Relevant bibliographies by topics / Muscle and tendon

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Muscle and tendon'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

1

Avey, Alec M., and Keith Baar. "Muscle-tendon cross talk during muscle wasting." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 321, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): C559—C568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00260.2021.

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In organisms from flies to mammals, the initial formation of a functional tendon is completely dependent on chemical signals from muscles (myokines). However, how myokines affect the maturation, maintenance, and regeneration of tendons as a function of age is completely unstudied. Here we discuss the role of four myokines—fibroblast growth factors (FGF), myostatin, the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) miR-29—in tendon development and hypothesize a role for these factors in the progressive changes in tendon structure and function as a result of muscle wasting (disuse, aging, and disease). Because of the close relationship between mechanical loading and muscle and tendon regulation, disentangling muscle-tendon cross talk from simple mechanical loading is experimentally quite difficult. Therefore, we propose an experimental framework that hopefully will be useful in demonstrating muscle-tendon cross talk in vivo. Though understudied, the promise of a better understanding of muscle-tendon cross talk is the development of new interventions that will improve tendon development, regeneration, and function throughout the lifespan.
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Kardon, G. "Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian hind limb." Development 125, no. 20 (October 15, 1998): 4019–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.20.4019.

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The proper development of the musculoskeletal system in the tetrapod limb requires the coordinated development of muscle, tendon and cartilage. This paper examines the morphogenesis of muscle and tendon in the developing avian hind limb. Based on a developmental series of embryos labeled with myosin and tenascin antibodies in whole mount, an integrative description of the temporal sequence and spatial pattern of muscle and tendon morphogenesis and their relationship to cartilage throughout the chick hind limb is presented for the first time. Anatomically distinct muscles arise by the progressive segregation of muscle: differentiated myotubes first appear as a pair of dorsal and ventral muscle masses; these masses subdivide into dorsal and ventral thigh, shank and foot muscle masses; and finally these six masses segregate into individual muscles. From their initial appearance, most myotubes are precisely oriented and their pattern presages the pattern of future, individual muscles. Anatomically distinct tendons emerge from three tendon primordia associated with the major joints of the limb. Contrary to previous reports, comparison of muscle and tendon reveals that much of their morphogenesis is temporally and spatially closely associated. To test whether reciprocal muscle-tendon interactions are necessary for correct muscle-tendon patterning or whether morphogenesis of each of these tissues is autonomous, two sets of experiments were conducted: (1) tendon development was examined in muscleless limbs produced by coelomic grafting of early limb buds and (2) muscle development was analyzed in limbs where tendon had been surgically altered. These experiments demonstrate that in the avian hind limb the initial morphogenetic events, formation of tendon primordia and initial differentiation of myogenic precursors, occur autonomously with respect to one another. However, later morphogenetic events, such as subdivision of muscle masses and segregation of tendon primordia into individual tendons, do require to various degrees reciprocal interactions between muscle and tendon. The dependence of these later morphogenetic events on tissue interactions differs between different proximodistal regions of the limb.
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Konow, Nicolai, Emanuel Azizi, and Thomas J. Roberts. "Muscle power attenuation by tendon during energy dissipation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1731 (September 28, 2011): 1108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1435.

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An important function of skeletal muscle is deceleration via active muscle fascicle lengthening, which dissipates movement energy. The mechanical interplay between muscle contraction and tendon elasticity is critical when muscles produce energy. However, the role of tendon elasticity during muscular energy dissipation remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that tendon elasticity functions as a mechanical buffer, preventing high (and probably damaging) velocities and powers during active muscle fascicle lengthening. We directly measured lateral gastrocnemius muscle force and length in wild turkeys during controlled landings requiring rapid energy dissipation. Muscle-tendon unit (MTU) strain was measured via video kinematics, independent of muscle fascicle strain (measured via sonomicrometry). We found that rapid MTU lengthening immediately following impact involved little or no muscle fascicle lengthening. Therefore, joint flexion had to be accommodated by tendon stretch. After the early contact period, muscle fascicles lengthened and absorbed energy. This late lengthening occurred after most of the joint flexion, and was thus mainly driven by tendon recoil. Temporary tendon energy storage led to a significant reduction in muscle fascicle lengthening velocity and the rate of energy absorption. We conclude that tendons function as power attenuators that probably protect muscles against damage from rapid and forceful lengthening during energy dissipation.
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Harșa, Mihai-Iuliu, Loránd Kocsis, Angéla-Mária Czundel, Lóránd Dénes, and Zsuzsanna Pap. "Anatomical Variations of the Peroneus Tertius and Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscles – Case Presentation." Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jim-2021-0025.

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Abstract Introduction: The extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius muscles have multiple morphological variations. The tendinous slips of these muscles are used as grafts to replace other damaged tendons. Case presentation: We present a unique anatomical variant observed during dissection of a cadaver at the Department of Anatomy and Embryology of the “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Romania. The peroneus tertius muscle was identified on the left lower extremity as originating from the inferior third of the fibula and interosseus membrane. The posterior belly of this muscle joins the muscular belly of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. The tendons of toes II to V detach from the extensor digitorum longus muscle with an additional tendon. This last tendon gives off an accessory tendinous slip; lateral to this, the peroneus tertius muscle tendon is observed. In case of the right lower limb we also noted the peroneus tertius muscle originating from the distal part of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Regarding the extensor digitorum longus muscle we describe an accessory tendinous slip. Conclusion: The anatomical variation reported in this study is similar to those reported by previous studies, but displays particular characteristics regarding the VI tendon of extensor digitorum longus and the joining of the peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus muscles in the left lower extremity.
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Kagan, I. I., V. V. Ivlev, and A. M. Gur'yanov. "Differences and regularities of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons." Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2225-7357-2022-11-1-36-43.

