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Journal articles on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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Lester, Rebecca E., Carmel A. Pollino, and Courtney R. Cummings. "Testing an environmental flow-based decision support tool: Evaluating the fish model in the Murray Flow Assessment Tool." Environmental Modelling & Software 111 (January 2019): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.09.012.
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Davie, Alec W., and Joe B. Pera. "The Fish Health Risk Indicator: linking water quality and river flow data with fish health to improve our predictive capacity around fish death events." Marine and Freshwater Research 73, no. 2 (2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20360.
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Severe drought conditions contributed to three mass fish mortality events in the Darling River near Menindee, part of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, during the summer of 2018–19. An independent assessment recommended the need for improved modelling approaches to identify when sections of rivers may be more susceptible to fish kill events. We present a geographic information system (GIS)-based tool that combines meteorological forecasts with river flow and algal biomass datasets to identify river reaches where additional stresses on fish health may produce an increased risk of mass fish deaths. At present the tool is still in development and will require the addition of extra datasets and testing using historical datasets to further validate its accuracy. Despite the tool being in its development stage, the decision support tool has been widely accepted and provides natural resource managers with a rapid way to understand and communicate risks to fish health, supporting improved water management options across the Murray–Darling Basin that may ultimately help reduce the frequency and severity of large-scale fish mortality events.
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Gilfedder, Mat, Geoff Podger, David W. Rassam, Dan Pagendam, and Catherine J. Robinson. "Trajectory river modelling – a decision-support tool to help manage multiple risks associated with planning around variable water resources." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 12 (2014): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14002.
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The application of river-system models to inform water-resource planning and management is a growing global phenomenon. This requires models to be applied so that they are useful to water decision makers charged with setting targets that provide adequate water flows to sustain landholders and communities. This article examines why and how the innovative application of river-system models can facilitate interactions between water science and water management in Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin (the Basin). A trajectory river-modelling method was applied to run multiple short historical climate sequences through a river-system model to provide historical probabilities. These can allow better assessment of the risks and impacts associated with stream flow and water availability. This method allows known historical variability to be presented, and produces relevant results for a 10–15-year water-sharing plan lifetime. The benefits were demonstrated in the Basin’s Lachlan Catchment where modelled river-flow results demonstrated the increased variability between shorter 15-year sequences than for a single 114-year run. This approach highlighted the benefits of expressing modelling results as historical probabilities to inform short-term and strategic water-planning efforts.
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Gilfedder, Mat, Geoff Podger, David W. Rassam, Dan Pagendam, and Catherine J. Robinson. "Corrigendum to: Trajectory river modelling – a decision-support tool to help manage multiple risks associated with planning around variable water resources." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 8 (2020): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14002_co.
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The application of river-system models to inform water-resource planning and management is a growing global phenomenon. This requires models to be applied so that they are useful to water decision makers charged with setting targets that provide adequate water flows to sustain landholders and communities. This article examines why and how the innovative application of river-system models can facilitate interactions between water science and water management in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (the Basin). A trajectory river-modelling method was applied to run multiple short historical climate sequences through a river-system model to provide historical probabilities. These can allow better assessment of the risks and impacts associated with stream flow and water availability. This method allows known historical variability to be presented, and produces relevant results for a 10–15-year water-sharing plan lifetime. The benefits were demonstrated in the Basin's Lachlan Catchment where modelled river-flow results demonstrated the increased variability between shorter 15-year sequences than for a single 114-year run. This approach highlighted the benefits of expressing modelling results as historical probabilities to inform short-term and strategic water-planning efforts.
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Smith, Helen, and Tom White. "Feasibility of a structured risk assessment tool in general adult psychiatry admissions." Psychiatric Bulletin 31, no. 11 (November 2007): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.106.012518.
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AIMS AND METHODTo assess the feasibility of using a structured risk assessment tool (Historical Clinical Risk 20-Item (HCR–20) Scale) in general adult psychiatry admissions and the characteristics of ‘high-risk’ patients. A notes review and interviews were used to conduct an HCR–20 assessment of 135 patients admitted to Murray Royal Hospital, Scotland.RESULTSPatients scoring higher on the HCR–20 were discharged earlier and more likely to have a diagnosis of personality disorder and a comorbid diagnosis.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSIt was possible to complete an HCR–20 assessment of over 80% of patients within 48 h of admission.
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Forbes, Jamin, Robyn J. Watts, Wayne A. Robinson, Lee J. Baumgartner, Prue McGuffie, Leo M. Cameron, and David A. Crook. "Assessment of stocking effectiveness for Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in rivers and impoundments of south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 10 (2016): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15230.
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Stock enhancement is a management tool used for fishery recovery worldwide, yet the success of many stocking programs remains unquantified. Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) and golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) are important Australian recreational target species that have experienced widespread decline. Stocking of these species has been undertaken for decades, with limited assessment of effectiveness. A batch marking and recapture approach was applied to assess stocked Murray cod and golden perch survival, contributions to wild fisheries, and condition in rivers and impoundments. Stocked fish were marked with calcein. Marked fish were detected during surveys undertaken 3 years and 10 months from initial marking, and it is probable that marks will persist beyond this time. The proportion of calcein marked fish in the population sub-sample whose age was equal to, or less than, the number of years since release, varied by 7–94% for Murray cod, and 9–98% for golden perch. Higher proportions of marked fish were found in impoundments than rivers. Marked Murray cod had significantly steeper length–weight relationships (i.e. higher weight at a given length) to unmarked fish. Our results show that application of methods for discriminating stocked and wild fish provides critical information for the development of adaptive, location-specific stocking strategies.
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Gippel, C., T. Jacobs, and T. McLeod. "Environmental flows and water quality objectives for the River Murray." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0402.
