revision, and relocation throughout the interconnected Middle Ages, and their continued relevance for the shaping of modernity. The essays examine cases in the Arab and Muslim world, China and Mongolia, and the Prussian-Lithuanian frontier of eastern Europe.
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Мартынова, М. Ю., О. Д. Фаис-Леутская, Ю. А. Перевозчиков, А. Е. Загребин, Л. С. Гущян, В. В. Федченко, А. Н. Кожановский, et al. Вкус Европы. Антропологическое исследование культуры питания: Коллективная монография. Кучково поле Музеон, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/978-5-907174-47-4/1-568/48.
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В фокусе внимания творческого коллектива, объединившего сотрудников Центра европейских исследований Института этнологии и антропологии им. Н. Н. Миклухо- Маклая РАН, Отдела европеистики Музея антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера) РАН, а также нескольких приглашенных ученых, находится широкий диапазон проблем, связанных с культурой питания и пищевыми практиками европейцев. Исследование, выполненное с позиций социальной антропологии, построено на полевых материалах авторов, архивных и других источниках. При изучении социокультурной роли европейской пищи акцент делается на следующих вопросах: алиментарные практики и истоки традиции, пища и идентичность, система питания и социальность, кухня и гендер, еда как символ и политический инструмент, вкус в культурах, национальная кухня и аутентичные рецепты, трапеза, этикет и обряд. Книга состоит из пяти разделов, поделенных на 16 глав, отличающихся тематикой исследуемых сюжетов, рассматриваемых на материалах конкретного региона, народа или пищевого феномена. Монография представляет интерес для специалистов и широкого круга читателей. The members of the team, which includes researchers coming from the Center for European Studies of the N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Europe of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) of the RAS, aswell as a number of invited scholars, focused their attention on a broad range of problems related to the Europeans’ food culture and eating habits. The socio-anthropological research is drawing upon the field data collected by the authors, archival and historiographical material, and other kinds of sources. While studying the sociocultural role of food in Europe, special emphasis is given to alimentary practices and sources of the tradition, food and identity, system of nutrition and sociality, cuisine and gender, food as a symbol and a political instrument, taste in cultures, ethnic cuisine and authentic receipts, and meal, etiquette and ritual. The book consists of five parts divided into 16 chapters, each dedicated to its own subject-matter illustrated with examples from a given region, ethnic group, or food-related phenomenon. The monography might be of interest to specialists and also appeal to a large audience.
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Cohen, Richard I., ed. Tabea Alexa Linhard, Jewish Spain: A Mediterranean Memory. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014. 230 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0028.
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This chapter reviews the book Jewish Spain: A Mediterranean Memory (2014), by Tabea Alexa Linhard. In Jewish Spain, Linhard argues that contemporary Spain—under the influence of a particular cultural phenomenon of nostalgia—continues to look back to Sepharad of the Hebrew Golden Age, a time when Christian, Jewish, and Muslim cultures coexisted. For Spanish Jewry, Sepharad represents the collective memory of a lost utopian dream. In contrast, traditional and progressive Spanish attitudes toward Jews, then as now, contain elements both of philosemitism and antisemitism. Linhard also explores the issue of multidirectional networks of memory, suggesting that these might fruitfully be regarded in light of present-day realities, citing as an example the graffiti, “Palestina Libre,” that defaces a plaque in the Jewish quarter of Barcelona.
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Rose, Lena, and Ebru Öztürk, eds. Asylum and Conversion from Islam to Christianity in Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350407909.
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Drawing together previously disjointed scholarship on the topic of asylum and conversion from Islam to Christianity, this book shows how boundaries of belonging are negotiated between Middle Eastern ex-Muslim asylum seekers, church representatives, lawyers, legal decision-makers and policymakers. With case studies from European countries such as Germany, Austria, Finland and Sweden, the book takes an interdisciplinary approach including ethnographic and other qualitative research, discourse analysis and case law analysis, to explore the complexities of the phenomenon of asylum and conversion from Islam to Christianity. This book is an authoritative resource for academic scholars in fields as diverse as migration and refugee studies, anthropology, sociology, religious studies, law and socio-legal studies, as well as legal and religious practitioners.
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Falk, Avner. Anti-Semitism. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400613470.
