Journal articles on the topic 'Muscle oxygenation'
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Chuang, Ming-Lung, I.-Feng Lin, and Meng-Jer Hsieh. "More Impaired Dynamic Ventilatory Muscle Oxygenation in Congestive Heart Failure than in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101641.
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Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) often have dyspnea. Despite differences in primary organ derangement and similarities in secondary skeletal muscle changes, both patient groups have prominent functional impairment. With similar daily exercise performance in patients with CHF and COPD, we hypothesized that patients with CHF would have worse ventilatory muscle oxygenation than patients with COPD. This study aimed to compare differences in tissue oxygenation and blood capacity between ventilatory muscles and leg muscles and between the two patient groups. Demographic data, lung function, and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed in 134 subjects without acute illnesses. Muscle oxygenation and blood capacity were measured using frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (fd-NIRS). We enrolled normal subjects and patients with COPD and CHF. The two patient groups were matched by oxygen-cost diagram scores, New York Heart Association functional classification scores, and modified Medical Research Council scores. COPD was defined as forced expired volume in one second and forced expired vital capacity ratio ≤0.7. CHF was defined as stable heart failure with an ejection fraction ≤49%. The healthy subjects were defined as those with no obvious history of chronic disease. Age, body mass index, cigarette consumption, lung function, and exercise capacity were different across the three groups. Muscle oxygenation and blood capacity were adjusted accordingly. Leg muscles had higher deoxygenation (HHb) and oxygenation (HbO2) and lower oxygen saturation (SmO2) than ventilatory muscles in all participants. The SmO2 of leg muscles was lower than that of ventilatory muscles because SmO2 was calculated as HbO2/(HHb+HbO2), and the HHb of leg muscles was relatively higher than the HbO2 of leg muscles. The healthy subjects had higher SmO2, the patients with COPD had higher HHb, and the patients with CHF had lower HbO2 in both muscle groups throughout the tests. The patients with CHF had lower SmO2 of ventilatory muscles than the patients with COPD at peak exercise (p < 0.01). We conclud that fd-NIRS can be used to discriminate tissue oxygenation of different musculatures and disease entities. More studies on interventions on ventilatory muscle oxygenation in patients with CHF and COPD are warranted.
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Theodorou, Anastasios A., Panagiotis T. Zinelis, Vassiliki J. Malliou, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Dimitris Mandalidis, Nickos D. Geladas, and Vassilis Paschalis. "Acute L-Citrulline Supplementation Increases Nitric Oxide Bioavailability but Not Inspiratory Muscle Oxygenation and Respiratory Performance." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2021): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103311.
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The present study aimed to investigate whether acute L-citrulline supplementation would affect inspiratory muscle oxygenation and respiratory performance. Twelve healthy males received 6 g of L-citrulline or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and their ratio), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO•), and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were measured at baseline, one hour post supplementation, and after an incremental resistive breathing protocol to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The resistive breathing task consisted of 30 inspirations at 70% and 80% of MIP followed by continuous inspirations at 90% of MIP until task failure. Sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. One-hour post-L-citrulline supplementation, exhaled NO• was significantly increased (19.2%; p < 0.05), and this increase was preserved until the end of the resistive breathing (16.4%; p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the placebo condition. Pulmonary function and MIP were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. During resistive breathing, sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced, with no difference noted between the two supplementation conditions. In conclusion, a single ingestion of 6 g L-citrulline increased NO• bioavailability but not the respiratory performance and inspiratory muscle oxygenation.
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Messere, Alessandro, Gianluca Ceravolo, Walter Franco, Daniela Maffiodo, Carlo Ferraresi, and Silvestro Roatta. "Increased tissue oxygenation explains the attenuation of hyperemia upon repetitive pneumatic compression of the lower leg." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 1451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2017.
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The rapid hyperemia evoked by muscle compression is short lived and was recently shown to undergo a rapid decrease even in spite of continuing mechanical stimulation. The present study aims at investigating the mechanisms underlying this attenuation, which include local metabolic mechanisms, desensitization of mechanosensitive pathways, and reduced efficacy of the muscle pump. In 10 healthy subjects, short sequences of mechanical compressions ( n = 3–6; 150 mmHg) of the lower leg were delivered at different interstimulus intervals (ranging from 20 to 160 s) through a customized pneumatic device. Hemodynamic monitoring included near-infrared spectroscopy, detecting tissue oxygenation and blood volume in calf muscles, and simultaneous echo-Doppler measurement of arterial (superficial femoral artery) and venous (femoral vein) blood flow. The results indicate that 1) a long-lasting (>100 s) increase in local tissue oxygenation follows compression-induced hyperemia, 2) compression-induced hyperemia exhibits different patterns of attenuation depending on the interstimulus interval, 3) the amplitude of the hyperemia is not correlated with the amount of blood volume displaced by the compression, and 4) the extent of attenuation negatively correlates with tissue oxygenation ( r = −0,78, P < 0.05). Increased tissue oxygenation appears to be the key factor for the attenuation of hyperemia upon repetitive compressive stimulation. Tissue oxygenation monitoring is suggested as a useful integration in medical treatments aimed at improving local circulation by repetitive tissue compression. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that 1) the hyperemia induced by muscle compression produces a long-lasting increase in tissue oxygenation, 2) the hyperemia produced by subsequent muscle compressions exhibits different patterns of attenuation at different interstimulus intervals, and 3) the extent of attenuation of the compression-induced hyperemia is proportional to the level of oxygenation achieved in the tissue. The results support the concept that tissue oxygenation is a key variable in blood flow regulation.
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Mangone, Laura A., Beth A. Taylor, Robert Schmelzer, Sung Gi Noh, Michael C. White, Oh Sung Kwon, and Paul D. Thompson. "Skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS)." Open Heart 11, no. 1 (February 2024): e002551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2023-002551.
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ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-invasive technique to assess tissue oxygenation and mitochondrial function, as a diagnostic tool for statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS).MethodsWe verified SAMS in 39 statin-treated patients (23 women) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over protocol. Subjects with suspected SAMS were randomised to simvastatin 20 mg/day or placebo for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week no treatment period and then assigned to the alternative treatment, either simvastatin or placebo. Tissue oxygenation was measured before and after each statin or placebo treatment using NIRS during handgrip exercise at increasing intensities of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).Results44% (n=17) of patients were confirmed as having SAMS (11 women) because they reported discomfort only during simvastatin treatment. There were no significant differences in percent change in tissue oxygenation in placebo versus statin at all % MVCs in all subjects. The percent change in tissue oxygenation also did not differ significantly between confirmed and unconfirmed SAMS subjects on statin (−2.4% vs −2.4%, respectively) or placebo treatment (−1.1% vs −9%, respectively). The percent change in tissue oxygenation was reduced after placebo therapy in unconfirmed SAMS subjects (−10.2%) (p≤0.01) suggesting potential measurement variability.ConclusionsNIRS in the forearm cannot differentiate between confirmed and unconfirmed SAMS, but further research is needed to assess the usability of NIRS as a diagnostic tool for SAMS.Trial registration numberNCT03653663.
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Ahmadi, Sirous, Peter J. Sinclair, and Glen M. Davis. "Muscle oxygenation following concentric exercise." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 15, no. 4 (November 19, 2007): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-2007-0288.
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Ahmadi, Sirous, Peter J. Sinclair, and Glen M. Davis. "Muscle Oxygenation after Downhill Walking- Induced Muscle Soreness." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000273041.68107.42.
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Ufland, Pierre, Thomas Lapole, Said Ahmaidi, and Martin Buchheit. "Muscle force recovery in relation to muscle oxygenation." Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging 32, no. 5 (April 24, 2012): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.2012.01141.x.
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Neuschwander, T. B., B. R. Macias, A. R. Hargens, and Q. Zhang. "Mild External Compression of the Leg Increases Skin and Muscle Microvascular Blood Flow and Muscle Oxygenation during Simulated Venous Hypertension." ISRN Vascular Medicine 2012 (December 10, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/930913.
