Academic literature on the topic 'Muscle tone behaviors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Muscle tone behaviors"
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Deng, Linhong, Nigel J. Fairbank, Darren J. Cole, Jeffrey J. Fredberg, and Geoffrey N. Maksym. "Airway smooth muscle tone modulates mechanically induced cytoskeletal stiffening and remodeling." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 2 (August 2005): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2005.
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The application of mechanical stresses to the airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell causes time-dependent cytoskeletal stiffening and remodeling (Deng L, Fairbank NJ, Fabry B, Smith PG, and Maksym GN. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287: C440–C448, 2004). We investigated here the extent to which these behaviors are modulated by the state of cell activation (tone). Localized mechanical stress was applied to the ASM cell in culture via oscillating beads (4.5 μm) that were tightly bound to the actin cytoskeleton (CSK). Tone was reduced from baseline level using a panel of relaxant agonists (10−3 M dibutyryl cAMP, 10−4 M forskolin, or 10−6 M formoterol). To assess functional changes, we measured cell stiffness (G′) using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, and to assess structural changes of the CSK we measured actin accumulation in the neighborhood of the bead. Applied mechanical stress caused a twofold increase in G′ at 120 min. After cessation of applied stress, G′ diminished only 24 ± 6% (mean ± SE) at 1 h, leaving substantial residual effects that were largely irreversible. However, applied stress-induced stiffening could be prevented by ablation of tone. Ablation of tone also inhibited the amount of actin accumulation induced by applied mechanical stress ( P < 0.05). Thus the greater the contractile tone, the greater was applied stress-induced CSK stiffening and remodeling. As regards pathobiology of asthma, this suggests a maladaptive positive feedback in which tone potentiates ASM remodeling and stiffening that further increases stress and possibly leads to worsening airway function.
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Kamyk - Wawryszuk, Agnieszka. "Prewerbalne zachowania komunikacyjne dzieci z zespołem Cri du Chat w ocenie rodziców." Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, no. 21 (January 7, 2019): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.21.08.
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Cri du Chat syndrome (CdC) is a rare disease characterized, among others, by decreased muscle tone, microcephaly, and high palate; underdevelopment of the mandible, abnormal structure and laryngeal function (somatic symptoms) and disorders of psychomotor development and intellectual disability (psychomotor symptoms). These children have a varied level of functioning and most of them do not use verbal speech. Describing the problem of preverbal communication behaviors, the following elements were taken into account: the level of behavior in the primary communication, sensory, auditory communication, organization of behavior and signaling needs. The purpose of this article is to describe the pre-verbal behavior of children with Cri du Chat syndrome. The following questions were formulated: What is the level of pre-verbal communication (primary, sensory and auditory) of a child with CdC syndrome? What are the communicative behaviors of the child with the CdC team and at what level of organization? What is the level of signaling your needs by a child with CdC? The preverbal communication behavior of children with the Cri du Chat team presented in the article indicate that they are diverse, ranging from indicating the gesture of what they need, to vocalizing in order to provoke contact with another person. The behavior of the daughter / son indicated by the parents may constitute the basis for the teaching process of preverbal communication.
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Wei, Ning, and Anita T. Layton. "Theoretical assessment of the Ca2+ oscillations in the afferent arteriole smooth muscle cell of the rat kidney." International Journal of Biomathematics 11, no. 03 (April 2018): 1850043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524518500432.
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The afferent arteriole (AA) of rat kidney exhibits the myogenic response, in which the vessel constricts in response to an elevation in blood pressure and dilates in response to a pressure reduction. Additionally, the AA exhibits spontaneous oscillations in vascular tone at physiological luminal pressures. These time-periodic oscillations stem from the dynamic exchange of Ca[Formula: see text] between the cytosol and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, coupled to the stimulation of Ca[Formula: see text]-activated potassium and chloride channels, and to the modulation of voltage-gated L-type Ca[Formula: see text] channels. The effects of physiological factors, including blood pressure and vasoactive substances, on AA vasomotion remain to be well characterized. In this paper, we analyze a mathematical model of Ca[Formula: see text] signaling in an AA smooth muscle cell. The model represents detailed transmembrane ionic transport, intracellular Ca[Formula: see text] dynamics as well as kinetics of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O[Formula: see text]) formation, diffusion and reaction. NO is an important factor in the maintenance of blood pressure and O[Formula: see text] has been shown to contribute significantly to the functional alternations of blood vessels in hypertension. We perform a bifurcation analysis of the model equations to assess the effect of luminal pressure, NO and O[Formula: see text] on the behaviors of limit cycle oscillations.