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In the summer of 2006, the author received a message that read, Love the Nazis, and KILL THE JEWS DEAD. And that was the trigger that launched internationally known scholar Falk into work on this book. Anti-Semitism has once again become a worldwide phenomenon, growing largely during the last decade of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st. Among the spurs for this are the migration of Muslim populations and the ongoing Israeli-Arab wars. In this far-reaching and comprehensive volume, Falk delves deeply into the current events, history, and literature on anti-Semitism, integrating insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, and political science. The result is an absorbing exploration of one of the oldest scourges of humanity, spotlighting the irrational and unconscious causes of anti-Semitism. In the summer of 2006, the author received a message that read, Love the Nazis, and KILL THE JEWS DEAD. And that was the trigger that launched internationally known scholar Avner Falk into work on this book. Anti-Semitism has once again become a worldwide phenomenon, growing largely during the last decade of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first. Among the spurs for this are migration of Muslim populations and the ongoing Israeli-Arab wars. In this far-reaching and comprehensive volume, Falk delves deeply into the current events, history and literature on anti-Semitism, integrating insights from psychology, sociology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, and political science. The result is an absorbing exploration of one of the oldest scourges of humanity, spotlighting the irrational and unconscious causes of anti-Semitism. This book also features chapters on the psychodynamics of racism, fascism, Nazism, and the dark, tragic, and unconscious processes, both individual and collective, that led to the Shoah. Holocaust denial and its psychological motives, as well as insights into the physical and psychological survival strategies of Holocaust survivors, are explored in depth. There are also chapters on scientific anti-Semitism including eugenics.
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Jordanova, Ludmilla, and Florence Grant, eds. Where Words and Images Meet. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350300590.
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Bringing together a fascinatingly diverse yet closely related group of subjects, Where Words and Images Meet asks us to rethink what we know about words and images and how they interact. From 19th-century frontispieces to Soviet photo albums, from the relationships between portraits and biographies to museum labels, the book's richly illustrated chapters open up historically specific connections between word and image to collective examination and fruitful analysis. Written by both established and emerging scholars in a range of interrelated fields, the chapters deliberately foreground previously overlooked topics as well as unfamiliar disciplinary approaches, to offer a stimulating and carefully developed framework for looking at these ubiquitous phenomena afresh. Where Words and Images Meet opens up for analysis and reflection the forms of attention, practices, skills and assumptions that underlie visual interpretation and meaning-making in the writing of history. By bringing the features of the materials we read and look at into focus, we can grasp more effectively the complex interrelationships involved, and enhance our practice and understanding.
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Malik, Iftikhar. Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400635656.
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Until now, in-depth cultural information on Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim country formed in 1947 after the dissolution of British rule in India, has been scarce. This crucial South Asian hotspot, in the news for tensions with neighboring India over nuclear capacity and security issues, finally is illuminated for general readers. This narrative encapsulates the historical pluralistic traditions, such as religious practices, languages, and ethnosocial ties, that Pakistanis share with their neighbors. The coverage of culture and customs is contextualized throughout with the richness of the past and present Indus Valley civilization. The author is a native of Pakistan and provides authoritative insight into the many aspects of history and contemporary life. Western readers will be exposed to a range of folk traditions that coexist with modern influences from globalization. Descriptions of unfamiliar cultural phenomena such as the architecture of shrines and tombs, the distinctive dress of different groups, Pakistani Muslim courtship and marriage rituals, and lively kite-flying contests are some of the highlights.
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Petersen, Kristian. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634346.003.0007.
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The epilogue of this book points to its utility in future research. I have established an analytical rubric for thinking through cosmopolitan sites of local formulations of Islam. I provide insights into key junctures within the development of Islam as a global religious and cultural phenomenon, and open up a provisional map for examining how interpretive claims are invested with localized meaning and reimagined through alternative intellectual grids. The case studies on pilgrimage, scripture, and language given in this text can help disentangle the dominant analysis of these themes and provoke further theoretical investigation into religion. The redescription of critical categories in the study of religion provided here is intended, in part, as a methodological corrective that will benefit others who pursue a thematic approach in the analysis of other translingual Muslim communities. I argue that we must remain attentive to the purposes of pilgrimage, the structures of scripture, and the leverage of language.
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Pepinsky, Thomas B., R. William Liddle, and Saiful Mujani. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697808.003.0006.
