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Journal articles on the topic 'Muscles – Motility'
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1
Sanders, Kenton M., Yoshihiko Kito, Sung Jin Hwang, and Sean M. Ward. "Regulation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function by Interstitial Cells." Physiology 31, no. 5 (September 2016): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00006.2016.
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Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells in visceral smooth muscles and provide important regulatory functions. In gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, there are two distinct classes of interstitial cells, c-Kit+interstitial cells of Cajal and PDGFRα+cells, that regulate motility patterns. Loss of these cells may contribute to symptoms in GI motility disorders.
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Li, Wen, Ashley Olseen, Yeming Xie, Cristina Alexandru, Andrew Outland, Angela F. Herrera, Andrew J. Syder, Jill Wykosky, and Brian A. Perrino. "Mfge8 attenuates human gastric antrum smooth muscle contractions." Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 42, no. 2 (June 2021): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10974-021-09604-y.
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AbstractCoordinated gastric smooth muscle contraction is critical for proper digestion and is adversely affected by a number of gastric motility disorders. In this study we report that the secreted protein Mfge8 (milk fat globule-EGF factor 8) inhibits the contractile responses of human gastric antrum muscles to cholinergic stimuli by reducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of the MYPT1 (myosin phosphatase-targeting subunit (1) subunit of MLCP (myosin light chain phosphatase), resulting in reduced LC20 (smooth muscle myosin regulatory light chain (2) phosphorylation. Mfge8 reduced the agonist-induced increase in the F-actin/G-actin ratios of β-actin and γ-actin1. We show that endogenous Mfge8 is bound to its receptor, α8β1 integrin, in human gastric antrum muscles, suggesting that human gastric antrum muscle mechanical responses are regulated by Mfge8. The regulation of gastric antrum smooth muscles by Mfge8 and α8 integrin functions as a brake on gastric antrum mechanical activities. Further studies of the role of Mfge8 and α8 integrin in regulating gastric antrum function will likely reveal additional novel aspects of gastric smooth muscle motility mechanisms.
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Butler, Jane, Peter Cauwenbergs, and Ethel Cosmos. "Fate of brachial muscles of the chick embryo innervated by inappropriate nerves: structural, functional and histochemical analyses." Development 95, no. 1 (June 1, 1986): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.95.1.147.
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The extent of interaction between brachial muscles and foreign (thoracic) nerves of the chick embryo was determined during an extended period of development in ovo from the perspectives of innervation pattern, function (motility analyses), muscle growth (quantitative analyses of muscle volume) and fibre-type expression (myosin-ATPase profiles). Results indicated that according to all parameters analysed, initially a compatible union existed between the foreign nerves and their muscle targets. During subsequent stages of development, deterioration of the once compatible relationship emerged, until eventually denervation of muscles, i.e. an actual loss of intramuscular nerve branches, was observed. The process of denervation, which proceeded at a differential rate among individual muscles, however was restricted to brachial muscles derived from the premuscle masses of the wing bud. In contrast, brachial muscles of myotomal origin were spared the fate of wing-bud-derived muscles and maintained a successful union with the foreign nerves.
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Bradley, Nina S., Young U. Ryu, and John Lin. "Fast Locomotor Burst Generation in Late Stage Embryonic Motility." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 1733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01393.2007.
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We examined muscle burst patterns and burst frequencies for a distinct form of repetitive leg movement recently identified in chick embryos at embryonic day (E)18 that had not been previously studied. The aim was to determine if burst frequencies during repetitive leg movements were indicative of a rhythm burst generator and if maturing muscle afferent mechanisms could modulate the rhythm. Electromyographic recordings synchronized with video were performed in ovo during spontaneous movement at E15, E18, and E20. Multiple leg muscles were rhythmically active during repetitive leg movements at E18 and E20. Rhythmic activity was present at E15 but less well formed. The ankle dorsi flexor, tibialis anterior, was the most reliably rhythmic muscle because extensor muscles frequently dropped out. Tibialis anterior burst frequencies ranged from 1 to 12 Hz, similar to frequencies during fast locomotor burst generation in lamprey. The distribution in burst frequencies at E18 was greatest at lower frequencies and similar to locomotor data in hatchlings. Relative distributions were more variable at E20 and shifted toward faster frequencies. The shell wall anterior to the leg was removed in some experiments to determine if environmental constraints associated with growth contributed to frequency distributions. Wall removal had minimal impact at E18. E20 embryos extended their foot outside the egg, during which faster frequencies were observed. Our findings provide evidence that embryonic motility in chick may be controlled by a fast locomotor burst generator by E15 and that modulation by proprioceptors may emerge between E18 and E20.
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Li, Wen, Kent C. Sasse, Yulia Bayguinov, Sean M. Ward, and Brian A. Perrino. "Contractile Protein Expression and Phosphorylation and Contractility of Gastric Smooth Muscles from Obese Patients and Patients with Obesity and Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (May 31, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8743874.
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Ingested food is received, mixed, and ground into chyme by distinct gastric motility patterns. Diabetes impairs gastric muscle function, but the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced gastric muscle dysfunction are unknown. Here, we compared the expression and phosphorylation of Ca2+ sensitization and contractile proteins in human gastric muscles from obese nondiabetic and diabetic patients. We also compared the spontaneous phasic contractions and the contractile responses evoked by electrical field stimulation of cholinergic motor neurons. Fundus and antrum muscles were obtained from sleeve gastrectomies and were used in in vitro myobath contractile studies and for capillary electrophoresis and immunodetection of γ-actin, CPI-17, pT38-CPI-17, MYPT1, pT853-MYPT1, pT696-MYPT1, myosin light chain (MYL9), pS19-MYL9, myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), protein phosphatase-1δ (PP1δ), and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK2). In diabetic fundus muscles, MYLK, ROCK2, and PP1δ expression was unchanged; MYPT1 and CPI-17 expression was decreased; and the pT853/MYPT1 and pT38/CPI-17 ratios, but not the pT696/MYPT1 ratio, were increased. Although MYL9 expression was increased, the pS19/MYL9 ratio was unchanged in diabetic fundus muscles. In diabetic antrum muscles, MYLK and MYL9 expression was unchanged, but ROCK2, CPI-17, and PP1δ expression was decreased. The pT38/CPI-17 ratio was unchanged, while the pS19/MYL9, pT853/MYPT1, and pT696/MYPT1 ratios were decreased, consistent with the reduced ROCK2 expression. The frequencies of spontaneous phasic contractions from nondiabetic and diabetic gastric fundus and antrum muscles did not significantly differ from each other, regardless of age, sex, or diabetic status. The fold increases in the contractions of diabetic fundus and antrum muscles in response to increased frequencies of electrical field stimulation were significantly lower compared to nondiabetic fundus and antrum muscles. The altered contractile responses and the protein expression and phosphorylation in gastric muscles of obese patients with diabetes illustrate the importance of understanding how smooth muscle Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms contribute to gastric motility.
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Granato, M., F. J. van Eeden, U. Schach, T. Trowe, M. Brand, M. Furutani-Seiki, P. Haffter, et al. "Genes controlling and mediating locomotion behavior of the zebrafish embryo and larva." Development 123, no. 1 (December 1, 1996): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.123.1.399.
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Zebrafish embryos and larvae have stage-specific patterns of motility or locomotion. Two embryonic structures accomplish this behavior: the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscles. To identify genes that are functionally involved in mediating and controlling different patterns of embryonic and larval motility, we included a simple touch response test in our zebrafish large-scale genetic screen. In total we identified 166 mutants with specific defects in embryonic motility. These mutants fall into 14 phenotypically distinct groups comprising at least 48 genes. Here we describe the various phenotypic groups including mutants with no or reduced motility, mechanosensory defective mutants, ‘spastic’ mutants, circling mutants and motor circuit defective mutants. In 63 mutants, defining 18 genes, striation of somitic muscles is reduced. Phenotypic analysis provides evidence that these 18 genes have distinct and consecutive functions during somitic muscle development. The genes sloth (slo) and frozen (fro) already act during myoblast differentiation, while 13 genes appear to function later, in the formation of myofibers and the organization of sarcomeres. Mutations in four other genes result in muscle-specific degeneration. 103 mutations, defining at least 30 genes, cause no obvious defects in muscle formation and may instead affect neuronal development. Analysis of the behavioral defects suggests that these genes participate in the diverse locomotion patterns observed, such as touch response, rhythmic tail movements, equilibrium control, or that they simply confer general motility to the animal. In some of these mutants specific defects in the developing nervous system are detected. Mutations in two genes, nevermind (nev) and macho (mao), affect axonal projection in the optic tectum, whereas axon formation and elongation of motorneurons are disrupted by mutations in the diwanka (diw) and the unplugged (unp) genes.