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We studied the effect of mild external leg compression on both skin and muscle microvascular flow, and muscle oxygenation in the leg of healthy subjects during simulated venous hypertension. Skin and muscle microvascular blood flows were measured using photoplethysmography (PPG), and muscle oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Both PPG and NIRS probes were placed over the anterior compartment of the right leg in 8 healthy subjects. Measurements were taken under three experimental conditions: external leg compression (40 mmHg); simulated venous hypertension (65 mmHg thigh cuff); external leg compression during simulated venous hypertension. Muscle oxygenation was measured only under external leg compression during simulated venous hypertension. Simulated venous hypertension decreased skin and muscle microvascular blood flows from 100% (baseline) to 35.8±2.9% and 31.9±1.3% (P<0.001), respectively. External leg compression during simulated venous hypertension caused 2-fold increases in both skin and muscle microvascular blood flows compared to simulated venous hypertension (P<0.001). Similarly, external leg compression during simulated venous hypertension significantly restored muscle oxygenation by 23±7% compared to its baseline (P<0.05). Our results demonstrate that mild external leg compression counteracts the decreases in skin microvascular flow, muscle microvascular flow, and muscle oxygenation induced by simulated venous hypertension in the leg.
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Theodorakopoulou, Marieta, Andreas Zafeiridis, Konstantina Dipla, Danai Faitatzidou, Aggelos Koutlas, Fotini Iatridi, Artemios Karagiannidis, et al. "EFFECTS OF PROTEINURIA ON MUSCLE OXYGENATION AND MICROVASCULAR REACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH PRE-DIALYSIS CKD: A POST-HOC ANALYSIS." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (May 2024): e206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001021532.72701.f2.
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Objective: Vascular dysfunction is a hallmark of CKD. Previous studies showed an impaired microvascular reactivity in the skeletal muscles, which deteriorates in advanced CKD stages. This analysis aims to examine the impact of proteinuria on skeletal muscle oxygenation and microvascular reactivity at rest, during an occlusion-reperfusion maneuver, and during exercise in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. Design and method: 66 patients with CKD stage 2-4 were included in this post-hoc analysis; 24-h urine samples were used for evaluation of proteinuria. Continuous measurement of muscle oxygenation [tissue saturation index (TSI%)] via near-infrared-spectroscopy at rest, during occlusion-reperfusion and during a 3-min handgrip exercise (at 35% of maximal-voluntary-contraction). Results: The study groups were similar in terms of age (proteinuric vs nonproteinuric: 68.4±10.6 vs 67.2±10.8; p=0.676), eGFR (41.3±18.9 vs 46.3±14.8; p=0.248) and BMI (28.4±4.9 vs 28.1±4.8; p=0.803). Resting muscle oxygenation did not differ between study groups (proteinuric vs nonproteinuric: 63,35±4,09 vs 62,34±3,21; p=0.280). During occlusion, proteinuric CKD patients had marginally lower TSI occlusion magnitude (25,77±7,87 vs 29,95±10,34; p=0.074) but no difference in occlusion slope (-0,09±.,03 vs -,10±.,04; p=0.134). During reperfusion, the TSI reperfusion slopes were significantly lower in proteinuric CKD (slope to max 1,03±.,45 vs 1,39±.0,69; p=0.035 and 10-sec slope: 1,34±.,63 vs 1,92±.,75; p=0.002); hyperemic response was numerically lower in proteinuric CKD (7,13±.4,27 vs 8,89±.4,68; p=0.131). Finally, during exercise no differences were detected in the average muscle oxygenation between-group (10,76±6,05 vs 10,65±5,39; p=0.943). Conclusions: Although no differences in resting muscle oxygenation were detected, CKD patients with proteinuria showed more impaired skeletal muscle oxidative capacity (as suggested by lower TSI magnidute during occlusion), and miscrovascular reactivity during reperfusion.
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Games, Kenneth E., JoEllen M. Sefton, and Alan E. Wilson. "Whole-Body Vibration and Blood Flow and Muscle Oxygenation: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.09.
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Context The use and popularity of whole-body vibration (WBV) has increased in recent years, but there is a lack of consensus in the literature about the effectiveness of the treatment. Objective To quantitatively examine the effects of WBV on muscle oxygenation and peripheral blood flow in healthy adults. Data Sources We searched Web of Science and PubMed databases and reference lists from relevant articles using the key terms whole body vibration, whole-body vibration, WBV, blood flow, peripheral blood flow, oxygenation, muscle oxygenation, circulation, circulatory, near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS, and power Doppler. Key terms were searched using single word and combination searches. No date range was specified. Study Selection Criteria for inclusion were (1) use of a commercially available WBV device, (2) a human research model, (3) a pre-WBV condition and at least 1 WBV experimental condition, and (4) reporting of unstandardized means and standard deviations of muscle oxygenation or peripheral blood flow. Data Extraction Means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted from the text, tables, and figures of included studies. A total of 35 and 90 data points were extracted for the muscle-oxygenation and blood-flow meta-analyses, respectively. Data for each meta-analysis were combined and analyzed using meta-analysis software. Weighted, random-effects meta-analyses using the Hedges g metric were completed for muscle oxygenation and blood flow. We then conducted follow-up analyses using the moderator variables of vibration type, vibration time, vibration frequency, measurement location, and sample type. Data Synthesis We found 18 potential articles. Further examination yielded 10 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Whole-body vibration was shown to positively influence peripheral blood flow. Additionally, the moderators of vibration type and frequency altered the influence of WBV on blood flow. Overall, WBV did not alter muscle oxygenation; however, when the measurement site was considered, muscle oxygenation increased or decreased depending on the location. Conclusions Acute bouts of WBV increase peripheral blood flow but do not alter skeletal muscle oxygenation. Vibration type appears to be the most important factor influencing both muscle oxygenation and peripheral blood flow.
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White, JE, MJ Drinnan, AJ Smithson, CJ Griffiths, and GJ Gibson. "Respiratory muscle activity and oxygenation during sleep in patients with muscle weakness." European Respiratory Journal 8, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.95.08050807.
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Patients with respiratory muscle weakness show nocturnal hypoventilation, with oxygen desaturation particularly during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but evidence in individuals with isolated bilateral diaphragmatic paresis (BDP) is conflicting. The effect of sleep on relative activity of the different respiratory muscles of such patients and, consequently, the precise mechanisms causing desaturation have not been clarified. We have studied eight patients, four with generalized muscle weakness and four with isolated BDP during nocturnal sleep with measurements including oxygen saturation and surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of various respiratory muscle groups. Nocturnal oxygenation correlated inversely with postural fall in vital capacity, an index of diaphragmatic strength. During REM sleep, hypopnoea and desaturation occurred particularly during periods of rapid eye movements (phasic REM sleep). In most subjects, such events were "central" in type and associated with marked suppression of intercostal muscle activity, but two subjects had recurrent desaturation due to "obstructive" hypopnoea and/or apnoea. Expiratory activity of the external oblique muscle was present whilst awake and during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in seven of the eight subjects in the semirecumbent posture. This probably represents an "accessory inspiratory" effect, which aids passive caudal diaphragmatic motion as the abdominal muscles relax at the onset of inspiration. Expiratory abdominal muscle activity was suppressed in phasic REM sleep, suggesting that loss of this "accessory inspiratory" effect may contribute to "central" hypopnoea. We conclude that, in patients with muscle weakness, nocturnal oxygenation correlates with diaphragmatic strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Wariar, Ramesh, John N. Gaffke, Ronald G. Haller, and Loren A. Bertocci. "A modular NIRS system for clinical measurement of impaired skeletal muscle oxygenation." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.315.
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Near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) is a well-known method used to measure in vivo tissue oxygenation and hemodynamics. This method is used to derive relative measures of hemoglobin (Hb) + myoglobin (Mb) oxygenation and total Hb (tHb) accumulation from measurements of optical attenuation at discrete wavelengths. We present the design and validation of a new NIRS oxygenation analyzer for the measurement of muscle oxygenation kinetics. This design optimizes optical sensitivity and detector wavelength flexibility while minimizing component and construction costs. Using in vitro validations, we demonstrate 1) general optical linearity, 2) system stability, and 3) measurement accuracy for isolated Hb. Using in vivo validations, we demonstrate 1) expected oxygenation changes during ischemia and reactive hyperemia, 2) expected oxygenation changes during muscle exercise, 3) a close correlation between changes in oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin and changes in deoxyhemoglobin and deoxymyoglobin and limb volume by venous occlusion plethysmography, and 4) a minimal contribution from movement artifact on the detected signals. We also demonstrate the ability of this system to detect abnormal patterns of tissue oxygenation in a well-characterized patient with a deficiency of skeletal muscle coenzyme Q10. We conclude that this is a valid system design for the precise, accurate, and sensitive detection of changes in bulk skeletal muscle oxygenation, can be constructed economically, and can be used diagnostically in patients with disorders of skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Feldmann, Andri, and Daniel Erlacher. "Critical oxygenation: Can muscle oxygenation inform us about critical power?" Medical Hypotheses 150 (May 2021): 110575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110575.