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The aim of the study was to present differences and regularities in the macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the limbs identified by comparative analysis and generalization of the obtained findings.Material and methods. The study included transverse histotopograms of 519 tendons of 17 different muscles of the upper and lower limbs. Histotopograms were received from 93 human cadavers and amputated limbs of 10 patients. Transverse sections of tendons up to 20 μm thick were stained with picrofuchsin according to Van Gieson, and hematoxylin–eosin. Histotopograms were studied and photographed using a stereoscopic microscope MBS-10.Results. The authors have generalized data on the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb tendons. General regularities of the internal macro- and microscopic structure of the tendons have been specified. It has been demonstrated that these regularities are of applied relevance for improvement of restorative tendon microsurgery. Individual differences and differences between the tendons of different muscles at the structural level were revealed: the number, size, architectonics of the tendon bundles of the 1st order. Tendon bundles of the 1st order are the main structural units of the macro- and microscopic structure of the limb muscle tendons. Depending on the size of the cross-sectional area, they can be divided into small (0.004–0.009 mm2), medium (0.01–0.04 mm2), large (0.05–0.09 mm2) and very large (0.1–0.5 mm2). There were detected differences in the number, ratio and architectonics of the tendon bundles at different levels within one tendon; this allows assuming division and fusion of tendon bundles of the 1st order throughout the tendon.Conclusion. The macro- and microscopic structure of the muscle tendons of the upper and lower limbs demonstrates general regularities and differences in the structure of the various muscle tendons, the fact being of theoretical and applied significance.
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Strumpf, Dan, and Talila Volk. "Kakapo, a Novel Cytoskeletal-associated Protein Is Essential for the Restricted Localization of the Neuregulin-like Factor, Vein, at the Muscle–Tendon Junction Site." Journal of Cell Biology 143, no. 5 (November 30, 1998): 1259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.143.5.1259.

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In the Drosophila embryo, the correct association of muscles with their specific tendon cells is achieved through reciprocal interactions between these two distinct cell types. Tendon cell differentiation is initiated by activation of the EGF-receptor signaling pathway within these cells by Vein, a neuregulin-like factor secreted by the approaching myotube. Here, we describe the cloning and the molecular and genetic analyses of kakapo, a Drosophila gene, expressed in the tendons, that is essential for muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. Kakapo is a large intracellular protein and contains structural domains also found in cytoskeletal-related vertebrate proteins (including plakin, dystrophin, and Gas2 family members). kakapo mutant embryos exhibit abnormal muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. A major defect in the kakapo mutant tendon cells is the failure of Vein to be localized at the muscle–tendon junctional site; instead, Vein is dispersed and its levels are reduced. This may lead to aberrant differentiation of tendon cells and consequently to the kakapo mutant deranged somatic muscle phenotype.
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Biewener, A., and R. Baudinette. "In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.9.1829.

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In order to evaluate the role of elastic energy recovery in the hopping of macropodids, in vivo measurements of muscle­tendon forces using buckle force transducers attached to the tendons of the gastrocnemius (G), plantaris (PL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) of tammar wallabies were made as the animals hopped on a treadmill at speeds ranging from 2.1 to 6.3 m s-1. These muscles and tendons constitute the main structures that are most important in energy storage and recovery. Electromyographic recordings from the lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, together with high-speed films (200 frames s-1) and video (60 fields s-1), were also used to correlate muscle activation and kinematic patterns of limb movement with force development. On the basis of in situ calibrations of the buckle transducers, we found that muscle forces and elastic energy storage increased with increased hopping speed in all three muscle­tendon units. Elastic energy recovery reached a maximum of 25 % of metabolic energy expenditure at 6.3 m s-1 and is probably greater than this at higher speeds. Force sharing among the three muscles was consistently maintained over this range of speeds in terms of recruitment. Although forces and stresses were generally comparable within the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, maximal tendon stresses were considerably greater in the gastrocnemius, because of its smaller cross-sectional area (peak muscle stress: 227 versus 262 kPa; peak tendon stress: 36 versus 32 MPa, G versus PL). As a result, energy storage was greatest in the gastrocnemius tendon despite its much shorter length, which limits its volume and, hence, energy storage capacity, compared with PL and FDL tendons. Forces and stresses (17 MPa maximum) developed within the FDL tendon were consistently much lower than those for the other two tendons. Peak stresses in these three tendons indicated safety factors of 3.0 for G, 3.3 for PL and 6.0 for FDL. The lower stresses developed within the tendons of the plantaris and, especially, the flexor digitorum longus may indicate the need to maintain sufficient stiffness for phalangeal control of foot placement, at the expense of reduced strain energy recovery.
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Stevic, Ruza, and Dragan Masulovic. "Ultrasound diagnostics of muscle and tendon injuries." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 11-12 (2009): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0912647s.

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Introduction. Sonography is a useful technique for the investigation of a number of musculoskeletal disorders. The most common indication for ultrasonography of muscles and tendons is the diagnosis of traumatic lesions, distinguishing them from other disorders and follow-up of healing process. Objective. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of ultrasound in the diagnosis of muscle and tendon injuries. Methods. The study included 170 patients (148 male and 22 female), mean age 29.6 years (range 14-60 years). All examinations were performed by linear transducer of 7.5-10 MHz, with longitudinal and transverse scanning. Ultrasound examination followed physical examination. Results. Traumatic lesions of muscles were diagnosed in 113 patients (66.7%) and tendon injuries in 57 cases (33.2%). The muscle changes detected by ultrasonography were the following: 70 (61.9%) partial and two (1.76%) complete ruptures, 22 (19.46%) haematoma, 9 (7.96%) strains grade I, 4 fibroses and 4 ossifying myositis 4 (3.5%, respectively). Complications of muscle injuries were diagnosed in two cases, a muscular hernia and an arteriovenous fistula. Among tendon injuries, 21 (33.8%) ruptures and 36 (66.1%) tendinitis were diagnosed. Accompanying effusion in the bursa of patients with tendon injuries was found in 9 cases. Conclusion. Ultrasonography allowed visualization and objective assessment of the type and the extent of traumatic pathomorphological changes of muscles and tendons. Such diagnostic possibilities of ultrasonography are especially important in the choice of appropriate therapy.
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Maas, Huub, Wendy Noort, Hiltsje A. Smilde, Jacob A. Vincent, Paul Nardelli, and Timothy C. Cope. "Detection of epimuscular myofascial forces by Golgi tendon organs." Experimental Brain Research 240, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06242-1.