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Fiaschi, Tania, Francesco Saverio Tedesco, Elisa Giannoni, Jordi Diaz-Manera, Matteo Parri, Giulio Cossu, and Paola Chiarugi. "Globular Adiponectin as a Complete Mesoangioblast Regulator: Role in Proliferation, Survival, Motility, and Skeletal Muscle Differentiation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0310.
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Mesoangioblasts are progenitor endowed with multipotent mesoderm differentiation ability. Despite the promising results obtained with mesoangioblast transplantation in muscle dystrophy, an improvement of their efficient engrafting and survival within damaged muscles, as well as their ex vivo activation/expansion and commitment toward myogenic lineage, is highly needed and should greatly increase their therapeutic potential. We show that globular adiponectin, an adipokine endowed with metabolic and differentiating functions for muscles, regulates vital cues of mesoangioblast cell biology. The adipokine drives mesoangioblasts to entry cell cycle and strongly counteracts the apoptotic process triggered by growth factor withdrawal, thereby serving as an activating and prosurvival stem cell factor. In addition, adiponectin provides a specific protection against anoikis, the apoptotic death due to lack of anchorage to extracellular matrix, suggesting a key protective role for these nonresident stem cells after systemic injection. Finally, adiponectin behaves as a chemoattractive factor toward mature myotubes and stimulates their differentiation toward the skeletal muscle lineage, serving as a positive regulator in mesoangioblast homing to injured or diseased muscles. We conclude that adiponectin exerts several advantageous effects on mesoangioblasts, potentially valuable to improve their efficacy in cell based therapies of diseased muscles.
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Messom, Georgette Vandeputte-Van, Christian Burvenich, and Georges Peeters. "Effect of serotonin on the motility of smooth muscles in teats of lactating cows." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 3 (August 1985): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900024249.
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SUMMARYThe effects of serotonin, injected into one udder artery, on teat smooth muscle function were investigated in four lactating cows. Motility of longitudinal smooth muscles was recorded by a plethysmographic technique, and sphincter function by measuring milk leakage from the full udder. Serotonin (40, 120 and 360 μg) activated teat muscle tonicity and reduced the volume of milk leakage. The effects on longitudinal smooth muscles were reduced by mianserin and ketanserin (0·375, 1·5 and 6 mg) and by methysergide (1·5 mg). These blocking substances were also effective (0·2, 0·6 and 1·8 mg respectively) in antagonizing the inhibiting action of serotonin on milk leakage. It is suggested that serotonin effects are mediated by receptors of the S2-type.
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Bruenech, Jan Richard, Inga-Britt Kjellevold Haugen, Ulla Bak, Marianne Maagaard, and Frans VanderWerf. "The Oculomotor Systems Ability to Adapt to Structural Changes Caused by the Process of Senescence: A Review." Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science 5, no. 1 (July 17, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5384/sjovs.vol5i1p1-14.
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Age-related binocular vision anomalies are frequently encountered during clinical examination of mature patients. Observations of both concomitant and incomitant restrictions in eye motility indicate that all oculomotor system levels are implicated, from cortical neurons down to extraocular muscles. The system can make adaptations in response to changes induced by growth and ageing, which it does by monitoring and adjusting its own performance. This adaptive mechanism, which is important for maintaining motility, spatial orientation, and perceptual stability, seems to rely on extra-retinal information about eye position in relation to the head and trunk. Receptors in the extraocular muscles and the vestibular system, assumed to contribute to this type of information, also undergo age-related changes. This may compromise their ability to assist in the adaptive process and in potential calibrations of other neural systems. Furthermore, recent observations of a dual, common, final pathway and double insertions of distal extraocular muscles suggest that muscle and tendon receptors may facilitate other, still unresolved, functions in the visual system. Consequently, age-related changes in certain mechanoreceptors may have more severe implications for ocular motility and visual functions than previously assumed. This review aims to detail some of the most frequent neurogenic and myogenic age-related changes that take place in the human oculomotor system and relevant pre-motor structures. It will also address clinical implications of these changes and the potential adaptive mechanism they initiate.
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Ma, Delin, Jeffrey M. Shuler, Aishwarya Kumar, Quincy R. Stanford, Sudheer Tungtur, Hiroshi Nishimune, and John A. Stanford. "Effects of Tongue Force Training on Bulbar Motor Function in the Female SOD1-G93A Rat Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 31, no. 2 (September 24, 2016): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968316666956.
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Background. The use of exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is controversial. Although moderate exercise appears to be beneficial for limb muscles in ALS, the effects of exercise on bulbar muscles such as the tongue have not been studied. Objective. To determine the effects of tongue force training on bulbar motor function in the SOD1-G93A rat model of ALS. Methods. We compared the effects of tongue force training on bulbar motor function and neuromuscular junction innervation in female SOD1-G93A rats and age-matched female wild-type controls. Half of each group underwent afternoon tongue force training sessions, and all rats were tested under minimal force conditions in the mornings. Results. Tongue force did not differ between the SOD1-G93A rats and healthy controls during the morning testing sessions, nor was it affected by training. Surprisingly, decreases in tongue motility, the number of licks per session, and body weight were greater in the tongue force–trained SOD1-G93A rats. Forelimb grip force, survival, and denervation of the genioglossus (GG) muscle did not differ between the trained and untrained SOD1-G93A rats. GG innervation was correlated with changes in tongue force but not tongue motility in SOD1-G93A rats at end stage. Conclusions. The results indicate a potential deleterious effect of tongue force training on tongue motility in female SOD1-G93A rats. The lack of a relationship between GG innervation and tongue motility suggests that factors other than lower–motor neuron integrity likely accounted for this effect.
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Pallini, Roberto, Eduardo Fernandez, Liverana Lauretti, Francesco Draicchio, Vito E. Pettorossi, Carlo Gangitano, Aurora Del Fà, Corrado Olivieri-Sangiacomo, and Alessandro Sbriccoli. "Experimental repair of the oculomotor nerve: the anatomical paradigms of functional regeneration." Journal of Neurosurgery 77, no. 5 (November 1992): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.77.5.0768.
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✓ In adult guinea pigs, the oculomotor nerve was sectioned proximally (at the tentorial edge) or more distally (at the orbital fissure) and immediately repaired by reapproximation. During a 24-week postoperative period, extrinsic eye motility was assessed by analyzing the vestibulo-ocular reflexes. The regenerated oculomotor nerve was studied morphometrically on semi-thin histological sections at 16 and 24 weeks postinjury. The selectivity of muscle reinnervation was investigated by injection of both single (horseradish peroxidase) and double (fluorescent dyes) retrograde axonal tracers into the eye muscles. Following proximal repair of the oculomotor nerve, the degree of recovery of extraocular motility varied among different animals and remained stable over long-term observations. In animals with poor recovery, aberrant eye movements were always found, and the somatotopic map of the reinnervated eye muscles was greatly altered. Distortions of the central representation were also seen in those animals in which a good level of functional recovery was seen. However, in animals with good recovery, a topographic bias was re-established by about 65% of the original neuronal population, as opposed to 26% in the animals with poor recovery. Neurons located contralateral to the axotomized nucleus sprouted intra-axially and projected their axons to denervated eye muscles. The number and diameter of the regenerated axons, the number and soma diameter of the axotomized neurons, and the ratio of distal axonal branches to proximal supporting neurons were all related to the degree of functional recovery. Following repair of the oculomotor nerve at the orbital fissure, extraocular motility had recovered in all of the animals at 16 weeks without aberrant phenomena. Functional regeneration of the distally transected oculomotor nerve is thought to be the result of selective muscle reinnervation.
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Butler, J., and E. Cosmos. "Brachial muscles of dystrophic chick embryos atypically sustain interaction with thoracic nerves." Development 99, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.99.1.77.
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Previous analyses of experimental chick embryos of normal lineage demonstrate the inability of brachial muscles to sustain a successful union with foreign nerves derived from a thoracic neural tube segment transplanted to the brachial region at day 2 in ovo (day 2E). The present experiments were performed to determine if mutant chick embryos afflicted with hereditary muscular dystrophy would respond similarly to this experimental manipulation. Using the same criteria applied to our analysis of experimental normal embryos, our results demonstrated that dystrophic brachial muscles were capable of maintaining a compatible union with foreign thoracic nerves throughout the experimental period analysed. Significant muscle growth occurred, intramuscular nerve branches were maintained, motor endplates formed and wing motility was equivalent to that of unoperated dystrophic embryos. Thus, foreign nerves rejected by normal brachial muscles were accepted by brachial muscles of the mutant dystrophic embryo.