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Schneider, Johann, Daniel S. Scholz, and Eckart Altenmüller. "Impact of Psychic Traumatization on the Development of Musicians’ Dystonia: Six Exploratory Case Studies." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2021.1001.
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OBJECTIVE: Musician’s dystonia represents a special case of focal dystonia. It is described as a task-specific movement disorder which presents itself as muscular incoordination or loss of voluntary fine-motor control of extensively trained movements while a musician is playing the instrument. Several triggering factors have been identified, such as overuse, chronic pain, perfectionism, and anxiety disorders. As a common feature, dysfunctional self-management and stress-coping mechanisms are at the root of the aforementioned behaviors. Based on long-term experience from our musicians’ medicine outpatient clinic, we hypothesized that early psychic or somatic traumatization may be an underlying mechanism and therefore contribute essentially to focal dystonia. METHODS: In a qualitative study, we investigated the role of early traumatization as a potential cause of motor failures, such as musician’s dystonia, employing an episodic interview on a sample of six professional musicians (age 30–57 yrs, 5:1 M:F) suffering from musician’s dystonia. RESULTS: Using grounded theory methodology, we were able to derive one generalized etiological model describing contributing factors in the etiological understanding of focal dystonia from the six case studies. The qualitative interviews clearly revealed that all patients experienced early psychic traumatizations, including violence and parents’ substance abuse. CONCLUSIONS: In this small sample, we theorize that in-depth, early traumatization most probably led to a dysfunctional stress-coping mechanism. We therefore propose in our model that there are two types of motor failures, one linked to stressful experiences, dysfunctional coping behaviors, and increased muscle tone, and one linked to genetic susceptibility of the motor-system without psychological triggering factors.
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Kang, Hyun Gu, and Lewis A. Lipsitz. "Stiffness Control of Balance During Quiet Standing and Dual Task in Older Adults: The MOBILIZE Boston Study." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 3510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00820.2009.
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Distractions affect postural control, but this mechanism is not well understood. Diversion of resources during cognitive stress may lead to decreased motor drive and postural muscle tone. This may appear as decreased postural stiffness and increased postural sway amplitude. We hypothesized that dual tasking leads to decreased stiffness and increased sway amplitude. Postural sway (center of pressure; COP) data were used from 724 participants aged 77.9 ± 5.3 yr, a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults, the MOBILIZE Boston Study cohort. Subjects stood barefoot with eyes open for 30 s per trial on a force plate. Five trials were performed each with and without a serial subtractions-by-3 task. Sway data were fit to a damped oscillator inverted pendulum model. Amplitudes (COP and center of mass), mechanical stiffness, and damping of the sway behavior were determined. Sway amplitudes and damping increased with the dual task ( P < 0.001); stiffness decreased only mediolaterally ( P < 0.001). Those with difficulty doing the dual task exhibited larger sway and less damping mediolaterally ( P ≤ 0.001) and an increased stiffness with dual task anteroposteriorly (interaction P = 0.004). Dual task could still independently explain increases in sway ( P < 0.001) after accounting for stiffness changes. Thus the hypothesis was supported only in mediolateral sway. The simple model helped to explain the dual task related increase of sway only mediolaterally. It also elucidated the differential influence of cognitive function on the mechanics of anteroposterior and mediolateral sway behaviors. Dual task may divert the resources necessary for mediolateral postural control, thus leading to falls.
