Relevant bibliographies by topics / Muscle

Academic literature on the topic 'Muscle'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Muscle"

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SHAHIN, KARIMA A., and R. T. BERG. "GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-037.

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Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight, were used to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" upon muscle growth patterns and distribution. The left side of each carcass was dissected into major carcass tissues and the weights of individual muscles were obtained and grouped into nine standard anatomical groups. Relative to total side msucle (TSM), breed types tended to have similar growth coefficients for all muscle groups except muscles surrounding the spinal column where HE tended to have a higher growth coefficient than either DM or SY. As TSM increased, the proportion of muscle found in proximal hindlimb, distal hindlimb and distal forelimb decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of muscle in abdominal wall and proximal forelimb remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05) and the proportion of muscle in thorax to forelimb, neck to forelimb and intrinsic muscles of neck and thorax increased (b > 1; P < 0.05). At the same TSM, compared with the other breed types, DM tended to have more of their muscle in the hip and stifle region but less in the distal parts of both limbs and in neck and thorax. The hyperdevelopment of the large superficial muscles of the proximal part (thigh) and the hypodevelopment of the distal part in the hindlimb give the DM animal the typical 'bottle thigh' appearance. Key words: Bulls (young), muscle growth, muscle distribution, Double Muscled, cattle
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Plenefisch, J. D., X. Zhu, and E. M. Hedgecock. "Fragile skeletal muscle attachments in dystrophic mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans: isolation and characterization of the mua genes." Development 127, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.6.1197.

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Over 30 Caenorhabditis elegans mutants were identified with normal muscle differentiation and initial locomotion followed by catastrophic detachment of skeletal muscles from the body wall. Reducing the strength of muscle contraction in these mutants with a myosin gene mutation suppresses muscle detachment. These dystrophic mutants identify a novel class of genes required for growth and maintenance of functional muscle attachments, not exceptional alleles of genes required for muscle differentiation and contractility. Nine new genes, named mua, and two previously published loci, unc-23 and vab-10, cause fragile musscle attachments. The primary sites of muscle detachment, including the plane of tissue separation, are characteristic for each gene. We suggest these genes identify feedback mechanisms whereby local strain regulates the extent of myofibril contraction and the placement of new muscle attachments in functioning muscles. Finally, we draw some comparisons to vertebrate skin fragility diseases and muscular dystrophies.
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Shahin, Karima A., and R. T. Berg. "Growth and distribution of individual muscles in Double Muscled and normal cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 3 (December 1985): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600059347.

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SUMMARYEighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic and 18 Hereford bulls, serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg live weight, were used to examine the influence of maturity type and Double Muscling on individual muscle growth patterns and distribution.Breed types differed significantly in the relative growth rate of five of the 95 muscles. Individual muscles grew and developed at relatively different rates with muscles associated with locomotion being early developing followed by those associated with structure or posture and finally those which respond to sexual maturation or luxury muscles which were late developing. Individual muscle growth patterns revealed an increasing disto-proximal gradient along the limbs and an increasing caudo-cranial gradient along the whole body. However, within any anatomical region considerable variations with well defined growth gradients were found for individual muscles. In the proximal region of both limbs increasing medio-lateral growth gradients were apparent.At the same total side muscle, breed types differed significantly in adjusted mean weights of 33 of the 95 muscles. When comparison was made at the same total side muscle, DM showed a range of hypertrophy of + 28% to -28% when compared with the more normal breed types.Muscular hypertrophy followed a disto-proximal gradient along the limbs and an inner–outer gradient across the muscle layers with the superficial and bulkiest muscles being the most hypertrophied. At the same total side muscle, DM had heavier expensive or luxury muscles than normal cattle.
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SHAHIN, KARIMA A., R. T. BERG, and M. A. PRICE. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARCASS COMPOSITION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MATURE DOUBLE MUSCLED CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-069.

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Nineteen mature Double Muscled (DM) cattle consisting of 11 cows and eight bulls were slaughtered between 470 and 710 kg to determine the influence of sex on carcass composition and muscle, bone and fat in DM cattle. Expressed as a percentage of the total side weight, DM bull carcasses had 15% more muscle and 55% less total fat. When sides were compared DM bulls showed a 17% increase in the muscle:bone ratio compared with DM cows. In bull carcasses, there were shifts in muscle weight distribution towards the forequarter. The ratio of hindquarter muscle:forequarter muscle was greater in cows than in bulls. Expressed as a percentage of the total side muscle, significant differences between sexes were found in 48 of the 95 muscles. The most striking sexual dimorphism was found in the neck region, particularly among the muscles responsible for secondary sexual features and those which act to elevate and extend the head. Sexual dimorphism was less pronounced in the distal parts of the both limbs. The cervical vertebrae and scapula made up a greater proportion of total side bone in DM bulls than in DM cows. There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for the cows to have more of their bone caudally and less anteriorly compared with the bulls. Key words: Carcass composition, muscle distribution, bone distribution, mature Double Muscled cattle, double muscling
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Nayak, Satheesha B., and Surekha D. Shetty. "Sternocleidohyoid muscle: an unreported variant of cleidohyoid muscle." Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 43, no. 8 (February 1, 2021): 1327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-021-02682-0.