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Over the past decade, there intense consideration of managing flows in the River Murray to provide environmental benefits. In 1990 the Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council adopted a water quality policy: To maintain and, where necessary, improve existing water quality in the rivers of the Murray-Darling Basin for all beneficial uses - agricultural, environmental, urban, industrial and recreational, and in 1994 a flow policy: To maintain and where necessary improve existing flow regimes in the waterways of the Murray-Darling Basin to protect and enhance the riverine environment. The Audit of Water Use followed in 1995, culminating in the decision of the Ministerial Council to implement an interim cap on new diversions for consumptive use (the “Cap”) in a bid to halt declining river health. In March 1999 the Environmental Flows and Water Quality Objectives for the River Murray Project (the Project) was set up, primarily to establish water quality and environmental flow objectives for the River Murray system. A Flow Management Plan will be developed that aims to achieve a sustainable river environment and water quality, in accordance with community needs, and including an adaptive approach to management and operation of the River. It will lead to objectives for water quality and environmental flows that are feasible, appropriate, have the support of the scientific, management and stakeholder communities, and carry acceptable levels of risk. This paper describes four key aspects of the process being undertaken to determine the objectives, and design the flow options that will meet those objectives: establishment of an appropriate technical, advisory and administrative framework; establishing clear evidence for regulation impacts; undergoing assessment of environmental flow needs; and filling knowledge gaps. A review of the impacts of flow regulation on the health of the River Murray revealed evidence for decline, but the case for flow regulation as the main cause is circumstantial or uncertain. This is to be expected, because the decline of the River Murray results from many factors acting over a long period. Also, the health of the river varies along its length, from highly degraded to reasonably healthy, so it is clear that different approaches will be needed in the various river zones, with some problems requiring reach or even point scale solutions. Environmental flow needs have been determined through two major Expert Panel reports that identified the ecological priorities for the river. The next step is to translate these needs into feasible flow management actions that will provide the necessary hydrological conditions. Several investigations are underway to recommend options for flow management. Two important investigations are described in this paper: how to enhance flows to wetlands of national and international significance, and how to physically alter or change the operation of structures (including a dam, weir, lock, regulator, barrage or causeway), to provide significant environmental benefits. Early modelling suggests that the only option which has a positive environmental effect in all zones of the River is a reduction in overall water consumption.
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Sanderson, J. S., N. Rowan, T. Wilding, B. P. Bledsoe, W. J. Miller, and N. L. Poff. "GETTING TO SCALE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT: THE WATERSHED FLOW EVALUATION TOOL." River Research and Applications 28, no. 9 (June 27, 2011): 1369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.1542.
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Schuck, Christine. "Sedation: a sedation assessment and flow sheet documentation tool." Journal of Radiology Nursing 23, no. 2 (June 2004): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jradnu.2004.04.020.
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Byrne, Charles, Raymond MacDonald, and Lana Carlton. "Assessing creativity in musical compositions: flow as an assessment tool." British Journal of Music Education 20, no. 3 (October 29, 2003): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051703005448.
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This study was designed to examine any links between the concept of flow or optimal experience and the creative output of student compositions. The creative products of group compositions by university students (n=45) were rated for creativity and on a number of standard criteria and compared with scores obtained from Experience Sampling Forms (Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988) completed by each participant. A significant correlation was found between optimal experience or flow levels of students and the quality of their group compositions as measured by creativity ratings. Some implications for educators and learners in the music classroom are explored and a proposed self-directed learning tool is discussed. Some of the issues on the assessment of creativity in music raised by Sheridan & Byrne (2002) are also discussed. This paper highlights the subjective nature of existing assessment procedures, considering whether examiners need extended criteria as opposed to a single dimension of creativity. The formative assessment nature of the flow paradigm is also explored.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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Poon, David. "Re-conceptualizing the soil and water assessment tool to better predict subsurface water flow through macroporous soils." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119707.
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Efforts to manage eutrophication of surface waters should recognize that macropore flow transports significantly more phosphorus (P) to surface waters via tile drains than water that percolates through the soil matrix. For the watershed-scale SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to describe phosphorus transport through tile drains, SWAT needs to partition percolation into macropore flow and matrix flow. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new macropore flow algorithm on the partitioning of hydrological flows, using input data that are readily available, consistent with the current approach to SWAT modeling. The algorithm was evaluated in a proof of concept outside of SWAT and within a re-conceptualized version, SWAT-QC2. The proof of concept reproduced episodic macropore flows, which increased with greater daily rainfall if infiltration exceeded a threshold that was lower for finer-textured soils. Although the algorithm did not improve predictions of streamflow of an agricultural subwatershed in southern Quebec (30 km2), the algorithm improved SWAT's partitioning between surface runoff and subsurface flow. SWAT-QC2 also predicted reasonably the separation between macropore and matrix components of subsurface flow, upon comparison with results from a chemical-based hydrograph separation of the subwatershed's streamflow. As in the proof of concept, the predicted amount of macropore flow into tile drains was greater under finer-textured soils than coarser-textured soils. By describing the portion of percolation that flows through macropores and potentially controls subsurface P transport, the macropore flow algorithm provides a framework for future developments of SWAT that describe macropore transport of P to tile drains. To improve the partitioning between macropore and matrix flows, future developments of SWAT-QC2 should account for dynamic macropore connectivity and the effects of soil moisture on macropore flow, but more research is needed to determine experimentally the spatiotemporal variation of macropore flow in agricultural soils.Les stratégies d'intervention ciblées sur la prévention