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Fadel, Paul J., David M. Keller, Hitoshi Watanabe, Peter B. Raven, and Gail D. Thomas. "Noninvasive assessment of sympathetic vasoconstriction in human and rodent skeletal muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 4 (April 2004): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01041.2003.
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The precise role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise has been challenging to define in humans, partly because of the limited techniques available for measuring blood flow in active muscle. Recent studies using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to measure changes in tissue oxygenation have provided an alternative method to evaluate vasomotor responses in exercising muscle, but this approach has not been fully validated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sympathetic activation would evoke parallel changes in tissue oxygenation and blood flow in resting and exercising muscle. We simultaneously measured tissue oxygenation with NIR spectroscopy and blood flow with Doppler ultrasound in skeletal muscle of conscious humans ( n = 13) and anesthetized rats ( n = 9). In resting forearm of humans, reflex activation of sympathetic nerves with the use of lower body negative pressure produced graded decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow that were highly correlated ( r = 0.80, P < 0.0001). Similarly, in resting hindlimb of rats, electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves produced graded decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow velocity that were highly correlated ( r = 0.93, P < 0.0001). During rhythmic muscle contraction, the decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow evoked by sympathetic activation were significantly attenuated ( P < 0.05 vs. rest) but remained highly correlated in both humans ( r = 0.80, P < 0.006) and rats ( r = 0.92, P < 0.0001). These data indicate that, during steady-state metabolic conditions, changes in tissue oxygenation can be used to reliably assess sympathetic vasoconstriction in both resting and exercising skeletal muscle.
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Shadgan, Babak, Sports Med, Amir H. Pakravan, Alison Hoens, and W. Darlene Reid. "Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Hemodynamics and Oxygenation After Cold-Spray Application as Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.6.02.
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Context Vapocoolant spray, commonly known as cold spray (CS), is a cryotherapy modality used in sports medicine, athletic training, and rehabilitation settings. Proposed physiologic effects of cryotherapy modalities include reductions in tissue blood flow, oxygenation, and cell metabolism in addition to attenuation of pain perception attributed to reduced superficial nerve conduction velocity. Objective To examine the effects of CS on subcutaneous and intramuscular blood flow and oxygenation on the thigh muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy, an optical method to monitor changes in tissue oxygenated (O2Hb), deoxygenated (HHb), and total (tHb) hemoglobin. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Muscle Biophysics Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Participants were 13 healthy adults (8 men, 5 women; age = 37.4 ± 6 years, body mass index = 27.4 ± 2.6, adipose tissue thickness = 7.2 ± 1.8 mm). Intervention(s) Conventional CS was applied to the vastus medialis muscles. Main Outcome Measure(s) Changes in chromophore concentrations of O2Hb, HHb, and tHb at superficial and deep layers were monitored for 5 minutes using a 2-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. Results Thirty seconds after CS application, we observed a decrease from baseline in O2Hb and tHb only in the superficial layer that was maintained for 3 minutes. Conclusions Application of CS induced a transient change in blood flow and oxygenation of the superficial tissues with no change in deeper tissues over the healthy vastus medialis muscle. The limited physiologic effect of CS on the superficial hemodynamics and oxygenation of limb muscles may limit the therapeutic benefit of this cryotherapy modality to a temporary analgesic effect, a hypothesis that warrants a clinical trial on traumatized muscles.
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Moalla, Wassim, Mohamed Elloumi, Karim Chamari, Grégory Dupont, Yves Maingourd, Zouhair Tabka, and Said Ahmaidi. "Training effects on peripheral muscle oxygenation and performance in children with congenital heart diseases." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 4 (August 2012): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-036.
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We investigated the effect of training on peripheral muscular performance and oxygenation during exercise and recovery in children with congenital heart diseases (CHD). Eighteen patients with CHD aged 12 to 15 years were randomly assigned into either an individualized 12-week aerobic cycling training group (TG) or a control group (CG). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and endurance at 50% MVC (time to exhaustion, Tlim) of the knee extensors were measured before and after training. During the 50% MVC exercise and recovery, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to assess the fall in muscle oxygenation, i.e., deoxygenation ([Formula: see text]) of the vastus lateralis, the mean rate of decrease in muscle oxygenation, the half time of recovery (T1/2R), and the recovery speed to maximal oxygenation (RS). There was no effect of time on any parameter in the CG. After training, significant improvements were observed in TG for MVC (101.6 ± 14.0 vs. 120.2 ± 19.4 N·m, p < 0.01) and Tlim (66.2 ± 22.6 vs. 86.0 ± 23.0 s, p< 0.01). Increased oxygenation (0.20 ± 0.13 vs. 0.15 ± 0.07 a.u., p < 0.01) and faster mean rate of decrease in muscle oxygenation were also shown after training in TG (1.22 ± 0.45 vs. 1.71 ± 0.78%·s–1, p < 0.001). Moreover, a shorter recovery time was observed in TG after training for T1/2R (27.2 ± 6.1 vs. 20.8 ± 4.2 s, p < 0.01) and RS (63.1 ± 18.4 vs. 50.3 ± 11.4 s, p < 0.01). A significant relationship between the change in [Formula: see text] and both MVC (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) and Tlim (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) in TG was observed. We concluded that exercise training improves peripheral muscular function by enhancing strength and endurance performance in children with CHD. This improvement was associated with increased oxygenation of peripheral muscles and faster recovery.
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Mehta, Ranjana K., Joohyun Rhee, and Lora Cavuoto. "Muscle Oxygenation Correlates of Handgrip Fatigue with Obesity." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601239.
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The aims of this study were to determine obesity-related muscle oxygenation correlates of submaximal fatigue, across 20, 40, 60, and 80% of maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). 72 normal weight, overweight and obese adults, matched by gender, performed the four endurance tests on different days. Muscle oxygenation of the flexor and extensor carpi radialis were measured by near infrared spectroscopy and endurance time was recorded for each test. The findings indicated that obesity-related reduction in handgrip endurance was evident at low force contraction levels. Obesity was associated with impaired muscle oxygenation; however, the changes were independent of force contraction levels. Muscle oxygenation did not directly limit the time to failure for endurance tests at higher force levels. Thus, it is likely that factors other than local metabolic and hemodynamic changes impede fatigue resistance at higher force contraction levels.
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Ferrari, M., T. Binzoni, and V. Quaresima. "Oxidative metabolism in muscle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1354 (June 29, 1997): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0049.
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Oxidative metabolism is the dominant source of energy for skeletal muscle. Near–infrared spectroscopy allows the non–invasive measurement of local oxygenation, blood flow and oxygen consumption. Although several muscle studies have been made using various near–infrared optical techniques, it is still difficult to interpret the local muscle metabolism properly. The main findings of near–infrared spectroscopy muscle studies in human physiology and clinical medicine are summarized. The advantages and problems of near–infrared spectroscopy measurements, in resting and exercising skeletal muscles studies, are discussed through some representative examples.
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Bredle, D. L., W. E. Bradley, C. K. Chapler, and S. M. Cain. "Muscle perfusion and oxygenation during local hyperoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 2057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2057.
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Ventilation with O2 was previously shown to decrease whole-body and hindlimb muscle O2 uptake (VO2) in anesthetized dogs, particularly during anemia. To determine whether this was a purely local effect of hyperoxia (HiOx), we pump perfused isolated dog hindlimb muscles with autologous blood made hyperoxic (PO2 greater than 500 Torr) in a membrane oxygenator while the animals were ventilated with room air. Both constant-flow and constant-pressure protocols were used, and half the dogs were made anemic by exchange transfusion of dextran to hematocrit (Hct) approximately 15%. Thus there were four groups of n = 6 dogs each. A 30-min period of HiOx was preceded and followed by similar periods of perfusion with normoxic blood. In HiOx all four groups showed increased leg hindrance, increased leg venous PO2, and no significant changes in leg O2 inflow. Limb blood flow and VO2 decreased approximately 20% in HiOx with constant-pressure perfusion, regardless of Hct. In the constant-flow protocol, leg VO2 in HiOx was maintained by the anemic animals and actually increased in the normocythemic group. We conclude that HiOx directly affected vascular smooth muscle to cause flow restriction and maldistribution. Constant flow offset these effects, but the increased limb VO2 may have been a toxic effect. Anemia appeared to exaggerate the microcirculatory maldistribution caused by HiOx.