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AbstractSkeletal muscles embed multiple tendon organs, both at the proximal and distal ends of muscle fibers. One of the functions of such spatial distribution may be to provide locally unique force feedback, which may become more important when stresses are distributed non-uniformly within the muscle. Forces exerted by connections between adjacent muscles (i.e. epimuscular myofascial forces) may cause such local differences in force. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of mechanical interactions between adjacent muscles on sensory encoding by tendon organs. Action potentials from single afferents were recorded intra-axonally in response to ramp-hold release (RHR) stretches of a passive agonistic muscle at different lengths or relative positions of its passive synergist. The tendons of gastrocnemius (GAS), plantaris (PL) and soleus (SO) muscles were cut from the skeleton for attachment to servomotors. Connective tissues among these muscles were kept intact. Lengthening GAS + PL decreased the force threshold of SO tendon organs (p = 0.035). The force threshold of lateral gastrocnemius (LG) tendon organs was not affected by SO length (p = 0.371). Also displacing LG + PL, kept at a constant muscle–tendon unit length, from a proximal to a more distal position resulted in a decrease in force threshold of LG tendon organs (p = 0.007). These results indicate that tendon organ firing is affected by changes in length and/or relative position of adjacent synergistic muscles. We conclude that tendon organs can provide the central nervous system with information about local stresses caused by epimuscular myofascial forces.
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Pollock, C. M., and R. E. Shadwick. "Allometry of muscle, tendon, and elastic energy storage capacity in mammals." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 266, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): R1022—R1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.266.3.r1022.

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This paper considers the structural properties of muscle-tendon units in the hindlimbs of mammals as a function of body mass. Morphometric analysis of the ankle extensors, digital flexors, and digital extensors from 35 quadrupedal species, ranging in body mass from 0.04 to 545 kg, was carried out. Tendon dimensions scale nearly isometrically, as does muscle mass. The negative allometry of muscle fiber length results in positive allometric scaling of muscle cross-sectional areas in all but digital extensors. Maximum muscle forces are predicted to increase allometrically, with mass exponents as high as 0.91 in the plantaris, but nearly isometrically (0.69) in the digital extensors. Thus the maximum amount of stress a tendon may experience in vivo, as indicated by the ratio of muscle and tendon cross-sectional areas, increases with body mass in digital flexors and ankle extensors. Consequently, the capacity for elastic energy storage scales with positive allometry in these tendons but is isometric in the digital extensors, which probably do not function as springs in normal locomotion. These results suggest that the springlike tendons of large mammals can potentially store more elastic strain energy than those of smaller mammals because their disproportionately stronger muscles can impose higher tendon stresses.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

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O'Brien, Thomas Daniel. "Developmental changes in muscle and tendon structure and function." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509363.

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Endo, Ken Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A model of muscle-tendon function in human walking." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75633.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-113).
In order to motivate the design of legged machines that walk as humans do, this thesis investigates how leg muscles and tendons work mechanically during level-ground human walking at self-selected speeds. I hypothesize that quasi- passive, series-elastic clutch units spanning the knee joint in a musculoskeletal arrangement can capture the dominant mechanical behaviors of the human knee in level-ground walking. As a preliminary evaluation of this hypothesis, I develop an under-actuated model of the human leg in walking where each muscle-tendon unit spanning the knee joint is represented as a simple linear spring in series with a clutch. I vary model parameters, or spring constants and clutch engagement times, using an optimization scheme that minimizes ankle and hip actuator work while still maintaining human-like knee mechanics. For model evaluation, kinetic and kinematic gait data are employed from nine participants walking across a level-ground surface at self-selected gait speeds. With this under-actuated leg model, I find good agreement between model quasi-passive knee torque and experimental knee values, suggesting that a knee actuator is not necessary for level-ground robotic ambulation at self-selected gait speeds. As a further evaluation of the hypothesis of spring-like muscle-tendon behavior about the knee joint, a forward dynamics control scheme for the under-actuated model is developed. Hill-type muscle models are employed to model the ankle soleus and hip monoarticular muscles. Further, the model's series-elastic clutches are engaged with a simple state machine based on electromyography (EMG) data from the literature. Muscles are controlled with simple feedback controls representing the reflexive architecture of the human neuromuscular system. Following an optimization procedure, the model is shown to predict joint and muscle biomechanics, as well as the metabolism of walking humans, supporting the idea that muscle-tendon units spanning the human knee joint mainly operate as spring elements during neural activation, affording the relatively high metabolic walking economy of humans.
by Ken Endo.
Ph.D.
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Cook, Christopher S. "The dynamic properties of a human muscle-tendon complex." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313923.

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Thongnuek, Peerapat. "The role of tendon matrix proteins in muscle adhesion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709043.

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Rook, Karen Mary. "The storage of elastic energy by the muscle tendon complex : the effects of tendon compliance and muscle strength and the implications for locomotion." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321576.

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Pontén, Eva. "Tendon transfer mechanics and donor muscle properties : implications in surgical correction of upper limb muscle imbalance /." Umeå : Integrativ medicinsk biologi, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167.

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Létocart, Adrien. "Capacités d’adaptations tendineuses à l’entraînement : effet de l'âge." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2465/document.