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AbstractSternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid muscles are collectively known as infrahyoid muscles. These muscles frequently show variations in their attachments. Here, an extremely rare variant muscle belonging to this group has been presented. During cadaveric dissection for undergraduate medical students, an additional muscle was found between sternohyoid and superior belly of omohyoid muscles bilaterally in a male cadaver aged approximately 70 years. This muscle took its origin from posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, capsule of the sternoclavicular joint and the posterior surface of the medial part of the clavicle. It was inserted to the hyoid bone between the attachments of sternohyoid and superior belly of omohyoid muscles and was supplied by a branch of ansa cervicalis profunda. There is no report on such a muscle in the literature and it could be named as “sternocleidohyoid muscle”. Knowledge of this muscle could be useful in neck surgeries.
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Sulbarán, Guidenn, Lorenzo Alamo, Antonio Pinto, Gustavo Márquez, Franklin Méndez, Raúl Padrón, and Roger Craig. "An invertebrate smooth muscle with striated muscle myosin filaments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (October 6, 2015): E5660—E5668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513439112.

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Muscle tissues are classically divided into two major types, depending on the presence or absence of striations. In striated muscles, the actin filaments are anchored at Z-lines and the myosin and actin filaments are in register, whereas in smooth muscles, the actin filaments are attached to dense bodies and the myosin and actin filaments are out of register. The structure of the filaments in smooth muscles is also different from that in striated muscles. Here we have studied the structure of myosin filaments from the smooth muscles of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. We find, surprisingly, that they are indistinguishable from those in an arthropod striated muscle. This structural similarity is supported by sequence comparison between the schistosome myosin II heavy chain and known striated muscle myosins. In contrast, the actin filaments of schistosomes are similar to those of smooth muscles, lacking troponin-dependent regulation. We conclude that schistosome muscles are hybrids, containing striated muscle-like myosin filaments and smooth muscle-like actin filaments in a smooth muscle architecture. This surprising finding has broad significance for understanding how muscles are built and how they evolved, and challenges the paradigm that smooth and striated muscles always have distinctly different components.
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Asp, S., S. Kristiansen, and E. A. Richter. "Eccentric muscle damage transiently decreases rat skeletal muscle GLUT-4 protein." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 1338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.4.1338.

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The effects of concentric and muscle-damaging eccentric contractions on muscle glucose transporter GLUT-4 content were studied in rat muscles. Rats were anesthetized, the calf muscles on one side were stimulated electrically for concentric or eccentric contractions, and bilateral calf muscles were obtained in the postexercise period. Inflammatory and phagocytic cells accumulated in the eccentric white and red gastrocnemius muscles, whereas there were only discrete changes in the eccentric soleus. Glycogen was depleted to the same extent in the white and red gastrocnemius muscles after both types of stimulation, and it remained decreased > 2 days in eccentric muscles. The total GLUT-4 protein content was decreased in the eccentric white and red gastrocnemius muscles 1 and 2 days after the eccentric stimulation, whereas the maximal activity of glycogen synthase was unaffected at these time points. In conclusion, our one-legged stimulation model caused eccentric muscle damage in the white and red gastrocnemius, whereas only minor damage was observed in the soleus muscle. In damaged muscle, muscle glycogen and GLUT-4 protein content were decreased for > 2 days. These findings may suggest (but do not prove) that decreased muscle GLUT-4 protein is involved in the delayed glycogen resynthesis after eccentric exercise.
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Fernandes, J. J., and H. Keshishian. "Nerve-muscle interactions during flight muscle development in Drosophila." Development 125, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.9.1769.

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During Drosophila pupal metamorphosis, the motoneurons and muscles differentiate synchronously, providing an opportunity for extensive intercellular regulation during synapse formation. We examined the existence of such interactions by developmentally delaying or permanently eliminating synaptic partners during the formation of indirect flight muscles. When we experimentally delayed muscle development, we found that although adult-specific primary motoneuron branching still occurred, the higher order (synaptic) branching was suspended until the delayed muscle fibers reached a favourable developmental state. In reciprocal experiments we found that denervation caused a decrease in the myoblast pool. Furthermore, the formation of certain muscle fibers (dorsoventral muscles) was specifically blocked. Exceptions were the adult muscles that use larval muscle fibers as myoblast fusion targets (dorsal longitudinal muscles). However, when these muscles were experimentally compelled to develop without their larval precursors, they showed an absolute dependence on the motoneurons for their formation. These data show that the size of the myoblast pool and early events in fiber formation depend on the presence of the nerve, and that, conversely, peripheral arbor development and synaptogenesis is closely synchronized with the developmental state of the muscle.
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Maas, Huub, Can A. Yucesoy, Guus C. Baan, and Peter A. Huijing. "Implications of Muscle Relative Position as a Co-Determinant of Isometric Muscle Force." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 03, no. 02 (June 2003): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519403000703.