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Jones, Ben, Dave Parry, and Chris E. Cooper. "Underwater near-infrared spectroscopy can measure training adaptations in adolescent swimmers." PeerJ 6 (April 20, 2018): e4393. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4393.
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The development of an underwater near-infrared spectroscopy (uNIRS) device has enabled previously unattainable measurements of peripheral muscle hemodynamics and oxygenation to be taken within the natural aquatic environment. The purposes of this study were (i) to trial the use of uNIRS, in a real world training study, and (ii) to monitor the effects of a swim training program upon muscle oxygenation status in short distance swimming. A total of 14 junior club level swimmers completed a repeated swim sprint test before and after an eight week endurance training program. A waterproof, portable Near-Infrared Spectroscopy device was attached to the vastus lateralis. uNIRS successfully measured changes in muscle oxygenation and blood volume in all individuals; rapid sub-second time resolution of the device was able to demonstrate muscle oxygenation changes during the characteristic swim movements. Post training heart rate recovery and swim performance time were significantly improved. uNIRS data also showed significant changes. A larger rise in deoxyhemoglobin during individual sprints suggested training induced an increase in muscle oxygen extraction; a faster recovery time for muscle oxygenation suggested positive training induced changes and significant changes in muscle blood flow also occur. As a strong correlation was seen between an increased reoxygenation rate and an improved swim performance time, these findings support the use of uNIRS as a new performance analysis tool in swimming.
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Borghi-Silva, Audrey, Cláudia Carrascosa, Cristino Carneiro Oliveira, Adriano C. Barroco, Danilo C. Berton, Debora Vilaça, Edgar B. Lira-Filho, Dirceu Ribeiro, Luiz Eduardo Nery, and J. Alberto Neder. "Effects of respiratory muscle unloading on leg muscle oxygenation and blood volume during high-intensity exercise in chronic heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 6 (June 2008): H2465—H2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.91520.2007.
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Blood flow requirements of the respiratory muscles (RM) increase markedly during exercise in chronic heart failure (CHF). We reasoned that if the RM could subtract a fraction of the limited cardiac output (QT) from the peripheral muscles, RM unloading would improve locomotor muscle perfusion. Nine patients with CHF (left ventricle ejection fraction = 26 ± 7%) undertook constant-work rate tests (70-80% peak) receiving proportional assisted ventilation (PAV) or sham ventilation. Relative changes (Δ%) in deoxy-hemoglobyn, oxi-Hb ([O2Hb]), tissue oxygenation index, and total Hb ([HbTOT], an index of local blood volume) in the vastus lateralis were measured by near infrared spectroscopy. In addition, QT was monitored by impedance cardiography and arterial O2 saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2). There were significant improvements in exercise tolerance (Tlim) with PAV. Blood lactate, leg effort/Tlim and dyspnea/Tlim were lower with PAV compared with sham ventilation ( P < 0.05). There were no significant effects of RM unloading on systemic O2 delivery as QT and SpO2 at submaximal exercise and at Tlim did not differ between PAV and sham ventilation ( P > 0.05). Unloaded breathing, however, was related to enhanced leg muscle oxygenation and local blood volume compared with sham, i.e., higher Δ[O2Hb]% and Δ[HbTOT]%, respectively ( P < 0.05). We conclude that RM unloading had beneficial effects on the oxygenation status and blood volume of the exercising muscles at similar systemic O2 delivery in patients with advanced CHF. These data suggest that blood flow was redistributed from respiratory to locomotor muscles during unloaded breathing.
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Vernillo, Gianluca, Alfredo Brighenti, Eloisa Limonta, Pietro Trabucchi, Davide Malatesta, Grégoire P. Millet, and Federico Schena. "Effects of Ultratrail Running on Skeletal-Muscle Oxygenation Dynamics." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 4 (April 2017): 496–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0745.
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Purpose:To quantify changes in skeletal-muscle oxygenation and pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇O2) after an extreme ultratrail running bout.Methods:Before (PRE) and after (POST) the race (330-km, 24000 D±), profiles of vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (ie, oxyhemoglobin [O2Hb], deoxyhemoglobin [HHb], and tissue oxygenation index [TOI]) and V̇O2 were determined in 14 athletes (EXP) and 12 control adults (CON) during two 4-min constant-load cycling bouts at power outputs of 1 (p1) and 1.5 (p1.5) W/kg performed in randomized order.Results:At POST, normalized [HHb] values increased (p1, +38.0%; p1.5, +27.9%; P < .05), while normalized [O2Hb] (p1, –20.4%; p1.5, –14.4%; P < .05) and TOI (p1, –17.0%; p1.5, –17.7%; P < .05) decreased in EXP. V̇O2 values were similar (P > 0.05). An “overshoot“ in normalized [HHb]:V̇O2 was observed, although the increase was significant only during p1.5 (+58.7%, P = .003). No difference in the aforementioned variables was noted in CON (P > .05).Conclusions:The concentric and, particularly, the eccentric loads characterizing this extreme ultratrail-running bout may have led to variations in muscle structure and function, increasing the local muscle deoxygenation profile and the imbalance between O2 delivery to working muscles and muscle O2 consumption. This highlights the importance of incorporating graded training, particularly downhill bouts, to reduce the negative influence of concentric and severe eccentric loads to the microcirculatory function and to enhance the ability of runners to sustain such loading.
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Paredes-Ruiz, María-José, María Jódar-Reverte, Vicente Ferrer-López, and Ignacio Martínez González-Moro. "MUSCLE OXYGENATION OF THE QUADRICEPS AND GASTROCNEMIUS DURING MAXIMAL AEROBIC EFFORT." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, no. 2 (June 2021): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0076.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that is used in the assessment of tissue oxygenation and the monitoring of physical activity. Objective: To determine the influence of sexual, anthropometric and ergospirometric factors on muscle oxygenation of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius, obtained by NIRS during a stress test. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects participated in this study (10 women). Two Humon Hex® devices were placed on the dominant side of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles to measure muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2). The stress test was performed on a treadmill with electrocardiographic control and measurement of oxygen consumption. SmO2 was obtained at rest and after maximum effort during the stress test. In addition, the height, weight, skinfold and waist contour were measured. Bioimpedance was used to obtain the percentages of fat mass and muscle mass, which were used to calculate the relative fat mass (RFM). Results: The SmO2 of both muscles at rest is higher in males than in females. At maximum effort, the SmO2 of the quadriceps is similar in both groups. The SmO2 of both muscles is positively related to height, body mass, percentage of mass muscle and waist contour, and negatively with percentage of mass fat, RFM and skinfold thickness. The negative correlation between fat percentage and oxygen saturation is more evident in females. It was observed that the variables that quantify maximum effort are not related to the SmO2 values, except for the correlation between HR max and SmO2 of the gastrocnemius muscle in males. Conclusion: The SmO2 of recreational athletes is influenced by the location of the device and the fat mass of the subjects. The biggest differences between the sexes are in the gastrocnemius muscle. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test .
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Shibuya, Ken-ichi, and Junya Tanaka. "Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation During Incremental Exercise." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 111, no. 5 (January 2003): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813450312331342355.
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Ferguson, S. A., W. G. Allread, P. Le, J. D. Rose, and W. S. Marras. "Shoulder Muscle Oxygenation during Repetitive Tasks." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 55, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 1039–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181311551217.
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Richardson, Russell S. "Keynote — Oxygenation and Exercising Skeletal Muscle." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00317.
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Richardson, Russell S. "Keynote ??? Oxygenation and Exercising Skeletal Muscle." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00317.
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Hampson, N. B., and C. A. Piantadosi. "Near infrared monitoring of human skeletal muscle oxygenation during forearm ischemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 2449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.6.2449.
