Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Murins – Modèles animaux'
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Royer, Moës Anne. "Canalopathies cardiaques et modèles murins." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANTA001.
Cardiac channelopathies are inherited or acquired diseases linked to ionic channel dysfonction. This thesis is about two transgenic murine models. The interest of transgenese is that gene expression and function can be study in vivo. The first murine model overexpresses the human HERG channel in the mouse heart. Its study has shown for the first time antiarrhythmic effects of HERG expression in vivo. The second murine model is a knock-out of Scn5a gene. Heterozygous mice have a 50 % reduction in their cardiac myocytes Na+ current and exhibit cardiac conduction defects. These cardiac conduction defects worsen with age and are associated with fibrosis. Scn5a +/- mice are a convincing model for Lenègre's disease
Gilet, Jules. "Rôle des chimiokines dans le développement des réactions allergiques : apport des modèles murins." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S052.
Monestier, Olivier. "Développement et caractérisation de deux modèles murins présentant un phénotype hypermusclé." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/449dba1c-e93c-40ca-9977-2115d7357bf4/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4001.pdf.
Skeletal muscle development and growth are tightly regulated processes involving multiple factors which control different cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation and fusion. Understanding muscle mass regulation represents key issues in public health or agronomy. Thus, the identification of molecular mechanisms participating in muscular hypertrophy has major interest for therapies improvement of muscular atrophy or for applications in meat production. In this context, the work of my thesis concerned the development and characterisation of two mouse lines presenting a hypermuscular phenotype. The analysis of the first model, called surGasp1, showed that the ubiquitous overexpression of the Gasp1 gene leads to a generalized increase of muscular mass due to a hypertrophy of the type I, IIa and IIb fibres without change of the fatty tissue amount. This model provides an excellent tool to study the GASP1 function during the muscular development, in particular its role in relationship with the myostatin, a key factor in muscle growth regulation. I have also undertaken a study of the GASP1 protein during evolution. The substitution rate analysis from the ancestor of Ciona to tetrapods showed that the important domains in the interaction with the myostatin (GDF8) were the most preserved. These data allow me to propose a three dimensional model describing the GASP protein action. The second mouse line, GMA06, resulting from a sensitized mutagenesis screen, presents a hypermuscular phenotype which differs from the one observed in myostatine knockout mice. The identification of the causal mutation in this line will allow to better understand the interactions which could exist between this last one and the myostatin and constitutes an interesting model for functional studies of gene modifiers of the Gdf8-/- phenotype
St-Amour, Isabelle. "Effet des IGIV dans des modèles murins de maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30473/30473.pdf.
In the search of therapeutic solutions to neurodegenerative diseases, active and passive immunization strategies have been proposed for the clearance of protein aggregates. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a pharmaceutical preparation of over 98% immunoglobulin G prepared from the plasma of thousands of healthy donors. Since natural autoantibodies against pathological proteins have been identified in IVIg, it has been proposed as an alternative to immunotherapy and clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are underway. The aim of my PhD project was to evaluate the efficacy, analyze the mechanisms of action of IVIg in animal models of AD and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and identify potential targets for the development of pharmacological alternatives. The bioavailability of IVIg and its ability to reach therapeutic targets in the brain are unknown. In the first part of the project, we quantified the passage of IVIg through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our results provide quantitative evidence of BBB transport and brain bioavailability of IVIg in the absence of permeabilization and in sufficient amount to interact with therapeutic targets. In a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) that reproduces amyloid and tau pathologies, IVIg injections have improved the cognitive performance and reduced anxiety-like behaviors of treated mice. Despite limited effects on tau pathology, IVIg modulated the central (IL-5/IL-10 ratio) and peripheral (CX3CR1 + and T cells), and reduced the ratio of soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 (-22%) and the concentration of 56 kDa oligomers of Aß (Aß*56) by over 60%. This effect of IVIg on cognition, immunity and Aß pathology suggests that Aβ oligomers, effector T cells and the fractalkine pathway are potential pharmacological targets of IVIg in AD. Finally, we studied the effect of an IVIg treatment in a mouse model of PD. In this model of MPTP intoxication, our results did not demonstrate neurorestorative effects of IVIg on the nigrostriatal system and even suggested adverse effects of IVIg on the dopaminergic system. These preclinical data highlighted the importance of proceeding cautiously in the initiation of clinical trials with IVIg to treat PD patients.
Marquet, Marie. "Modèles murins pour l’étude d’éléments régulateurs du locus IgH : ciblage des régions Eμ et 3’régulatrices." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/23828f3f-0b7e-42fb-90aa-36367cd81ed0/blobholder:0/2012LIMO310E.pdf.