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Force is transmitted from muscle fiber to bone via several pathways: (1) via the tendons (i.e. myotendinous force transmission), (2) via intermuscular connective tissue to adjacent muscles (i.e. intermuscular myofascial force transmission), (3) via structures other than muscles (i.e. extramuscular myofascial force transmission). In vivo, the position of a muscle relative to adjacent muscles changes due to differences in moment arm between synergists as well as due to the fact that some muscles span only one joint and other muscles more than one joint. The position of a muscle relative to non-muscular structures within a compartment is altered with each change of the length of the muscle. The aim of this article is to describe recent experimental results, as well as some new experimental data, that have elucidated the role of muscle relative position on force transmission from muscle. Furthermore, relevant literature is discussed, taking into consideration these new insights of muscle functioning. It is concluded that the position of a muscle relative to surrounding tissues is a major co-determinant of isometric muscle force. For muscles operating within their in vivo context of connective tissue, such position effects should be taken into account.
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Houle-Leroy, Philippe, Helga Guderley, John G. Swallow, and Theodore Garland. "Artificial selection for high activity favors mighty mini-muscles in house mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 284, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): R433—R443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00179.2002.

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After 14 generations of selection for voluntary wheel running, mice from the four replicate selected lines ran, on average, twice as many revolutions per day as those from the four unselected control lines. To examine whether the selected lines followed distinct strategies in the correlated responses of the size and metabolic capacities of the hindlimb muscles, we examined mice from selected lines, housed for 8 wk in cages with access to running wheels that were either free to rotate (“wheel access” group) or locked (“sedentary”). Thirteen of twenty individuals in one selected line (line 6) and two of twenty in another (line 3) showed a marked reduction (∼50%) in total hindlimb muscle mass, consistent with the previously described expression of a small-muscle phenotype. Individuals with these “mini-muscles” were not significantly smaller in total body mass compared with line-mates with normal-sized muscles. Access to free wheels did not affect the relative mass of the mini-muscles, but did result in typical mammalian training effects for mitochondrial enzyme activities. Individuals with mini-muscles showed a higher mass-specific muscle aerobic capacity as revealed by the maximal in vitro rates of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase. Moreover, these mice showed the highest activities of hexokinase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase. Females with mini-muscles showed the highest levels of phosphofructokinase, and males with mini-muscles the highest levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. As shown by total muscle enzyme contents, the increase in mass-specific aerobic capacity almost completely compensated for the reduction caused by the “loss” of muscle mass. Moreover, the mini-muscle mice exhibited the lowest contents of lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen phosphorylase. Interestingly, metabolic capacities of mini-muscled mice resemble those of muscles after endurance training. Overall, our results demonstrate that during selection for voluntary wheel running, distinct adaptive paths that differentially exploit the genetic variation in morphological and physiological traits have been followed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Muscle"

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Baker, Brent A. "Characterization of skeletal muscle performance and morphology following acute and chronic mechanical loading paradigms." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5325.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 270 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Short, Kevin R. "Histochemical and biochemical changes in human muscle following 17 days of unilateral lower limb suspension." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063203.

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The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between perinatal complications and subsequent development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other behavioral characteristics. The biological mothers of 74 children diagnosed with ADHD and 77 children displaying no characteristics of the disorder completed the Maternal Perinatal Scale (MPS), the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scales (BASC-PRS), and a demographic survey. In addition, the biological mothers of 120 children with no characteristics of ADHD or any other behavior disorders completed only the MPS so that exploratory factor analysis of the MPS could be completed.Following factor analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis of the resulting five factors was utilized to explore the nature of the relationship between such perinatal factors and ADHD. Results of this analysis indicated that emotional factors, or the amount of stress encountered during pregnancy and the degree to Relationship Between Perinatal Complications 3 was planned, were the items that maximized the separation between the ADHD and Non-ADHD groups. Additional discrimination between the groups was attributed to the extent of insult or trauma to the developing fetus and the outcome of prior pregnancies. ADHD children were also found to have experienced twice as many behavioral, social, or medical problems, and were more likely to reach developmental milestones with delays.Stepwise discriminant analysis also revealed the Attention Problems and Hyperactivity scales of the BASC-PRS were most significant in differentiating between the ADHD and Non-ADHD subjects. Using the BASC-PRS resulted in approximately 90% of the total sample being correctly classified as ADHD or Non-ADHD. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that emotional factors and the general health of both the mother and the developing fetus were the best predictors of later behavioral patterns reported on the BASC-PRS.
Human Performance Laboratory
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Tomc, Lyn Kathryn. "Role of MEF2 proteins in the activation of the c-jun and MCK genes in skeletal muscle /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/MQ56210.pdf.