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Kuruma, Akinori, and H. Criss Hartzell. "Bimodal Control of a Ca2+-Activated Cl− Channel by Different Ca2+ Signals." Journal of General Physiology 115, no. 1 (December 28, 1999): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.115.1.59.
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Ca2+-activated Cl− channels play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including epithelial secretion, maintenance of smooth muscle tone, and repolarization of the cardiac action potential. It remains unclear, however, exactly how these channels are controlled by Ca2+ and voltage. Excised inside-out patches containing many Ca2+-activated Cl− channels from Xenopus oocytes were used to study channel regulation. The currents were mediated by a single type of Cl− channel that exhibited an anionic selectivity of I− > Br− > Cl− (3.6:1.9:1.0), irrespective of the direction of the current flow or [Ca2+]. However, depending on the amplitude of the Ca2+ signal, this channel exhibited qualitatively different behaviors. At [Ca2+] < 1 μM, the currents activated slowly upon depolarization and deactivated upon hyperpolarization and the steady state current–voltage relationship was strongly outwardly rectifying. At higher [Ca2+], the currents did not rectify and were time independent. This difference in behavior at different [Ca2+] was explained by an apparent voltage-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity of the channel. At +120 mV, the EC50 for channel activation by Ca2+ was approximately fourfold less than at −120 mV (0.9 vs. 4 μM). Thus, at [Ca2+] < 1 μM, inward current was smaller than outward current and the currents were time dependent as a consequence of voltage-dependent changes in Ca2+ binding. The voltage-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity was explained by a kinetic gating scheme in which channel activation was Ca2+ dependent and channel closing was voltage sensitive. This scheme was supported by the observation that deactivation time constants of currents produced by rapid Ca2+ concentration jumps were voltage sensitive, but that the activation time constants were Ca2+ sensitive. The deactivation time constants increased linearly with the log of membrane potential. The qualitatively different behaviors of this channel in response to different Ca2+ concentrations adds a new dimension to Ca2+ signaling: the same channel can mediate either excitatory or inhibitory responses, depending on the amplitude of the cellular Ca2+ signal.
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Stenmark, Kurt R., Neil Davie, Maria Frid, Evgenia Gerasimovskaya, and Mita Das. "Role of the Adventitia in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling." Physiology 21, no. 2 (April 2006): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00053.2005.
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An increasing volume of experimental data indicates that the adventitial fibroblast, in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations, is a critical regulator of vascular wall function in health and disease. A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. In response to stress or injury, resident adventitial cells can be activated and reprogrammed to exhibit different functional and structural behaviors. In fact, under certain conditions, the adventitial compartment may be considered the principal injury-sensing tissue of the vessel wall. In response to vascular stresses such as overdistension and hypoxia, the adventitial fibroblast is activated and undergoes phenotypic changes, which include proliferation, differentiation, upregulation of contractile and extracellular matrix proteins, and release of factors that directly affect medial smooth muscle cell tone and growth and that stimulate recruitment of inflammatory and progenitor cells to the vessel wall. Each of these changes in fibroblast phenotype modulates either directly or indirectly changes in overall vascular function and structure. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitial fibroblast acts as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular function and structure from the “outside-in.”
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Del Pozzo, Jill, Erica F. Weiss, Diana Bronshteyn, David M. Masur, John J. McGinley, and Ronda F. Facchini. "A-41 Not Just a “Clumsy” Kid: A Case Study of Developmental Coordination Disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.59.