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Changes in tissue oxygenation of forearm muscles were measured by near infrared (NIR) spectrophotometry in 10 healthy adults during tourniquet ischemia and venous outflow restriction. Muscle O2 stores were depleted rapidly by forearm ischemia manifest by a progressive decrease in tissue oxyhemoglobin and oxymyoglobin over 4–5 min. Muscle ischemia significantly decreased the oxidation level of cytochrome aa3, to below resting base line after only 1.5 min, and the enzyme became fully reduced after 6.5 min. After 8 min of ischemia, tourniquet release was accompanied by a transient increase in muscle blood volume due to influx of oxyhemoglobin. The cytochrome aa3 oxidation level increased above resting base line within 1 min after tourniquet release. Transcutaneous PO2 measurements recorded simultaneously from the same forearm correlated poorly with the kinetics of O2 availability and cytochrome oxidation in the underlying muscle tissue; this was not unexpected because overlying skin did not contribute significantly to NIR muscle signals. Venous outflow restriction without inflow obstruction increased muscle deoxyhemoglobin and tissue blood volume but did not change muscle O2 stores or cytochrome aa3 oxidation level. The ability of the NIR technique to detect dynamic trends in tissue oxygenation reveals that muscle O2 is rapidly consumed during tourniquet ischemia and rapidly restored by hyperemic responses after brief ischemia.
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Kounalakis, Stylianos N., and Nickos D. Geladas. "Cardiovascular drift and cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during prolonged cycling at different pedalling cadences." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 3 (June 2012): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h2012-011.
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We hypothesized that a faster cycling cadence could exaggerate cardiovascular drift and affect muscle and cerebral blood volume and oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (mean age, 23.4 ± 3.8 years) performed cycle ergometry for 90 min on 2 separate occasions, with pedalling frequencies of 40 and 80 r·min–1, at individual workloads corresponding to 60% of their peak oxygen consumption. The main measured variables were heart rate, ventilation, cardiac output, electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis, and regional muscle and cerebral blood volume and oxygenation. Cardiovascular drift developed at both cadences, but it was more pronounced at the faster than at the slower cadence, as indicated by the drop in cardiac output by 1.0 ± 0.2 L·min–1, the decline in stroke volume by 9 ± 3 mL·beat–1, and the increase in heart rate by 9 ± 1 beats·min–1 at 80 r·min–1. At the faster cadence, minute ventilation was higher by 5.0 ± 0.5 L·min–1, and end-tidal CO2 pressure was lower by 2.0 ± 0.1 torr. Although higher electromyographic activity in the vastus lateralis was recorded at 80 r·min–1, muscle blood volume did not increase at this cadence, as it did at 40 r·min–1. In addition, muscle oxygenation was no different between cadences. In contrast, cerebral regional blood volume and oxygenation at 80 r·min–1 were not as high as at 40 r·min–1 (p < 0.05). Faster cycling cadence exaggerates cardiovascular drift and seems to influence muscle and cerebral blood volume and cerebral oxygenation, without muscle oxygenation being radically affected.
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Badoni, Abhinav, Kshitij Agarwal, Adam Pinkoski, Rahul Samant, Darren DeLorey, and Albert Vette. "Muscle fatigue detection using near-infrared spectroscopy and electromyography." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1052.
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Abstract Introduction: Muscle fatigue is often experienced by athletes and in work settings. Excessive fatigue can lead to injury and musculoskeletal disorders. Surface electromyography (EMG) is typically used to detect and ultimately prevent fatigue during isometric movement. The application of EMG to fatigue detection in dynamic movement requires, however, a secondary confirmation of fatigue based on physiological measures. Our objective was to determine if muscle oxygenation derived via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was correlated with relevant EMG indicators of neuromuscular fatigue and whether observed correlations were related to the fatigue process. Methods: Bilateral electromyograms from three upper leg muscles and the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of the vastus lateralis muscle were recorded in sixteen non-disabled individuals during cycle ergometry to volitional exhaustion. Six EMG activity features were extracted and the Pearson correlation coefficient between each feature and TOI was determined. Results: The EMG root mean square, spectral standard deviation, second spectral moment, and zero-crossing rate (ZC) were strongly correlated with TOI. The time course of ZC and the correlation of this feature with TOI suggest that there could be a relation between muscle oxygenation and fatigue. Conclusion: Future work should use the knowledge gained in this study to investigate whether NIRS can be used to verify the onset of fatigue as detected by EMG.
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Taudorf, Mikkel, Michael B. Nielsen, Torben V. Schroeder, Lars Lönn, and Henning B. Nielsen. "Endovascular aortic repair reduces gluteal oxygenation." Acta Radiologica Open 8, no. 5 (May 2019): 205846011985011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058460119850115.
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Background Provoked gluteal claudication is a known risk after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). Lowered gluteal muscle oxygenation (SgmO2) may be demonstrated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Purpose To evaluate NIRS-determined SgmO2 in EVAR patients. Material and Methods NIRS-determined SgmO2 was used in an observational study design (n = 17). From the ambulatory setting, seven EVAR patients were included with reported gluteal claudication from medical records. In 10 patients scheduled for EVAR, SgmO2 was measured before and after the procedure. NIRS sensors were applied bilaterally on the gluteal region. Treadmill walking (12% incline, 2.4 km/h) was introduced to stress gluteal muscles. Results A reduced SgmO2 with regional side difference ( P < 0.05) was noted in all 10 patients following EVAR and four reported gluteal claudication. In patients with gluteal claudication (n = 7), treadmill decreased SgmO2. The time to recover the SgmO2 was prolonged for tissue exposed to occluded hypogastric artery (median = 512 s, range = 73–1207 s vs. median = 137, range = 0–643 s; P = 0.046). Conclusions EVAR affects gluteal muscle oxygenation. NIRS could be used to assess whether gluteal claudication is related to lowered SgmO2.
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Ahmadi, Sirous, Peter J. Sinclair, Nasim Foroughi, and Glen M. Davis. "Monitoring muscle oxygenation after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage using near-infrared spectroscopy." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-048.
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Eccentric exercise (EE), a common type of muscular activity whereby muscles lengthen and contract simultaneously, is associated with higher levels of force but may also evoke muscle damage. We investigated the hypothesis that unaccustomed EE might impair muscle oxygenation and muscle blood flow in healthy adults. Ten healthy males performed a bout of 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Before and after EE on day 1 and over the next 6 days, maximum voluntary isometric torque (MVT), serum creatine kinase (CK), and the changes in muscle oxygen saturation, blood flow, and oxygen uptake (using near-infrared spectroscopy) within the biceps brachii were assessed. MVT decreased, whereas muscle soreness and CK increased after EE (p < 0.05). Mean resting oxygen saturation increased by 22% after acute EE, and remained elevated by 5%–9% for the following 6 days. During isometric contractions, significant decreases were observed in oxygen desaturation and re-saturation kinetics after EE and these declines were also significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Both muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake increased significantly after acute EE, but recovered on the next day. This study revealed some prolonged alterations in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise after EE, which might be due to a decrease in muscle oxygen consumption, an increase in oxygen delivery, and (or) a combination of both. However, both oxygen consumption and blood flow recovered within 24 h after the eccentric exercise session, and therefore, the reason(s) for the changes in tissue oxygen saturation remain unknown.
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Yoshimura, Miho, Tatsuya Hojo, Hayato Yamamoto, Misato Tachibana, Masatoshi Nakamura, Hiroaki Tsutsumi, and Yoshiyuki Fukuoka. "Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion." PeerJ 8 (August 21, 2020): e9785. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9785.