de l'eutrophisation des eaux de surface en milieu agricole devraient prendre en compte que relativement plus de phosphore chemine vers les drains souterrains par les macropores du sol qu'en cheminement matriciel. Afin de décrire les phénomènes de transport de phosphore aux drains, le modèle hydrologique SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) doit être en mesure de distinguer ces processus de transfert. La présente étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer la performance d'un nouvel algorithme séparant les écoulements matriciels et préférentiels, en mettant à profit des jeux de données existantes et suivant une démarche compatible avec l'approche de modélisation inhérente à SWAT. L'algorithme a d'abord profité d'une validation conceptuelle, hors du modèle SWAT, puis d'une évaluation suivant son intégration à une nouvelle version du modèle hydrologique, SWAT-QC2. La validation conceptuelle de l'algorithme a démontré que les flux matriciels épisodiques prédits augmentent avec les précipitations journalières, à la condition que le taux d'infiltration ait atteint un seuil limite, relativement moins élevé en sol argileux. Bien que l'algorithme n'ait pas amélioré la prédiction du débit total d'un petit bassin versant du Sud du Québec (30 km2), il a néanmoins amélioré la performance du modèle SWAT à répartir les écoulements de surface et souterrains. La comparaison des prédictions du modèle hydrologique avec les résultats de séparation des hydrogrammes à l'exutoire du même bassin versant suivant une méthode chimique témoigne d'une performance réaliste de SWAT-QC2 à prédire la répartition des flux souterrains préférentiels et matriciels. A l'instar de la validation conceptuelle de l'algorithme, les flux préférentiels prédits sont relativement plus importants en sol argileux qu'en texture plus grossière. En décrivant la proportion des écoulements souterrains qui emprunte la voie préférentielle, et qui contrôle potentiellement les transferts souterrains de P, l'algorithme d'écoulement en macropores constitue une assise pour le développement ultérieur de SWAT intégrant une description des transferts souterrains de phosphore vers les drains souterrains. Afin d'améliorer la performance de SWAT-QC2 à séparer les flux préférentiels et matriciels, les développements futurs du modèle hydrologique devraient prendre en compte la nature dynamique de la connectivité des macropores, de même que les effets de l'humidité du sol sur l'écoulement préférentiel. Cette démarche appelle cependant à une meilleure caractérisation expérimentale de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des flux préférentiels en sols agricoles.
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Lindqvist, Karl, and Karl Gladh. "Risk and cost assessment in supply chain decision making : Developing a tool with analytical hierarchy methodology." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74516.
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This study aims to describe how a tool can be developed by assessing risk and cost within the supply chain of a company. By interviewing stakeholders of the chosen case company, and later analysing their answers with the help of a thematic analysis, we were able to isolate the risk criteria seen as significant. Quality, people, delivery, cost-variation, flexibility and information risk were then used in an AHP model, together with the addition of a cost criterion. By using the AHP methodology, we were able to establish the relation between risk and cost, the different risk criteria and the different product flows considered. The AHP resulted in a matrix which presents the internal relations which can be used as a tool when choosing between different product flows. The purpose of this tool is to help mitigate some of the uncertainties that can emerge when making decisions within the supply chain. The data used in this study is based on the input of the case company, the general application of the matrix have therefore not been tested.Studien syftar till att beskriva hur ett verktyg kan utvecklas genom att risk och kostnad i ett företags logistikkedja tas i beaktning. Riskerna som behandlas i rapporten identifierades genom att intervjua nyckelpersoner inom det fallföretag som studien utgick ifrån. För att identifiera de risker som ansågs påverka valet av produktflöde, genomfördes en tematisk analys av intervjumaterialet där riskkriteriernas relativa frekvens uppmättes. Den tematiska analysen resulterade i en enkät där parvisa jämförelser mellan riskelement och produktflöden utfördes utefter en beslutshierarki som utarbetats. Resultatet från den tematiska analysen och enkäten visade att risker kopplade till, kvalité, kompetens, leverans, kostnadsvariationer, flexibilitet samt information skall ges en större vikt när produktflöden utvärderas relativt den kostnad som flödena ger upphov till. Resultatet har sammanställts i en matris, där förhoppningen är att matrisen skall hjälpa motverka en del av den osäkerhet som kan uppstå när produktflöden utvärderas. Matrisen i sig är framtagen med hjälp av fallföretaget och dess generella applicering har därför inte testats.
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Santos, Martha Raquel Pereira. "Bacterial community as a complementary tool to the water directive framework in ecological quality assessment of Caima river." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21461.
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Mestrado em MicrobiologiaFreshwater ecosystems have been suffering severe degradation and loss of biodiversity, caused by human disturbances such as agriculture, industry, mining, urban development and climate changes. Therefore, the European Union reached an agreement and implemented the Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the main goal of reach a good ecological status in all water bodies. However, WFD is very complex, methodologies are time-consuming and costly. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach, by studying the bacterial community composition by flow cytometry, as a complementary methodology to WFD. To achieve this, we study 3 sampling sites at Caima River along the seasons (winter, spring and summer), with different levels of environmental impacts (Nascente- river source- with little impact, Bustelo- downstream WWTP and Palhal- exposed to mine drainage), applying first the WFD criteria and then multivariate analysis for macroinvertebrate, periphyton and bacteria communities. Physico-chemical, metals and bacteria samples were collected from the water column and sediment river bottom, showing that in all the parameters (with some exceptions) and metals the concentrations were higher in sediments. Results showed that not always the macroinvertebrate and periphyton communities were sensitive to an increased nutrient input, resulting in an ecological status higher than expected. On the other hand, community structure analysis for macroinvertebrates and periphyton was very discriminatory, associating high levels of nutrients and metals with more tolerant organisms in impacted sites, and sensitive organisms with high levels of dissolved oxygen corresponding to pristine environments. Bacteria community analysis revealed a clear separation of LNA and HNA bacteria in sediment according to the different environmental stress, being possible to dissociate the majority of the impacted sites from the clean sites, being HNA a good indicator of contamination. These results revealed that bacteria community in sediments has more reliable data about the impacts that a freshwater ecosystem can suffer. The discriminating power of bacteria community analyzed by FCM provided good responses, although, further investigations are needed to confirm the feasibility of this new method, as a complementary tool in the water quality assessment.