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Pathare, Neeti C. "Metabolic adaptations following disuse and their impact on skeletal muscle function." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010024.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2005.
Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 171 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Yost, John. "Influence of selection for breast muscle mass on pH and metabolism of supracoracoideus muscle from male and female turkey." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=892.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 81 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Monteiro, André Antonio. "Blood flow change in human masseter muscle elicited by voluntary isometric contraction." Stockholm : Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/21700760.html.

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Pasquier, Bernard. "Traitement chirurgical des paralysies du muscle grand oblique de l'œil par affaiblissement du muscle petit oblique." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23087.

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Kim, Jeong-Su. "The relationship of growth factor and muscle soreness to muscle hypertrophy." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1101585.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between exercise induced muscle damage and growth factors during two different modes of exercise. Nine healthy untrained male subjects participated in this study and performed two separate single bouts of isokinetic concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) leg extension exercise on the CYBEX NORMT°". The workload was maintained at 75% of 1 RM for each trial, respectively. The maximum sets of 10 repetitions were performed during the Con trial, and the number was also duplicated during the Ecc trial, with 40 seconds of rest between sets. Serum levels of hGH, creatine kinase (CK), and lactic acid were measured, and the CK level was used to determine the degree of muscle tissue damage. A muscle soreness questionnaire was provided to the subjects to assess the degree of quadriceps muscle soreness following each trial. The EMG activity of the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles was recorded during each trial. The results of the present study demonstrated no significant differences in hGH output and CK activity between the exercise trials, although there was a significant different lactic acid response (P < 0.05). However, the Con trial produced significant increases (P < 0.05) in hGH and CK levels above the resting value at the post-exercise times. In fact, the 75% Con trial conducted in this study induced an increase in hGH release (peak: 8.23 ± 3.21 ng/ml) that was 2 X higher than a 120% Ecc trial (peak: 3.8 ± 1.2 ng/mI) of the prior study. The results of the present study demonstrate that a single bout of Con resistance exercise at the same intensity (75% of 1 RM), angular velocity, and ROM as a single bout of Ecc exercise can produce greater increases in hGH output and CK response than its Ecc counterpart. This finding does not support the previous results from this laboratory, showing that Ecc exercise is a stronger promoter of hGH output. However, it suggests that the amount of work performed is an important factor for hGH release because the exercise volume applied in the present study was greater than that of the prior study. The CK response of the subjects in this study, as well as the previous work indicate that hGH output is also dependent on exercise that elicits muscle damage. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the mode of exercise, Con vs. Ecc, is not as important as the stress placed on the exercising muscle in order to induce optimal muscle hypertrophy.
School of Physical Education
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Hourdé, Christophe Keller Angélica Ferry Arnaud. "Étude de la coordination des phénotypes contractile et métabolique du muscle strié squelettique à travers des modèles animaux." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0393949.pdf.

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Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de la vie et de la santé : Paris 12 : 2006.
Version électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 410 réf.
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Fernandes, Santos Amanda Aparecida. "The effect of joint angle on surface electromyography amplitude of hamstring muscles." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/231385/1/Amanda%20Aparecida_Fernandes%20Santos_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigated the effect of knee angle position on the electrical signal of two hamstring muscles using a traditional technique (bipolar electromyography) and a modern technique (high-density electromyography). The results suggest that changes in knee position affect the electrical activity on bipolar electromyography and these changes are associated with the rotation of muscle fibers under the pair of electrodes. However, using high-density electromyography, there was no difference between different knee positions. These findings suggest that high-density electromyography has different responses compared to bipolar electromyography. Hence, studies using bipolar montages need to be interpreted with caution to avoid wrong conclusions.
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Books on the topic "Muscle"

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L, Mastaglia Frank, and Walton John Nicholas, eds. Skeletal muscle pathology. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

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Schreuder, Matthew. Muscle. North Melbourne: Arcadia, 2007.

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Rassier, Dilson E. Muscle biophysics: From molecules to cells. New York: Springer, 2010.

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1948-, Mrak Robert E., ed. Muscle membranes in diseases of muscle. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1985.

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Goodheart, George J. Muscle testing: Lower extremity. Atlanta, GA]: International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2009.

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Pearson, A. M. Muscle and meat biochemistry. San Diego: Academic Press, 1989.

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Schmalbruch, Henning. Skeletal muscle. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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1931-, Imai Shōichi, Endō Makoto 1933-, and Ohtsuke Iwao, eds. Muscle physiology and biochemistry. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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Kingston, Bernard. Understanding muscles: A practical guide to muscle function. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Pollack, Gerald H. Muscles & molecules: Uncovering the principles of biological motion. Seattle, Wash: Ebner & Sons Publishers, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Muscle"

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Hill, Richard W., Daniel J. Cavanaugh, and Margaret Anderson. "Muscle." In Animal Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780197553602.003.00022.