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Background Cold therapy has the disadvantage of inducing vasoconstriction in arterial and venous capillaries. The effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot water depend mainly on not only cutaneous vasodilation but also muscle vasodilation. We examined the effects of artificial CO2 cold water immersion (CCWI) on skin oxygenation and muscle oxygenation and the immersed skin temperature. Subjects and Methods Fifteen healthy young males participated. CO2-rich water containing CO2 >1,150 ppm was prepared using a micro-bubble device. Each subject’s single leg was immersed up to the knee in the CO2-rich water (20 °C) for 15 min, followed by a 20-min recovery period. As a control study, a leg of the subject was immersed in cold tap-water at 20 °C (CWI). The skin temperature at the lower leg under water immersion (Tsk-WI) and the subject’s thermal sensation at the immersed and non-immersed lower legs were measured throughout the experiment. We simultaneously measured the relative changes of local muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation compared to the basal values (Δoxy[Hb+Mb], Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb], and Δtotal[Hb+Mb]) at rest, which reflected the blood flow in the muscle, and we measured the tissue O2 saturation (StO2) by near-infrared spectroscopy on two regions of the tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GAS) muscles. Results Compared to the CWI results, the Δoxy[Hb+Mb] and Δtotal[Hb+Mb] in the TA muscle at CCWI were increased and continued at a steady state during the recovery period. In GAS muscle, the Δtotal[Hb+Mb] and Δdeoxy[Hb+Mb] were increased during CCWI compared to CWI. Notably, StO2values in both TA and GAS muscles were significantly increased during CCWI compared to CWI. In addition, compared to the CWI, a significant decrease in Tsk at the immersed leg after the CCWI was maintained until the end of the 20-min recovery, and the significant reduction continued. Discussion The combination of CO2 and cold water can induce both more increased blood inflow into muscles and volume-related (total heme concentration) changes in deoxy[Hb+Mb] during the recovery period. The Tsk-WI stayed lower with the CCWI compared to the CWI, as it is associated with vasodilation by CO2.
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Tuesta, Marcelo, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Humberto Verdugo-Marchese, Cristián Mateluna, and Ildefonso Alvear-Ordenes. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Used to Assess Physiological Muscle Adaptations in Exercise Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review." Biology 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11071073.
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Using muscle oxygenation to evaluate the therapeutic effects of physical exercise in pathologies through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is of great interest. The aim of this review was to highlight the use of muscle oxygenation in exercise interventions in clinical trials and to present the technological characteristics related to the equipment used in these studies. PubMed, WOS, and Scopus databases were reviewed up to December 2021. Scientific articles that evaluated muscle oxygenation after exercise interventions in the sick adult population were selected. The PEDro scale was used to analyze the risk of bias (internal validity). The results were presented grouped in tables considering the risk of bias scores, characteristics of the devices, and the effects of exercise on muscle oxygenation. All the stages were carried out using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search strategy yielded 820 clinical studies, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria. This review detailed the characteristics of 11 NIRS devices used in clinical trials that used physical exercise as an intervention. The use of this technology made it possible to observe changes in muscle oxygenation/deoxygenation parameters such as tissue saturation, oxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin in clinical trials of patients with chronic disease. It was concluded that NIRS is a non-invasive method that can be used in clinical studies to detect the effects of physical exercise training on muscle oxygenation, hemodynamics, and metabolism. It will be necessary to unify criteria such as the measurement site, frequency, wavelength, and variables for analysis. This will make it possible to compare different models of exercise/training in terms of time, intensity, frequency, and type to obtain more precise conclusions about their benefits for patients.
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Bhambhani, Yagesh N. "Muscle Oxygenation Trends During Dynamic Exercise Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 504–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h04-033.
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During the last decade, NIRS has been used extensively to evaluate the changes in muscle oxygenation and blood volume during a variety of exercise modes. The important findings from this research are as follows: (a) There is a strong correlation between the lactate (ventilatory) threshold during incremental cycle exercise and the exaggerated reduction in muscle oxygenation measured by NIRS. (b) The delay in steady-state oxygen uptake during constant work rate exercise at intensities above the lactate/ventilatory threshold is closely related to changes in muscle oxygenation measured by NIRS. (c) The degree of muscle deoxygenation at the same absolute oxygen uptake is significantly lower in older persons compared younger persons; however, these changes are negated when muscle oxygenation is expressed relative to maximal oxygen uptake values. (d) There is no significant difference between the rate of biceps brachii and vastus lateralis deoxygenation during arm cranking and leg cycling exercise, respectively, in males and females. (e) Muscle deoxygenation trends recorded during short duration, high-intensity exercise such as the Wingate test indicate that there is a substantial degree of aerobic metabolism during such exercise. Recent studies that have used NIRS at multiple sites, such as brain and muscle tissue, provide useful information pertaining to the regional changes in oxygen availability in these tissues during dynamic exercise. Key words: blood volume, noninvasive measurement
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Yamada, Eiji, Takashi Kusaka, Kensaku Miyamoto, Satoshi Tanaka, Shin Morita, Shouichi Tanaka, Satoshi Mori, Hiromichi Norimatsu, and Susumu Itoh. "Muscle oxygenation, muscle force and electromyographic activity during isometric contraction." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 11, no. 4 (December 27, 2003): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-2003-0149.
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JANSSENS, LOTTE, MADELON PIJNENBURG, KURT CLAEYS, ALISON K. MCCONNELL, THIERRY TROOSTERS, and SIMON BRUMAGNE. "Postural Strategy and Back Muscle Oxygenation during Inspiratory Muscle Loading." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 7 (July 2013): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182853d27.
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Rodriguez, Ramón F., Nathan E. Townsend, Robert J. Aughey, and François Billaut. "Muscle oxygenation maintained during repeated-sprints despite inspiratory muscle loading." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 19, 2019): e0222487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222487.
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Trofè, Aurelio, Milena Raffi, David Muehsam, Andrea Meoni, Francesco Campa, Stefania Toselli, and Alessandro Piras. "Effect of PEMF on Muscle Oxygenation during Cycling: A Single-Blind Controlled Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 3624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083624.
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Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are used as non-invasive tools to enhance microcirculation and tissue oxygenation, with a modulatory influence on the microvasculature. This study aimed to measure the acute effect of PEMF on muscle oxygenation and its influence on pulmonary oxygen kinetics during exercise. Eighteen male cyclists performed, on different days, a constant-load exercise in both active (ON) and inactive (OFF) PEMF stimulations while deoxyhemoglobin and pulmonary oxygen kinetics, total oxygenation index, and blood lactate were collected. PEMF enhanced muscle oxygenation, with higher values of deoxyhemoglobin both at the primary component and at the steady-state level. Moreover, PEMF accelerated deoxyhemoglobin on-transition kinetic, with a shorter time delay, time constant, and mean response time than the OFF condition. Lactate concentration was higher during stimulation. No differences were found for total oxygenation index and pulmonary oxygen kinetics. Local application of a precise PEMF stimulation can increase the rate of the muscle O2 extraction and utilization. These changes were not accompanied by faster oxygen kinetics, reduced oxygen slow component, or reduced blood lactate level. It seems that oxygen consumption is more influenced by exercise involving large muscle mass like cycling, whereas PEMF might only act at the local level.
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Lyons, Kaitlin D., Aaron G. Parks, Oluwagbemiga D. Dadematthews, Paige A. McHenry, and JoEllen M. Sefton. "Vertical and Side-Alternating Whole Body Vibration Platform Parameters Influence Lower Extremity Blood Flow and Muscle Oxygenation." Vibration 5, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration5030031.
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This study directly compared blood flow and oxygenation during six treatment parameters used with vertical and side alternating whole body vibration (WBV). Twenty-seven healthy adults were randomized into the vertical or side-alternating (vibration type) WBV group. Participants completed three WBV sessions a week apart, 5 sets of 1 min on/off, at 3 conditions (Vertical: 30 Hz and 4 mm, 40 Hz and 2 mm, 45 Hz and 4 mm; Side-alternating: 10 Hz and 4 mm, 18 Hz and 3 mm and 26 Hz and 2 mm). Blood flow velocity and popliteal artery diameter, muscle oxygenation, skin temperature, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed. Muscle oxygenation was significantly increased for all vibration frequencies and types following two minutes of WBV (14.78%, p = 0.02) and continued until immediately after the cessation of WBV (24.7%, p < 0.001). WBV also increased heart rate (23.9%, p < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (8.9%, p < 0.001) regardless of frequency and vibration type. Side-alternating and vertical WBV increased muscle oxygenation and heart rate in healthy participants completing an isometric squat. Muscle oxygenation was not increased until the second vibration set indicating the amount of time spent on the platform may have a significant effect on increases in blood flow.
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Kirkham, Brooke M., Susan M. Schultz, Khalid Ashi, and Chandra M. Sehgal. "Assessment of Age-related Oxygenation Changes in Calf Skeletal Muscle by Photoacoustic Imaging: A Potential Tool for Peripheral Arterial Disease." Ultrasonic Imaging 41, no. 5 (July 19, 2019): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734619862287.