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Abstract Objective Developmental Discoordination Disorder (DCD) is an often overlooked and seldom diagnosed neurodevelopmental condition marked by impairments in motor skills. Lacking identifiable medical or neurological etiology, children with DCD often have preserved intellectual abilities. Comorbidity is common, including ADHD and specific learning disability. Despite extensive evidence of significant impact on daily activities and academics due to differences in motor behaviors, DCD difficulties are regularly treated as behavioral problems. Method Neuropsychological evaluation of an 8-year-old boy with a possible reading delay and inability to perform some age-appropriate academic and self-care tasks. Results Average overall ability with very strong verbal performances; intact visual perceptual processing, memory, and non-written language. Academics are within expected range, although graphomotor weakness impacted academic performances on tasks with written demands. Patient appeared clumsy and awkward with low muscle tone, poor balance, and difficulty learning new motor skills. Impaired fine motor control, handwriting, gait, gross motor skills, motor planning, coordination, and oromotor weakness as well as inferior verbal language abilities were evident. Impulsivity, inattention, poor planning, and poor self-monitoring were also evident. Conclusions DCD is evidenced by impairment in fine and gross motor skills, oromotor skills, motor planning, energy, and coordination with clear discrepancy between motor abilities and abilities in other areas, specifically language. In our case, DCD features were overlooked despite wide ranging impact. ADHD and SLD with impairment in written expression were concurrent. This case highlights the need for greater appreciation of DCD so that children can benefit from early detection and intervention considering the life-long implications of the disorder.
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Sampallo Pedroza, Rosa Mercedes, Luisa Fernanda Cardona Lopez, and Karen Eliana Ramirez Gomez. "Description of oral-motor development from birth to six years of age." Revista de la Facultad de Medicina 62, no. 4 (May 7, 2015): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v62n4.45211.
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<p>This document seeks to present bibliometric research into<br />characterizing the behaviors of each of the stomatognathic<br />functions of a child based on developmental age and expected<br />development until the age of six. The investigation collected<br />the information provided in scientific literature regarding the<br />development of oral-motor postural patterns, environmental<br />influences, sensitivity, tone, muscle strength, use of feeding<br />tools, anatomy, physiology, and the neurology of the anatomical<br />structures of the stomatognathic system. As a result, the major<br />milestones of oromotor development from birth to the age of six<br />are described in this document. Also, a more detailed manual<br />was written to be used by Speech-Language Pathologists. The<br />research concludes that oral motor patterns emerge according<br />to the maturation and function of the different stomatognathic<br />structures. It is of prime importance for Speech-Language<br />Pathologists to be experts in normal oromotor development in<br />order to provide the best professional services when treating<br />children in need of feeding, sucking and dysphagia therapy.</p>
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Nakayama, Natsuki, Masahiko Miyachi, Koji Tamakoshi, Toshio Hayashi, Koji Negi, Koji Watanabe, and Makoto Hirai. "Decreased continuous sitting time increases heart rate variability in patients with cardiovascular risk factors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e0253399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253399.
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Aim The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between high-frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV) and continuous daytime sitting time in patients with cardiovascular risk factors such as mild hypertension and/or stable angina pectoris. Background Decreased HF HRV precedes the progression and worsening of cardiovascular diseases. Continuous sitting behavior is a major risk factor for developing metabolic syndrome and is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be affected by continuous daytime sitting behaviors. Design The present study design was a post-hoc comparison. Methods Patients treated at two different primary care clinics from 2014 to 2018 were enrolled in this study (n = 53). We assessed HF HRV and continuous sitting time using 24-hour Holter electrocardiography and an activity meter at baseline and 6 months. HF HRV was calculated during sleep. Results Sitting time had decreased in 22 patients (decreased group) and increased in 31 patients (increased group) after 6 months. The mean patient ages were 73.1 and 72.0 years in the decreased and increased sitting time groups, respectively (p = 0.503). HF HRV during sleep had increased after 6 months in the decreased sitting time group. Compared with the increased group, the decreased group showed significantly higher HF HRV during sleep after 6 months by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA after adjustment for age, sex and change in activity (p = 0.045). Conclusion These results suggest that a decrease in sitting time might induce parasympathetic activity during sleep. Therefore, reducing continuous sitting time during the day might contribute, in part, to improving the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular risk factors not only by avoiding muscle loss but also by providing positive influences on parasympathetic tone during sleep.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Muscle tone behaviors"
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Vincent, Maureen Anne, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "BODY DISSATISFACTION AND BODY CHANGE STRATEGIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040906.135500.