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Un des problèmes majeurs contribuant à la réduction de la mobilité chez la personne âgée est la hausse de l’occurrence des chutes. La capacité à maintenir l’équilibre ou la stabilité posturale a été précédemment associée à la structure et aux propriétés mécaniques des tendons du membre inférieur. Cette étude fut menée afin d’évaluer les effets de l’intensité d’entrainement et de l’âge sur les changements de l’architecture tendineuse et ses propriétés mécaniques ainsi que sur les adaptations musculaires du membre inférieur. Ce projet avait ainsi pour objectif de comparer les effets de deux conditions d’entrainement pour un volume équivalent (intensité modérée (55% d’une répétition maximale (1RM) vs élevée (80% de 1RM)) sur deux groupes musculaires différents (quadriceps vs triceps sural), sur les adaptations des tendons d’Achille et patellaire associés aux adaptations de ces groupes musculaires respectifs. Enfin, le dernier objectif de cette étude était de montrer si des changements de la balance posturale et de la capacité de mouvement pouvaient s’expliquer par les évolutions de l’architecturale et de propriétés mécaniques des structures musculaires et tendineuses avec l’âge. Dix hommes jeunes (Age : 24.8 ± 3.6) et 27 séniors (Age : 69.9 ± 4.5) sédentaires ont été recrutés et ont participé à un programme d’entrainement en résistance de 12 semaines (3 fois/semaine) sur les muscles du triceps sural et du quadriceps. Le groupe de jeunes (n=10) ainsi qu’un groupe de séniors (n=13) ont participé à un programme d’entrainement modéré correspondant à 55% de 1RM, tandis qu’un deuxième groupe de seniors s’est vu imposer une intensité d’entrainement de 80% de 1RM (n=14). Chaque groupe a reçu exactement le même volume d'entraînement sur les muscles quadriceps et triceps sural en utilisant des machines de musculation guidées : la presse à jambes, l'extension des jambes et la machine à mollets assis. Afin de pouvoir obtenir les paramètres nécessaires à cette étude, l’utilisation d’ergomètres, d’images échographiques et IRM et d’un système de capture de mouvement ont été nécessaires. En comparant deux populations de jeunes et de séniors, cette étude a ainsi permis de quantifier une diminution de la force, couplée ou non suivant le tendon considéré à une diminution des propriétés intrinsèques du matériau tendineux. L’obtention de l’architecture musculaire a permis de construire les courbes d’évolutions de la section de chacun des muscles du quadriceps et du triceps sural pour les populations jeunes et séniors. Les deux conditions d’entrainement nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des tendons d’Achille et patellaire, et plus sensiblement le tendon d’Achille, sur les deux populations jeunes et séniors sans toutefois observer de gain supplémentaire pour une intensité élevée. Des gains similaires suite à la période d’entrainement ont pu être observés chez les séniors sur les volumes des muscles du triceps sural et du quadriceps sans distinction de l’intensité considérée. L’analyse du mouvement nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’amélioration de la stabilité posturale et une évolution de la stratégie de flexion du tronc lors d’un lever de chaise suite à l’entrainement chez les séniors sans bénéfice supplémentaire entre une intensité modérée et élevée. De plus, les effets de l’âge sur les propriétés mécaniques des tendons ont pu être corrélés avec les performances liées aux exercices de stabilité posturale, de saut et de lever de chaise. Ce travail a donc permis de quantifier les effets de l’âge sur les capacités musculaires, tendineuses et de mouvement. Cette étude nous a également permis de mettre en évidence un seuil d’intensité d’entrainement (55% de 1RM) à partir duquel les personnes âgées ne semblent pas montrer de gain additionnel pour les systèmes musculaires et tendineux. Ce travail permet donc de proposer une optimisation de l’activité physique prescrite à la personne âgée ou vieillissante
The ability to maintain balance has previously been associated with the structure and mechanical properties of the tendons of the lower limb. In order to evaluate the effects of training intensity (moderate vs. high intensity) and age on changes in tendon architecture (Achilles and patellar) and its mechanical properties, 10 young men and 27 sedentary seniors participated in a 12-week resistance training program (3 times/week) on the muscles of the triceps surae (TS) an quadriceps (QF). The young group and a senior group participated in a moderate training program corresponding to 55% of IRM (maximum repetition), while a second group of seniors received a training intensity of 80% of IRM. Each group received the same volume of training on the TS and QF muscles using guided weight machines. The use of ergometers, ultrasound and MRI images and a motion capture system were required. A decrease in strength, coupled or not depending on the tendon under consideration, and a decrease in the properties of the tendon material have been quantified with age. Evolution curves of each of the QF and TS muscles for both populations were constructed. The two training conditions showed an improvement in the mechanical properties of the Achilles and patellar tendons, and more significantly the Achilles, on both populations without any additional gain for a high intensity. Similar gains after training between the two intensities could be observed in seniors on muscle volumes. The improvement of postural stability and an evolution of the strategy during a chair lift were observed in seniors without any additional benefit between the two training intensities. This made it possible to quantify the effects of age on muscle, tendon and movement abilities by highlighting a threshold of training intensity (55% of IRM) from which seniors do not seem to show any additional gain. This work therefore makes it possible to propose an optimization of the physical activity prescribed to the elderly person
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Pontén, Eva. "Tendon transfer mechanics and donor muscle properties : implications in surgical correction of upper limb muscle imbalance." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för integrativ medicinsk biologi (IMB), 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-167.

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Tendon transfer surgery is used to improve the hand function of patients with nerve injuries, spinal cord lesions, cerebral palsy (CP), stroke, or muscle injuries. The tendon of a muscle, usually with function opposite that of the lost muscle function, is transferred to the tendon of the deficient muscle. The aim is to balance the wrist and fingers to achieve better hand function. The position, function, and length at which the donor muscle is sutured is essential for the outcome for the procedure. In these studies the significance of the transferred muscle’s morphology, length and apillarization was investigated using both animal and human models. Immunohistochemical, biochemical, and laser diffraction techniques were used to examine muscle structure. In animal studies (rabbit), the effects of immobilization and of tendon transfers at different muscle lengths were analyzed. Immobilization of highly stretched muscles resulted in fibrosis and aberrant regeneration. A greater pull on the tendon while suturing a tendon transfer resulted in larger sarcomere lengths as measured in vivo. On examination of the number of sarcomeres per muscle fiber and the sarcomere lengths after 3 weeks of immobilization and healing time, we found a cut-off point up to which the sarcomerogenesis was optimal. Transfer at too long sarcomere lengths inhibited adaptation of the muscle to its new length, probably resulting in diminished function. In human studies we defined the sarcomere lengths of a normal human flexor carpi ulnaris muscle through the range of motion, and then again after a routinely performed tendon transfer to the finger extensor. A calculated model illustrated that after a transfer the largest force was predicted to occur with the wrist in extension. Morphological studies of spastic biceps brachii muscle showed, compared with control muscle, smaller fiber areas and higher variability in fiber size. Similar changes were also found in the more spastic wrist flexors comparing with wrist extensors in children with CP. In flexors, more type 2B fibers were found. These observations could all be due to the decreased use in the spastic limb, but might also represent a specific effect of the spasticity. In children and adults with spasticity very small fibers containing developmental myosin were present in all specimens, while none were found in controls. These fibers probably represent newly formed fibers originating from activated satellite cells. Impaired supraspinal control of active motion as well as of spinal reflexes, both typical of upper motor syndrome, could result in minor eccentric injuries of the muscle, causing activation of satellite cells. Spastic biceps muscles had fewer capillaries per cross-sectional area compared to age-matched controls, and also a smaller number of capillaries around each fiber. Nevertheless, the number of capillaries related to the specific fiber area was normal, and hence the spastic fibers are sufficiently supplied with capillaries. This study shows that the length of the muscle during tendon transfer is crucial for optimization of force output. Laser diffraction can be used for accurate measurement of sarcomere length during tendon transfer surgery. Wrist flexor muscles have more morphological alterations typical of spasticity compared to extensors.
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Heikkinen, J. (Juuso). "Recovery of calf muscle isokinetic strength after acute Achilles tendon rupture." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216195.