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Peripheral artery disease is often asymptomatic, and various imaging and nonimaging techniques have been used for assessment and monitoring treatments. This study is designed to demonstrate the ability of photoacoustic imaging to noninvasively determine changes in tissue oxygenation that occur in mice’s hind limb skeletal muscle as they age. Mice from two age cohorts were scanned bilaterally with a pulsed laser. The photoacoustic signal was unmixed to generate a parametric map of estimated oxygen saturation and then overlaid on grayscale ultrasound images. Tissue oxygenation measured in young and old mice was compared. Photoacoustic imaging visually and quantitatively showed the decrease in skeletal muscle oxygenation that occurs with age. Percent tissue oxygenation decreased from 30.2% to 3.5% ( p < 0.05). This reduction corresponded to reduced fractional area of oxygenation, which decreased from 60.6% to 6.0% ( p < 0.05). The change in oxygenation capacity of the still active vascular regions was insignificant ( p > 0.05). Intrasubject, intra-, and interobserver comparisons showed low variability in measurements, exhibited by high regression and intraclass correlations exceeding 0.81 for all ages. The decrease in oxygenation detected by photoacoustic imaging paralleled the known oxygenation decrease observed in aging tissues, demonstrating that photoacoustic imaging can assess age-related changes in a mouse calf muscle. These intramuscular changes could potentially act as a strong diagnostic marker for peripheral artery disease. This study thus opens the doors for a novel, affordable, noninvasive method of evaluation free of radiation or exogenous material.
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Formenti, Damiano, David Perpetuini, Pierpaolo Iodice, Daniela Cardone, Giovanni Michielon, Raffaele Scurati, Giampietro Alberti, and Arcangelo Merla. "Effects of knee extension with different speeds of movement on muscle and cerebral oxygenation." PeerJ 6 (October 2, 2018): e5704. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5704.
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Background One of the mechanisms responsible for enhancing muscular hypertrophy is the high metabolic stress associated with a reduced muscular oxygenation occurring during exercise, which can be achieved by reducing the speed of movement. Studies have tested that lowered muscle oxygenation artificially induced by an inflatable cuff, could provoke changes in prefrontal cortex oxygenation, hence, to central fatigue. It was hypothesized that (1) exercising with a slow speed of movement would result in greater increase in cerebral and greater decrease in muscle oxygenation compared with exercises of faster speed and (2) the amount of oxygenation increase in the ipsilateral prefrontal cortex would be lower than the contralateral one. Methods An ISS Imagent frequency domain near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system was used to quantify oxygenation changes in the vastus lateralis muscle and prefrontal cortex (contra- and ipsilateral) during unilateral resistance exercises with different speeds of movement to voluntary fatigue. After one maximal repetition (1RM) test, eight subjects performed three sets of unilateral knee extensions (∼50% of 1RM), separated by 2 min rest periods, following the pace of 1 s, 3 s and 5 s for both concentric and eccentric phases, in a random order, during separate sessions. The amount of change for NIRS parameters for muscle (ΔHb: deoxyhemoglobin, ΔHbO: oxyhemoglobin, ΔHbT: total hemoglobin, ΔStO2: oxygen saturation) were quantified and compared between conditions and sets by two-way ANOVA RM. Differences in NIRS parameters between contra- and ipsilateral (lobe) prefrontal cortex and conditions were tested. Results Exercising with slow speed of movement was associated to larger muscle deoxygenation than normal speed of movement, as revealed by significant interaction (set × condition) for ΔHb (p = 0.01), and by significant main effects of condition for ΔHbO (p = 0.007) and ΔStO2 (p = 0.016). With regards to the prefrontal cortex, contralateral lobe showed larger oxygenation increase than the ipsilateral one for ΔHb, ΔHbO, ΔHbT, ΔStO2 in each set (main effect of lobe: p < 0.05). Main effects of condition were significant only in set1 for all the parameters, and significant interaction lobe × condition was found only for ΔHb in set1 (p < 0.05). Discussion These findings provided evidence that speed of movement influences the amount of muscle oxygenation. Since the lack of oxygen in muscle is associated to increased metabolic stress, manipulating the speed of movement may be useful in planning resistance-training programs. Moreover, consistent oxygenation increases in both right and left prefrontal lobes were found, suggesting a complementary interaction between the ipsi- and contralateral prefrontal cortex, which also seems related to fatigue.
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Perentis, Panagiotis A., Evgenia D. Cherouveim, Vassiliki J. Malliou, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Panayiotis Koulouvaris, Charilaos Tsolakis, Michalis G. Nikolaidis, Nickos D. Geladas, and Vassilis Paschalis. "The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Cerebral Oxygenation during Cycling and Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Exercise." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030062.
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The aim of the present study was to study the effects of cycling and pure concentric and pure eccentric high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on skeletal muscle (i.e., vastus lateralis) and cerebral oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (n = 12, age 26 ± 1 yr, body mass 78 ± 2 kg, height 176 ± 2 cm, body fat 17 ± 1% of body mass) performed, in a random order, cycling exercise and isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise. The isokinetic exercises were performed on each randomly selected leg. The muscle and the cerebral oxygenation were assessed by measuring oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index. During the cycling exercise, participants performed seven sets of seven seconds maximal intensity using a load equal to 7.5% of their body mass while, during isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise, they were performed seven sets of five maximal muscle contractions. In all conditions, a 15 s rest was adopted between sets. The cycling HIIE caused greater fatigue (i.e., greater decline in fatigue index) compared to pure concentric and pure eccentric isokinetic exercise. Muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced during HIIE in the three exercise modes, with no difference between them. Cerebral oxygenation was affected only marginally during cycling exercise, while no difference was observed between conditions. It is concluded that a greater volume of either concentric or eccentric isokinetic maximal intensity exercise is needed to cause exhaustion which, in turn, may cause greater alterations in skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation.
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Goto, Masahiro. "Effects of cool resistance exercise on oxygen metabolism in muscle tissue and clinical application." Impact 2021, no. 8 (October 28, 2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.8.41.
Full textAbstract:
Resistance training is beneficial for elite athletes and the elderly, alike. It plays a key role in healthy ageing, helping retain muscle mass, and it can also help reduce the chances of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis and high blood pressure. In order for resistance exercise to be effective, there is an ongoing need for proven techniques that can assist with their resistance training. Professor Masahiro Goto, Director of the Department of Physical Therapy, Aino University, Japan, works to understand the physiological dynamics at play during resistance exercise with a view to developing novel exercise methods and using new technologies to improve resistance exercise outcomes. A brief intramuscular hypoxic state is key to promoting muscle growth and this has therefore been a target for improving resistance techniques, but a challenge arises in terms of monitoring hypoxia. That is why Goto is looking to establish a method that can accurately, quickly and cheaply test the intramuscular oxygenation state during resistance exercise. Recognising the potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), he performed a study on volunteers who have resistance exercise carrier more than one year over eight weeks to find out whether NIRS can be used as an effective measure of internal muscular oxygenation levels and if cold pack treatment of muscles prior to exercise results in better muscle mass gain. He used electromyograms to measure muscle contraction, ultrasound to monitor changes in muscle mass and arterial oxygen saturation measurements to elucidate oxygenation levels. He found that NIRS was effective for routine monitoring of oxygen levels and that cold pack treatment during resistance exercise causes higher muscle activity and creates a more hypoxic muscular environment than without any cold treatment.
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YILMAZ GÖKMEN, Gülhan, and Canan DEMİR. "Effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage on muscle oxygenation during exercise." Anatolian Current Medical Journal 5, no. 4 (October 27, 2023): 518–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1366947.
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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate peripheral muscle oxygenation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at rest, during submaximal exercise, and during recovery, and to determine the effects of disease stage on peripheral muscle oxygenation.
Methods: Of the 35 stable COPD patients (62.49±8.45 years), 18 patients in GOLD 1 and 2 were assigned to Group 1 and 17 patients in GOLD 3 and 4 were assigned to Group 2. Dyspnea perception of the patients was evaluated with the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale, severity of the disease affecting daily life was evaluated with the COPD Assessment Test (CAT-COPD Assessment Test), respiratory function was evaluated with the Pulmonary Function Test, and quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated with a manual muscle testing device. Muscle oxygenation of the patients was measured with Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for 5 minutes at rest, 6 minutes during the 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT), and 5 minutes during recovery after the end of the test. The results of the two groups were compared.
