Journal articles: 'Musculoskeletal morphology'

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Freemont, AJ, and JA Hoyland. "Morphology, mechanisms and pathology of musculoskeletal ageing." Journal of Pathology 211, no. 2 (January 2007): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2097.

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Orsbon, Courtney P., Nicholas J. Gidmark, and Callum F. Ross. "Dynamic Musculoskeletal Functional Morphology: Integrating diceCT and XROMM." Anatomical Record 301, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 378–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23714.

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Samim, Mohammad. "3D MRI Models of the Musculoskeletal System." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 25, no. 03 (June 2021): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730912.

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AbstractComputed tomography (CT) is most commonly used to produce three-dimensional (3D) models for evaluating bone and joint morphology in clinical practice. However, 3D models created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data can be equally effective for comprehensive and accurate assessment of osseous and soft tissue structure morphology and pathology. The quality of 3D MRI models has steadily increased over time, with growing potential to replace 3D CT models in various musculoskeletal (MSK) applications. In practice, a single MRI examination for two-dimensional and 3D assessments can increase the value of MRI and simplify the pre- and postoperative imaging work-up. Multiple studies have shown excellent performance of 3D MRI models in shoulder injuries, in the hip in the setting of femoroacetabular impingement, and in the knee for the creation of bone surface models. Therefore, the utility of 3D MRI postprocessed models is expected to continue to rise and broaden in applications. Computer-based and artificial intelligence–assisted postprocessing techniques have tremendous potential to improve the efficiency of 3D model creation, opening many research avenues to validate the applicability of 3D MRI and establish 3D-specific quantitative assessment criteria. We provide a practice-focused overview of 3D MRI acquisition strategies, postprocessing techniques for 3D model creation, MSK applications of 3D MRI models, and an illustration of cases from our daily clinical practice.

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van Beesel, Julia, John R. Hutchinson, Jean‐Jacques Hublin, and Stephanie M. Melillo. "Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling." Journal of Anatomy 239, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.13412.

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Rankin, Jeffery W., Kelsey M. Doney, and Craig P. McGowan. "Functional capacity of kangaroo rat hindlimbs: adaptations for locomotor performance." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 144 (July 2018): 20180303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0303.

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Many cursorial and large hopping species are extremely efficient locomotors with various morphological adaptations believed to reduce mechanical demand and improve movement efficiency, including elongated distal limb segments. However, despite having elongated limbs, small hoppers such as desert kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys deserti ) are less efficient locomotors than their larger counterparts, which may be in part due to avoiding predators through explosive jumping movements. Despite potentially conflicting mechanical demands between the two movements, kangaroo rats are both excellent jumpers and attain high hopping speeds, likely due to a specialized hindlimb musculoskeletal morphology. This study combined experimental dissection data with a static analysis of muscle moment generating capacities using a newly developed musculoskeletal model to characterize kangaroo rat hindlimb musculoskeletal architecture and investigate how morphology has evolved to meet hopping and jumping mechanical demands. Hindlimb morphology appears biased towards generating constant moment arms over large joint ranges of motion in this species, which may balance competing requirements by reducing the need for posture and movement specific excitation patterns. The ankle extensors are a major exception to the strong positive relationship exhibited by most muscles between muscle architecture parameters (e.g. L fibre ) and joint moment arms. These muscles appear suited to meeting the high moments required for jumping: the biarticular nature of the ankle extensors is leveraged to reduce MTU strain and create a four-bar linkage that facilitates proximal force transfer. The kangaroo rat hindlimb provides an interesting case study for understanding how morphology balances the sometimes competing demands of hopping and jumping.

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A, Corr S., Gentle M. J, McCorquodale C. C, and Bennett D. "The Effect of Morphology on the Musculoskeletal System of the Modern Broiler." Animal Welfare 12, no. 2 (May 2003): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600025604.

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AbstractThis study compares various morphometric features of two strains of broilers, selected and ‘relaxed’ (ie random-bred), raised under two feeding regimes, ad-libitum-fed and restricted-fed. We consider the possible consequences of the different body shapes on the musculoskeletal system. The ad-libitum-fed selected birds reached heavier bodyweights at younger ages, had wider girths, and developed large amounts of breast muscle which probably displaced their centre of gravity cranially. At cull weight, they had shorter legs than birds in the other groups and greater thigh-muscle masses; therefore, greater forces would have to be exerted by shorter lever arms in order to move the body. The tarsometatarsi were broader, providing increased resistance to greater loads, but the bones had a lower calcium and phosphorus content, which would theoretically make them weaker. Many of these morphological changes are likely to have detrimental effects on the musculoskeletal system and therefore compromise the walking ability and welfare of the birds.

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KIKUCHI, Yasuhiro, Ryuhei KOJIMA, Yuko FUSE, Yuki KINOSHITA, Kenji OKA, and FUJINO FUJINO. "Functional interpretation of primate's trunk by studying musculoskeletal morphology and motion analysis." Primate Research 37, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2354/psj.37.047.

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King, Heather M., and Melina E. Hale. "Musculoskeletal morphology of the pelvis and pelvic fins in the lungfishProtopterus annectens." Journal of Morphology 275, no. 4 (November 30, 2013): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20225.

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Jopowicz, Robert, Małgorzata Jopowicz, Łukasz Czarnocki, Jarosław Michał Deszczyński, and Jarosław Deszczyński. "Current Uses of Ultrasound Imaging in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 19, no. 6 (December 13, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7036.