Os sistemas aquáticos de água doce têm vindo a sofrer uma severa degradação e perda de biodiversidade, derivado de atividades humanas como a agricultura, indústria, atividades mineiras desenvolvimento urbano e alterações climáticas. Assim, a União Europeia implementou a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA), com o principal objetivo de atingir o bom estado ecológico em todas as massas de água. No entanto, a DQA revelou ser bastante complexa, com metodologias muito morosas e dispendiosas. Com este estudo, pretende-se desenvolver uma metodologia rápida e económica, estudando a composição da comunidade bacteriana por citometria de fluxo, como ferramenta complementar à DQA. Para a concretização deste trabalho, foram estudados 3 locais do rio Caima com diferentes tipos de impactos: a nascente – local de referência; Bustelo - a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais e o Palhal - com escorrências provenientes de uma mina desativada, no inverno, primavera e verão aplicando a metodologia estabelecidas pela DQA usando os macroinvertebrados e perifiton como comunidades biológicas estudadas. Adicionalmente foi aplicada a análise multivariada aos dados recolhidos por citometria de fluxo à comunidade de bactérias da coluna de água e dos elutriados dos sedimentos e aos resultados das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton obtidos da DQA. No geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos, e as quantificações de metais mostraram valores mais elevados nos elutriados dos sedimentos do rio, do que na coluna de água mostrando a importância da análise desta matriz que não está contemplada na DQA. Resultados sensu DQA mostraram que nem sempre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foram concordantes na resposta aos diferentes tipos de impactos e que a qualidade ecológica dos locais avaliados foi melhor do que era expectável. Por outro lado, a análise multivariada das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foi bastante discriminatória, associando elevados níveis de nutrientes e metais com organismos mais tolerantes, que se encontram em locais mais impactados, e organismos sensíveis com altos níveis de oxigénio dissolvido em locais mais pristinos. A análise da comunidade bacteriana revelou uma distinta separação entre bactérias LNA e HNA nos sedimentos, de acordo com os diferentes stresses ambientais, sendo HNA, nos sedimentos, um ótimo indicador de contaminação. Estes resultados revelam que a comunidade bacteriana oferece uma boa resolução de locais contaminados usando a citometria de fluxo como metodologia rápida de avaliação complementar à avaliação do estado ecológico sensu DQA sendo, no entanto, necessárias mais estudos aplicados a outras tipologias de rios e outros tipos de impactos para confirmar a validade desta nova metodologia.
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Mollenkamp, Lorinda Larae. "Demonstrating an approach for modeling crop growth and hydrology using SWAT 2009 in Kanopolis Lake Watershed, Kansas." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16307.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Kyle R. Douglas-Mankin
Aleksey Y. Sheshukov
According the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) website, our planet is at risk of global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. The earth’s average temperature has been reported to have risen by 1.4°F over the last century. This seemingly small increase in average planetary temperature has been linked to devastating floods, severe heat waves, and dangerous and unpredictable shifts in our climate (US EPA, 2013a). In the 2012 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that bioenergy has the potential to significantly mitigate greenhouse gases as long as this is produced in a sustainable manner (Chum, et al., 2011). In light of these facts, research into the sustainable production of bioenergy sources in the United States is currently underway. To ensure that the correct biofuel crop is selected for a given region and to investigate any secondary effects of changing our nation’s agricultural practices to include biofuels, computer models can be very useful. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a robust, continuous time step model that was developed by the USDA Agricultural Resource Service that can simulate changes in land use and land management and the effect this has on erosion, water quality, and other important factors. This paper describes the preliminary work to create a model of the Kanopolis Lake Watershed that is part of the Kansas River Basin using SWAT 2009. Data pertaining to weather, topography, land use, management, stream flow, and reservoirs was gathered and incorporated into the SWAT model. This was then simulated to obtain the uncalibrated data. SWAT produced unacceptable statistics for both crop yields and for stream flow using the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency equation and using percent bias. This suggests that the model must be calibrated to be of use in understanding both the current and future land use scenarios. Once the model is calibrated and validated, it can be used to simulate different biofuel cropping scenarios.
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Szemis, Joanna Margaret. "An adaptive multi-objective framework for the scheduling of environmental flow management alternatives using ant colony optimization." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/99032.