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This chapter explains that muscles, a tissue consisting of contractile cells, are specialised for movement. All animals use muscles to generate movements that accomplish behaviours and to accomplish psychological functions. The chapter considers the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that underlie muscle contraction, and then the adaptations of certain muscles specialised to perform different functions. Excitation-contraction coupling is the relationship between depolarisation and contraction, which correlates to how neural excitation triggers skeletal muscle contraction. The chapter also details the properties and functions of vertebrate smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, which contrasts with skeletal muscles that contract only when stimulated by motor neurons.
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MacDougall, Duncan, and Digby Sale. "Muscle Physiology." In The Physiology of Training for High Performance. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199650644.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on muscle physiology. It considers how muscles are controlled by the nervous system and how the nervous system and muscles work together to produce what are commonly called strength and power performance. It also demonstrates the ability of muscles to generate force and power and the ability of the nervous system to activate the muscles appropriately for a given task in which performance depended. The chapter describes the composition of muscles of cells called muscle-fibers, which range in thickness from about 50-100 μm and in length from a few to several millimeteres. It refers to myofibrils that make up about 85% of the contents of a muscle-fiber, while the remaining 15% are largely composed of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), mitochondria, glycogen granules, and fat droplets.
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Pocock, Gillian, Christopher D. Richards, and David A. Richards. "Muscle." In Human Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198737223.003.0011.

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This chapter looks at one of the distinguishing characteristics of most multicellular animals, which is their ability to use coordinated movement to explore their environment. It emphasizes how this movement is achieved by the use of muscles, which consist of cells or myocytes that can change their length by a specific contractile process. In vertebrates, including man, three types of muscle can be identified on the basis of their structure and function: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. The chapter clarifies that skeletal muscle is the muscle directly attached to the bones of the skeleton, and its role is both to maintain posture and to move the limbs by contracting in a coordinated way. Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart, while smooth muscle is the muscle that lines the blood vessels and the hollow organs of the body.
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Scott, Jon, Gus Cameron, Anne Goodenough, Dawn Hawkins, Jenny Koenig, Martin Luck, Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, Kay Yeoman, and Mark Goodwin. "Muscle and Movement." In Biological Science. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198783695.003.0039.

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This chapter examines the structure and organization of skeletal muscle. Muscles range from the very small, high-precision muscles that control eyeball movements to the very powerful thigh muscles that power people in walking and running. Thus, muscle types are distinguishable based on their appearance under a microscope and the ability to voluntarily contract a muscle. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are identified as striated because of the ordered repeating arrangement of the contractile units within the cells. The chapter looks into the control and features of the motor system and how basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortical areas play key roles in movement planning.
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Scott, Jon, Gus Cameron, Anne Goodenough, Dawn Hawkins, Jenny Koenig, Martin Luck, Despo Papachristodoulou, Alison Snape, Kay Yeoman, and Mark Goodwin. "Muscle and Movement." In Biological Science. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198783688.003.0048.

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This chapter examines the structure and organization of skeletal muscle. Muscles range from the very small, high-precision muscles that control eyeball movements to the very powerful thigh muscles that power people in walking and running. Thus, muscle types are distinguishable based on their appearance under a microscope and the ability to voluntarily contract a muscle. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are identified as striated because of the ordered repeating arrangement of the contractile units within the cells. The chapter looks into the control and features of the motor system and how basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortical areas play key roles in movement planning.
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Kay, Ian, and Gethin Evans. "Muscle." In Thrive in Human Physiology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780199662487.003.0004.

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This chapter provides an overview of the distinct anatomical and contractile properties of the three types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It highlights the interaction of actin and myosin filaments. This is central to the contraction of all types of muscle. The chapter points out that skeletal and cardiac muscle are termed ‘striated muscle’ because of the existence of sarcomeres. It also discusses the regulation of contraction of in all three muscle types, which depends on the movement of calcium into the cytosol of the cell. The chapter clarifies that in skeletal muscle, increases in cytosolic calcium are due to central nervous system activation, while in smooth muscle, increases in cytosolic calcium can be due to central nervous system activation. It explains the increases in cytosolic calcium in the cardiac muscle. These are due to the action of the conduction system of the heart.
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Fossel, Michael B. "Muscle." In Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, 252–60. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195140354.003.0015.

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Abstract Muscles consist of large numbers of myocytes that join to form visible structures to allow movement. They receive innervation from the motor neurons that control them. Equally, they receive a substantial vascular supply to supply oxygen, glucose, and nutrients, while removing metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactate. Muscle strength varies histologically with the type of muscle fiber (white or red; type I or II), anatomically with size (diameter) and attachment (leverage), temporally with chronic use (exercise) and acute use (fatigue), and hormonally (testosterone, corticosteroid, thyroid, growth hormone, etc). Finally, and appropriately so, muscle strength varies chronologically with age.
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"Muscle Twitching." In A Video Atlas of Neuromuscular Disorders, edited by Aziz Shaibani, 493–500. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197632581.003.0019.