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This thesis examined body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors among adolescent girls and boys from a biopsychosocial framework. The contribution of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors were examined in relation to body dissatisfaction, weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors among early adolescent girls and boys. In particular, pubertal maturation, body mass index (BMI), perception of body shape and size and psychological factors, such as depression, anxiety, ineffectiveness, self-esteem and perfectionism, were examined as possible factors that may precipitate or maintain body dissatisfaction and engagement in body change strategies. The sociocultural factors evaluated were the quality of family and peer relationships, as well as the influence of family and peers in predicting the adoption of specific body change strategies. The specific mechanisms by which these influences were transmitted were also examined. These included perceived discussion, encouragement and modelling of various body change strategies, as well as perceived teasing about body shape and size.
A number of separate cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the above relationships and identify the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors in adolescents. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties and principal components structure of the Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R; Thelen, Farmer, Wonderlich, & Smith, 1991) to assess its applicability to adolescent samples. Study 2 investigated the nature of body dissatisfaction and weight loss
behaviors among 603 adolescents (306 girls and 297 boys) using a standardised questionnaire. This preliminary study was conducted to ascertain whether variables previously found to be relevant to adolescent girls, could also be related to the development of body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors among adolescent boys.
Studies 3 and 4 described the development and validation of a body modification scale that measured weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Studies 5 and 6 were designed to modify an Excessive Exercise Scale developed by Long, Smith, Midgley, and Cassidy (1993) into a shorter form, and validate this scale with an adolescent sample. Study 7 investigated the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle among adolescent girls and boys both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (over one year). Structural equation modelling was used to examine associations among self-reported body dissatisfaction, body change strategies and a range of biological, psychological and sociocultural variables both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Overall, the results suggested that both girls and boys experience body dissatisfaction and engage in a number of different body change strategies in order to achieve an ideal size. A number of gender similarities and differences were identified in the expression of body dissatisfaction and the adoption of body change strategies for both girls and boys. Girls were more likely than boys to report body dissatisfaction and engage in weight loss behaviors, while boys were more likely than girls to engage in weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Generally, the same factors were found to contribute to weight
loss, and more specifically, bulimic symptomatology, ad weight gain in both adolescent girls and boys. While a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors contributed to bulimic symptomatology, only biological and psychological factors were found to contribute to weight gain in adolescents. The most notable gender differences were found in the model of increased muscle tone. Sociocultural and biological factors contributed to increased muscle tone behaviors in girls, while sociocultural and psychological factors were implicated in these behaviors in adolescent boys. With the exception of the model of increased muscle tone for boys, body dissatisfaction was a consistent factor in the adoption of body change behaviors. Consistent with previous investigations, the present thesis provides empirical support for the need to examine the etiology and maintenance of such concerns and behaviors from a multifaceted perspective.
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Kopecká, Barbora. "Vliv intenzity izometrické volní kontrakce na reologické vlastnosti kosterní svaloviny in vivo, in situ." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380738.
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Title: The effect of intensity of voluntary isometric contraction on rheological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue in vivo, in situ Objectives: The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of intensity of isometric voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle on its viscoelastic characteristics. The work also aims to contribute to the verification of myotonometer as an objective diagnostic instrument and compares it to known methods for evaluation of muscle tone, or its partial characteristics. Methods: We used myotonometer - utility model 29456 for evaluation of changes of stiffness and viscous behavior of skeletal muscle in vivo, in situ in 20 healthy volunteers. The values were compared during 0%, 20%, 35% and 50% of maximal strength of isometric contraction of finger flexors, controlled by hand-held dynamometer. Results: We concluded that both stiffness and viscous behavior of skeletal muscle increases with higher intensity of isometric voluntary contraction. Keywords: myotonometer, skeletal muscle, viscous behavior, stiffness, muscle tone
Books on the topic "Muscle tone behaviors"
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Jones, Barbara E. Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of waking and sleeping. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0004.