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The term Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging (RUSI) refers to the use of ultrasound imaging by physiotherapists. Ultrasound is used by physiotherapists to evaluate the morphology of muscles and other associated soft tissues not only at rest but also for a dynamic assessment of those structures during physical activities and tasks. RUSI is most commonly utilized as part of a biofeedback mechanism, which shows good efficacy in lower back pain treatment. Several possibilities have been also described for clinically adapting this method in the rehabilitation of the shoulder and knee and postoperative improvement of tendons. RUSI is a novel method with a high clinical potential to support physiotherapeutic therapies.

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Fernandez, J., J. Zhang, T. Heidlauf, M. Sartori, T. Besier, O. Röhrle, and D. Lloyd. "Multiscale musculoskeletal modelling, data–model fusion and electromyography-informed modelling." Interface Focus 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2016): 20150084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2015.0084.

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This paper proposes methods and technologies that advance the state of the art for modelling the musculoskeletal system across the spatial and temporal scales; and storing these using efficient ontologies and tools. We present population-based modelling as an efficient method to rapidly generate individual morphology from only a few measurements and to learn from the ever-increasing supply of imaging data available. We present multiscale methods for continuum muscle and bone models; and efficient mechanostatistical methods, both continuum and particle-based, to bridge the scales. Finally, we examine both the importance that muscles play in bone remodelling stimuli and the latest muscle force prediction methods that use electromyography-assisted modelling techniques to compute musculoskeletal forces that best reflect the underlying neuromuscular activity. Our proposal is that, in order to have a clinically relevant virtual physiological human, (i) bone and muscle mechanics must be considered together; (ii) models should be trained on population data to permit rapid generation and use underlying principal modes that describe both muscle patterns and morphology; and (iii) these tools need to be available in an open-source repository so that the scientific community may use, personalize and contribute to the database of models.

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Mosler, Andrea B., Adam Weir, Andreas Serner, Rintje Agricola, Cristiano Eirale, Abdulaziz Farooq, Arnhild Bakken, et al. "Musculoskeletal Screening Tests and Bony Hip Morphology Cannot Identify Male Professional Soccer Players at Risk of Groin Injuries: A 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 6 (March 27, 2018): 1294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518763373.

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Background: Musculoskeletal hip/groin screening tests are commonly performed to detect at-risk individuals. Bony hip morphology is considered a potential intrinsic risk factor but has not been examined prospectively. Purpose: To evaluate the association between intrinsic risk factors identified from musculoskeletal and radiographic screening tests and hip/groin injuries leading to time loss from training and/or match play in professional male soccer players. Study Design: Prospective cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Male professional soccer players, aged ≥18 years, underwent screening specific for hip/groin pain during 2 consecutive seasons of the Qatar Stars League. The screening battery included pain provocation, range of motion, and strength tests as well as a hip radiographic examination. The radiographic examination included an anteroposterior pelvic view and 45° Dunn view, with bony hip morphology determined using quantitative methods. Time-loss (≥1 day) hip/groin injuries and individual player exposure (training and match play) were recorded prospectively, and injuries were categorized as adductor-related, inguinal-related, iliopsoas-related, pubic-related, or hip-related groin pain, or “other,” as recommended in the Doha agreement. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) from univariate and multivariate Cox regression models to assess the relationship between potential risk factors and hip/groin injuries. Results: There were 438 players, completing 609 player seasons, and 113 hip/groin injuries that met the criteria for inclusion, with 85 injuries categorized as adductor-related. The proportion of players with bony morphological variants was the following: cam, 71%; pincer, 5%; and acetabular dysplasia, 13%. Previous hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7) and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of hip/groin injuries. Higher (>1 SD above the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for all hip/groin injuries (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.5). Lower (<1 SD below the mean) than normal eccentric adduction strength was associated with an increased risk for adductor-related injuries (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0). No other musculoskeletal screening test or bony hip morphology variables were associated with the injury risk. Conclusion: Previous groin injuries and eccentric adduction strength were associated with the risk of groin injuries. However, these associations were not strong enough to identify an “at-risk” individual, and therefore, musculoskeletal screening tests were not useful to dictate individualized prevention strategies. Bony hip morphology was not associated with the risk of groin injuries.

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Sylvester, Adam D., Steven G. Lautzenheiser, and Patricia Ann Kramer. "A review of musculoskeletal modelling of human locomotion." Interface Focus 11, no. 5 (August 13, 2021): 20200060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0060.

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Locomotion through the environment is important because movement provides access to key resources, including food, shelter and mates. Central to many locomotion-focused questions is the need to understand internal forces, particularly muscle forces and joint reactions. Musculoskeletal modelling, which typically harnesses the power of inverse dynamics, unites experimental data that are collected on living subjects with virtual models of their morphology. The inputs required for producing good musculoskeletal models include body geometry, muscle parameters, motion variables and ground reaction forces. This methodological approach is critically informed by both biological anthropology, with its focus on variation in human form and function, and mechanical engineering, with a focus on the application of Newtonian mechanics to current problems. Here, we demonstrate the application of a musculoskeletal modelling approach to human walking using the data of a single male subject. Furthermore, we discuss the decisions required to build the model, including how to customize the musculoskeletal model, and suggest cautions that both biological anthropologists and engineers who are interested in this topic should consider.

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Naumann, Benjamin, Hans S. Reip, Nesrine Akkari, David Neubert, and Jörg U. Hammel. "Inside the head of a cybertype – three-dimensional reconstruction of the head muscles of Ommatoiulus avatar (Diplopoda: Juliformia: Julidae) reveals insights into the feeding movements of Juliformia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 954–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz109.