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Afzal, Ayesha, Mahjabeen Sharif, Ammara Khan, Bushra Tayyaba Khan, and Iffat Ara. "Effect of fluoxetine and paroxetine on intestinal motility." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180654.
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Background: Serotonin (5-HT) is a biogenic amine that functions as a neurotransmitter of sensorimotor functions in the digestive tract. Te role of 5-HT agents in the modulation of lower gastrointestinal function. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are of potential benefit in functional gastrointestinal diseases although formal evidence is lacking. Apart from central effects, they may have peripheral. The present study was carried out to find out the possible effects of fluoxetine and paroxetine on gastrointestinal smooth muscles of rabbit as they cause severe nausea and vomiting initially.Methods: Experimental study design. Power lab (USA) for recording the contractions of ileal smooth muscle of rabbit in response to serotonin, fluoxetine and paroxetine.Results: The percent responses with serotonin, fluoxetine and paroxetine were 100, 10.53, and 4.75 percent respectively.Conclusions: SSRIs (fluoxetine and paroxetine) were unable to enhance the serotonergic transmission in vitro inturn decreases the qualitative response.
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Ekino, T., T. Yoshiga, Y. Takeuchi-Kaneko, Y. Ichihara, and N. Kanzaki. "Sexual dimorphism of the cuticle and body-wall muscle in free-living mycophagous nematodes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 6 (June 2019): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0178.
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Sexual dimorphism in motility-related traits is widespread among animals, including several species of Nematoda. However, no study has examined motility-related structural components and compared them between sexes. We examined the motility-related components in four species: Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki, Tsuda and Futai, 2000; Bursaphelenchus rainulfi Braasch and Burgermeister, 2002; Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister and Zhang, 2005; Parasitaphelenchus costati Kanzaki, Ekino, Ide, Masuya and Degawa, 2018. We measured the structure and amount of cuticle and body-wall muscles and estimated their relationship to body diameter or total cross-sectional area. Although no structural differences were observed in muscle, the relevant muscle area of B. doui and P. costati was significantly smaller in females than in males. This difference was greatest in P. costati. In all but B. doui, the relative cuticle thickness was significantly smaller in females than in males. Furthermore, only P. costati females had no striated basal zones in their cuticles; these are thought to be cross-linked proteins that provide strength to nematode cuticle during body movement. These results indicate that sexual dimorphism in motility-related structural components is present in P. costati and that females invest less energy in the components than do males.
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TURABI, AFTAB, GHULAM ALI ASGHAR QURESHI, Muhammad ZIAULLAH, and S. Saud Hasan. "HISTAMINE RECEPTORS." Professional Medical Journal 17, no. 04 (December 10, 2010): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2010.17.04.3026.
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Objective: This research work deals with the mechanism of action involved in determining the therapeutic potential of histamine and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Study Design: Rabbits of equal weights were used in this study. They were brought from the animal house of BMSI, sacrificed in the Pharmacology Research laboratory. Ileum strip were isolated and with special recommended methodology, longitudinal and circular muscles were separated. Individual muscle strip were then exposed separately to the desired drugs in the organ bath and reading were recorded on the polygraph machine. Setting: Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Period: 1996 to 1998. Results: Histamine increases the contractile effects of longitudinal and circular muscle. H and H blockers 1 2 potentiate its effects on longitudinal muscle while in circular muscle no change was observed with H blocker whereas H blocker antagonized 1 2 the histaminic effects. However when H blocker applied directly it increases the amplitude of contraction in longitudinal and circular muscle 1 whereas H blocker decreases the height of contractions. Histamine in the presence of H and H blocker augmented their effects in longitudinal 2 1 2muscle and antagonizes in circular layer. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal motility can be controlled through histamine and its antagonist. New drugs can be formulated on the basis of this study for the regulation of intestinal motility.
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TURABI, AFTAB, Naseer Baluch, S. SAUD HASAN, Mehar Ali, and AHMED DANYAL. "ADRENALINE & ITS ANTAGONIST." Professional Medical Journal 12, no. 04 (December 31, 2005): 420–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2005.12.04.5093.
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Objective: This research work deals with the mechanism involved in determining the therapeuticpotential of adrenaline and its blockers in gastrointestinal motility. Method: The classical method of Craig & Clark wasused for obtaining the longitudinal and circular muscles strip of rabbit intestine for in-vitro studies. Each muscle stripseparately was subjected to the effect of adrenaline and its blockers. The results were recorded on polygraphapparatus. Results: The effects were recorded in vice versa fashion i.e. agonist v/s antagonist and antagonist v/sagonist on each muscle strip separately. Adrenaline had significant effect on the force of contraction of muscle strip.On addition of antagonist in the presence of agonist the effects were increased. Longitudinal muscle showed morepronounced effects i.e. 69% with beta-blocker in comparison to the effect with alpha-blocker, which was only 27%.Circular muscle showed reduction in the force of contraction with adrenaline, which was further reduced on additionof beta-blocker, whereas the effects were increased when treated with alpha-blocker. Conclusion: This studyconcluded that adrenaline released in vitro in response to sympathetic stimulation or given from external source,increases the force and reduces the rate of contraction. Hence decreases the intestinal motility due to its antispasmodiceffect. The result of this study can be utilized in the development of new drug related to G.I. motility mediated throughadrenoceptors.
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Drumm, Bernard T., and Salah A. Baker. "Teaching a changing paradigm in physiology: a historical perspective on gut interstitial cells." Advances in Physiology Education 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00154.2016.
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The study and teaching of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology necessitates an understanding of the cellular basis of contractile and electrical coupling behaviors in the muscle layers that comprise the gut wall. Our knowledge of the cellular origin of GI motility has drastically changed over the last 100 yr. While the pacing and coordination of GI contraction was once thought to be solely attributable to smooth muscle cells, it is now widely accepted that the motility patterns observed in the GI tract exist as a result of a multicellular system, consisting of not only smooth muscle cells but also enteric neurons and distinct populations of specialized interstitial cells that all work in concert to ensure proper GI functions. In this historical perspective, we focus on the emerging role of interstitial cells in GI motility and examine the key discoveries and experiments that led to a major shift in a paradigm of GI physiology regarding the role of interstitial cells in modulating GI contractile patterns. A review of these now classic experiments and papers will enable students and educators to fully appreciate the complex, multicellular nature of GI muscles as well as impart lessons on how shifting paradigms in physiology are fueled by new technologies that lead to new emerging discoveries.
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McLeay, L. M., and M. H. Wong. "Excitatory and inhibitory effects of gastrin peptides on gastric motility in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 2 (August 1, 1989): R388—R395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.2.r388.
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In conscious sheep, tetragastrin, pentagastrin, and synthetic human gastrin I, injected either subcutaneously or intravenously in doses of 156-5,200 pmol/kg body wt, inhibited the vagally dependent cyclical motility of the reticulum and rumen, whereas in vitro pentagastrin (10(-12) to 10(-6) M) had no demonstrable inhibitory or excitatory effects on intrinsically active or quiescent muscle of the reticulum, rumen, and omasal leaves. In vitro pentagastrin (10(-18) to 10(-4) M) stimulated quiescent and intrinsically active longitudinal and circular muscles of the body of the omasum and the body and antrum of the abomasum and potentiated contractile responses of antral muscle to electrical stimulation of intramural cholinergic nerves. Responses in the presence of hexamethonium, atropine, and tetrodotoxin indicated that the excitatory effects on mixed nerve-muscle preparations of omasal and abomasal tissue were mediated both through stimulation of cholinergic neurones and by direct actions on the muscle. In vitro the ovine stomach shows marked regional differences in both its response and sensitivity to gastrin peptides, and their inhibitory effects on reticuloruminal motility in vivo appear to be other than direct.
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Wong, M. H., and L. M. McLeay. "IN VITROSPONTANEOUS MOTILITY OF GASTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE SHEEP." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 73, no. 4 (July 10, 1988): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.1988.sp003172.
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Bentzinger, C. Florian, Julia von Maltzahn, Nicolas A. Dumont, Danny A. Stark, Yu Xin Wang, Kevin Nhan, Jérôme Frenette, DDW Cornelison, and Michael A. Rudnicki. "Wnt7a stimulates myogenic stem cell motility and engraftment resulting in improved muscle strength." Journal of Cell Biology 205, no. 1 (April 7, 2014): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201310035.