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Neurons distributed through the reticular core of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain and giving rise to ascending projections to the cortex or descending projections to the spinal cord promote the changes in cortical activity and behavior that underlie the sleep–wake cycle and three states of waking, NREM (slow wave) sleep, and REM (paradoxical) sleep. Forming the basic units of these systems, glutamate and GABA cell groups are heterogeneous in discharge profiles and projections, such that different subgroups can promote cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active) versus cortical deactivation (NREM(SWS)-active) by ascending influences or behavioral arousal with muscle tone (wake-active) versus behavioral quiescence with muscle atonia (NREM/REM(PS)-active) by descending influences. These different groups are in turn regulated by neuromodulatory systems, including cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active acetylcholine neurons), behavioral arousal (wake-active noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, and orexin neurons), and behavioral quiescence (NREM/REM(PS)-active MCH neurons). By different projections, chemical neurotransmitters and discharge profiles, distinct cell groups thus act and interact to promote cyclic oscillations in cortical activity and behavior forming the sleep-wake cycle and states.
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Forsyth, Rob, and Richard Newton. Signs and symptoms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784449.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the diagnostic approach to the patterns of symptoms and signs commonly seen in the paediatric neurology clinic. It encourages pattern recognition. The presentations considered are: altered mental state (agitation/confusion); motor disorders (exercise limitation and muscle pain; eye or facial movement abnormalities; the floppy infant; a funny gait; weakness; unsteadiness or falls; toe-walking; disordered sensation, numbness, pain, dysaesthesia; deafness, loss or disturbance of hearing or vision; paroxysmal disorders (funny turns, loss of awareness, epilepsy, headache, movement disorders); developmental delay, impairment or regression, school failure; speech disturbance; behaviour disorder; symptoms that might suggest a spinal disorder such as back pain, incontinence, or scoliosis; other skeletal abnormality including abnormal skull size or shape, foot deformity; sleep disturbance.
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Bucy, Erik P., and Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.
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Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
Book chapters on the topic "Muscle tone behaviors"
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Klockgether, T., M. Schwarz, L. Turski, C. Ikonomidou-Turski, K. Ossowska, C. Heim, W. Turski, U. Wüllner, and K. H. Sontag. "Neurotransmitters in the Basal Ganglia and Motor Thalamus: Their Role for the Regulation of Muscle Tone." In Advances in Behavioral Biology, 185–202. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_13.
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Shibasaki, Hiroshi, Mark Hallett, Kailash P. Bhatia, Stephen G. Reich, and Bettina Balint. "Sleep-Related Movement Disorders." In Involuntary Movements, 163–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190865047.003.0008.
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Some movement disorders and behavioral disorders appear specifically during sleep or in relation to sleep. These are rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorders (RBD); restless legs syndrome; periodic limb movement in sleep (PLMS); cataplexy, which manifests itself as sudden falling, head dropping, or jaw dropping due to sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotions (laughing in particular); hypnic jerks or hypnagogic myoclonus; fragmentary myoclonus in children; autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy; sleep walking and sleep terrors; head banging, and bruxism (grinding of the teeth). Careful history taking or reviewing a home video provides valuable clues, but the gold standard remains video polysomnography (PSG). Some sleep-related movements do not represent “disorders” as such but are harmless, physiological motor phenomena, and are discussed because of their frequency and relevance in differential diagnostic considerations.
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Ahlskog, J. Eric. "Acting out Dreams: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder." In Dementia with Lewy Body and Parkinson's Disease Patients. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199977567.003.0027.