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Abstract The origin and diversification of the arthropod head is one of the major topics in the field of evolutionary morphology of Arthropoda. Among the major arthropod groups, Myriapoda and, more precisely Diplopoda, are generally poorly studied regarding their head anatomy. However, this group is of pivotal importance to understand the evolutionary functional morphology of the arthropod head. In this study, we investigate the complete musculoskeletal system of the diplopod head with a detailed description of the cephalic anatomy of the recently described species Ommatoiulus avatar. The comparison of our data with the literature on the few other species available show that the morphology of the musculoskeletal system within Juliformia, a subgroup of the Diplopoda, is relatively conservative. Using video recordings of the feeding movements in addition to the anatomical data, we revise the mechanism of the mandibular movements in Juliformia. There was a controversy whether mandibular abduction is an active process, facilitated by contraction of an abductor muscle, or if it is a passive process, mediated by tentorial and gnathochilarial movements not involving a direct abduction by muscular contraction. We show that mandibular abduction in Ommatoiulus is an active movement involving the contraction of an abductor muscle. This is similar to the mandibular abduction in other arthropod groups.

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Dixit, Nikhil N., Daniel C. McFarland, Matthew B. Fisher, Jacqueline H. Cole, and Katherine R. Saul. "Integrated iterative musculoskeletal modeling predicts bone morphology following brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI)." Journal of Biomechanics 103 (April 2020): 109658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109658.

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Kargo, William J., and Lawrence C. Rome. "Functional morphology of proximal hindlimb muscles in the frog Rana pipiens." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 1987–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.14.1987.

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SUMMARY Musculoskeletal models have become important tools in understanding motor control issues ranging from how muscles power movement to how sensory feedback supports movements. In the present study, we developed the initial musculotendon subsystem of a realistic model of the frog Rana pipiens. We measured the anatomical properties of 13 proximal muscles in the frog hindlimb and incorporated these measurements into a set of musculotendon actuators. We examined whether the interaction between this musculotendon subsystem and a previously developed skeleton/joint subsystem captured the passive behavior of the real frog's musculoskeletal system. To do this, we compared the moment arms of musculotendon complexes measured experimentally with moment arms predicted by the model. We also compared sarcomere lengths measured experimentally at the starting and take-off positions of a jump with sarcomere lengths predicted by the model at these same limb positions. On the basis of the good fit of the experimental data, we used the model to describe the multi-joint mechanical effects produced by contraction of each hindlimb muscle and to predict muscle trajectories during a range of limb behaviors (wiping, defensive kicking, swimming and jumping). Through these analyses, we show that all hindlimb muscles have multiple functions with respect to accelerating the limb in its three-dimensional workspace and that the balance of functions depends greatly on limb configuration. In addition, we show that muscles have multiple, task-specific functions with respect to the type of contraction performed. The results of this study provide important data regarding the multifunctional role of hindlimb muscles in the frog and form a foundation upon which additional model subsystems (e.g. neural) and more sophisticated muscle models can be appended.

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Anzai, Wataru, Antonio Cádiz, and Hideki Endo. "Sexual Dimorphisms of Appendicular Musculoskeletal Morphology Related to Social Display in Cuban Anolis Lizards." Zoological Science 32, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zs150027.

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Deban, Stephen M., Jeffrey A. Scales, Segall V. Bloom, Charlotte M. Easterling, Mary Kate O’Donnell, and Jeffrey P. Olberding. "Evolution of a high-performance and functionally robust musculoskeletal system in salamanders." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 19 (April 27, 2020): 10445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921807117.

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The evolution of ballistic tongue projection in plethodontid salamanders—a high-performance and thermally robust musculoskeletal system—is ideal for examining how the components required for extreme performance in animal movement are assembled in evolution. Our comparative data on whole-organism performance measured across a range of temperatures and the musculoskeletal morphology of the tongue apparatus were examined in a phylogenetic framework and combined with data on muscle contractile physiology and neural control. Our analysis reveals that relatively minor evolutionary changes in morphology and neural control have transformed a muscle-powered system with modest performance and high thermal sensitivity into a spring-powered system with extreme performance and functional robustness in the face of evolutionarily conserved muscle contractile physiology. Furthermore, these changes have occurred in parallel in both major clades of this largest family of salamanders. We also find that high-performance tongue projection that exceeds available muscle power and thermal robustness of performance coevolve, both being emergent properties of the same elastic-recoil mechanism. Among the taxa examined, we find muscle-powered and fully fledged elastic systems with enormous performance differences, but no intermediate forms, suggesting that incipient elastic mechanisms do not persist in evolutionary time. A growing body of data from other elastic systems suggests that similar coevolution of traits may be found in other ectothermic animals with high performance, particularly those for which thermoregulation is challenging or ecologically costly.

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Regnault, Sophie, and Stephanie E. Pierce. "Pectoral girdle and forelimb musculoskeletal function in the echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ): insights into mammalian locomotor evolution." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (November 2018): 181400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181400.

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Although evolutionary transformation of the pectoral girdle and forelimb appears to have had a profound impact on mammalian locomotor and ecological diversity, both the sequence of anatomical changes and the functional implications remain unclear. Monotremes can provide insight into an important stage of this evolutionary transformation, due to their phylogenetic position as the sister-group to therian mammals and their mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features. Here we build a musculoskeletal computer model of the echidna pectoral girdle and forelimb to estimate joint ranges of motion (ROM) and muscle moment arms (MMA)—two fundamental descriptors of biomechanical function. We find that the echidna's skeletal morphology restricts scapulocoracoid mobility and glenohumeral flexion–extension compared with therians. Estimated shoulder ROMs and MMAs for muscles crossing the shoulder indicate that morphology of the echidna pectoral girdle and forelimb is optimized for humeral adduction and internal rotation, consistent with limited in vivo data. Further, more muscles act to produce humeral long-axis rotation in the echidna compared to therians, as a consequence of differences in muscle geometry. Our musculoskeletal model allows correlation of anatomy and function, and can guide hypotheses regarding function in extinct taxa and the morphological and locomotor transformation leading to therian mammals.