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Abstract Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) conservative treatment result usually good clinical outcome, but despite the treatment method calf muscle strength deficit persist. Recent evidence suggests that surgery might surpass conservative treatment in restoring strength after ATR, but structural explanations for surgery-related improved strength remain uncertain. The purposes of this thesis were to compare calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, calf muscle volume, fatty degeneration and AT elongation after conservative treatment or after open surgical repair of ATR. An additional aim was to assess the role of fascial augmentation in terms of calf muscle isokinetic strength recovery, AT elongation, calf muscle volume atrophy and fatty degeneration, and their relationship with calf muscle isokinetic strength in long-term follow-up after ATR surgery. Surgery resulted in 10% to 18% greater plantar flexion strength (P = 0.037) compared to conservative treatment. The mean differences between affected and healthy soleus muscle volumes were -18% after surgery and -25% after conservative treatment (P = 0.042). At 18 months, AT were, on average 19 mm longer in patients treated conservatively compared to surgery (P < 0.001). At 18 months, patients with greater (2–3) fatty degeneration had lower soleus muscle volumes and plantar flexion strength in the healthy leg. In long term, augmentation did not affect any of the strength variables, but the injured side showed 12% to 18% strength deficit compared with the healthy side (P < 0.001). The AT was, on average, 12 mm longer in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P < 0.001). The mean soleus muscle volume was 13% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg (P < 0.001). The mean volumes of the medial- and lateral gastrocnemius muscles were 12% and 11% lower in the affected leg than in the healthy leg, respectively (P < 0.001). AT elongation correlated substantially with plantar strength deficit (ρ = 0.51, P < 0.001) and with both gastrocnemius (ρ = 0.46, P = 0.001) and soleus muscle atrophy (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.002). Calf muscle fatty degeneration was more common in the affected leg compared healthy leg (P ≤ 0.018). In conclusion, surgery of ATR restored calf muscle isokinetic strength earlier and more completely than conservative treatment. Conservative treatment resulted in greater soleus muscle atrophy and AT elongation compared surgery, which may partly explain the surgery related better strength results. Augmentation provided no long-term benefits compared with simple suturation, and a 12 to 18% plantar flexion strength deficit compared to the healthy side persisted. AT elongation may explain the smaller calf muscle volumes, greater fatty degeneration, and plantar flexion strength deficit observed in long-term follow-up after surgical repair of ATR
Tiivistelmä Akillesjännerepeämän (ATR) konservatiivisella ja leikkaushoidolla hoidolla saavutetaan hyvät kliiniset tulokset. Viimeisimmät tutkimukset kuitenkin viittaavat leikkaushoidolla saavutettavan paremmat voimat kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla, mutta rakenteelliset selitykset leikkaushoidon paremmalle pohjelihaksen voimille ovat epäselviä. Työn tarkoituksena oli verrata pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumista, pohjelihastilavuuksia, rasvadegeneraatiota ja akillesjänteen (AT) pidentymistä ATR:n konservatiivisen- ja leikkaushoidon jälkeen. Tarkoituksena oli arvioida lihaskalvovahvikkeen merkitystä pohjelihaksen isokineettisten voimien palautumisessa pitkäaikaisseurannassa. Lisäksi tutkimme AT pidentymisen, pohjelihastilavuuksien ja rasvadegeneraation suhdetta pohjelihaksen isokineettisiin voimiin ATR:n leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa. Leikkaushoidolla saavutettiin 10–18 % paremmat pohjelihaksen voimat verrattuna konservatiiviseen hoitoon. Leikkaushoidon jälkeen soleuslihasten tilavuuksien puoliero terveen jalan hyväksi oli 18 % ja konservatiivisen hoidon jälkeen 25 %. 18 kk kohdalla konservatiivisesti hoidettujen AT oli 19 mm pidempi verrattuna leikkauksella hoidettuihin. 18 kk kohdalla potilaat, joilla vamma jalan soleuslihaksen rasva-degeneraatio oli korkea (2–3), kärsivät suuremmasta soleuslihaksen atrofiasta ja pohjelihaksen voima puolierosta. Voimat eivät muuttuneet 12 kk ja 14 v kontrollien välillä. Lihaskalvovahvikkeella ei ollut merkitystä voimien palautumisessa pelkkään suoraan ompeluun verrattuna, mutta vammapuoli jäi 10–18 % heikommaksi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Vammajalan akillesjänne oli 12 mm pidempi terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna. Vammajalan kolmipäisen pohjelihaksen tilavuus oli 11–13 % pienempi verrattuna terveeseen jalkaan. Akillesjänteen pituus korreloi pohjelihaksen voimapuolieron sekä pohjelihasatrofian kanssa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidolla pohjelihaksen isokineettiset voimat palautuvat nopeammin ja täydellisemmin kuin konservatiivisella hoidolla. Leikkaushoitoon verrattuna konservatiivinen hoito johtaa suurempaan soleuslihaksen atrofiaan ja akillesjänteen pidentymään, mikä selittää osittain leikkaushoidon paremmat voimatulokset. 14 v seurannassa lihaskalvovahvikkeesta ei ole etua akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidossa. Akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidosta huolimatta potilaalle jää terveeseen jalkaan verrattuna 10–18 % pohjelihasten voimapuoliero. Akillesjänteen pidentyminen mahdollisesti selittää pohjelihasten atrofian, rasvadegeneraation ja pysyvän pohjelihasten voimapuolieron akillesjännerepeämän leikkaushoidon jälkeen 14 v seurannassa
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Simpson, Carey Lynn. "Muscle and tendon characteristics after six weeks of overloaded stretch training." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54149.