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Normal dreaming occurs during the deepest sleep states. Obviously, if experiencing a frightening dream, sleeping people could be injured if they jumped out of bed and started to run. Fortunately, the brain has a natural protective mechanism during dreaming: body paralysis. During the primary sleep stage in which dreaming occurs, the body’s muscle tone is shut off and muscles become limp. Only the eye muscles are spared, still able to move during a dream. This state in which dreaming takes place is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Restated, during REM sleep, a switch is thrown in the brain stem that shuts off body movement during dreaming. People with Lewy disorders of all types often lose this switch function. In other words, they can still move during the dreams of REM sleep. In the midst of a dream, they may act out by yelling, kicking, or hitting the air. This behavior is termed dream enactment behavior. When it is a recurring event it is termed REM sleep behavior disorder. REM sleep behavior disorder occurs in people with Lewy disorders—Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or PDD. It also occurs in another disorder in which alpha-synuclein is abnormally deposited in the nervous system, multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recall from Chapter 2 that alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and is thought to be a causative factor in all of these conditions. REM sleep behavior disorder may be present years or even decades before the occurrence of DLB, PDD, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple system atrophy. It is often one of the first signs of these disorders, predating most other manifestations. That does not mean that everyone who acts out their dreams will eventually develop Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or MSA. However, it does confer an increased risk. It should be noted that certain medications may provoke REM sleep behavior disorder, such as the commonly used antidepressants. Also, sleepwalking in children should not be confused with this disorder. Sleepwalking occurs in a different sleep stage and is not thought to be a forerunner of Lewy body conditions.
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Zapala, David A. "Vertigo and Imbalance." In Clinical Neurophysiology, 869–912. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259631.003.0052.
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Electrophysiologic testsests can be used to evaluate the function of each of the five vestibular sensory receptors in the labyrinth, in patients with dizziness and imbalance. Tests of semicircular canal function concentrate on vestibular ocular reflex behavior and include the bilateral, bi-thermal caloric test, video head impulse tests (vHIT), and rotary chair tests. Otolith function tests focus on changes in muscle tone and include the cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP and oVEMP). Interpreting vestibular tests requires an understanding of the underlying anatomy and physiology, and an appreciation of central compensation processes and their effects on each test. This chapter reviews the techniques and interpretation of vestibular testing to assess semicircular canal and otolith function and postural control.
Conference papers on the topic "Muscle tone behaviors"
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Nagatomi, Jiro, Michael B. Chancellor, and Michael S. Sacks. "Active Biaxial Mechanical Properties of Bladder Wall Tissue." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43146.
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The urinary bladder is a smooth muscle organ whose main functions are to store and to void urine. Since the most important aspect of the storage function of the bladder is to maintain low intravesical pressure in order to protect the upper urinary tract from backflow of urine, the compliance of the bladder wall is one of the key functional paramters to assess the health of this organ. Previously, our laboratory reported, for the first time, the biaxial mechanical properties of bladder wall tissue in the inactive state (in the absence of calcium in the testing bath solution and thus smooth muscle contraction was abolished) (Gloeckner et al. 2002). The bladder in vivo, however, normaly exhibits passive smooth muscle tone during filling and active contraction during voiding. Therefore, in order to completely characterize the bladder tissue mechanical behaviors, it is necessary to examine the load-deformation relationship of the bladder under the passive and active states. In the present study, a novel experimental model was designed to allow collection of biaxial stress-strain data from urinary bladder wall tissue under passive, active and inactive states.
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Allen Rodowicz, Kathleen, Rahmat Muhammad, Michelle Heller, Joseph Sala, and Chimba Mkandawire. "Biomechanical, Perceptual, and Cognitive Factors Involved in Maintaining Postural Control While Standing or Walking on Non-Moving and Moving Surfaces: A Literature Review." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39276.
Full textAbstract:
Postural control has been defined as “regulating the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation.” How the body achieves postural control depends, in part, on the environment. A person navigating a non-moving surface (e.g. hallway, stairway, or step ladder) will process information and will employ different strategies to maintain postural control than someone who is standing or walking on a moving surface (e.g., forklifts, personal transportation systems, escalators, and moving walkways). In both environments, sensory, cognitive, and motor control systems contribute to postural control. The musculoskeletal system uses muscle activation and joint positioning to control the body’s alignment and muscle tone. The biomechanics of postural control rely on information that the musculoskeletal system receives from sensory systems including the vestibular system, which is generally implicated in behaviors requiring balance control, as well as the somatosensory and visual systems. Furthermore, sensory information from these and other systems can be enhanced by cognitive processes, such as attention. The ability to maintain postural control while standing or walking is critical in preventing falls on both non-moving and moving surfaces. This review focuses on moving surfaces and includes a discussion of the biomechanical, perceptual, and cognitive factors responsible for postural control.