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Bates, K. T., and E. R. Schachner. "Disparity and convergence in bipedal archosaur locomotion." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 71 (November 23, 2011): 1339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0687.

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This study aims to investigate functional disparity in the locomotor apparatus of bipedal archosaurs. We use reconstructions of hindlimb myology of extant and extinct archosaurs to generate musculoskeletal biomechanical models to test hypothesized convergence between bipedal crocodile-line archosaurs and dinosaurs. Quantitative comparison of muscle leverage supports the inference that bipedal crocodile-line archosaurs and non-avian theropods had highly convergent hindlimb myology, suggesting similar muscular mechanics and neuromuscular control of locomotion. While these groups independently evolved similar musculoskeletal solutions to the challenges of parasagittally erect bipedalism, differences also clearly exist, particularly the distinct hip and crurotarsal ankle morphology characteristic of many pseudosuchian archosaurs. Furthermore, comparative analyses of muscle design in extant archosaurs reveal that muscular parameters such as size and architecture are more highly adapted or optimized for habitual locomotion than moment arms. The importance of these aspects of muscle design, which are not directly retrievable from fossils, warns against over-extrapolating the functional significance of anatomical convergences. Nevertheless, links identified between posture, muscle moments and neural control in archosaur locomotion suggest that functional interpretations of osteological changes in limb anatomy traditionally linked to postural evolution in Late Triassic archosaurs could be constrained through musculoskeletal modelling.

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Bobbert, Maarten F., L. J. Richard Casius, Stephan van der Zwaard, and Richard T. Jaspers. "Effect of vasti morphology on peak sprint cycling power of a human musculoskeletal simulation model." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00674.2018.

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Fascicle length of m. vastus lateralis in cyclists has been shown to correlate positively with peak sprint cycling power normalized for lean body mass. We investigated whether vasti morphology affects sprint cycling power via force-length and force-velocity relationships. We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at pedaling rates ranging from 40 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight leg muscles. Input of the model was muscle stimulation over time, which was optimized to maximize the average power output over a pedal cycle. This was done for a reference model and for models in which the vasti had equal volume but different morphology. It was found that models with longer muscle fibers but a reduced physiological cross-sectional area of the vasti produced a higher sprint cycling power. This was partly explained by better alignment of the peak power-pedaling rate curve of the vasti with the corresponding curves of the other leg muscles. The highest sprint cycling power was achieved in a model in which the increase in muscle fiber length of the vasti was accompanied by a concomitant shift in optimum knee angle. It was concluded that muscle mechanics can partly explain the positive correlations between fascicle length of m. vastus lateralis and normalized peak sprint cycling power. It should be investigated whether muscle fiber length of the vasti and optimum knee angle are suitable training targets for athletes who want to concurrently improve their sprint and endurance cycling performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at pedaling rates ranging from 40 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight leg muscles. We selectively modified vasti morphology: we lengthened the muscle fibers and reduced the physiological cross-sectional area. The modified model was able to produce a higher sprint cycling power.

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Ponomarenko, M. G. "Functional morphology of the male genitalia of the family Autostichidae (Lepidoptera) with description of a new genus and a new species from the Russian Far East." Far Eastern entomologist 464 (October 4, 2022): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.464.2.

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The new genus Laszlogozmanya gen. n. and new species L. eclecticus sp. n. of the family Autostichidae are described from Primorskii krai. The taxonomic position of the new genus within the nominative subfamily Autostichinae is clarified on the base of the functional morphological analysis of the male genitalia in representatives of the family. The morphology of the musculoskeletal apparatus of the male genitalia in the genus Autosticha Meyrick, 1886 is described for the first time.

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Bildner, Amy, and Daniel Jackson. "Prenatal Sonographic Detection of Multiple Congenital Anomalies: A Case of Severe Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 34, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479317743208.

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This case study describes an obstetrical patient who presented for a routine second-trimester morphology sonogram in which the fetus was found to have arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Other abnormalities visualized included a single umbilical artery, hypoplastic nasal bone, polyhydramnios, and poorly visualized lateral ventricles. Amniocentesis demonstrated a normal microarray with a negative result for cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis. This case study highlights the utility of prenatal sonography to identify functional abnormalities of the fetal musculoskeletal system.

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Zhang, Jie, Hui Chang, Rongrong Yin, Shenhui Xu, Huiping Wang, and Yunfang Gao. "A temporal study on musculoskeletal morphology and metabolism in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus)." Bone 144 (March 2021): 115826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115826.

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Camp, Ariel L., and Elizabeth L. Brainerd. "Reevaluating Musculoskeletal Linkages in Suction-Feeding Fishes with X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM)." Integrative and Comparative Biology 55, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv034.

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Camp, A. L., and E. L. Brainerd. "Reevaluating Musculoskeletal Linkages in Suction-Feeding Fishes with X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology (XROMM)." Integrative and Comparative Biology 55, no. 6 (November 18, 2015): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv108.

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Morimoto, Naoki, Marcia S. Ponce De León, Takeshi Nishimura, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer. "Femoral Morphology and Femoropelvic Musculoskeletal Anatomy of Humans and Great Apes: A Comparative Virtopsy Study." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 294, no. 9 (August 17, 2011): spc1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21261.