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The resurgence of Islam in private and public life, in Indonesia and elsewhere, is one of the most important phenomena of our time. Its implications for politics and society are also widely misunderstood. Piety among Indonesian Muslims is essentially unrelated to most of the basic problems of political and economic life that analysts of religion and public life have addressed. Instead, the social and economic transformations that are co-occurring alongside the resurgence of Islam in Indonesia are the best predictors of how Muslims think and behave. These findings reorient our understanding of Islam and democracy in contemporary Indonesia. They should also inform policymakers interested in Islam, religious revitalization, democracy, and relations between the West and the Muslim world.
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Colla, Marcus. Prussia in the Historical Culture of the German Democratic Republic. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865908.001.0001.
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Abstract This book charts the afterlife of Prussia in the German Democratic Republic. No case study exemplifies the fluidity of the past within the GDR more powerfully than that of the history of the Prussian state. Initially attacked in East German official histories as the historical engine of German militarism and reaction, Prussia underwent a remarkable transformation in official and public memory from the late 1970s. In this ‘Prussia-Renaissance’, for the first time, the East German state began to recognise and even celebrate figures from Prussian history who had not served a ‘progressive’ agenda. But the GDR’s ‘Prussia-Renaissance’ was also a political and cultural phenomenon with a wide public resonance. Using the case study of Prussia, this book presents a multi-perspectival approach to the way that a distinctive ‘historical culture’ was constructed in the GDR. Examining political figures, historians, cultural elites, and heritage preservationists, as well as exhibitions, museums, television programmes, films, novels, plays, and artworks, it explores the way that the past was negotiated and disputed. In essence, the book poses four fundamental questions for our understanding of politics and culture in communist East Germany: how was history there ‘made’? How was it understood? How was it contested? And how was it used?
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Morier-Genoud, Eric. Towards Jihad? Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197769348.001.0001.
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Abstract Since 2017, Mozambique has been confronted with a jihadi insurgency. This book looks at its origins and the broader and longer history of the relationship between Islam and politics in the country. Did Mozambique’s Muslim politics always point towards jihad? The book examines the period after independence, when the state engaged in anticlericalism; it then moves across the decades to the 2000s, when the ruling party and the opposition alike courted Muslims for electoral purposes, before reaching the 2010s, when tensions between “mosque and state” returned. Along the way, it explores a wide variety of phenomena, including the rise of Wahhabism, religious competition, state mediation, secularism, the alleged growth and radicalisation of Islam, and the origins of the ongoing insurgency. The volume offers a rich history, attentive to different branches and elements of the Muslim community, looking far beyond the narrow perspective of jihad. Taking a socio-historical perspective, the book unpacks a complex dynamic which the jihadi insurgency is now disrupting. Understanding the long history of Muslims’ engagement with politics in Mozambique sheds light on where the country has come from, where it stands now amidst violent unrest, and where it might go next.
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Amanik, Allan, and Kami Fletcher, eds. Till Death Do Us Part. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827883.001.0001.
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This book questions the tendency among most Americans to separate their dead along lines of race, faith, ethnicity, or social standing. It asks what a deeper exploration of that phenomenon, so often taken for granted, can tell us about American history broadly. Comparative in scope, and regionally diverse, it looks to immigrants, communities of color, the colonized, the enslaved, rich and poor, and religious minorities as they laid their dead to rest in locales spanning the northeast to the Spanish American southwest. Whether African Americans, Muslim or Christian Arabs, Indians, mestizos, Chinese, Jews, Poles, Catholics, Protestants, or various whites of European descent, one thing that united these Americans was a drive to keep their dead apart. While burial spaces have reflected and preserved cultural and communal identity, particularly in a society as diverse as the United States, this collection argues that the invisible and institutional borders built around them (and into them) also tell a powerful story of the ways in which Americans have negotiated race, culture, class, national origin, and religious difference in the United States during its formative century.
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Kilbride, Philip L., and Douglas R. Page. Plural Marriage for Our Times. 2nd ed. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400697425.
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This thoroughly revised second edition offers a child-centered, international perspective as it urges America to de-stigmatize alternate family forms. In this book's first edition, Philip L. Kilbride showed polygamy as the preferred marriage pattern in most parts of the nonwestern world and explained how plural marriage is surfacing in western countries to address economic and spiritual crises. In Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option? Second Edition, Kilbride and his coauthor, Douglas R. Page, update and enhance this thesis in light of contemporary circumstances, new studies, and current legal debates. This new edition examines plural marriage's benefits for children. It extends the discussion of polygamy and religion, especially the Muslim perspective on marriage and family; considers the illegal polygamy of immigrants; and looks at multiple marriage in African American communities, where "crisis polygamy" is a growing phenomenon. The authors suggest Americans consider plural marriage as a viable practice that can help reduce the divorce rate, better protect women and children, and serve as an alternative to the "fractured family" so prevalent in America today.