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Abstract Involuntary skeletal muscle contraction may affect one or a group of muscles, be painful or painless, associated with atrophy or normal muscle mass, and either disappear or persist during sleep. Most of the cases presenting with involuntary muscle contractions do not fall into the realm of the neuromuscular disorders (dystonia). Fasciculation is the most important of these disorders in its relevance to neuromuscular disorders, and it usually indicates axonal injury. The most important causes of fasciculations in the neuromuscular clinic are peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Fasciculations of the tongue should be differentiated from tremor, which is rhythmic.
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Hill, Joseph A., and Eric N. Olson. "An Introduction to Muscle." In Muscle, 3–9. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381510-1.00001-6.

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Katz, Arnold M. "A History of Muscle." In Muscle, 11–20. Elsevier, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381510-1.00002-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Muscle"

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Ueda, Jun, Moiz Hyderabadwala, Ming Ding, Tsukasa Ogasawara, Vijaya Krishnamoorthy, and Minoru Shinohara. "Individual Muscle Control Using an Exoskeleton Robot for Muscle Function Testing." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2675.

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A functionality test at the level of individual muscles by investigating the activity of a muscle of interest on various tasks may enable muscle-level force grading. This paper proposes a new method for muscle function tests using an exoskeleton robot for obtaining a wider variety of muscle activity data than standard motor tasks, e.g., pushing a handle by his/her hand. A computational algorithm systematically computes control commands to a wearable robot with actuators (an exoskeleton robot, or a power-assisting device) so that a desired muscle activation pattern for target muscle forces is induced. This individual muscle control method enables users (e.g., therapists) to efficiently conduct neuromuscular function tests for target muscles by arbitrarily inducing muscle activation patterns. Simulation results justify the use of an exoskeleton robot for muscle function testing in terms of the variety of muscle activity data.
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Koeppen, Ryan, Meghan E. Huber, Dagmar Sternad, and Neville Hogan. "Controlling Physical Interactions: Humans Do Not Minimize Muscle Effort." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5202.

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Physical interaction with tools is ubiquitous in functional activities of daily living. While tool use is considered a hallmark of human behavior, how humans control such physical interactions is still poorly understood. When humans perform a motor task, it is commonly suggested that the central nervous system coordinates the musculo-skeletal system to minimize muscle effort. In this paper, we tested if this notion holds true for motor tasks that involve physical interaction. Specifically, we investigated whether humans minimize muscle forces to control physical interaction with a circular kinematic constraint. Using a simplified arm model, we derived three predictions for how humans should behave if they were minimizing muscular effort to perform the task. First, we predicted that subjects would exert workless, radial forces on the constraint. Second, we predicted that the muscles would be deactivated when they could not contribute to work. Third, we predicted that when moving very slowly along the constraint, the pattern of muscle activity would not differ between clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) motions. To test these predictions, we instructed human subjects to move a robot handle around a virtual, circular constraint at a constant tangential velocity. To reduce the effect of forces that might arise from incomplete compensation of neuro-musculo-skeletal dynamics, the target tangential speed was set to an extremely slow pace (∼1 revolution every 13.3 seconds). Ultimately, the results of human experiment did not support the predictions derived from our model of minimizing muscular effort. While subjects did exert workless forces, they did not deactivate muscles as predicted. Furthermore, muscle activation patterns differed between CW and CCW motions about the constraint. These findings demonstrate that minimizing muscle effort is not a significant factor in human performance of this constrained-motion task. Instead, the central nervous system likely prioritizes reducing other costs, such as computational effort, over muscle effort to control physical interactions.
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Ghufroni, Afif, and Jasmine Kartiko Pertiwi. "Effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique to Increase Hamstring Muscle Flexibility in Adolescents." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.29.

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Background: Shortening of the hamstring muscles results in pain, limited range of motion, postural instability, and abnormal gait, which effect on daily activities. Muscle energy technique provides a solution to shortening the hamstring muscles by improving muscle flexibility. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of muscle energy technique in increasing hamstring muscle flexibility in adolescents. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment pretest-posttest without a control group conducted at No. 1 High School Jogonalan, Klaten, Central Java in April 2018. A total of 30 students was selected with purposive sampling method in which one student dropped out. The dependent variable was flexibility of hamstring muscle. The independent variable was muscle energy technique training. The flexibility of hamstring muscle was measured by back saver sit and reach test. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. Results: Flexibility of hamstring muscle was higher after muscle energy technique (Mean= 39.92; SD= 4.24) than before (Mean= 30.14; SD= 3.59), and it was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: Muscle energy technique increases flexibility of hamstring muscle. Muscle exercise technique can be used to improve hamstring muscle flexibility. Keywords: muscle energy technique, flexibility, hamstring muscle, adolescents Correspondence: Afif Ghufroni. Physiotherapy Study Program, School of Health Polytechnics, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: apip.physio@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285725000769. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.29
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Anderson, Dennis E., Alexander G. Bruno, Brett T. Allaire, and Mary L. Bouxsein. "CT-Based Muscle Attenuation May be Able to Account for Age- and Muscle-Specific Differences in Maximum Muscle Stress." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80330.