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Morimoto, Naoki, Marcia S. Ponce De León, Takeshi Nishimura, and Christoph P. E. Zollikofer. "Femoral Morphology and Femoropelvic Musculoskeletal Anatomy of Humans and Great Apes: A Comparative Virtopsy Study." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 294, no. 9 (August 1, 2011): 1433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.21424.

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Chadwell, Brad A., and Miriam A. Ashley-Ross. "Musculoskeletal morphology and regionalization within the dorsal and anal fins of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)." Journal of Morphology 273, no. 4 (November 3, 2011): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11031.

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Cunha, Joanne Szczygiel, Abrar A. Qureshi, and Anthony M. Reginato. "Nail Enthesis Ultrasound in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Report from the 2016 GRAPPA Annual Meeting." Journal of Rheumatology 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 688–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.170146.

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Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is gaining favor in the evaluation of enthesitis in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Imaging modalities have shown that the enthesis of the distal interphalangeal joint has a close relationship to the nail itself. Studies have focused on the structure and morphology of nails to determine an association between psoriasis nail changes and the presence or severity of PsA. With the use of higher frequency probes, power Doppler (PD) can determine subclinical inflammation of the area under ultrasound examination. At the 2016 meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), we proposed an ultrasonographic index for the assessment of the nail enthesis to identify the morphologic and PD findings of the nail, with the potential that both rheumatologists and dermatologists can use it to evaluate their patients.

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Blanchet, Mariève, Pierre Guertin, Francine Pilon, Philippe Gorce, and François Prince. "From Neural Command to Robotic Use: The Role of Symmetry/Asymmetry in Postural and Locomotor Activities." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101773.

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This article deepens a reflection on why and how symmetry/asymmetry affects the motor and postural behavior from the neural source, uterine development, child maturation, and how the notion of symmetry/asymmetry has been applied to walking robot design and control. The concepts of morphology and tensegrity are also presented to illustrate how the biological structures have been used in both sciences and arts. The development of the brain and the neuro-fascia-musculoskeletal system seems to be quite symmetric from the beginning of life through to complete maturity. The neural sources of movements (i.e., central pattern generators) are able to produce both symmetric or asymmetric responses to accommodate to environmental constraints and task requirements. Despite the fact that the human development is mainly symmetric, asymmetries already regulate neurological and physiological development. Laterality and sports training could affect natural musculoskeletal symmetry. The plasticity and flexibility of the nervous system allows the abilities to adapt and compensate for environmental constraints and musculoskeletal asymmetries in order to optimize the postural and movement control. For designing humanoid walking robots, symmetry approaches have been mainly used to reduce the complexity of the online calculation. Applications in neurological retraining and rehabilitation should also be considered.

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Horalskyi, L., N. Kolesnik, I. Sokulskyi, and I. Horalska. "Comparative morphology of the spleen of birds of the families phasianidae and columbidae." Scientific Horizons 93, no. 8 (2020): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-164-170.

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Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9 %). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6 %), red pulp – in quail (82 %).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects.

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Xu, Yan, Tao Zhang, Yang Chen, Qiang Shi, Muzhi Li, Tian Qin, Jianzhong Hu, Hongbin Lu, Jun Liu, and Can Chen. "Isolation and Characterization of Multipotent Canine Urine-Derived Stem Cells." Stem Cells International 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894449.

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Current cell-based therapies on musculoskeletal tissue regeneration were mostly determined in rodent models. However, a direct translation of those promising cell-based therapies to humans exists a significant hurdle. For solving this problem, canine has been developed as a new large animal model to bridge the gap from rodents to humans. In this study, we reported the isolation and characterization of urine-derived stem cells (USCs) from mature healthy beagle dogs. The isolated cells showed fibroblast-like morphology and had good clonogenicity and proliferation. Meanwhile, these cells positively expressed multiple markers of MSCs (CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD73), but negatively expressed for hematopoietic antigens (CD11b, CD34, and CD45). Additionally, after induction culturing, the isolated cells can be differentiated into osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and tenogenic lineages. The successful isolation and verification of USCs from canine were useful for studying cell-based therapies and developing new treatments for musculoskeletal injuries using the preclinical canine model.

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Martinez, Corina, Ashley Davis, Heather Myers, and Robert J. Butler. "Interaction of Gender and Body Composition on Rectus Femoris Morphology as Measured With Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 6, no. 5 (June 19, 2014): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738114539450.

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Flammang, B. E. "The fish tail as a derivation from axial musculoskeletal anatomy: an integrative analysis of functional morphology." Zoology 117, no. 1 (February 2014): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.001.

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Al- Edanni, Mohammed Sh, and Mohammed Sh Al- Edanni. "Low Back Pain and Obesity (Review Article)." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 14, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v14i2.37.

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Low back pain a major causes of morbidity throughout the world and it is a most debilitating condition ,and can lead to decreased physical function ,compromised quality of life, and psychological distress. Obesity is nowadays a pandemic condition. Obese subjects are commonly characterized by musculoskeletal disorders and particularly by non-specific LBP. However, the relationship between obesity and LBP remain to date unsupported by objective measurements of mechanical behavior of spine and it is morphology in obese subjects. Key words: obesity, low back pain,

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Rivero, J. L. L. "Muscle morphology heterogeneity: control, significance for performance and responses to training." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041197.