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Rivers and their adjacent wetlands and floodplains worldwide have been altered or have vanished as a result of river regulation and development (such as dams, locks and weirs), as well as water over-allocation. In recent years, environmental flow management has been suggested as a means to mitigate these negative impacts. One approach in order to do this is through the scheduling of environmental flow management alternatives (EFMAs), such as reservoir releases and the operation of wetland regulators. However, this is not an easy task for the following reasons: (i) there are generally many wetlands and floodplains in any particular river system, all containing a wide range of biota that have different flow requirements; (ii) there is generally limited water allocated for environmental purposes, since there are multiple users (e.g. irrigation, domestic), all competing for the same water source; (iii) the schedules are generally developed over multiple years; and (iv) there are multiple competing objectives and constraints that need to be considered. This problem therefore lends itself to be formulated as an optimization problem, where the aim is to maximise the ecological integrity of the system, while also considering humans needs and the constraints of the system. In this thesis, a generic adaptive multi-objective optimization framework for determining the optimal schedule of EFMAs for rivers and their associated wetlands and floodplains is developed and tested. In order to achieve this, ant colony optimization algorithms are selected, since they can take into account the conditional dependencies and sequential nature of the scheduling problem explicitly. This is possible, as the solution space can be represented by a graph structure that can be adjusted dynamically based on the choices made at previous points in the decision graph, thereby reducing the size of the decision space and increasing the proportion of feasible solutions. This is not possible when most other metaheuristics are used. In addition to this, the framework is adaptive and able to incorporate forecasts of environmental water allocation, such that the environmental water can be used most efficiently in order to maximize ecological response. The major research contributions are presented in three journal publications. Firstly, the initial single-objective formulation of the optimisation framework, which incorporates the temporal dependencies associated with the scheduling of EFMAs is presented and validated using a hypothetical case study. The framework is then extended to incorporate multiple objectives and applied to a river section in the South Australian River Murray, so that the trade-off between the ecological response and environmental water allocation can be examined. Finally the framework is further extended to incorporate adaptive features by using forecasts of environmental water allocation in the development of EFMA schedules, as well as an additional objective which aims to minimise the number of differences of EFMA schedules developed at subsequent time steps. Thus the framework provides valuable insight to managers into the EFMA scheduling problem, as it can be applied to investigate a wide variety of problems, such as investigating the likely ecological benefit gained from an increase in environmental allocation, the impact of system constraints on ecological response and the potential advantages of investment in additional infrastructure.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2014
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Geremew, Asmamaw Adamu. "Assessing the impacts of land use and land cover change on hydrology of watershed: a case study on Gigel-Abbay Watershed, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9208.
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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.The population growth for the last 16 years caused changes in land cover of the Gilgel Abbay watershed, Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia. The effects of the land cover changes have impacted on the stream flow of the watershed by changing the magnitude of surface runoff and ground water flow. This study is mainly focusing on the assessment of the impacts of the land cover changes on the stream flow by changing SURQ and GWQ for the wet months (June, July, August) and dry months (January, February, March) through satellite Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with the SWAT model. ArcGIS used to generate land use and cover maps from Landsat TM and ETM+ acquired, respectively, in 1986 and 2001. The land cover maps were generated using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification. The accuracy of the classified maps was assessed using Confusion Metrics. The result of this analysis showed that the cultivated land has expanded during the study period of 1986-2001. Using the two generated land cover maps, two SWAT models set up were run to evaluate the impacts the land use and cover changes on the stream flow of the study watershed. The performance of the SWAT model was evaluated through sensitivity analysis, calibration, and validation. Ten flow parameters were identified to be sensitive for the stream flow of the study area and used for model calibration. The model calibration was carried out using observed stream flow data from 01 January 1987 to 31 December 1994 and a validation period from 01 January 1995 to 31 December 2001. Both the calibration and validation results showed good match between measured and simulated stream flow data with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.93 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) of 0.95 for the calibration, and R2 of 0.91 and ENS of 0.90 of the validation period. The result of this analysis indicated that the mean monthly stream flow increased by 16.26m3/s for the wet months while for the dry months decreased by 5.41 m3/s. Generally, the analysis indicated that flow during the wet months has increased, while the flow during the dry months decreased. The SURQ increased, while GWQ decreased from 1986 to 2001 due to the increment of cultivated lands. The model results showed that the stream flow characteristics changed due to the land cover changes during the study period.
Books on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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Tran, Trung, Katharina Ley Best, Michael Johnson, Igor Mikolic-Torreira, and Rebecca Balebako. Assessing Force Sufficiency and Risk Using RAND's Multi-Period Assessment of Force Flow (MPAFF) Tool. RAND Corporation, The, 2019.
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Best, Katharina, Igor Mikolic-Torreira, Rebecca Balebako, Michael Johnson, Trung Tran, and Krista Romita Grocholski. Assessing Force Sufficiency and Risk Using RAND's Multi-Period Assessment of Force Flow (MPAFF) Tool. RAND Corporation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/rr1954.
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Pedro, Mónica M., and N. Cardim. Vascular imaging. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0027.
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The use of vascular ultrasonography (alone or combined with newer techniques like angio-magnetic resonance or angio-computed tomography) is an essential tool for the diagnosis and the assessment of vascular diseases. It is also useful for the follow-up after surgical or endovascular interventions (avoiding the need to use angiography in any therapeutic decision in most cases). The integration of two-dimensional echocardiography, colour flow imaging and spectral Doppler makes the morphological and functional assessment of vascular disease possible in almost every territory.For a long time, vascular ultrasonography was exclusively performed by non-cardiologists. Nowadays, in modern echo laboratories, vascular echography is frequently performed by cardiologists, often in cooperation with vascular surgeons and radiologists.In this chapter, we review the essential concepts of the use of vascular ultrasound imaging in the study of the territories that are most commonly evaluated: ◆ Cerebrovascular circulation. ◆ Abdominal circulation. ◆ Lower limb circulation (arterial and venous disease).In each of these sections, we describe the technical details of the ultrasonic examination, the normal recordings, the abnormal findings of specific diseases/syndromes affecting each territory, and the postoperative/post-interventional evaluation and follow-up.
Book chapters on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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Bodini, Ileana, Mariasole Bannò, Diego Paderno, Gabriele Baronio, Stefano Uberti, and Valerio Villa. "Students Creativity Assessment Through Gray’s “Forward Flow” Tool: A Preliminary Study." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 879–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91234-5_89.
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Bregoli, Francesco, Vicente Medina, and Allen Bateman. "TXT-tool 3.034-2.1: A Debris Flow Regional Fast Hazard Assessment Toolbox." In Landslide Dynamics: ISDR-ICL Landslide Interactive Teaching Tools, 225–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57777-7_10.
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Jaspers, M. E. H., and P. Moortgat. "Objective Assessment Tools: Physical Parameters in Scar Assessment." In Textbook on Scar Management, 149–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_17.