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Stretching is used to maintain mobility, increase range of motion and rehabilitate muscles after injury. It is rarely suggested as a modality for increasing muscle size in humans, although animal studies have reported stretch induced muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether six weeks of passive stretching of the plantar flexors would stimulate muscle hypertrophy. The first hypothesis was that stretch training would induce muscle hypertrophy, increase fascicle lengths and decrease pennation angles of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius without altering the Achilles tendon, but changes in muscle architecture would be non-uniform between the gastrocnemii. The second hypothesis was stretch training would decrease maximal force and electromyography (EMG) activity of the plantar flexors through shifting the length tension relationship without changing voluntary activation or reflex activity. Eleven males stretched the non-dominant plantar flexors for six consecutive weeks by using a leg press to passively load the ball of the foot. The load was 20% of the baseline maximal voluntary contraction. EMG was monitored on-line for each session to ensure the subject was stretching and not contracting, which would be indicated by muscle activity. At week zero, three, six and one week after the completion of stretching ultrasound was used to measure muscle architectural and tendon changes. Force, EMG, twitch interpolation, reflex activity, contractile properties and body anthropometry were also measured. Both hypotheses were supported. Muscle depth increased 10.3% (p=0.04) by week three in the stretched leg with a 25% (p<0.001) increase in the length of the muscle fascicles in the muscle tendon junction, and 5.1% (p=0.01) increase in the fascicles of the muscle belly (n=3600). The pennation angle (n=3600) decreased (p=0.02) with no change in the tendon (p=0.95). Muscle force decreased 10.5% (p=0.008) at week six, with a reduction in EMG amplitude (p<0.001) and no change in voluntary activation (95.48% ± 0.92, p>0.05) or reflex activity (p>0.05). These data indicated six weeks of overloaded stretch training of the plantar flexors stimulated muscle hypertrophy but also caused significant reductions in force through an alteration in the length tension relationship.
Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan)
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Books on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

1

Canata, Gian Luigi, Pieter d'Hooghe, and Kenneth J. Hunt, eds. Muscle and Tendon Injuries. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5.

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Cook, Christopher S. The dynamic properties of a human muscle-tendon complex. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Bentham, Nicolas Peter. The interaction of fibres and tendon within a human muscle. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, ed. Disorders of the proximal biceps tendon: Evaluation and treatment. Rosemont, IL: AAOS, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2014.

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Yang, Jwing-Ming. Muscle/tendon changing and marrow/brain washing chi kung: The secret of youth. Jamaica Plain, Mass: Yang's Martial Arts Association, 1989.

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Jwing-Ming, Yang. Muscle/tendon changing and marrow/brain washing chi kung: The secret of youth. Jamaica Plain, Mass: Yang's Martial Arts Association, 1989.

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Arno, Lindner, ed. Management of lameness causes in sport horses: Muscle, tendon, joint and bone disorders. Essen: Arbeitsgruppe Pferd, 2006.

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Nicholls, Sarah Louise. The development of simple mathematical models to describe the mechanical behaviour of a human muscle-tendon complex. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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Fornage, Bruno D. Ultrasonography of Muscles and Tendons. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3482-1.

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Ultrasonography of muscles and tendons: Examination technique and atlas of normal anatomy of the extremities. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

1

Beach, Zakary M., Daniel J. Gittings, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Tendon Biomechanics." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 15–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_2.

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Pauyo, Thierry, Elmar Herbst, and Freddie H. Fu. "Tendon Healing." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 45–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_4.

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Zamorani, Maria Pia, and Maura Valle. "Muscle and Tendon." In Medical Radiology, 45–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28163-4_3.

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Volpi, Piero, Emanuele Prospero, Antonio Orgiani, and Alessandro Quaglia. "Patellar Tendon Rupture." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 289–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_27.

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Garrett, William E., and Mallory S. Faherty. "Muscle-Tendon Junction Injury." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 51–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_5.

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Sevivas, Nuno, Guilherme França, Nuno Oliveira, Hélder Pereira, K. W. Ng, António Salgado, and João Espregueira-Mendes. "Biomaterials for Tendon Regeneration." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 131–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_13.

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Penkert, Götz, and Hisham Fansa. "Muscle and Tendon Transfer." In Peripheral Nerve Lesions, 127–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09232-3_10.

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De Vita, Andrea, Alberto Costantini, and Hiroshi Minagawa. "Glenohumeral Joint (Muscle-Tendon)." In Atlas of Functional Shoulder Anatomy, 61–108. Milano: Springer Milan, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0759-8_3.

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Maffulli, Nicola, Rocco Aicale, and Domiziano Tarantino. "Classification of Muscle Lesions." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 95–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_9.

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van Dijk, P. A. D., and C. N. van Dijk. "Peroneal Tendons." In Muscle and Tendon Injuries, 373–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54184-5_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

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Wagner, Hallie, Dawn Lowe, and Victor Barocas. "Reduced Compliance in Patellar Tendons From a Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80762.

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Muscular dystrophies are degenerative diseases that affect primarily skeletal muscles. Most studies of muscular dystrophy focus on muscles, but tendons are an important part of the musculotendon complex that transmits forces from muscles to bones. As the disease progresses, tendon shortening occurs, and some patients require tendon release or cord lengthening surgery to increase tendon length [1]. Despite the prevalence of these surgeries, very little is known about the mechanical properties of tendons in muscular dystrophy patients, or how they change as the tendon remodels or compensate in response to muscle degeneration.
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Huang, Alice H., Spencer S. Watson, and Ronen Schweitzer. "Lineage Tracing Reveals a New Model for Tendon Growth and Elongation During Development." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80915.