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The skeletal musculature of the horse is highly developed and adapted to match the animal's athletic potential. More than half of a mature horse's body weight comprises skeletal muscle and the total muscle blood flow during maximal exercise represents 78% of total cardiac output. Exercise requires the co–ordinated application of many different body systems under the control of the nervous systems. Metabolites and oxygen reach skeletal muscle fibres via the respiratory, cardiovascular and haematological systems. The muscle fibres produce energy in the form of ATP that, via the contractile machinery, is converted into mechanical work. The structural arrangements of the musculoskeletal system provides the means with which to harness this energy to move the horse's limbs in a characteristic rhythmical pattern that is well established for each gait.Equine skeletal muscle is considerably heterogeneous and this diversity reflects functional specialisation and is the basis of its adaptive plasticity. Cellular and molecular diversity of equine muscle and the response of this tissue to exercise and training have been studied extensively over the past 30 years.

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Mocchi, Michela, Stefano Grolli, Silvia Dotti, Dario Di Silvestre, Riccardo Villa, Priscilla Berni, Virna Conti, et al. "Equine Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Freeze-Dried Secretome (Lyosecretome) for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Production Process Validation and Batch Release Test for Clinical Use." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060553.

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In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that the regenerative therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells is primarily due to the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, collectively known as secretome. In this context, our work described the preparation and characterization of a freeze-dried secretome (Lyosecretome) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the therapy of equine musculoskeletal disorder. An intraarticular injectable pharmaceutical powder has been formulated, and the technological process has been validated in an authorized facility for veterinary clinical-use medicinal production. Critical parameters for quality control and batch release have been identified regarding (i) physicochemical properties; (ii) extracellular vesicle morphology, size distribution, and surface biomarker; (iii) protein and lipid content; (iv) requirements for injectable pharmaceutical dosage forms such as sterility, bacterial endotoxin, and Mycoplasma; and (v) in vitro potency tests, as anti-elastase activity and proliferative activity on musculoskeletal cell lines (tenocytes and chondrocytes) and mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, proteins putatively responsible for the biological effects have been identified by Lyosecretome proteomic investigation: IL10RA, MXRA5, RARRES2, and ANXA1 modulate the inflammatory process RARRES2, NOD1, SERPINE1, and SERPINB9 with antibacterial activity. The work provides a proof-of-concept for the manufacturing of clinical-grade equine freeze-dried secretome, and prototypes are now available for safety and efficacy clinical trials in the treatment of equine musculoskeletal diseases

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CLARK, ELIZABETH G. "Ophiuroid locomotion from fundamental structures to integrated systems." Zoosymposia 15, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.15.1.4.

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The phylum Echinodermata includes an estimated 7,000 extant and 13,000 extinct species. Each living class represents a separate body plan with a unique mode of movement and locomotion. Brittle stars (Class Ophiuroidea) utilize complex arm musculoskeletal physiology for rapid locomotion, in contrast to the other echinoderm classes, which are typically slow moving. Ophiuroid locomotion and its origins are poorly understood. This paper is a review of the current state of ophiuroid research, with a focus on topics relevant to ophiuroid movement and locomotion, including anatomy, physiology, functional morphology, disparity, ecology, and evolutionary history.

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Kellis, Eleftherios, Athina Konstantinidou, and Athanasios Ellinoudis. "Muscle Length of the Hamstrings Using Ultrasonography Versus Musculoskeletal Modelling." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010026.

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Muscle morphology is an important contributor to hamstring muscle injury and malfunction. The aim of this study was to examine if hamstring muscle-tendon lengths differ between various measurement methods as well as if passive length changes differ between individual hamstrings. The lengths of biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST) of 12 healthy males were determined using three methods: Firstly, by identifying the muscle attachments using ultrasound (US) and then measuring the distance on the skin using a flexible ultrasound tape (TAPE-US). Secondly, by scanning each muscle using extended-field-of view US (EFOV-US) and, thirdly, by estimating length using modelling equations (MODEL). Measurements were performed with the participant relaxed at six combinations of hip (0°, 90°) and knee (0°, 45°, and 90°) flexion angles. The MODEL method showed greater BFlh and SM lengths as well as changes in length than US methods. EFOV-US showed greater ST and SM lengths than TAPE-US (p < 0.05). SM length change across all joint positions was greater than BFlh and ST (p < 0.05). Hamstring length predicted using regression equations is greater compared with those measured using US-based methods. The EFOV-US method yielded greater ST and SM length than the TAPE-US method. SM showed the highest change in length at different hip and knee joint positions.

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Dickenson, Edward, Philip O'Connor, Philip Robinson, Robert Campbell, Imran Ahmed, Miguel Fernandez, Roger Hawkes, Hutchinson Charles, and Damian Griffin. "Hip morphology in elite golfers: asymmetry between lead and trail hips." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 17 (June 22, 2016): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096007.

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AimDuring a golf swing, the lead hip (left hip in a right-handed player) rotates rapidly from external to internal rotation, while the opposite occurs in the trail hip. This study assessed the morphology and pathology of golfers’ hips comparing lead and trail hips.MethodsA cohort of elite golfers were invited to undergo MRI of their hips. Hip morphology was evaluated by measuring acetabular depth (pincer shape=negative measure), femoral neck antetorsion (retrotorsion=negative measure) and α angles (cam morphology defined as α angle >55° anteriorly) around the axis of the femoral neck. Consultant musculoskeletal radiologists determined the presence of intra-articular pathology.Results55 players (mean age 28 years, 52 left hip lead) underwent MRI. No player had pincer morphology, 2 (3.6%) had femoral retrotorsion and 9 (16%) had cam morphology. 7 trail hips and 2 lead hips had cam morphology (p=0.026). Lead hip femoral neck antetorsion was 16.7° compared with 13.0° in the trail hip (p<0.001). The α angles around the femoral neck were significantly lower in the lead compared with trail hips (p<0.001), with the greatest difference noted in the anterosuperior portion of the head neck junction; 53° vs 58° (p<0.001) and 43° vs 47° (p<0.001). 37% of trail and 16% of lead hips (p=0.038) had labral tears.ConclusionsGolfers’ lead and trail hips have different morphology. This is the first time side-to-side asymmetry of cam prevalence has been reported. The trail hip exhibited a higher prevalence of labral tears.