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Wnt7a/Fzd7 signaling stimulates skeletal muscle growth and repair by inducing the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells through the planar cell polarity pathway and by activating the Akt/mTOR growth pathway in muscle fibers. Here we describe a third level of activity where Wnt7a/Fzd7 increases the polarity and directional migration of mouse satellite cells and human myogenic progenitors through activation of Dvl2 and the small GTPase Rac1. Importantly, these effects can be exploited to potentiate the outcome of myogenic cell transplantation into dystrophic muscles. We observed that a short Wnt7a treatment markedly stimulated tissue dispersal and engraftment, leading to significantly improved muscle function. Moreover, myofibers at distal sites that fused with Wnt7a-treated cells were hypertrophic, suggesting that the transplanted cells deliver activated Wnt7a/Fzd7 signaling complexes to recipient myofibers. Taken together, we describe a viable and effective ex vivo cell modulation process that profoundly enhances the efficacy of stem cell therapy for skeletal muscle.
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Sindona, Cinzia, Michele Runci Anastasi, Luigi Chiricosta, Agnese Gugliandolo, Serena Silvestro, Placido Bramanti, Piero Cascone, and Emanuela Mazzon. "Temporomandibular Disorders Slow Down the Regeneration Process of Masticatory Muscles: Transcriptomic Analysis." Medicina 57, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040354.
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Background and Objectives: Musculoskeletal injuries represent a pathological condition due to limited joint motility and morphological and functional alterations of the muscles. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are pathological conditions due to alterations in the musculoskeletal system. TMDs mainly cause temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscle dysfunctions following trauma, along with various pathologies and inflammatory processes. TMD affects approximately 15% of the population and causes malocclusion problems and common symptoms such as myofascial pain and migraine. The aim of this work was to provide a transcriptomic profile of masticatory muscles obtained from TMD migraine patients compared to control. Materials and Methods: We used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology to evaluate transcriptomes in masseter and temporalis muscle samples. Results: The transcriptomic analysis showed a prevalent downregulation of the genes involved in the myogenesis process. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings suggest that the muscle regeneration process in TMD migraine patients may be slowed, therefore therapeutic interventions are needed to restore temporomandibular joint function and promote healing processes.
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Choi, Eun Chang, Won Pyo Hong, Chung Bae Kim, Hyu Chul Yoon, Ji In Nam, Eun Jin Son, Kwang Moon Kim, and Se-Heon Kim. "Changes of Esophageal Motility after Total Laryngectomy." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 128, no. 5 (May 2003): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59980300093-7.
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OBJECTIVE: Total laryngectomy completely interrupts the continuity of the proximal digestive tract and may lead to derangement in esophageal motility. The purpose of this investigation was to find out how total laryngectomy changes the resting and the maximum contracting pressures of the upper esophageal sphincter muscle and how it affects the coordination of the contraction and the relaxation between the pharynx and the upper esophageal sphincter muscles. If changes in the function of the upper esophageal sphincter muscle should occur, this study will also demonstrate how it affects the motility of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. METHODS: In an attempt to explain postoperative motility changes, the stationary pull through method of manometric evaluation was used to quantify the alteration in esophageal motility. For the manometric evaluation of the esophagus, a polyethylene catheter with 8 internal tubes was used. The study was performed on a group of 15 patients with total laryngectomy and 15 people without esophageal disease or symptoms as the control group. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the laryngectomy group and the control group for both the resting and maximum contraction pressures as well as for coordination and relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. ( P < 0.05) In the laryngectomy group, 3 patients who complained of postoperative dysphasia showed more severe functional changes. The proximal esophageal body pressure and peristaltic waves were significantly decreased in the laryngectomy group. No significant difference between the laryngectomy group and the control group was noted in terms of the lower esophageal resting sphincter pressure and the postdeglution pressure. There also was no significant difference between the two groups in the degree of lower esophageal sphincter coordination and relaxation. CONCLUSION: From these results, it may be concluded that interruption of the cricopharyngeal muscle and pharyngeal plexus after laryngectomy not only may produce local derangement of upper esophageal sphincter function but also may produce abnormalities in peristalsis of the proximal esophageal body. However, the function of lower esophageal sphincter did not show any significant difference between the laryngectomy group and the control group.
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Ahmed, Md Ashfaq, Sharmila Venugopal, and Ranu Jung. "Engaging biological oscillators through second messenger pathways permits emergence of a robust gastric slow-wave during peristalsis." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): e1009644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009644.
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Peristalsis, the coordinated contraction—relaxation of the muscles of the stomach is important for normal gastric motility and is impaired in motility disorders. Coordinated electrical depolarizations that originate and propagate within a network of interconnected layers of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and smooth muscle (SM) cells of the stomach wall as a slow-wave, underly peristalsis. Normally, the gastric slow-wave oscillates with a single period and uniform rostrocaudal lag, exhibiting network entrainment. Understanding of the integrative role of neurotransmission and intercellular coupling in the propagation of an entrained gastric slow-wave, important for understanding motility disorders, however, remains incomplete. Using a computational framework constituted of a novel gastric motility network (GMN) model we address the hypothesis that engaging biological oscillators (i.e., ICCs) by constitutive gap junction coupling mechanisms and enteric neural innervation activated signals can confer a robust entrained gastric slow-wave. We demonstrate that while a decreasing enteric neural innervation gradient that modulates the intracellular IP3 concentration in the ICCs can guide the aboral slow-wave propagation essential for peristalsis, engaging ICCs by recruiting the exchange of second messengers (inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and Ca2+) ensures a robust entrained longitudinal slow-wave, even in the presence of biological variability in electrical coupling strengths. Our GMN with the distinct intercellular coupling in conjunction with the intracellular feedback pathways and a rostrocaudal enteric neural innervation gradient allows gastric slow waves to oscillate with a moderate range of frequencies and to propagate with a broad range of velocities, thus preventing decoupling observed in motility disorders. Overall, the findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the emergence of decoupled slow waves associated with motility impairments of the stomach, offer directions for future experiments and theoretical work, and can potentially aid in the design of new interventional pharmacological and neuromodulation device treatments for addressing gastric motility disorders.
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Larsson, Lars, Xin Wang, Fushun Yu, Peter Höök, Kristian Borg, Stephen M. Chong, and J. P. Jin. "Adaptation by alternative RNA splicing of slow troponin T isoforms in type 1 but not type 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 295, no. 3 (September 2008): C722—C731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2008.
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Slow troponin T (TnT) plays an indispensable role in skeletal muscle function. Alternative RNA splicing in the NH2-terminal region produces high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) isoforms of slow TnT. Normal adult slow muscle fibers express mainly HMW slow TnT. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited peripheral polyneuropathies caused by various neuronal defects. We found in the present study that LMW slow TnT was significantly upregulated in demyelination form type 1 CMT (CMT1) but not axonal form type 2 CMT (CMT2) muscles. Contractility analysis showed an increased specific force in single fibers isolated from CMT1 but not CMT2 muscles compared with control muscles. However, an in vitro motility assay showed normal velocity of the myosin motor isolated from CMT1 and CMT2 muscle biopsies, consistent with their unchanged myosin isoform contents. Supporting a role of slow TnT isoform regulation in contractility change, LMW and HMW slow TnT isoforms showed differences in the molecular conformation in conserved central and COOH-terminal regions with changed binding affinity for troponin I and tropomyosin. In addition to providing a biochemical marker for the differential diagnosis of CMT, the upregulation of LMW slow TnT isoforms under the distinct pathophysiology of CMT1 demonstrates an adaptation of muscle function to neurological disorders by alternative splicing modification of myofilament proteins.
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Dahlitz, Ina, Adriaan Dorresteijn, and Anne Holz. "Remodeling of the Platynereis Musculature during Sexual Maturation." Biology 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020254.