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Blackwood, Robert, Stefania Tufi, and Will Amos, eds. The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350272545.
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Presenting a detailed examination of the origins, evolutions, and state-of-the-art of linguistic landscape research, The Bloomsbury Handbook of Linguistic Landscapes is a comprehensive guide to the to the burgeoning field of linguistic landscapes and the study of meaning and interpretation in public spaces and settings. Providing a thorough synopsis of the theories, methodologies, and objects of study which vary linguistic landscape research across the world, this book is the ideal companion for both new and experienced readers interested in the processes of communication in public spaces across diverse settings and from a broad range of perspectives. Through a wide range of case studies and original research, the handbook highlights the global reach of linguistic landscape theories and practices. Scrutinising an array of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodological approaches for analysing a wide spectrum of meaning-making phenomena, it investigates semiosis in contexts ranging from graffiti and street signs to tattoos and literature, visible across a variety of sites, including city centres, rural settings, schools, protest marches, museums, war-torn landscapes, and the internet
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D’agati, Janine, and Hannah Schiff. From Sleepwear to Sportswear. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350232006.
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Women wearing pants poses provocative questions: When did it start? Who invented this fashion? How scandalous was it? Were women really arrested? Prior to the 1920s it was a rarity to see women in the Western world wearing pants, but as the silk pajama trouser suit moved from the boudoir to the beach in the early 1920s it cemented the image of the trousered woman. Worn by Jean Harlow and Marlene Dietrich, painted by Raoul Dufy and immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tender is the Night, pajamas came to symbolise much more than sleepwear: this book explores how much the pajama phenomenon was not only critical to the careers of designers such as Chanel, Patou, Poiret, and Schiaparelli, but how the versatile garment was also bound to the independence of women and influenced culture more broadly. Through meticulous research and never-before-seen images, the authors position pajama fashion in the context of the Golden Age of Travel, the rise of Hollywood, and the changing political climate of the early 20th century, to reveal how the rising trend in sleepwear influenced the image of the trousered woman now associated with The American Look. In the period between the two world wars, pajamas transformed the fashion landscape. Emerging from ladies’ boudoirs in the late 1910s as a new outdoor mode, “beach pajamas” were among the first trousered women’s attire for public wear in the West. The popularity of pajamas at seaside resorts opened the door for other trousered apparel for women—from satin and lace ensembles to workwear-inspired denim jumpsuits— to be marketed under the “pajama” umbrella, ultimately familiarizing the public with the image of women in pants. By the late 1930s beach pajamas had been immortalized by the likes of Raul Dufy and F. Scott Fitzgerald and graced the covers of Vogue, Harper’s Bazaar, and the New Yorker. With examples from the interwar period’s most influential designers, including Coco Chanel, Elsa Schiaparelli, and Madeleine Vionnet, as well as previously unpublished images from period photographs, private holdings, and museum collections, this is the first book to trace beach pajamas from their earliest appearances as anti-fashion garments at the close of the 1910s, to fanciful, feminine iterations of the 1920s and 1930s, to their evolution into the height of sportswear. From Sleepwear to Sportswear frames beach pajamas as liminal garments that straddle the lines between masculine and feminine, East and West, public and private, and sportswear and lingerie. Using context from the golden age of travel, the Hollywood film industry, the Great Depression, and a growing modernist zeitgeist, D’Agati and Schiff present new research to establish beach pajamas as an important foundation of American sportswear.
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Hunter, Shireen T. Islam, Europe's Second Religion. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400672958.
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Today there are at least 15 million people in Western Europe who adhere to the Muslim faith or have close cultural or other affiliations with the Islamic world. Indeed, in the course of a few decades, Islam has emerged as Europe's second religion, after Christianity. What is remarkable about this phenomenon is that it has occurred gradually, generally peacefully, and, in some measure, as a consequence of the economic needs of European countries. Despite some difficulties, Islam is slowly but inexorably becoming part of Europe's social, cultural, and, to some degree, political landscape. The question today is not can Islam be uprooted and expelled from European soil, as was done six centuries ago during the period of Reconquista in Spain, but rather what is the best way of accommodating Islam in Europe and establishing cooperative relations between Muslims and the followers of other religious and/or secular value systems. This volume examines the situation and attempts to provide answers to these questions through a country-by-country analysis by recognized experts from each of the Western European nations examined. An invaluable resource and text for scholars, students, and other researchers involved with Islamic and European Studies.