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In musculoskeletal modeling, isometric muscle strength has been primarily determined based on muscle size. Specifically, the maximum force a muscle can produce may be calculated as: (1)FMAX=MMS×PCSA where FMAX is maximum isometric muscle force, MMS is maximum muscle stress, and PCSA is muscle physiological cross-sectional area. In general, modeling studies have selected a constant value of MMS, and applied it to all muscles in the model. However, the values reported in the literature for MMS vary widely [1, 2], from as little as 23 N/cm2 up to 137 N/cm2. Furthermore, MMS is likely lower in older adults than young adults, as age-related declines in muscle strength are significantly greater than declines in muscle mass [3], and the specific tension of gastrocnemius fascicles is 30% lower in elderly men than young men [4]. In addition, MMS is not constant between muscle groups. For example, the MMS of the elbow flexors is much greater than that of the elbow extensors [1], while the MMS of the ankle dorsiflexors is more than twice that of the ankle plantar flexors [5]. Thus, the use of a single constant for MMS in musculoskeletal models does not account for differences between individuals or muscle groups, and there is a need for a quantitative approach to assign different values of MMS to muscles in musculoskeletal models.
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Foley, Nicholas, and Chen-Hsiang Yu. "MusCare+: Muscle Monitoring for Anomalies." In 2022 IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiiot54504.2022.9817161.

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Blemker, Silvia S., and Elisa S. Schrank. "Gastrocnemius Muscle Fascicle Behavior Explored With a 3D Muscle Model." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206765.

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The gastrocnemius muscles are important for support and forward progression of movement [1], and they are commonly impaired in neurological disorders, such as stroke and cerebral palsy [2]. Currently, lumped-parameter representations [3] are used to model the gastrocnemius muscles in simulations of human movement. These representations simplify muscle architecture by assuming that all fibers are the same length, that aponeuroses behave as if they are in series with muscle fibers, and that fibers have a simple geometric arrangement. Previous studies have suggested that these simplifications may result in an overestimation of fiber length changes during movement and therefore predict that too much variation in force with joint angle (e.g., [4]).
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Millard, Matthew, and Scott Delp. "A Computationally Efficient Muscle Model." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80230.

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Modern biomechanical models often include many degrees of freedom, complex joint geometry, and hundreds of muscles [1]. Such complex models may provide realistic representations of musculoskeletal dynamics, but they require a great deal of time to simulate. The state equations of the muscles are frequently the stiffest numerical element in a biomechanical model and determine the simulation time. Here we introduce a muscle model that generates similar forces as a conventional muscle model, but requires fewer explicit integration steps.
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Odegard, G. M., T. L. Haut Donahue, D. A. Morrow, and K. R. Kaufman. "Constitutive Modeling of Skeletal Muscle Tissue." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175848.

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The main functions of the human musculoskeletal system are to sustain loads and provide mobility. Bones and joints themselves cannot produce movement; skeletal muscles provide the ability to move. Knowledge of muscle forces during given activities can provide insight into muscle mechanics, muscle physiology, musculoskeletal mechanics, neurophysiology, and motor control. However, clinical examinations or instrumented strength testing only provides information regarding muscle groups. Musculoskeletal models are typically needed to calculate individual muscle forces.
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Chen, Siqing, and He Xu. "Modeling, Analysis, and Function Extension of the McKibben Hydraulic Artificial Muscles." In BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2741.

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Abstract Compared with rigid robots, flexible robots have soft and extensible bodies enforcing their abilities to absorb shock and vibration, hence reducing the impact of probable collisions. Due to their high adaptability and minimally invasive features, soft robots are used in various fields. The McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles are the most popular soft actuator because of the controllability of hydraulic actuator and high force to weight ratio. When its deformation reaches a certain level, the actuators can be stopped automatically without any other braking mechanism. The research of McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is beneficial to the theoretical analysis of soft actuators in the mechanical system. The design of soft actuators with different deformations promotes the development of soft robots. In this paper, a static modeling of the McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles is established, and its correctness is verified by theoretical analysis and experiment. In this model, the deformation mechanism of the artificial muscle and the law of output force is put forward. The relationship between muscle pressure, load, deformation, and muscle design parameters is presented through the mechanical analysis of the braid, elastic tube, and sealed-end. The law of the muscle deformation with high pressure is predicted. The reason for the muscle’s tiny elongation with extremely high pressure is found through the analysis of the relationship between the angle of the braid, the length of single braided thread, and the pressure. With the increase of pressure, the angle of the braid tends to a fixed value. As the stress of braided thread increases, so does its length. The length changes obviously when the stress is extremely enormous. The angle of the braid and the length of the braided thread control the deformation of artificial muscles, resulting in a slight lengthening with extreme high pressure. Under normal pressure, the length of the braided wire is negligible, so that the entire muscle becomes shorter. According to the modeling and theoretical analysis, a new McKibben hydraulic artificial muscle that can elongate under normal rising pressure is designed. This artificial muscle can grow longer with pressure increases, eventually reaching its maximum length. During this time, its diameter barely changes. Its access pressure is higher than that of conventional elongated artificial muscles. Through experiments, the relationship between the muscle deformation, pressure, and load still conform to this theoretical model. This model can be used for the control of soft actuators and the design of new soft robots. This extensional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles and the conventional McKibben hydraulic artificial muscles can be used in the bilateral control of soft robots.
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Qiu, Yingxin, Keerthana Murali, Jun Ueda, Atsushi Okabe, and Dalong Gao. "Variability in Muscle Recruitment Strategy Between Operators During Assisted Assembly Tasks." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9222.