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Background: The external transformations associated with sexual maturation in Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin and Milne Edwards) are well studied, whereas the internal changes along the body axis have not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, we examined muscle morphology in body regions located anterior or posterior to the prospective atokous/epitokous border to generate a structural basis for internal transformations. Results: All dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles were significantly reduced in size and density after sexual maturation and strongly atrophied, with the greatest decrease in the anterior segments of females. Despite the general reduction in size throughout the longitudinal muscles, we found a specific degradation mechanism for the posterior segments, which were characterized by the formation of secondary bundle-like fibrous structures. In addition, we observed a profound remodeling of the transversal muscles in the posterior segments of both sexes, apparently resulting in excessive thickening of these muscles. Accordingly, the entire transversal muscle complex was severely swollen and ultrastructurally characterized by a greatly increased number of mitochondria. As a possible trigger for this remodeling, we discovered an enormous number of small, blind-ending blood vessels that completely penetrated the longitudinal and transversal muscles in posterior segments. In addition, both the number of visceral muscles as well as their coelothelial covering were reduced during sexual maturation. Conclusions: We hypothesize that a possible reason for the secondary bundling of the longitudinal fibers, as well as the difference in size of the posterior transversal muscles, could be the high degree of posterior vascularization. The different degree of muscle remodeling thus depends on segmental affiliation and reflects the tasks in the motility of the different body regions after maturation. The strongest atrophy was found in the anterior segments, while signs of redifferentiation were encountered in posterior segments, supported by the vigorous growth of vessels supplying the transformed epitokous parapodia and associated muscles, which allows rapid swimming during swarming and gamete release.
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Bilovol, O. M., and I. I. Knyazkova. "Drugs that reduce the motility of the gastrointestinal tract." Medicine of Ukraine, no. 4(250) (June 16, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37987/1997-9894.2021.4(250).238116.
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Spastic reactions of smooth muscles of visceral organs play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, the main drugs for relief of which are antispasmodic drugs. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of development of spastic abdominal pain and possible ways to correct it. The mechanisms of influence of the main myotropic antispasmodics on the gastrointestinal tract are given. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, listed indications, contraindications, features of drug interaction.
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Mehlan, Juliane, and Frank Schüttauf. "Infranuclear Eye Movement Disorders." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 238, no. 11 (November 2021): 1178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1615-2267.
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AbstractInfranuclear motility disorders are such of the cranial nerves, the extraocular muscles or changes in the orbit but definitely peripheral to the nuclei of the cranial nerves. Characteristic are movement deficits, a compensatory head posture and the pattern of incomitancy. The secondary angle of deviation is usually larger than the primary. Combined pareses suggest a lesion in the cavernous sinus, orbital apex or a multilocular event. It is essential to rule out supranuclear disorders, especially if the motility deficit is atypical. For clarification, an individual risk assessment is recommended, paying particular attention to risk factors.
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Rudolph, Guenther, Michael Nentwich, Heide Hellebrand, Katharina Pollack, Roswitha Gordes, Viktoria Bau, Anselm Kampik, and Alfons Meindl. "KIF21A variant R954W in Familial or Sporadic Cases of CFEOM1." European Journal of Ophthalmology 19, no. 4 (July 2009): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067210901900423.
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Purpose To demonstrate the clinical characteristics and determine mutations in the KIF21A gene, encoding a kinesin motor protein in patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) type 1. Methods Patients of five families with congenital fibrosis syndrome and two simplex patients with CFEOM underwent ophthalmologic examination and mutation analysis in the KIF21A gene. Results Clinical examination and passive motility testing prior to surgery met criteria for CFEOM. All patients had congenital restrictive ophthalmoplegia primarily affecting muscles innervated by the oculomotor nerve. Complete mutation screening in the KIF21A gene revealed the presence of the known and most common recurrent variant R954W in three families and in two simplex cases. Two families demonstrated linkage to chromosome 16. Conclusions The patients included in the study had marked restriction of movement bilaterally with nearly complete loss of vertical ocular motility, graded reduction of horizontal motility, ptosis, and compensatory chin elevation. The phenotype was variable in patients carrying the same mutation. In one family, all patients were diagnosed with mental retardation, indicating that this syndrome might not only affect the development of cranial nerves, but can also be responsible for general neurologic dysfunction. The screening data suggest frequent and exclusive appearance of the R454W variant in sporadic and familial cases of CFEOM1 in Germany.
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Kareva, Е. N. "Pharmacology of Antispasmodic Drugs Used in Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome." Doctor.Ru 20, no. 4 (2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-4-46-54.
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Objective of the Review: To describe and compare some pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters of antispasmodic drugs used in complex management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the Russian Federation. Key Points. IBS is a chronic recurrent disease associated with abdominal pain and bowel disorders. The key factors of IBS pathogenesis include intestinal motility disorders and visceral hypersensitivity. Both processes are controlled by endocrine and neural systems. In a target cell, voltage-operated calcium channels mediate neuronal signals for unstriped muscles to contract and for glands to start secreting. Antispasmodic drugs are a group of products that have been used for IBS management for decades. The review describes contemporary idea of molecular mechanisms to control contraction of GIT muscle cells and a comparison of antispasmodic drugs used in complex therapy of IBS in the Russian Federation. Their key pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics are discussed. Conclusion. The fundamental difference of mebeverine (Duspatalin) is its ability to normalise bowel motility in patients with IBS without the need in complete motility suppression. Also, its inability to block muscarinic receptors and stimulate opioid receptors is another advantage in improving the quality of life of patients. Keywords: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, antispasmodic drugs, therapy of irritable bowel syndrome, mebeverine.
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Butcher, M. T., P. B. Chase, J. W. Hermanson, A. N. Clark, N. M. Brunet, and J. E. A. Bertram. "Contractile properties of muscle fibers from the deep and superficial digital flexors of horses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 4 (October 2010): R996—R1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2009.
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Equine digital flexor muscles have independent tendons but a nearly identical mechanical relationship to the main joint they act upon. Yet these muscles have remarkable diversity in architecture, ranging from long, unipennate fibers (“short” compartment of DDF) to very short, multipennate fibers (SDF). To investigate the functional relevance of the form of the digital flexor muscles, fiber contractile properties were analyzed in the context of architecture differences and in vivo function during locomotion. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type was studied, and in vitro motility assays were used to measure actin filament sliding velocity (Vf). Skinned fiber contractile properties [isometric tension (P0/CSA), velocity of unloaded shortening (VUS), and force-Ca2+ relationships] at both 10 and 30°C were characterized. Contractile properties were correlated with MHC isoform and their respective Vf. The DDF contained a higher percentage of MHC-2A fibers with myosin (heavy meromyosin) and Vf that was twofold faster than SDF. At 30°C, P0/CSA was higher for DDF (103.5 ± 8.75 mN/mm2) than SDF fibers (81.8 ± 7.71 mN/mm2). Similarly, VUS (pCa 5, 30°C) was faster for DDF (2.43 ± 0.53 FL/s) than SDF fibers (1.20 ± 0.22 FL/s). Active isometric tension increased with increasing Ca2+ concentration, with maximal Ca2+ activation at pCa 5 at each temperature in fibers from each muscle. In general, the collective properties of DDF and SDF were consistent with fiber MHC isoform composition, muscle architecture, and the respective functional roles of the two muscles in locomotion.
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Toniolo, Luana, Lisa Maccatrozzo, Marco Patruno, Elisabetta Pavan, Francesca Caliaro, Rosetta Rossi, Chiara Rinaldi, Monica Canepari, Carlo Reggiani, and Francesco Mascarello. "Fiber types in canine muscles: myosin isoform expression and functional characterization." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): C1915—C1926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00601.2006.
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This study was aimed to achieve a definitive and unambiguous identification of fiber types in canine skeletal muscles and of myosin isoforms that are expressed therein. Correspondence of canine myosin isoforms with orthologs in other species as assessed by base sequence comparison was the basis for primer preparation and for expression analysis with RT-PCR. Expression was confirmed at protein level with histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and SDS-PAGE combined together and showed that limb and trunk muscles of the dog express myosin heavy chain (MHC) type 1, 2A, and 2X isoforms and the so-called “type 2dog” fibers express the MHC-2X isoform. MHC-2A was found to be the most abundant isoform in the trunk and limb muscle. MHC-2X was expressed in most but not all muscles and more frequently in hybrid 2A-2X fibers than in pure 2X fibers. MHC-2B was restricted to specialized extraocular and laryngeal muscles, although 2B mRNA, but not 2B protein, was occasionally detected in the semimembranosus muscle. Isometric tension (Po) and maximum shortening velocity ( Vo) were measured in single fibers classified on the basis of their MHC isoform composition. Purified myosin isoforms were extracted from single muscle fibers and characterized by the speed ( Vf) of actin filament sliding on myosin in an in vitro motility assay. A close proportionality between Vo and Vf indicated that the diversity in Vo was due to the different myosin isoform composition. Vo increased progressively in the order 1/slow < 2A < 2X < 2B, thus confirming the identification of the myosin isoforms and providing their first functional characterization of canine muscle fibers.