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Pei, Yinan, Randy H. Ewoldt, Christopher M. Zallek, and Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler. "Revised Design of a Passive Hydraulic Training Simulator of Biceps Spasticity." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6881.
Full textAbstract:
Spasticity is a common abnormal muscle behavior associated with neurological disorders and is characterized by speed-dependent increased tone in the affected muscle when induced by passive movement [1]. During the passive stretch of the muscle, additional unique clinical signs that accompany spasticity are (a) sudden increase in muscle tone at a certain joint position (catch angle), called the “catch”, (b) after the “catch”, a quick drop of muscle resistance, called the “release”, where (a) and (b) together are usually referred to as the “catch-release” behavior, and (c) limited range of motion (ROM) [1,2]. With the evolution of spasticity, these symptoms will worsen.
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van den Broek, Chantal, Jeroen Nieuwenhuizen, Marcel Rutten, and Frans van de Vosse. "Mechanical Characterization of Vascular Smooth Muscle." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53434.
Full textAbstract:
Remodeling of the arterial wall, in response to e.g. induced hypertension, vasoconstriction, and reduced cyclic stretch, has been studied in detail to get insight into vascular pathologies [1]. Constitutive models are helpful to the understanding of the relation between different processes that occur in the arterial wall during remodeling. Including the smooth muscle cell (SMC) behavior in constitutive models is relevant, as those cells may change tone when subjected to an altered mechanical loading and can initiate arterial remodeling.
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Hald, Eric S., Zaw Win, Marianne R. Scheitel, and Patrick W. Alford. "High-Throughput Microtissue Contractility Assay for In Vitro Analysis of Vascular Mechanics." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14604.
Full textAbstract:
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays a key role in regulation of vascular mechanics through modulation of contractile tone. Studies suggest that mechanical or biochemical perturbation can lead to dysfunctional VSM behavior [1, 2]. This aberrant contractility may play a role in vascular dysfunction ranging from cerebral vasospasm to aneurysm genesis.
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Song, Seung Yun, Yinan Pei, Steven R. Tippett, Dronacharya Lamichhane, Christopher M. Zallek, and Elizabeth T. Hsiao-Wecksler. "Validation of a Wearable Position, Velocity, and Resistance Meter for Assessing Spasticity and Rigidity." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6906.
Full textAbstract:
Patients with neuromuscular disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, or multiple sclerosis (MS) can develop different levels of abnormal muscle behavior (hypertonia) such as rigidity and spasticity [1], [2]. Hypertonia can affect different parts of the body such as upper or lower extremities. Symptoms include pain, increased muscle tone, spasms, and decreased functional abilities. Hypertonia can interfere with many activities of daily living, greatly affecting the quality of life in patients and causing anxiety, depression, and social isolation [2].
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Coulson, Rebecca J., Marilyn J. Cipolla, Lisa Vitullo, and Naomi C. Chesler. "Mechanical Properties of Active and Passive Rat Middle Cerebral Arteries." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32508.
Full textAbstract:
Cerebral arteries play an important role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow through autoregulation, a well established phenomenon which is caused by a combination of myogenic, neuronal and metabolic mechanisms [1]. Myogenic reactivity is the ability of the vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) to contract in response to stretch or to an increase in transmural pressure (TMP), and to dilate in response to a decrease in TMP [2]. It is this active constriction of arteries within the autoregulatory range that prompts studies of not just passive mechanical properties, but also active mechanical properties. Passive properties provide an understanding of the behavior of the extracellular matrix components of arteries (i.e. collagen and elastin); but, in order to understand how the artery behaves in vivo, it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties with smooth muscle cell activation. Mechanical properties might also be altered if the vessel is diseased or damaged. Ischemia has been shown to reduce vascular tone, which might lead to brain tissue damage during stroke [3]. Therefore studying the mechanical properties of vessels in disease states to determine if they are able to adequately take part in controlling local blood flow is also important.