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Tendons are dense, fibrous tissues connecting muscle to bone, and their primary function is to transmit muscle forces to the appropriate skeletal elements, thereby enabling movement. In the limb, flexion and extension of the hand (autopod) and wrist are controlled by long tendons that insert into muscles in the arm (zeugopod) [1]. Although tendons are critically important in mediating joint movement, the cellular and molecular events underlying tendon formation remain largely unknown. Using the transcription factor Scleraxis (Scx), which labels all tendon progenitors, we previously showed that in the mouse limb bud, Scx-expressing tendon progenitors are first induced in the mesenchyme underneath the ectoderm at E10.5; at E12.5, progenitors are loosely organized between the cartilage condensations and developing muscles, condensing to form distinct tendons by E13.5 [2]. By E14.5, limb tendon patterning is largely complete, with continued elongation and deposition of matrix from this stage onward.
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Danley, Bryan B., and Shadow Huang. "Biomechanical and Biochemical Study of Muscle-Tendon-Bone in Porcine Digital Flexor Tendon." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52360.

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The musculoskeletal system provides the body with both movement and support. In particular, contractile forces developed in the muscles are transmitted through the muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) into the tendon and then through the tendon-bone insertion into the bone. Each junction occurs between two dissimilar materials (muscle-to-tendon and tendon-to-bone) and neither is fully understood. The current study analyzes the relationship between the tissue microstructure and macro-scale biomechanical properties of the muscle-tendon-bone unit to better understand the anisotropic mechanical behavior of the tissue. Collagen content was assayed at various locations along the porcine digital flexor tendon. Collagen concentration as a percent of the wet weight in the bone end was found to be 20.4±5.2% (n=6), the mid tendon to be 20.6±5.3% (n=6), and the muscle end to be 25.2±3.6% (n=4). No statistical differences were found between these collagen concentrations. Additionally, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to report cross-sectional stress-strain data for the muscle-tendon-bone unit. Results indicate that the tendon cross-sectional stiffness increases from the proximal end to the distal end. However, no direction dependent anisotropies were found between the mediolateral and dorsopalmar directions. Effects of microstructural components, such as glycosaminoglycans and collagen, and phenomenon such as fibril sliding and cross-linking, are discussed in relation to the reported cross-section stress-strain response. This work provides a synergistic approach for quantifying biomechanical and biochemical properties of biological tissue, and potentially facilitates the development of tissue engineered MTJ and tendon-bone insertion.
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Maynard, M., A. S. Kapatkin, T. C. Garcia, O. Winson, and S. M. Stover. "Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit Tension Affects Cranial Tibial Translation." In Abstracts of the 46th Annual Conference of the Veterinary Orthopedic Society. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692276.

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Manal, Kurt, and Thomas S. Buchanan. "A Numerical Method for Estimating Tendon Slack Length." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43084.

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Forces generated by muscle are transferred to bone via tendon. Since muscle force cannot be measured directly, computer modeling is a useful tool to enhance our understanding of normal and pathological movement. Hill-type muscle models have been used to estimate force based on information about a muscle’s architecture, activation and kinematics (Delp et al., 1995; Manal et al., 2002). Architectural parameters include optimal fiber length (lom), tendon slack length (lst), pennation angle (α), and maximum isometric force (Fmax). In addition, musculotendon length (lmt) and activation (a) are required inputs when estimating isometric muscle force (Equation I). Fm=f(lmt,lom,lst,Fmax,α,a)(1) Musculotendon length can be determined from MR images (Arnold et al., 2000), and activation recorded from EMGs (Manal, et al., 2002). Optimal fiber length and pennation angle can be measured experimentally (Murray, 2002), while Fmax can be estimated from the muscle’s physiologic cross-sectional area. Tendon slack length however cannot be measured readily, and therefore few estimates of lst can be found in the literature. In this paper we present a numerical method for estimating tendon slack from subject specific muscle parameters and musculotendon lengths. An advantage of this method is that it yields subject specific estimates of tendon slack length.
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Fang, Sizhong, Ruibo Yuan, and Xudong Ma. "Biomechanical model study of muscle tendon." In 2017 9th International Conference on Modelling, Identification and Control (ICMIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmic.2017.8321613.

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Ikeda, Atsutoshi, Yuichi Kurita, and Tsukasa Ogasawara. "Grasp Effort Evaluation Based on Muscle Activity." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4120.

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This paper proposes an estimation method of product usability based on tendon forces. The aim of this study is estimation of product usability using the tendon force during an object manipulation. Proposed method focuses on the forces of the tendons which are connected to the muscles. First, we explain the estimation method of product usability. The product usability is estimated quantitatively from the tendon forces. The tendon skeletal model of the index finger and the thumb is constructed to calculate the tendon forces. The tendon forces are calculated based on grasping information using a tendon skeletal model. Next, the cylinder pinching simulation using the proposed method is shown. The simulation result is compared with the human experimental result to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The sensory evaluation of the subjective grasp effort was conducted with five subjects. The calculated score of the simulation reflects the questionnaire survey result by the subjects. As an application, we show the evaluation results of the cell-phone button pushing. The calculated score by the simulation is also compared with the human questionnaire score. These results indicate that the proposed method can be used for the quantitative evaluation of the product usability.
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Piovesan, Davide, Alberto Pierobon, and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi. "Third-Order Muscle Models: The Role of Oscillatory Behavior in Force Control." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88081.

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This paper presents the analysis of a third-order linear differential equation representing a muscle-tendon system, including the identification of critical damping conditions. We analytically verified that this model is required for a faithful representation of muscle-skeletal muscles and provided numerical examples using the biomechanical properties of muscles and tendon reported in the literature. We proved the existence of a theoretical threshold for the ratio between tendon and muscle stiffness above which critical damping can never be achieved, thus resulting in an oscillatory free response of the system, independently of the value of the damping. Oscillation of the limb can be compensated only by active control, which requires creating an internal model of the limb mechanics. We demonstrated that, when admissible, over-damping of the muscle-tendon system occurs for damping values included within a finite interval between two separate critical limits. The same interval is a semi-infinite region in second-order models. Moreover, an increase in damping beyond the second critical point rapidly brings the system to mechanical instability.
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Rizzuto, E., A. Musarò, A. Catizone, and Z. Del Prete. "Morpho-Functional Interaction Between Muscle and Tendon in Hypertrophic MLC/mIGF-1 Mice." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19332.