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AbstractObjective assessment tools can be used to evaluate whether (new) scar treatment is effective and to monitor the scar’s response to interventions in clinical practice. It is important to take the clinimetric properties of each tool into account, especially when used for the follow-up of an individual patient. An overview is provided for three important physical scar parameters that can be assessed by noninvasive objective tools: color, elasticity, and perfusion. To assess the color of a scar, an array of tools is available, all using reflectance spectroscopy and determining color by measuring the intensity of reflected light of specific wavelengths. The handheld DSM III ColorMeter offers read-out of erythema and melanin index values as well as CIEL∗a∗b values. The interrater reliability is best for the parameter a∗ of the DSM III ColorMeter. To assess scar elasticity, the Cutometer is the most widely used tool. Scar deformation is measured using negative pressure and reflected in relative and absolute elasticity parameters. On the contrary, firmness or hardness of scar tissue can be quantified by tonometry, a technique that works by exerting pressure on the skin. Lastly, it is of interest to measure scar blood flow (i.e., perfusion) as several treatment regimens work by destructing the microvasculature and/or reducing the blood flow to enhance shrinkage of hypertrophic scar tissue. Laser Doppler imaging and laser speckle imaging can be used to quantify and visualize scar blood flow, but a thorough clinimetric evaluation of these tools in scars is not performed yet.
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Delcker, Jan, and Dirk Ifenthaler. "Distance Learning and the Influence of Schools’ Organizational Characteristics on the Students Perceived Learning Success." In Global Perspectives on Educational Innovations for Emergency Situations, 241–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99634-5_24.
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AbstractThe project Check-up Distance Learning pursues the goal of developing a tool for school leaders to help them identify strengths and challenges of distance learning processes at their schools. The fast provision of an evaluation tool was imminent when school leaders were forced to make ad-hoc decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the relationship between the organizational structure (flow and accessibility of information, rules for digital tools, regulations for assessment) and students’ learner success (perceived motivation, perceived ease of learning, task achievement) is analyzed based on data collected from N = 3872 stakeholders at German vocational schools. Hierarchical linear modelling shows small effects for eight items characterizing a school’s organizational structure, underlining the importance of school leaders’ managerial decisions during times of crisis.
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Panta, Vanesa A. Alcantara, Sandra E. Zambrano Hinojoza, Amelia A. Flores Dextre, Andrea Guillen Reina, and Brenda Pedreschi Garcia. "SMS as a Tool to Improve Information Flow on Humanitarian Logistics." In Advances in Logistics, Operations, and Management Science, 408–22. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8160-4.ch022.
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This chapter assesses the suitability of mobile phone technology, an established technology (humanitarian), to support humanitarian operations, create an inventory of support donations, and track the needs of people throughout humanitarian logistics after the disaster. The main objective is to reduce the exposure to the consequences of disasters by reducing the time of information flow through SMS interaction technology. Quebrada Quirio was used as a prototype. The process consists of using the INDECI rapid assessment visit to collect basic data, including a telephone number, of the people affected by the disaster, and based on this information, multiple initiatives aligned with the optimization of the flow of information were created.
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McKnight, Duncan, Alan L. Smalley, Steven A. Banwart, Neil R. Thomson, Steven F. Thornton, Ryan D. Wilson, David N. Lemer, Paul Nathanail, and Trevor Elliot. "Development of a novel in situ aquifer assessment tool: The dipole flow and reactive tracer test." In GEOENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, 523–27. Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geimogacl.32774.0062.
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Davies, Justin. "Functional coronary assessment: instantaneous wave-free ratio and other indices." In ESC CardioMed, 643–44. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0136.
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The instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) is a hyperaemia-independent coronary pressure index for the physiological assessment of coronary stenoses. The underlying concept of iFR is that it quantifies the trans-stenotic pressure ratio during the wave-free period of diastole, where myocardial resistance is naturally most stable. The unique properties of the wave-free period eliminate the requirement for pharmacological hyperaemia, making iFR quick and easy to measure and independent of the side effects associated with adenosine administration. Since its introduction in 2012, iFR has developed rapidly as a clinical tool and it is now in use in over 8000 coronary catheter laboratories worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated equivalent diagnostic accuracy for ischaemia detection between iFR and fractional flow reserve (FFR) methods. Novel applications of iFR include co-registration of continuous iFR pullback recordings with angiographic or intravascular imaging to map physiological lesion length and intensity along the length of a coronary vessel and virtual PCI to assess the potential haemodynamic improvement in iFR before actual stent implantation. In 2017, the results of two large, randomized, multinational clinical trials comparing clinical outcomes from over 4500 patients randomized to either an iFR-guided approach or an FFR-guided approach concordantly reported iFR to be non-inferior to FFR for major adverse cardiac events at 1 year. Furthermore, a significant saving in per-patient procedural time and a ten-fold reduction in patient-reported symptoms were reported with iFR.
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Reese, Debbie Denise. "Introducing Flowometer." In Gaming and Cognition, 227–54. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-717-6.ch011.
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A CyGaME is an online instructional game designed to make concept learning more intuitive while assessing changes in players’ targeted knowledge and self-perceptions of flow. CyGaMEs stands for Cyberlearning through Game-based, Metaphor Enhanced Learning Objects, a research program supporting federal education road maps targeting cyberlearning and assessment as key to 21st-century learner-centered education. The author situates the CyGaMEs approach to instructional game design and assessment within structure mapping, flow, and game design theories. She introduces the CyGaMEs toolset for assessing game-based learning as realized in Selene: A Lunar Construction GaME. Identifying similarities between CyGaMEs and production-oriented approaches, she suggests CyGaMEs’ design and assessment generalize across both methods. She presents the CyGaMEs adaptation of the double transfer paradigm as a research design for studying game-based learning. Then she derives the flowometer tool, illustrates a flowometer research implementation, and suggests scholars use the CyGaMEs Selene environment to investigate the relationship between game-based learning and flow.