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Tsutsumi, Masahiro, Akimoto Nimura, and Keiichi Akita. "Clinical anatomy of the musculoskeletal system in the hip region." Anatomical Science International 97, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12565-021-00638-3.

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AbstractAlthough the hip joint is regarded as inherently stable, hip pain and injuries caused by traumatic/non-traumatic hip instability are relatively common in active individuals. A comprehensive understanding of hip anatomy may provide better insight into the relationships between hip stability and clinical problems. In this review, we present our recent findings on the hip morphological characteristics, especially focusing on the intramuscular tendon of the gluteus medius tendon and its insertion sites, hip capsular attachment on the anterosuperior region of the acetabular margin, and composition of the iliofemoral ligament. We further discussed the hip stabilization mechanism based on these findings. The characteristics of the gluteus medius tendon suggest that even a single muscle has multiple functional subunits within the muscle. In addition, the characteristics of the hip capsular attachment suggest that the width of the capsular attachment is wider than previously reported, and its wide area shows adaptive morphology to mechanical stress, such as bony impression and distribution of the fibrocartilage. The composition of the iliofemoral ligament and its relation to periarticular structures suggest that some ligaments should be defined based on the pericapsular structures, such as the joint capsule, tendon, and aponeurosis, and also have the ability to dynamically coordinate joint stability. These anatomical perspectives provide a better understanding of the hip stabilization mechanism, and a biomechanical study or an in vivo imaging study, considering these perspectives, is expected in the future.

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Szychlinska, Marta, Kotaro Yamakado, Alessandro Castorina, and Milos Ljubisavljevic. "The “Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology” Journal Club Series: Highlights on Recent Papers in Musculoskeletal Disorders." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2, no. 2 (April 18, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk2020010.

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Suwa, Gen, C. Owen Lovejoy, Berhane Asfaw, and Tim White. "Proximal Femoral Musculoskeletal Morphology of Chimpanzees and its Evolutionary Significance: A Critique of Morimoto et al. (2011)." Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 295, no. 12 (October 16, 2012): 2039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22604.

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Sharma, Himani, and Abhinav Tiwari. "Respiratory T-Wave Inversion in a Patient With Chest Pain." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 10 (January 1, 2017): 117954761772330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179547617723309.

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T-wave inversion on electrocardiogram (ECG) is always a concerning finding as it is often associated with myocardial ischemia or ventricular strain. Respiratory variation in the T-wave morphology has been reported in the literature; however, the frequency of this observation remains unknown as this is not routinely evaluated. Although the exact physiological mechanisms underlying this ECG change are unclear, it is proposed to be due to the respiratory variation of the heart position resulting in an alteration in T-wave polarity. We describe a case of a patient who presented with chest pain with T-wave inversions in inferior and lateral ECG leads. On repeating ECG with breath held in end inspiration, the T waves became positive. The pain was found to be musculoskeletal in origin. This case is a reminder of an under-recognized physiological phenomenon involving the cardiac conduction. Variation of T-wave morphology with respiration may suggest a noncardiac cause of chest pain.

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Montes Chañi, Evelyn, Sandaly Pacheco, Gustavo Martínez, Maykon Freitas, Joaquin Ivona, Javier Ivona, Winston Craig, and Fabio Pacheco. "Long-Term Dietary Intake of Chia Seed Is Associated with Increased Bone Mineral Content and Improved Hepatic and Intestinal Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070922.

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Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) provide an unusually high content of α-linolenic acid with several potential health benefits, but few studies have examined the long-term intake of n-3 fatty acid-rich plant foods such as chia. In this work, we investigated some of the effects of a diet containing 10% chia seeds versus a conventional isocaloric diet for 10 and 13 months on body measurements, musculoskeletal system, the liver, and the intestines of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats assigned into two groups. The n-6/n-3 ratios for the control and chia diets were 7.46 and 1.07, respectively. For the first 10 months of the diet, the body parameters and weights were similar, but at 13 months, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the chia-fed rats was significantly higher than that of the controls whether in total or proximal areas of the left tibia. Also, significant positive correlations were found between the age of the chia group and the bone mineral density, BMC, weight of the musculoskeletal system, final body weight, and skin weight. Liver and intestinal examinations showed improved morphology associated with lower lipid deposit in hepatocytes and increased intestinal muscle layers and crypt size in the chia group. This study provides new data suggesting the potential benefits associated with the long-term intake of chia seeds.

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Buzzatti, Luca, Benyameen Keelson, Johan Vanlauwe, Nico Buls, Johan De Mey, Jef Vandemeulebroucke, Erik Cattrysse, and Thierry Scheerlinck. "Evaluating lower limb kinematics and pathology with dynamic CT." Bone & Joint Journal 103-B, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.103b5.bjj-2020-1064.r2.

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Evaluating musculoskeletal conditions of the lower limb and understanding the pathophysiology of complex bone kinematics is challenging. Static images do not take into account the dynamic component of relative bone motion and muscle activation. Fluoroscopy and dynamic MRI have important limitations. Dynamic CT (4D-CT) is an emerging alternative that combines high spatial and temporal resolution, with an increased availability in clinical practice. 4D-CT allows simultaneous visualization of bone morphology and joint kinematics. This unique combination makes it an ideal tool to evaluate functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system. In the lower limb, 4D-CT has been used to diagnose femoroacetabular impingement, patellofemoral, ankle and subtalar joint instability, or reduced range of motion. 4D-CT has also been used to demonstrate the effect of surgery, mainly on patellar instability. 4D-CT will need further research and validation before it can be widely used in clinical practice. We believe, however, it is here to stay, and will become a reference in the diagnosis of lower limb conditions and the evaluation of treatment options. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):822–827.