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Fernandez, Eduardo, Carlo Gangitano, Aurora Del Fà, Corrado Olivieri Sangiacomo, Giuseppe Talamonti, Francesco Draicchio, and Alessandro Sbriccoli. "Oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats." Journal of Neurosurgery 67, no. 3 (September 1987): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.3.0428.
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✓ To study oculomotor nerve regeneration in rats, the oculomotor nerve was approached microsurgically and was sectioned at the base of the skull. The nerve stumps were reapproximated and affixed with a plasma clot in Group I animals and were separated by a gap in Group II animals. Visceral eye motility was evaluated weekly between 1 day and 40 weeks after surgery by recording the pupillary diameter under standardized photic stimulation. Somatic eye motility was assessed after 26 weeks by measuring the ocular displacement evoked by vestibular stimulation in the horizontal and vertical planes. Nerve regeneration was documented histologically and morphometrically at 8, 16, and 40 weeks after section. The selectivity of axonal regeneration to the extraocular muscles was investigated after 26 weeks by mapping (with injection of retrograde horseradish peroxidase) the motoneurons that supplied each reinnervated muscle. Between 6 and 20 weeks after section, the pupil diameter showed a progressive reduction in Group I rats, and no changes were observed in Group II rats. Compared with normal rats, the amplitude of horizontal and vertical ocular displacements was decreased, respectively, by 30% and 45% in Group I and by 65% and 80% in Group II. In Group I rats, the vestibular stimulation in the horizontal plane evoked anomalous eye movements with vertical components. On histological examination, regenerated nerves showed a progressive increase of axonal diameter and myelin-sheath thickness. Reinnervated muscles were associated with a less specific, bilateral representation in the midbrain compared with normal muscles, which have unilateral representation. The changes of the somatotopic organization were interpreted as being the result of the misdirected regrowth of axons in the postlesional nerve stump and of the collateral sprouting in the midbrain.
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Alazi. "Stereoscopy, Brown Syndrome, and Duane Syndrome: A Literature Review." Sriwijaya Journal of Ophthalmology 6, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/sjo.v6i1.79.
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Stereoscopic is the ability to perceive visual objects in the depth dimension (in the third dimension). Having a stereoscopic vision is a goal to be achieved. Brown Syndrome is a rare form of strabismus in which an ocular motility disorder is characterized by restriction of the elevation of the adducted eye, whereas Duane Syndrome is a spectrum of eye motility disorders characterized by anomalous contractions of the medial and lateral rectus muscles in actual or attempted adduction of one or both eyes. Involved. Diagnosis and therapy are performed depending on the underlying condition of the disorder.
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Torrente, Y., E. El Fahime, N. J. Caron, R. Del Bo, M. Belicchi, F. Pisati, J. P. Tremblay, and N. Bresolin. "Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Stimulates Chemotactic Response in Mouse Myogenic Cells." Cell Transplantation 12, no. 1 (January 2003): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000003783985115.
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Migration of transplanted myogenic cells occurs during both embryogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscles and is important for successful myoblast transplantation, but little is known about factors that promote chemotaxis of these cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is known to induce chemotactic effect on several cell types. In this study, we investigated its influence on the in vitro and in vivo motility of C2C12 and primary myoblasts. In the in vitro test performed in the blind-well Boyden chambers, we showed that TNF-α (50–400 U/ml) significantly enhanced the ability of myogenic cells to migrate. The dose–response curve for this factor was bell shaped, with maximum activity in the 200 U/ml range. In the in vivo test, intramuscular administration of TNF-α was performed by an Alzet pump connected to a perforated polyethylene microtube inserted in the tibialis anterior (TA) of CD1 mice. In these experiments, myoblasts were injected under the muscle epimysium. The recipient mice were immunosuppressed with FK506. Our results showed that, 5 days after myoblast transplantation, cells migrated further in the muscles infused with TNF-α than in the muscles not exposed to TNF-α. TNF-α not only has a chemotactic activity but may also modify cell migration via its action on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. The proteolytic activities of the MMPs secreted in the muscles were thus also assessed by gelatin zymography. The results showed an increased of MMP-2 and MMP-9 transcripts in the TNF-α-infused muscles injected with myogenic cells. Myoblast migration during transplantation may be enhanced by overlapping gradients of several effector molecules such as TNF-α, interferon-γ (INF-γ), and interleukins, released at the site of muscle injury. We propose that TNF-α may promote myoblast migration directly through chemotactic activity and indirectly by enhancing MMP activity at the site of muscle injury.
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Filippetti, Mirko, Rita Di Censo, Valentina Varalta, Alessio Baricich, Andrea Santamato, Nicola Smania, and Alessandro Picelli. "Is the Outcome of Diagnostic Nerve Block Related to Spastic Muscle Echo Intensity? A Retrospective Observational Study on Patients with Spastic Equinovarus Foot." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 54 (March 29, 2022): jrm00275. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v54.85.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between spastic calf muscles echo intensity and the outcome of tibial nerve motor branches selective block in patients with spastic equinovarus foot.Design: Retrospective observational study. Patients: Forty-eight patients with spastic equinovarus foot.Methods: Each patient was given selective diagnostic nerve block (lidocaine 2% perineural injection) of the tibial nerve motor branches. All patients were evaluated before and after block. Outcomes were: spastic calf muscles echo intensity measured with the Heckmatt scale; affected ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion; calf muscles spasticity measured with the modified Ashworth scale and the Tardieu scale (grade and angle).Results: Regarding the outcome of tibial nerve selective diagnostic block (difference between pre- and post-block condition), Spearman’s correlation showed a significant inverse association of the spastic calf muscles echo intensity with the affected ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion (p = 0.045; ρ = 00–0.269), modified Ashworth scale score (p = 0.014; ρ = –0.327), Tardieu grade (p = 0.008; ρ = –0.352) and Tardieu angle (p = 0.043; ρ = –0.306).Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis that patients with spastic equinovarus foot with higher spastic calf muscles echo intensity have a poor response to selective nerve block of the tibial nerve motor branches. LAY ABSTRACTThis study reviewed data from 48 patients with spastic equinovarus foot in order to investigate the relationship between spastic calf muscles echo intensity (which indicates the degree of muscular fibrosis) and the outcome of tibial nerve motor branches diagnostic block (which temporarily relieves focal muscle overactivity). Outcome was the response to nerve block as to passive motility of the affected ankle and overactivity of the calf muscles. All patients were evaluated before and after the nerve block. A significant inverse association was found for the outcome of selective diagnostic nerve block of the tibial nerve motor branches with their respectively supplied spastic calf muscles (i.e. gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis, soleus and tibialis posterior) echo intensity. These results support the hypothesis that the degree of spastic muscle fibrosis may reduce the response to selective diagnostic nerve block in patients with spastic equinovarus foot.
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Yao, C. C., J. Breuss, R. Pytela, and R. H. Kramer. "Functional expression of the alpha 7 integrin receptor in differentiated smooth muscle cells." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 13 (July 1, 1997): 1477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.13.1477.
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Expression of the alpha7 integrin is developmentally regulated and is thought to be tissue-specific for both skeletal and cardiac muscles. We now report that alpha7 is also strongly and ubiquitously expressed by various types of smooth muscle, including vascular, gastrointestinal and genitourinary smooth muscles. In addition, alpha7 was surface-expressed by a number of smooth muscle cell lines that maintained their differentiated phenotype following adaptation to culture. Studies with the mouse 9E11G smooth muscle cell line showed that the alpha7 integrin mediated both adhesion and motility of these cells on laminin 1 substrates. Alpha7 expression appears to correlate with the smooth-muscle-differentiated phenotype. The multipotential P19 mouse embryonic stem cell line lacks alpha7 but uses the alpha6 integrin to adhere to laminin 1. Following retinoic acid-induced P19 differentiation predominantly to the smooth muscle cell lineage, high expression of alpha7 was detected along with partial dependence on alpha7 for binding to laminin. The expression of alpha7 paralleled the induction of smooth-muscle-specific alpha-actin, as revealed by dual-labeling flow cytometry. In contrast, alpha7, which initially was highly expressed on the surface of vascular smooth muscle cell explants, was rapidly downregulated in smooth muscle cell outgrowths as they dedifferentiated into their synthetic phenotype. The results indicate that the expression of alpha7 integrin in smooth muscle cells is associated with their differentiated phenotype and mediates their interaction with laminins.