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Davidson, Lawrence. Islamic Fundamentalism. 2nd ed. Greenwood, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216975489.
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Islam is one of the most rapidly growing religions in the world. Islamic fundamentalism is one of its most forceful manifestations—and one of its least understood. This lack of understanding, combined with recent terrorist attacks, often leads to fear of Islamic fundamentalism in the West. Davidson offers a clearer picture of Islamic fundamentalism by explaining its history, identifying its adherents throughout history, and analyzing what the fundamentalists believe and what they want. A mixture of essays, biographical portraits, and primary documents provides an invaluable examination of this religious, cultural, and political phenomenon. This revision of the acclaimed first edition features fully updated information, as well as a new chapter examining the causes and effects of terrorism. A historical overview precedes essays on The Society of Muslim Brothers, the Iranian revolution and government, the Saudi government, Western perceptions of Islam, and issues of violence and terrorism. A section of biographies follows, including new portraits of Osama bin Laden and Iranian president Khatami. Primary documents include passages from the Quran and various reactions to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States. The volume concludes with an annotated bibliography of print, electronic, and video resources.
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Sicker, Martin. The Islamic World in Ascendancy. Praeger, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400673023.
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In the view of Dr. Martin Sicker, it was with the emergence of Islam that the combination of geopolitics and religion reached its most volatile form and provided the ideological context for war and peace in the Middle East for more than a millennium. The conflation of geopolitics and religion in Islam is predicated on the concept ofjihad(struggle), which may be understood as acrescentade, in the same sense as the later Christiancrusade, which seeks to achieve a religious goal, the conversion of the world to Islam, by militant means. This equates to a concept of perpetual war with the non-Muslim world, a concept that underlays Muslim geopolitical thinking throughout the thousand-year period covered in this book. However, as Sicker amply demonstrates, the concept often bore little relation to the political realities of the region that as often as not saw Muslims and non-Muslims aligned against and at war with other Muslims. The story of the emergence and phenomenal ascendancy of the Islamic world from a relatively small tribe in sparsely populated Arabia is one that taxes the imagination, but it becomes more comprehensible when viewed through a geopolitical prism. Religion was repeatedly and often shamelessly harnessed to geopolitical purpose by both Muslims and Christians, albeit with arguably greater Muslim success. Islamic ascendancy began as an Arab project, initially focused on the Arabian peninsula, but was soon transformed into an imperialist movement with expansive ambitions. As it grew, it quickly registered highly impressive gains, but soon lost much of its Arab content. It ended a millennium later as a Turkish—more specifically, an Ottoman—project with many intermediate transformations. The reverberations of the thousand-year history of that ascendancy are still felt today in many parts of the greater Middle East. A comprehensive geopolitical survey for scholars, students, researchers, and all others interested in the history of the Middle East and Islam.
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Parker, Joanne, and Corinna Wagner, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Victorian Medievalism. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669509.001.0001.
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Victorian medievalism physically transformed the streets of Britain. It lay at the root of new laws and social policies. It changed religious practices. It deeply coloured national identities. And it inspired art, literature, and music that remains influential to this day. Sometimes driven by nostalgia, but also often progressive and future-facing, this wide-reaching movement, which reached its peak during the reign of Queen Victoria, looked back to a range of different peoples and historical periods spanning a thousand years, in order to inspire and vindicate cultural, political and social change. Medievalism was pervasive in Victorian literature, with texts ranging from translated sagas to pseudo-medieval devotional verse, to triple-decker novels. It became a dominant architectural mode – transforming the English landscape, with 75% of new churches built on a ‘Gothic’ rather than a classical model, as well as museums, railway stations, town halls, and pumping stations. It was appealed to by both Whigs and Tories. But it also permeated domestic life – influencing the popularity of beards, the naming of children, and the design of homes and furniture. This landmark study is an attempt to draw together for the first time every major aspect of Victorian medievalism, and to examine the phenomenon from the perspective of the many disciplines to which it is relevant, including intellectual history, religious studies, social history, literary history, art history, and architecture. Bringing together the expertise of 39 experts from different subject areas, it reveals the pervasiveness and multi-faceted character of the movement in the nineteenth century, and explains its continuing legacy today.
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Knight, Michael Muhammad. Muhammad's Body. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469658919.001.0001.