Results: Intragroup comparisons of muscle oxygenation at rest, during 6-MWT and during recovery; in Group 1, there was a statistically significant decrease between resting SmO2 mean and test SmO2 mean (p=0.001), a increase between test SmO2 mean and recovery SmO2 mean (p
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Moalla, Wassim, Grégory Dupont, Abdou Temfemo, Yves Maingourd, Matthew Weston, and Said Ahmaidi. "Assessment of exercise capacity and respiratory muscle oxygenation in healthy children and children with congenital heart diseases." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 3 (June 2008): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-196.
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Muscular and cardiorespiratory dysfunction contributes to exercise intolerance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize the cardiopulmonary response andrespiratory muscle oxygenation of children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) when compared with those of healthy children. Twelve children with CHD in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III, and 14 healthy children participated in the study. All subjects performed conventional spirographic measurements and a cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and power output were measured. Oxygenation of respiratory muscles was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during exercise and recovery. Pulmonary function was normal and no significant difference was found between groups. At rest, CHD patients had cardiorespiratory variables comparable with those of the healthy group. At submaximal intensity (ventilatory threshold) and at peak exercise, power output, HR, VO2, VCO2, and VE were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in CHD patients. Respiratory muscles deoxygenated during exercise in both groups. However, deoxygenation was more pronounced in the CHD group than in the healthy children from an intensity of 40% up to exhaustion. Likewise, children with CHD showed a slower recovery of oxygenation than healthy children (113.4 ± 17.5 vs. 74.6 ± 13.0 s; p < 0.001). Compared with healthy children, these results demonstrated that children with CHD have reduced performance and present a defected exercise capacity. Children with CHD showed a more pronounced decrease of respiratory muscle oxygenation and slower recovery of oxygen kinetics.
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Sair, M., P. J. Etherington, N. P. Curzen, C. P. Winlove, and T. W. Evans. "Tissue oxygenation and perfusion in endotoxemia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): H1620—H1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.4.h1620.
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Sepsis is believed to induce disturbances in microcirculatory flow and nutrient exchange, which may result in impaired tissue oxygenation. With the use of an established rat model of endotoxemia, voltametric measurements were made of skeletal muscle (tissue) oxygen tension (PtO2) and its response to inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2). Steady-state nutritive flow and the response of endotoxemic muscle to ischemia-reperfusion were also measured. In the presence of a normal arterial PO2, mean muscle PtO2 in the endotoxemic group was significantly lower than controls (52 +/- 9 vs. 24 +/- 4 Torr, P < 0.01; +/- SE). Endotoxemic muscle PtO2 values showed less heterogeneity than control groups and significant attenuation of the response to increasing FIO2 to 0.95 (mean rise in PtO2 +/- SE; 27 +/- 7 vs. 80 +/- 11 Torr for endotoxemic and control groups, respectively; P < 0.01). No steady-state differences in tissue perfusion or response to ligation-induced ischemia-reperfusion could be demonstrated between endotoxemic and control rats. These data suggest that there is significant tissue hypoxia and abnormal microvascular control of oxygenation in endotoxemia, even in the presence of normal microcirculatory perfusion.
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Uljević, Ognjen, Dario Vrdoljak, Ivan Drviš, Nikola Foretić, and Željko Dujić. "Local Muscle Oxygenation Differences between Lower Limbs according to Muscle Mass in Breath-Hold Divers." Symmetry 16, no. 3 (March 21, 2024): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16030377.
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Oxidative potential and anaerobic capacity could be influential to the training regimen and performance of breath-hold diving (BHD) athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the differences in local muscle oxygenation between the lower limbs according to the muscle mass percentage in spearfishermen and freedivers. The sample of participants included 21 BHD athletes (13 freedivers; 8 spearfishermen; 4 females). Their chronological age was 35.5 ± 8.6 years, body mass was 79.3 ± 9.1 kg, and height was 182.5 ± 13.0 cm. Participants’ training experience was 10.6 ± 9.5 years. The variables in this study included anthropometric indices, the Wingate anaerobic test, and muscle oxygen dynamics parameters. The results show significant differences for freedivers between the lower limbs (muscle mass percentage, p < 0.00; minimal SmO2%, p = 0.05; and maximal SmO2%, p = 0.04). However, when observing only spearfisherman, there is only one significant difference between the dominant and non-dominant lower limb (percentage of lower limb muscle mass, 85.73 ± 2.42, 85.16 ± 2.40%, respectively; p = 0.02). The results of this study demonstrate that freedivers have significant asymmetries between the lower limbs in muscle oxygenation parameters when observing the lower limb dominance in relation to the percentage of muscle mass. These findings suggest different muscular oxygenation adaptations to the load set upon athletes.
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Manchado-Gobatto, Fúlvia Barros, Ricardo Silva Torres, Anita Brum Marostegan, Felipe Marroni Rasteiro, Charlini Simoni Hartz, Marlene Aparecida Moreno, Allan Silva Pinto, and Claudio Alexandre Gobatto. "Complex Network Model Reveals the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Pre-Activation on Interactions among Physiological Responses and Muscle Oxygenation during Running and Passive Recovery." Biology 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11070963.
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Although several studies have focused on the adaptations provided by inspiratory muscle (IM) training on physical demands, the warm-up or pre-activation (PA) of these muscles alone appears to generate positive effects on physiological responses and performance. This study aimed to understand the effects of inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPA) on high-intensity running and passive recovery, as applied to active subjects. In an original and innovative investigation of the impacts of IMPA on high-intensity running, we proposed the identification of the interactions among physical characteristics, physiological responses and muscle oxygenation in more and less active muscle to a running exercise using a complex network model. For this, fifteen male subjects were submitted to all-out 30 s tethered running efforts preceded or not preceded by IMPA, composed of 2 × 15 repetitions (1 min interval between them) at 40% of the maximum individual inspiratory pressure using a respiratory exercise device. During running and recovery, we monitored the physiological responses (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and muscle oxygenation (in vastus lateralis and biceps brachii) by wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thus, we investigated four scenarios: two in the tethered running exercise (with or without IMPA) and two built into the recovery process (after the all-out 30 s), under the same conditions. Undirected weighted graphs were constructed, and four centrality metrics were analyzed (Degree, Betweenness, Eigenvector, and Pagerank). The IMPA (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure) was effective in increasing the peak and mean relative running power, and the analysis of the complex networks advanced the interpretation of the effects of physiological adjustments related to the IMPA on exercise and recovery. Centrality metrics highlighted the nodes related to muscle oxygenation responses (in more and less active muscles) as significant to all scenarios, and systemic physiological responses mediated this impact, especially after IMPA application. Our results suggest that this respiratory strategy enhances exercise, recovery and the multidimensional approach to understanding the effects of physiological adjustments on these conditions.
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Šidlauskaitė, Vaida, Birutė Zacharienė, and Arvydas Stasiulis. "MUSCLE OXYGENATION DURING EXERCISE IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE AND OVERWEIGHT 6–19-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 4, no. 107 (2017): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v4i107.38.
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Background. The purpose of our study was to compare muscle oxygenation during walking exercise in physically active, non-physically active normal weight and overweight 6–19- year-old children. Methods. Twenty four normal weight, physically non-active (NPA), 27 normal weight physically active (PA) and 17 overweight (OW) 6–19-year-old children participated in this study. Muscle oxygenation was recorded by near infrared spectroscopy during constant (6 min, 6 km/h, 4% grade) and increasing walking exercise (modified Balke test). Heart rate was recorded using Polar system. Results. Overweight children of all age groups demonstrated slower time constant of muscle oxygenation during constant walking exercise (37.2 ± 3 (6–10-year-old); 29.7 ± 2 (11–15-yr old), 33.4 ± 5.1 (16–19-year-old)) and lower threshold of oxygenation (TO) (84.3 ± 10.1, 104.5 ± 17.1, 188.5 ± 69.4 respectively) during increasing walking exercise as compared NPA (111.8 ± 13.7, 124.4 ± 29.8, 192.6 ± 84 respectively) and PA (106.2 ± 35.2; 122 ± 13.3; 340.8 ± 44.2 respectively) peers. The time constant of Deoxy-Hb during constant walking exercise was the shortest in PA (16.7 ± 2.3, 16.9 ± 2, 15.5 ± 4.7 respectively) in all age groups. The TO was higher in PA as compared to NW only in 16–19 years of age. Conclusion. Muscle oxygenation during constant or increasing exercise is dependent on both body weight and physical activity status in 6–19-year-old children.