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Triberti, Stefano, and Alice Chirico. "Healthy Avatars, Healthy People." In Transformative Healthcare Practice through Patient Engagement, 247–75. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0663-8.ch010.
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Recent literature shows that new technologies can be used to promote patient engagement. The present contribution focuses on Virtual Worlds (VWs), namely virtual environments that multiple users can experience together thanks to the use of avatars. Indeed, VWs offer interesting opportunities for patient engagement interventions on two levels. On the individual level, customized avatars are known to have relationships with users' inner experience and Self-conception, so that they may constitute a peculiar additional tool for psychological assessment. Moreover, they are able to promote healthy behaviors thanks to a strong vicarious reinforcement (Proteus effect). On the collective level, VWs constitute an ideal platform to support the emergence of collective flow states (Networked Flow) which are related to the patients' creative activity and well-being. The present contribution deepens these phenomena, presenting VWs as an innovative and interesting tool for the patient engagement interventions of the future.
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Evangelista, Arturo, and Jérôme Garot. "Role of magnetic resonance imaging in aortic disease." In The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging, 611–24. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.003.0044.
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MRI is a non-invasive imaging technique that permits the most comprehensive study of aortic diseases. It offers morphological, functional and biochemical information. Conventional ECG-gated spin-echo imaging, cine gradient-echo and contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography have earned MRI the reputation of being the ideal tool for evaluating the aorta. The phase-contrast imaging technique enables the assessment of flow in the great vessels. MRI can be used to define the location and extent of aneurysms, dissections and aortic wall ulceration. This is the best technique to demonstrate areas of wall thickening related to aortitis or intramural haematoma. MRI may also be used as a tool to study aortic physiology by assessment of elastic aortic properties, stiffness and aortic wall shear stress. MRI is particularly useful in patients with either contraindications to iodinated contrast material or in those with known aneurysms who require sequential follow-up.
Conference papers on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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"Improving ecological outcomes by refining decision support tools: A case study using the Murray Flow Assessment Tool and the Sustainable Rivers Audit." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.e15.lester.
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Harezlak, Valesca, and Mijke Van Oorschot. "A GLOBAL E-FLOW ASSESSMENT TOOL." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc252171192022859.
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Mazzucco, Adriano, Darian Brandolino, Jonathan Psaila, Amr A. Mohamed, and Bala Venkatesh. "A Cloud-Based Power Flow Assessment Tool." In 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repe48501.2019.9025140.
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Jung, Ok-chul, Jaedong Seong, and Sangil Ahn. "Conjunction Assessment - Flow Automation Support Tool in KARI : From Design to Operations." In 15th International Conference on Space Operations. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-2373.
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Sujatha, N., B. S. Suresh Anand, A. K. Jayanthy, V. B. Narayana Murthy, Richa Poddar, P. Predeep, Mrinal Thakur, and M. K. Ravi Varma. "Non Invasive Assessment of Tissue Oxygenation and Blood Flow as a Tool for Staging Diabetes." In OPTICS: PHENOMENA, MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND CHARACTERIZATION: OPTICS 2011: International Conference on Light. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3643662.
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Zakaria, Muzdalifah, and Shalabi A. M Sauri. "Assessment of Internal Tubular Coating Using Flow Loop." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31134-ms.
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Abstract Assessment of coating performance under flowing condition by using a proprietary flow loop system has been established. The 2 3/8" flow loop was designed to maintain a flow rate of 0.03-0.04 m3/sec, pressure of 3300kPa and temperature of 150°C to simulate actual field condition. Test section consisting of two 35" straight tubes with 45° elbow was internally coated and connected to the flow loop which was run continuously for 14 days with deionized water under the specified test condition. Upon completion, visual inspection, EIS and linear abrasion test were done on the test section to evaluate the coating integrity post exposure. Small blisters were noted at the elbow section potentially due to the improper surface preparation and/or higher fluid velocity at the bend section. Impedance value of 107 Ω/cm2 is a magnitude higher than the acceptance limit of 106 Ω/cm2 while abrasion resistance was found less than the set limit of <100mg/1000 cycles. The flow loop test has been shown to be a reliable tool to evaluate the effect of wall shear stress and fluid erosion on internal tubular coating.
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Miriam, Wagner, Flaviana Rigoni, Tamam Bakchoul, and Karina Althaus. "Flow Cytometric Assessment of AKT Signaling in Platelet Activation: An Alternative Diagnostic Tool for Small Volumes of Blood." In Hamburger Hämophilie Symposion Hamburg, Germany. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1721617.
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Templalexis, Ioannis, Vasilios Pachidis, and Azamar Hasani. "Comparative Assessment of Fouling Scenarios in an Axial Flow Compressor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14393.