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Tendons and ligaments are uniaxial viscoelastic connective tissues and, during normal activity, tendons transmit forces from muscles to bones, while ligaments stabilize the joints. Many experiments have been carried out to study ligaments and tendons mechanical properties [1], and the effects of training protocols [2] or specific pathologies. Recently, different transgenic mice models have been proposed as a new way to study in depth tendons’ function and development [3]. Within this context, we made use of pathological and transgenic animal models to investigate the morpho-functional interaction between muscles with an altered functionality and their tendons. In a previous work, by using the animal model of human Duchenne dystrophy, mdx, we found out that tendons connected to muscles with functional defects present reduced mechanical properties and an altered balance between alive and dead cells [4]. Here, we evaluated whether hypertrophic muscles would also involve alterations in tendon biomechanical properties. To do this, we used the transgenic animal model MLC/mIgf-1, were the local form of Igf-1 is over-expressed under a muscle specific promoter [5] inducing an increase in skeletal muscle mass and a proportional increment of force. To determine tendons’ elastic and viscous response separately, complex compliance has been computed with a new experimental method [6] which uses a pseudorandom Gaussian noise (PGN) to stimulate all the frequencies of interest within its bandwidth. Elasticity determines the tissue response to loading while viscous dissipation affects the likelihood of injuries to tendons. Indeed, knowing tendinous tissue viscoelasticity is central to better understand the mechanism between energy dissipation and tissue injuries. Finally, the hypothesis that changes in tendons’ mechanical properties could be correlated with alterations in the balance between alive and dead cells has been tested with an in situ cellular analysis.
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Adams, Corinne R., Mark A. Baldwin, Peter J. Laz, Paul J. Rullkoetter, and Joseph E. Langenderfer. "Development of a Computational Model to Study Effects of Rotator Cuff Tear Size and Location on Muscle Moment Arms." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176401.

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Rotator cuff tendon tear causes alterations to cuff muscle architecture and tendons including muscle fascicle contracture and increased tendon length, fatty infiltration of the muscle fibers, muscle fiber pennation angle changes, asymmetric muscle atrophy, and altered muscle fiber type composition, e.g. [1]. These changes ultimately result in a reduction in muscle force, and frequently lead to a reduction of shoulder strength and a loss of functionality. Recently, division of the cuff tendons in a manner related to cuff tear has been shown to alter tendon excursions and cause muscle moment arms reductions in a cadaver experiment [2] and a computational study [3]. Evaluations of the effects of cuff tear size and location on cuff muscle moment arms have not been conducted. Consequently, the mechanisms by which the muscle force and moment arm changes affect joint strength are not well understood. An improved understanding of these relationships would increase potential for rehabilitation of joint strength following cuff repair. Models for evaluating rotator cuff tear are non-existent since subject-specific models have focused on healthy normal shoulders. Consequently, models have not been used to quantify the effects of clinically observed changes in muscle and tendon architecture on muscle moment arm and force generating capacity.
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Reports on the topic "Muscle and tendon"

1

Leitschuh, Paul H., Tammy J. Doherty, Dean C. Taylor, Daniel E. Brooks, and John B. Ryan. Effects of Postmortem Freezing on Passive Properties of Rabbit Extensor Digtorum Longus Muscle Tendon Complex. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266429.

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Currier, Brad, Jonathan Mcleod, and Stuart Phillips. The Influence of Resistance Exercise Training Prescription Variables on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Function in Healthy Adults: An Umbrella Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0028.

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Review question / Objective: To determine how resistance training prescription variables (load, sets, frequency, time under tension, etc) affect muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function in healthy adults. Condition being studied: To determine how resistance training prescription variables (load, sets, frequency, time under tension, etc) affect muscle mass (hypertrophy), muscle strength, and physical function in healthy adults. Information sources: OVID MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science.
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Marple, Dennis N., Joseph G. Sebranek, and Ben Huisinga. Isolating Tender Muscles in the Pork Shoulder. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-14.

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Guerreiro, Hugo, Rute Borrego, and Lino Mendes. β-alanine supplementation for athletic performance in female athletes: a protocol for a systematic review of randomized control trials. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0041.

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Review question / Objective: The Effect of β-alanine Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Female Athletes: a Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Condition being studied: β-alanine is an endogenously produced non-proteinogenic amino acid that can also be obtained through the consumption of foods such as meat. The ergogenic effect of β-alanine supplementation is linked to the levels of carnosine (a cytoplasmatic dipeptide to which β-alanine is a precursor). It has become one of the most common sports nutrition ergogenic aids, with typical doses at about 4 to 6 g per day that are ideal to elevate muscle carnosine concentrations by up 80%. This elevation happens regardless of high or low baseline levels (common in vegetarians, women and in older subjects) and chronic supplementation (and the associated increase of muscle carnosine levels) is known to be of particular interest in improving high-intensity exercise performance by enhancing intracellular H+ buffering, reducing muscle acidosis. It has been mostly proposed as beneficial in exercises between 60 seconds and 4 minutes, but some positive effects have been noted in other sport-related outcomes. The fact that women tend to have less muscle carnosine content then man, in addition to other characteristics of the female athlete, highlights the importance of understanding if the outcomes and magnitude of the effects already found and stablished in male athletes are, in fact, equivalent in the female athlete.
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Evans, Jon, Ian Porter, Emma Cockcroft, Al-Amin Kassam, and Jose Valderas. Collecting linked patient reported and technology reported outcome measures for informing clinical decision making: a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0038.

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Review question / Objective: We aim to map out the existing research where concomitant use of patient reported and technology reported outcome measures is used for patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Condition being studied: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) covering injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. Musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Eligibility criteria: 1) Peer-reviewed primary studies and literature reviews. Grey literature not included. 2) Studies which include co-administration of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) AND wearable electronic devices (e.g. fitness trackers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pedometers smartphones, smartwatches) in musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Studies are EXCLUDED which feature wearable electronic devices but not concomitant/real time capturing of PROMs (e.g. they are recorded retrospectively/ at different timepoints). 3) Studies in languages other than English will be excluded unless a translation is available.
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