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Sung, Tae Sik, Hongli Lu, Juno Sung, Jong Hoon Yeom, Brian A. Perrino, and Sang Don Koh. "The functional role of protease-activated receptors on contractile responses by activation of Ca2+ sensitization pathways in simian colonic muscles." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 315, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): G921—G931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00255.2018.
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It has been known that activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) affects gastrointestinal motility. In this study, we tested the effects of PAR agonists on electrical and contractile responses and Ca2+ sensitization pathways in simian colonic muscles. The Simian colonic muscle was initially hyperpolarized by PAR agonists. After the transient hyperpolarization, simian colonic muscle repolarized to the control resting membrane potential (RMP) without a delayed depolarization. Apamin significantly reduced the initial hyperpolarization, suggesting that activation of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels is involved in the initial hyperpolarization. In contractile experiments, PAR agonists caused an initial relaxation followed by an increase in contractions. These delayed contractile responses were not matched with the electrical responses that showed no after depolarization of the RMP. To investigate the possible involvement of Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK) pathways in the PAR effects, muscle strips were treated with ROCK inhibitors, which significantly reduced the PAR agonist-induced contractions. Furthermore, PAR agonists increased MYPT1 phosphorylation, and ROCK inhibitors completely blocked MYPT1 phosphorylation. PAR agonists alone had no effect on CPI-17 phosphorylation. In the presence of apamin, PAR agonists significantly increased CPI-17 phosphorylation, which was blocked by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors suggesting that Ca2+ influx is increased by apamin and is activating PKC. In conclusion, these studies show that PAR activators induce biphasic responses in simian colonic muscles. The initial inhibitory responses by PAR agonists are mainly mediated by activation of SK channels and delayed contractile responses are mainly mediated by the CPI-17 and ROCK Ca2+ sensitization pathways in simian colonic muscles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we found that the contractile responses of simian colonic muscles to protease-activated receptor (PAR) agonists are different from the previously reported contractile responses of murine colonic muscles. Ca2+ sensitization pathways mediate the contractile responses of simian colonic muscles to PAR agonists without affecting the membrane potential. These findings emphasize novel mechanisms of PAR agonist-induced contractions possibly related to colonic dysmotility in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Coirault, Catherine, Aziz Guellich, Thomas Barbry, Jane Lise Samuel, Bruno Riou, and Yves Lecarpentier. "Oxidative stress of myosin contributes to skeletal muscle dysfunction in rats with chronic heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 292, no. 2 (February 2007): H1009—H1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00438.2006.
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Intrinsic muscle abnormalities affecting skeletal muscle are often reported during chronic heart failure (CHF). Because myosin is the molecular motor of force generation, we sought to determine whether its dysfunction contributes to skeletal muscle weakness in CHF and, if so, to identify the underlying causative factors. Severe CHF was induced in rats by aortic stenosis. In diaphragm and soleus muscles, we investigated in vitro mechanical performance, myosin-based actin filament motility, myosin heavy (MHC) and light (MLC) chain isoform compositions, MLC integrity, caspase-3 activation, and oxidative damage. Diaphragm and soleus muscles from CHF exhibited depressed mechanical performance. Myosin sliding velocities were 16 and 20% slower in CHF than in sham in diaphragm (1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.1 μm/s) and soleus (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1 μm/s), respectively (each P < 0.05). The ratio of slow-to-fast myosin isoform did not differ between sham and CHF. Immunoblots with anti-MLC antibodies did not detect the presence of protein fragments, and no activation of caspase-3 was evidenced. Immunolabeling revealed oxidative damage in CHF muscles, and MHC was the main oxidized protein. Lipid peroxidation and expression of oxidized MHC were significantly higher in CHF than in shams. In vitro myosin exposure to increasing ONOO− concentrations was associated with an increasing amount of oxidized MHC and a reduced myosin velocity. These data provide experimental evidence that intrinsic myosin dysfunction occurs in CHF and may be related to oxidative damage to myosin.
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Kang, You-Ri, Han-Sol Choi, Hyeon-Joong Park, Shina Kim, Kyung-Ho Kang, Je-Woo Park, Man-Seok Park, and Ki-Hyun Cho. "Isolated Complete Tongue Paralysis as a Manifestation of Focal Cortical Infarction." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2021.1.4.
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Although isolated contralateral tongue deviation following unilateral cortical infarction was occasionally reported, the unilateral lesion usually produces no significant deficit of tongue motility considering bilateral supranuclear innervation of the hypoglossal nerve. We observed a patient with obvious tongue paralysis, including intrinsic muscles, caused by ischemic stroke involving the motor area of the tongue in the primary motor cortex.
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Schiaffino, S., and C. Reggiani. "Myosin isoforms in mammalian skeletal muscle." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.493.
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Skeletal muscles of different mammalian species contain four major myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms: the “slow” or beta-MHC and the three “fast” IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs; and three major myosin light-chain (MLC) isoforms, the “slow” MLC1s and the two “fast” MLC1f and MLC3f. The differential distribution of the MHCs defines four major fiber types containing a single MHC isoform and a number of intermediate hybrid fiber populations containing both beta/slow- and IIa-MHC, IIa- and IIx-MHC, or IIx- and IIb-MHC. The IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs were first detected in neonatal muscles, and their expression in developing and adult muscle is regulated by neural, hormonal, and mechanical factors. The transcriptional mechanisms responsible for the fiber type-specific regulation of MHC and MLC gene expression are not known and are presently being explored by in vivo transfection experiments. The functional role of MHC isoforms has been in part clarified by correlated biochemical-physiological studies on single skinned fibers: these studies, in agreement with results from in vitro motility assays, indicate that both MHC and MLC isoforms determine the maximum velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle fibers.
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DEMELER, JANINA, GEORG VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA, and NICHOLAS C. SANGSTER. "Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of adult Haemonchus contortus and on motility of Ostertagia circumcincta in vitro." Parasitology 141, no. 7 (February 27, 2014): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013002291.
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SUMMARYThe mechanism of anthelmintic resistance against the widely used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) is still not fully understood. Pharyngeal, somatic body muscles and the ovijector have been proposed as putative sites of action as well as resistance. In the present study the effects of three avermectins and three milbemycins on adult parasitic nematodes were evaluated in vitro. The Muscle Transducer system was used to investigate the effects of MLs on muscle contraction in female Haemonchus contortus and effects on motility were measured in Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta using the Micromotility Meter. Concentration-response curves for all substances in both systems shifted to the right in the resistant isolates. Resistance was present to ivermectin (IVM) and its components IVM B1a and IVM B1b, suggesting that both components are involved in the mode of action and resistance. No consistent patterns of potency and resistance of the substances were observed except that milbemycins generally showed lower resistance ratios (RRs) than IVM. IVM and IVM B1b were the most potent inhibitors of contraction and motility in both susceptible isolates and also showed the highest RR in both species. Low RRs for milbemycins recorded in vitro for highly resistant isolates in vivo suggest that other factors such as pharmacokinetics influence drug potency in vivo.
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Thiagarajah, Christopher, and Robert C. Kersten. "Medial Wall Fracture: An Update." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 2, no. 3-4 (October 2009): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224775.
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This article is a review of the literature and update for management of medial orbital wall fractures. A retrospective review of the literature was performed via PubMed to review the diagnosis and management of medial wall orbital fractures. Medial wall orbital fractures though commonly accompanying orbital floor fractures can also occur alone. There are two primary theories explaining the pathophysiology of medial wall fractures: the hydraulic theory and buckling theory. Most fractures do not require treatment. “White-eyed” trapdoor fractures necessitate immediate surgery to reduce the risk of muscle fibrosis. Trapdoor fractures are more common in the pediatric population. The vast majority of nondisplaced fractures without entrapment do not require surgery. Evaluating patients with medial wall fractures requires evaluation of muscle motility and relative enophthalmos. Patients with entrapped muscles require immediate treatment to prevent permanent injury to the muscle.
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Bittar, Mirian S., Maria L. Garcia, and Paulo E. Marchiori. "Acute orbital myositis: case report." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 55, no. 1 (1997): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x1997000100022.
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The case of 22-year old, white woman with bilateral orbital myositis following an acute upper respiratory tract infection is reported. The most important clinical findings were ocular pain, proptosis, restricted eye motility and swelling of the eyelids. The enlarged eye muscles were seen on orbital computerized tomography scan. The clinical findings of inflammatory orbital myositis and clinical response to corticotherapy are emphasized.