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Abstract It is commonly accepted that fouling degrades severely axial compressor performance. Deposits build up throughout the compressor’s operating life, causing a decrease in its delivery pressure, efficiency and flow capacity. Researchers have also concluded that the presence of wet contaminants and/or high air humidity, plus the quality of air filtration systems, have a far greater impact on fouling rates, than engine specific fouling susceptibility factors [1]. The size of airborne particles ingested into the engine is primarily controlled by the presence of a filtration system. On the other hand, the particle deposition rate and the fouling patterns formed on the blade surfaces are greatly affected by the “stickiness” of the blade surfaces which in turn is affected by the moisture level of the incoming air. Compressor geometry, size and operating point would affect far less the rate of contaminants built up on the wetted surfaces and they would affect even less the exact location on compressor walls and blade surfaces. The current study identifies four basic operating scenarios which refer to the same compressor, in order to put forward a comparative assessment as to how the factors mentioned above, affect the compressor performance through the fouling mechanism. Scenarios were formed out of the possible combinations regarding the presence of a filtration system and the level of humidity. These were: i) Filtered - dry air, ii) Filtered - humid air, iii) Unfiltered - dry air, and iv) Unfiltered - humid air. These scenarios will eventually reproduce four completely different situations regarding the quality of the incoming air and subsequently, four different fouling regimes for the compressor operating downstream. Data to support the impact of each reported incoming air condition on compressor wetted surfaces, are based on experimental findings collected from a thorough literature review. A fixed operating period was set for all cases. Prescribed requirements of the computational tool selected to build the compressor model were; i) low computational power since several runs had to be performed in order to cover the assumed time period, and ii) ability to introduce the imprint of various fouling patterns on compressor blades, into the performance of the compressor. SOCRATES, an in-house two-dimensional, streamline curvature-based, through-flow computational tool, meets these requirements and it was used for this study. A fully customizable empirical model, recently introduced in the code, takes into account various aspects of fouling such as the surface roughness level, the flow blockage and the altered deviation angle at the exit of the blade row. A coverage factor was introduced which takes into account the location and the extent of fouling onto the blade surfaces.
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Kinaci, Omer Kemal, Sami Lakka, Hai Sun, and Michael M. Bernitsas. "Computational and Experimental Assessment of Turbulence Stimulation on Flow Induced Motion of Circular Cylinder." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42357.
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In the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory (MRELab) of the University of Michigan, Flow Induced Motion (FIM) is studied as a means to convert marine hydrokinetic energy to electricity using the VIVACE energy harvester [1–4]. Turbulence stimulation in the form of sand-strips, referred to as Passive Turbulence Control (PTC), were added to oscillating cylinders in 2008 [5]. PTC enabled VIVACE to harness hydrokinetic energy from currents/tides over the entire range of FIM including VIV and galloping. In 2011, the MRELab produced experimentally the PTC-to-FIM Map defining the induced cylinder motion based on the location of PTC [6]. In 2013, the robustness of the map was tested and dominant zones were identified [7]. Even though the PTC-to-FIM Map has become a powerful tool in inducing specific motions of circular cylinders, several parameters remain unexplored. Experiments, though the ultimate verification tool, are time consuming and hard to provide all needed information. A computational tool that could predict the FIM of a cylinder correctly would be invaluable to study the full parametric design space. A major side-benefit of PTC was the fact that PTC enabled computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to generate results in good agreement with experiments by forcing the location of the separation point [8]. This valuable tool, along with experiments, is used in this paper to investigate PTC design parameters such as width and thickness and their impact on flow features with the intent of maximizing FIM and, thus, hydrokinetic energy conversion.
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Merchant, Reem, and Sunil S. Mehendale. "Application-Based Methodology for Assessment of Flow Boiling Correlations in Microfin Tubes." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52105.
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The high flow boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and comparatively low pressure drop of microfin tubes make them suited to meet the ever-increasing energy efficiencies and burgeoning raw material costs of HVAC & R systems. Since the late 1980s, many empirical or semi-empirical correlations have been proposed to predict the in-tube boiling HTC for microfin tubes. A vast number of experimental studies have also been published for microfin tubes under different operating conditions with different refrigerants. However, due to the complex behavior of two-phase flows, it has been observed that no single correlation can predict the flow boiling HTC reasonably for the entire spectrum of geometric and operating parameters. The objective of the current study is to develop and provide researchers and practicing engineers with a predictive tool that will help them select the most accurate flow boiling HTC correlation for any practical HVAC & R application. Six popular and widely used correlations have been selected for investigation, which include Yu et al. [1], Thome et al. (as cited in [2]), Cavallini et al. [3], Yun et al. [4], and Chamra and Mago [5] and Wu et al. [6]. Each correlation has been carefully and critically assessed to discover its strengths, weaknesses and applicability to practical situations. In general, for tubes with root diameters greater than 5 mm, Thome et al. [2] and Cavallini et al. [3] predict the flow boiling HTC very well for CO2 and halogenated refrigerants respectively. For tubes with root diameters less than 5 mm, Wu et al. [6] is recommended. However, these recommendations can and do change with an alteration in flow or geometric parameters. Hence a tool is needed to measure the applicability of these correlations. The extensive experimental database collected for this research includes 1636 data points taken from 22 published articles. This wide-ranging database contains experimental points that incorporate all of the geometric and operating conditions that are used in the air-conditioning industry today. Traditionally, experimentation has been the principal means of ascertaining the HTC of microfin tubes. However, such testing is very costly and time consuming. The innovative numerical methodology developed in this work provides the practitioner with a tool to quantify the performance of a correlation for a specific application. This approach has been tested by the authors for several experimental points that span the entire range of real-world geometric and operating parameters. The use of this novel numerical procedure will save the HVAC & R industry significant experimental time and cost.
Reports on the topic "Murray Flow Assessment Tool"
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/022-01-0589.
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High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst-case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore, a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS. Therefore, a new measurement and analysis approach has been developed, where the exhaust gas is guided to a metal foam collector, in which HC`s are deposited. The probe is then analyzed in a suited thermogravimetrical system (TGA) in nitrogen atmosphere, temperature range 25°C to 650°C. Analyzing the TGA curve, HC concentration data for 6 different boiling temperature ranges are obtained, provided to an adapted 1-d fouling simulation model. Using these data along with further input parameters like cooler geometry, gas temperature, pressure, flow, particle size distribution and coolant temperature, the simulation model has proven as a suitable tool to predict the fouling and identify engine settings for fouling reduction.