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Toro-Ossaba, Alejandro, Juan C. Tejada, Santiago Rúa, and Alexandro López-González. "A Proposal of Bioinspired Soft Active Hand Prosthesis." Biomimetics 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010029.

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Soft robotics have broken the rigid wall of interaction between humans and robots due to their own definition and manufacturing principles, allowing robotic systems to adapt to humans and enhance or restore their capabilities. In this research we propose a dexterous bioinspired soft active hand prosthesis based in the skeletal architecture of the human hand. The design includes the imitation of the musculoskeletal components and morphology of the human hand, allowing the prosthesis to emulate the biomechanical properties of the hand, which results in better grips and a natural design. CAD models for each of the bones were developed and 3D printing was used to manufacture the skeletal structure of the prosthesis, also soft materials were used for the musculoskeletal components. A myoelectric control system was developed using a recurrent neural network (RNN) to classify the hand gestures using electromyography signals; the RNN model achieved an accuracy of 87% during real time testing. Objects with different size, texture and shape were tested to validate the grasping performance of the prosthesis, showing good adaptability, soft grasping and mechanical compliance to object of the daily life.

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Miguel Andrés, Israel, Milagros Pons Portugal, José De Jesús Mayagoitia Vázquez, Elias Gabriel Carrum Siller, and Ma Eugenia Pérez Rodríguez. "Assessment of flatfoot index and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders of the foot in young athletes: swimming, rowing and weightlifting." European Journal of Podiatry / Revista Europea de Podología 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejpod.2020.6.2.6464.

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Objectives: The objective of this work was to analyze the morphology of the soles of the feet in young athletes to find the prevalence of these pathologies through the Chippaux-Smirak index. Material and Methods: Seventy-five athletes between nine and twenty years old participated in the study (56% female and 44% male), the average mass was 62.92 ± 13.46kg and the average height was 1.67 ± 0.11m. The sports considered in the study were weightlifting, swimming, and rowing. Results: The results clearly show that flatfeet in adolescents and young adults is a condition with a low prevalence level, 10.7% and 12% for the right and left foot, respectively. One of the most outstanding results found in the study is the high prevalence of cavus foot, where women are the most affected by this pathology. Furthermore, swimming presented the highest prevalence of cavus foot, 42.1% and 52.6% for the right and left foot, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the understanding of the morphology of the soles of the feet can help to determine the foot type in these three different sports, and therefore, it can be implemented physiotherapeutic treatments or orthotics devices for overcome the musculoskeletal disorders and prevent future injures.

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Basavanna, Pushpa Nagavalli, and Roshni Bajpe. "Study of Acromial Shapes in Relation to Gender." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 08, no. 02 (April 2019): 087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693288.

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Abstract Introduction Subacromial impingement syndrome is considered to be one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders affecting the shoulder joint. The objectives of the study were to find out the morphology of acromion process and the presence of enthesophytes in male and female scapulae. Methodology The study was done on 100 male and 100 female adult dry human scapulae of different people, collected from the Department of Anatomy, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Acromial shapes were classified into 4 types—type I (flat), type II (curved), type III (hooked), and type IV (convex). Acromial spurs (enthesophytes), if any, in the anterior one-third of acromion was noted. Results The most common type of acromion found in both the sexes is type I. Even the enthesophytes were more commonly associated with type I acromion. The study revealed that the acromial shape of dried scapulae did not vary significantly with sex. Conclusion In the present study we could find the four types of acromion mentioned in the literature. Since acromial shapes influence the shoulder pathologies involving acromion, the knowledge on acromial morphology and enthesophytes aid the clinicians during its diagnoses and treatment (acromioplasty). Also, data on morphology of acromion could be used for forensic and anthropological purposes for determining gender, ethnicity, and so forth.

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Lu, Kang, Xiaodie Chen, Hong Tang, Mei Zhou, Gang He, Zhisong Lu, and Kanglai Tang. "Bionic Silk Fibroin Film Promotes Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells by Activating Focal Adhesion Kinase." Stem Cells International 2020 (November 4, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8857380.

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Background. Tendon injuries are common musculoskeletal disorders in clinic. Due to the limited regeneration ability of tendons, tissue engineering technology is often used as an effective approach to treat tendon injuries. Silk fibroin (SF) films have excellent biological activities and physical properties, which is suitable for tendon regeneration. The present study is aimed at preparing a SF film with a bionic microstructure and investigating its biological effects. Methods. A SF film with a smooth surface or bionic microstructure was prepared. After seeding tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) on the surface, the cell morphology, the expression level of tenogenic genes and proteins, and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation were measured to evaluate the biological effect of SF films. Results. The TSPCs on SF films with a bionic microstructure exhibited a slender cell morphology, promoted the expression of tenogenic genes and proteins, such as SCX, TNC, TNMD, and COLIA1, and activated FAK. FAK inhibitors blocked the enhanced expression of tenogenic genes and proteins. Conclusion. SF films with a bionic microstructure may serve as a scaffold, provide biophysical cues to alter the cellular adherence arrangement and cell morphology, and enhance the tenogenic gene and protein expression in TSPCs. FAK activation plays a key role during this biological response process.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Musculoskeletal morphology'

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