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This paper reports the variability in muscle recruitment strategies among individuals who operate a non-powered lifting device for general assembly (GA) tasks. Support vector machine (SVM) was applied to the classification of motion states of operators using electromyography (EMG) signals collected from a total of 15 upper limb, lower limb, shoulder, and torso muscles. By comparing the classification performance and muscle activity features, variability in muscle recruitment strategy was observed from lower limb and torso muscles, while the recruitment strategies of upper limb and shoulder muscles were relatively consistent across subjects. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify key muscles that are highly correlated with body movements. Selected muscles at the wrist joint, ankle joint and scapula are considered to have greater significance in characterizing the muscle recruitment strategies than other investigated muscles. PCA loading factors also indicate the existence of body motion redundancy during typical pick-and-place tasks.
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Reports on the topic "Muscle"

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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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Jalil, Yorschua, and Ruvistay Gutierrez. Myokines secretion and their role in critically ill patients. A scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0048.

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Review question / Objective: 1-How and by which means stimulated muscle from critically ill patients can liberate myokines?, 2-Which are the main characteristics of the critically ill population studied and if some of these influenced myokine´s secretion?, 5-Can myokines exert local or distant effects in critically ill patients?, 5-Which are the potential effects of myokines in critically ill patients? Eligibility criteria: Participants and context: We will include primary studies (randomized or non-randomized trials, observational studies, case series or case report) that consider hospitalized critically ill adult patients (18 years or older) in risk for developing some degree of neuromuscular disorders such as ICU-AW, diaphragmatic dysfunction, or muscle weakness, therefore the specific setting will be critical care. Concept: This review will be focused on studies regarding the secretion or measure of myokines or similar (exerkines, cytokines or interleukin) by any mean of muscle activation or muscle contraction such as physical activity, exercise or NMES, among others. The latter strategies must be understood as any mean by which muscle, and there for myocytes, are stimulated as result of muscle contraction, regardless of the frequency, intensity, time of application and muscle to be stimulated (upper limb, lower limb, thoracic or abdominal muscles). We also will consider myokine´s effects, local or systemic, over different tissues in terms of their structure or function, such as myocytes function, skeletal muscle mass and strength, degree of muscle wasting or myopathies, among others.
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C. Uy, Genevieve, Raymond L. Rosales, and Satish Khadilkar. Myopathies in Clinical Care: A Focus on Treatable Causes. Progress in Neurobiology, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60124/j.pneuro.2024.10.01.

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Myopathies present a wide range of clinical symptoms that affect the skeletal muscles, including weakness, fatigue, and pain. While acquired myopathies receive significant attention due to the availability of treatment options, it is important to note that some inherited myopathies can also be effectively managed. These myopathies can be classified based on their underlying causes, such as infectious agents, autoimmune disorders leading to muscle inflammation, granulomatous inflammation, metabolic abnormalities within the muscle cells, skeletal muscle channel dysfunctions, prolonged ICU stay, and inherited conditions such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In this review, we initially present a clinical approach to neuromuscular diseases and subsequently place specific emphasis on myopathies, particularly to those that have treatment options available.
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Lilly, John H. Pneumatic Muscle Actuator Control. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420339.

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Hu, Xiaoyan, Jianfei Shen, and Eric Decker. Oxidation of Muscle Foods. AOCS, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lox22.4.

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Wu, Ruiren, Kunpeng Li, Wu Wang, Zengqiao Zhang, and Wei Feng. Effect of resistance training on the elderly with muscle loss and muscle weakness. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0008.

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Westerlind, Kim. Muscle Contraction Arrests Tumor Growth. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada572645.

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Anderson, Mark J., Steven M. Lonergan, and Elisabeth J. Huff-Lonergan. Round Muscle Profiling: Management of Tenderness and Sensory Improvement of Specific Muscles with Aging. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1232.

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Zhao, Qingying, Wenxin Sun, Mingxuan Yu, and Xing Wang. A meta-analysis of the effects of vibration training on muscle strength, muscle mass and physical function in elderly with muscle attenuation syndrome. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0014.

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Davis, Michael S. Muscle Adaptations Permitting Fatigue-Resistant Exercise. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada614692.

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