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Kaps, F., and A. Schmid. "Mechanism and possible behavioural relevance of retinal movements in the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 2451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.11.2451.
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Like most spiders, the nocturnal hunting spider Cupiennius salei is able to move the retinae of its antero-median (AM) eyes. In the present study, the morphological and physiological properties of the eye muscles and the mechanism and behavioural relevance of retinal movements are investigated. The retinal movements are brought about by two forces: (i) contractions of the dorsal and ventral eye muscles, and (ii) the passive elastic restoring force of the eye tube and eye muscles (the presumed counteracting force). The dorsal eye muscle consists of 15­18 striated fibres and is 600 µm long. The ventral eye muscle is longer (650 µm) and consists of 20­22 striated fibres. The direction of the gaze of the retinae brought about by the eye muscles (active retinal movements) depends on the contraction states of the two eye muscles. The medially directed action of both eye muscles does not allow active movements of the eye tube in any lateral direction. Thus, the direction of gaze cannot actively be shifted medially. After active displacement of the retina, the elasticity of the eye tube and eye muscles passively moves the eye tube back to its resting position. There are two types of retinal movements. (i) Spontaneous microsaccades (duration 80 ms; excursion 3 °) are caused by the spontaneous contraction of only the dorsal eye muscle. They are ideally suited for preventing the adaptation of the sensory cells since their mean excursion (3 °) perfectly fits the inter-receptor angle (2.9 °) in the AM eye of Cupiennius salei. (ii) Induced movements (duration 100­500 ms; excursions 4­15 °) are caused by the contraction of both eye muscles and occur only after mechanical stimulation. Induced movements were elicited by stimulating the mechanosensory organs (trichobothria and slit sense organs) of the spider's legs. A stimulus on one side of the spider induces movements of the ipsilateral retina only. We therefore suggest that induced retinal movements are saccades shifting the gaze of the spider laterally towards the site of mechanical stimulation. According to behavioural experiments, the ability of a spider to locate an immobile target is highly impaired after blinding its AM eyes. We suggest that the motility of the AM eyes is required to locate stationary objects.
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Han, Sang-Hoon, Da-Woon Lee, Soo-Hyun Cho, and June-Sun Kim. "The Modulation of Motility of Pyloric Antral Smooth Muscles of Rat by Melatonin." Biomolecules and Therapeutics 18, no. 2 (April 30, 2010): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.166.
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Demer, Joseph L., Robert A. Clark, and Yoward Ying. "The nerve of that muscle! New understanding of innervation of the extrocular muscles in ocular motility and strabismus." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 15, no. 1 (February 2011): e35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.01.129.
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Tamm, S., and S. L. Tamm. "Extracellular ciliary axonemes associated with the surface of smooth muscle cells of ctenophores." Journal of Cell Science 94, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.94.4.713.
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We describe the first example of bare ciliary axonemes existing outside eukaryotic cells. The axonemes run in longitudinal invaginations of the surface membrane of giant smooth muscle cells in ctenophores. No motility of the surface-associated axonemes has been detected in living muscles. The axonemes are truly extracellular and in direct contact with the extracellular matrix (mesoglea), as shown by the ultrastructural tracer horseradish peroxidase. The axonemes appear partially degraded and disorganized, and individual doublet microtubules are difficult to distinguish. Nevertheless, immunofluorescence microscopy shows that the axonemes retain antigenic sites reacting with mouse monoclonal anti-beta-tubulin. The origin of the extracellular axonemes is unknown: no attached basal bodies (extracellular or intracellular) have been found. The muscle-associated axonemes may play a unique role in smooth muscle function and/or development, and may be related to the evolution of muscle cells in soft-bodied invertebrates that exploit cilia for a wide variety of functions.
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Cammarato, Anthony, Corey M. Dambacher, Aileen F. Knowles, William A. Kronert, Rolf Bodmer, Karen Ocorr, and Sanford I. Bernstein. "Myosin Transducer Mutations Differentially Affect Motor Function, Myofibril Structure, and the Performance of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 2 (February 2008): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-09-0890.
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Striated muscle myosin is a multidomain ATP-dependent molecular motor. Alterations to various domains affect the chemomechanical properties of the motor, and they are associated with skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The myosin transducer domain is located near the nucleotide-binding site. Here, we helped define the role of the transducer by using an integrative approach to study how Drosophila melanogaster transducer mutations D45 and Mhc5affect myosin function and skeletal and cardiac muscle structure and performance. We found D45 (A261T) myosin has depressed ATPase activity and in vitro actin motility, whereas Mhc5(G200D) myosin has these properties enhanced. Depressed D45 myosin activity protects against age-associated dysfunction in metabolically demanding skeletal muscles. In contrast, enhanced Mhc5myosin function allows normal skeletal myofibril assembly, but it induces degradation of the myofibrillar apparatus, probably as a result of contractile disinhibition. Analysis of beating hearts demonstrates depressed motor function evokes a dilatory response, similar to that seen with vertebrate dilated cardiomyopathy myosin mutations, and it disrupts contractile rhythmicity. Enhanced myosin performance generates a phenotype apparently analogous to that of human restrictive cardiomyopathy, possibly indicating myosin-based origins for the disease. The D45 and Mhc5mutations illustrate the transducer's role in influencing the chemomechanical properties of myosin and produce unique pathologies in distinct muscles. Our data suggest Drosophila is a valuable system for identifying and modeling mutations analogous to those associated with specific human muscle disorders.
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Briggs, Margaret M., and Fred Schachat. "The superfast extraocular myosin (MYH13) is localized to the innervation zone in both the global and orbital layers of rabbit extraocular muscle." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 20 (October 15, 2002): 3133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.20.3133.
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SUMMARY Extraocular muscles (EOMs) are the most molecularly heterogeneous and physiologically diverse mammalian striated muscles. They express the entire array of striated muscle myosins, including a specialized myosin heavy chain MYH13, which is restricted to extraocular and laryngeal muscles. EOMs also exhibit a breadth of contractile activity, from superfast saccades to slow tracking and convergence movements. These movements are accomplished by the action of six ultrastructurally defined fiber types that differ from the type IIa, IIb, IIx and I fibers found in other skeletal muscles. Attempts to associate different eye movements with either the expression of different myosins or the activity of particular EOM fiber types are complicated by the molecular heterogeneity of several of the fiber types, and by electromyography studies showing that the majority of extraocular motor units participate in both fast and slow eye movements. To better understand the role of MYH13 in ocular motility, we generated MYH13-sequence-specific antibodies and used SDS-PAGE to quantify the regional distribution of myosin in EOM and to characterize its heterogeneity in single fibers. These studies demonstrate that MYH13 is preferentially expressed in the majority of orbital and global fibers in the central innervation zone of rabbit EOM. Many individual fibers express MYH13 with the fast IIb myosin and varying amounts of IIx myosin. The differential localization of MYH13, coupled with specialization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thin filament systems, probably explains how activation of the endplate band region enables the majority of EOM fibers to contribute to superfast contractions.
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Kassem, Rehab Rashad, Ahmed Mostafa Kamal, Randa Mohamed Abdel-Moneim El-Mofty, and Hala Mostafa Elhilali. "Long-term follow-up of cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplant during strabismus reoperations: Up 85 months’ follow-up." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 4 (March 15, 2018): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118757432.
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Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effect of cryopreserved human amniotic membrane transplant during strabismus reoperations. Methods: A total of 15 patients with persistent strabismus were included in a prospective study to evaluate the effect of wrapping the extra-ocular muscles with cryopreserved amniotic membrane during strabismus reoperations. The study end-point was the last follow-up visit. A successful outcome was defined as 0–10∆ of horizontal tropia and 0–4∆ of vertical tropia, with no limitation of ductions exceeding −1. A cosmetically acceptable outcome was defined as a tropia of 0–15∆. Results: Maximum follow-up was 85 months (mean: 25.4 ± 25.5 months). At the last follow-up visit, a successful outcome was achieved in 46.7%, a cosmetically acceptable outcome was achieved in 66.7%, and the mean ocular deviation angles improved from 38.60 ± 14.63∆, preoperatively, to 10.6 ± 11.08∆. Motility limitation on the final follow-up visit exceeded −1 in only 4/180 muscles (2.2%). Conclusion: The effect of cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplantation on the success of strabismus reoperations was moderate in terms of ocular alignment. Its effect was more pronounced in terms of ocular motility. The latter better reflects the level of adhesions. No long-term complications were documented, denoting safety of cryopreserved amniotic membrane usage during strabismus reoperations.