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Muhammad’s Body introduces questions of embodiment and materiality to the study of the Prophet Muhammad. Analyzing classical Muslim literary representations of Muhammad’s body as they emerge in Sunni hadith and sira from the eighth through the eleventh centuries CE, Michael Muhammad Knight argues that early Muslims’ theories and imaginings about Muhammad’s body contributed in significant ways to the construction of prophetic masculinity and authority. Knight approaches hadith and sira as important religiocultural and literary phenomena in their own right. In rich detail, he lays out the variety of ways that early believers imagined Muhammad’s relationship to beneficent energy—baraka—and to its boundaries, effects, and limits. Drawing on insights from contemporary theory about the body, Knight shows how changing representations of the Prophet’s body helped to legitimatize certain types of people or individuals as religious authorities, while marginalizing or delegitimizing others. For some Sunni Muslims, Knight concludes, claims of religious authority today remain connected to ideas about Muhammad’s body.
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Sonn, Tamara, ed. Overcoming Orientalism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054151.001.0001.
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The term “Orientalism” reduces Islam and Muslims to stereotypes of ignorance and violence, in need of foreign control. In scholarly discourse, it has been used to rationalize Europe’s colonial domination of most of the Muslim world and continued American-led interventions in the postcolonial period. In the past thirty years it has been represented by claims that a monolithic Islam and equally monolithic West are distinct civilizations, sharing nothing in common and, indeed, involved in an inevitable “clash” from which only one can emerge the victory. Most recently, it has appeared in alt-right rhetoric. Anti-Muslim sentiment, measured in public opinion polls, hate crime statistics, and legislation, is reaching record levels. Since John Esposito published his first book nearly forty years ago, he has been guiding readers beyond such politically charged stereotypes. This Festschrift highlights the contributions of scholars from a variety of disciplines who, like—and often inspired by—John Esposito, recognize the misleading and politically dangerous nature of Orientalist polarizations. They present Islam as a multifaceted and dynamic tradition embraced by communities in globally interconnected but substantially diverse contexts over the centuries. The contributors follow Esposito’s lead, stressing the profound commonalities among religions and replacing Orientalist discourse with holistic analyses of the complex historical phenomena that affect developments in all societies. In addition to chapters focusing on diversity among Muslims and interfaith relations, this collection includes chapters assessing the secular bias at the root of Orientalist scholarship, and contemporary iterations of Orientalism in the form of Islamophobia.
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Tschirgi, Dan. Turning Point. Praeger, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216027928.
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The danger raised by the terrorist threat is real, existential, and vital to the United States. But the attacks on 9/11 have been broadly misunderstood. In assessing the meaning and significance of the war on terror, Tschirgi raises many issues related to the Middle East and American policy toward that area. For example, he debunks the entire exceptionalist approach to the Arab world (the presumption that Arab societies fail to be fathomed by Western social science). While Tschirgi stresses the need for resolving the war on terrorism favorably, he also suggests two broad policy recommendations. First, he argues that while the United States should maintain its firm commitment to Israel's preservation as a Jewish state, it has no corresponding duty to support Israeli expansionism. U.S.-Israeli relations should proceed on this basis and should be informed by a greater American reliance on principles of international law. Second, Tschirgi concludes that an American withdrawal from Iraq must be effected as early as possible. Tschirgi's provocative thesis is that the attacks of 9/11 were not as unique an event as we commonly believe. Rather, they were understandable—though deplorable—human reactions to a combination of factors that fueled the Arab world's marginalization and led to a generalized feeling among the people of that region that the West (and particularly the United States) posed a mortal threat to their identity. Employing three case studies of marginalized violent conflict—Mexico's Zapatista conflict, Egypt's struggle against theGama'a al-Islamiyyain Upper Egypt, and Nigeria's fight against the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta—Tschirgi demonstrates the dynamics through which traditional peoples have in modern times opted to wage hopeless struggle against objectively more powerful states. The parallels between the dynamics that informed each of these situations and those marking the international Muslim insurgency against the West are striking, as are the significant differences between the two phenomena. The parallels are found in the mechanics of marginalization and resistance. The differences lie, first, in the Muslim insurgency's identification of the West as a total enemy and the struggle with it as having a zero-sum nature and, second, in the modern terrorists' potential access to lethal means of mass destruction. Both the parallels and differences that mark the two phenomena help deepen a real understanding of the meaning of 9/11.