During B cells development, the IgH locus undergo many genetics rearrangements regulated by several cis-regulatory elements. The first regulatory region is composed of the intronic enhancer cEμ and its matrix attachment regions (MARsEμ). In our study, we have realized the Knock-Out of both full length Eμ and the MARsEμ regions. The first model led to a drastic B cell development blockade and confirms the importance of Eμ at the early stages. This model also highlights the important role of Eμ for the μ heavy chain expression at the pre-B cell stage. Eμ deletion results in the unbalance of peripheral B cells subsets wherein follicular B cell population is decreased in favor of marginal zone B cells. The second model revealed an important role of MARsEμ for somatic hypermutation. Surprisingly, the MARsEμ regions influence this process in cis at the IgH locus but also in trans at the ҡ light chain locus. The second regulatory region, located at the 3’ end of the locus, contains four transcriptional enhancers (hs3a, hs1-2, hs3b, hs4). It displays a “quasi-palindromic” architecture; including inverted repeated sequences organized around hs1-2 element (hs4 is outside of this structure). The function of this particular structure remains unknown. The “quasi-palindromic” Knock-Out confirms that hs4 allows an optimal expression of the μ heavy chain in resting B cells. This model demonstrates also a key role of this region for transcription-coupled somatic hypermutation
Hraiech, Sami. "Evaluation de stratégies thérapeutiques dans des modèles murins de pneumonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5076/document.
The emergence multi-drug resistant bacteria hardens the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Our objective was to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and pathophysiological hypotheses in murine models of pneumonia.In a first model of acute lethal pneumonia with A. baumannii in rats, we compared the virulence of two hospital strains, one susceptible (ABCS) and the other resistant (ABCR) to colistin. We showed a reduction in mortality, pulmonary bacterial count, incidence of bacteremia and pulmonary histological lesions in animals infected with ABCR. This confirms the impaired virulence associated with the acquisition of resistance to colistin. In a second study, we developed a model of chronic pneumonia with P. aeruginosa in rats and showed thataerosols of squalamine permitted a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load and the number of histological lesions of pneumonia. In a third study, we evaluated the quorum quenching effects of a lactonase in vitro and in a model of acute lethal P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. We found a decrease in virulence gene activation and bacterial biofilm synthesis in vitro. This was associated with a decreased mortality from 75 to 20% in the treated animals.ConclusionsIn this work, we described the therapeutic potential of 2 molecules in P. aeruginosa pneumonia and illustratesd the loss of virulence associated with resistance to colistin in a clinical strain of A. baumannii
Depiets, Bérengère. "Etude physiopathologique de modèles murins de leucodystrophies dysmyélinisantes et approche thérapeutique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM04/document.
Mutations of the proteolipoprotein gene, PLP1, coding the major structural proteins of the central nervous system, PLP and DM20, are responsible of some X-linked dysmyelinating leukodystrophies. The most severe form, the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), due to gene duplications, causes a major hypomyelination ; while the moderate form, the spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2), due to non-sense mutations or gene deletions, leads leading to unpacked myelin and late axonal degeneration. This thesis work focuses on phenotypic characterization of transgenic male mice with Plp1 invalidation (Plp null mice), together with heterozygous females for this mutation and overexpressing Plp1 (PLOA mice), models of carrier mothers of these diseases. A longitudinal study on mice behavior was performed and allowed to highlight in Plp null male mice, the onset of motor, sensitive and cognitive defects, then linked to expression abnormalities of (1) astrocytic or microglial markers and neuropeptides involved in painful processes in spinal dorsal horn, (2) markers implied in cognitive processes in brain and especially some hippocampus regions, (3) alterations of nerve conduction velocities. In Plp1-mutated females, behavior abnormalities seem to be related to genotype, with development of symptoms only in females carrying moderate mutation. Since few years, data suggest a role of white matter, and particularly myelin, in cognitive and behavioral functions. Results of this study confirm the interest of Plp null mice to better understand this role. Further, similarities identied between animal models and human pathology, allow to consider these models to assess new therapeutic perspectives. We thus assessed the efficiency of a typical neuroleptic on Plp null mice behavioral alterations
Trak, Smayra Viviane. "La stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique et la NASH : approche diagnostique et modèles murins." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077247.
Le, Quang Khai. "Troubles du rythme cardiaque dans les modèles murins transgéniques." Thèse, Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=77640043-d85a-4ffa-b817-17b1b0c76068.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world each year. If no action is taken to improve cardiovascular health and current trends continue, WHO estimates that 25% more healthy life years will be lost to cardiovascular disease globally by 2020. Cardiac hypertrophy is the consequence of an excessive workload of the heart muscle leading to cardiac remodeling process. As the workload increases, the ventricular walls grow thicker, lose elasticity and eventually may fail to pump with as much force as a healthy heart. Furthermore, hypertrophied myocardium is not physiologically normal and may confer a predisposition to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Generally, the causal mechanism is ventricular fibrillation, a cardiac rhythm disorder which is irreversible but the pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. The functional consequences of mutations or ionic remodeling are relatively simple to study in vitro, but their role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in vivo is more difficult to grasp. Among the different animal models developed in cardiac arrhythmias research, the mouse is increasingly used because of our ability to mutate, knock-out or over-express genes of interest. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of ion channels in physiology as well as cardiac pathophysiology, particularly in the involvement of the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. This thesis will improve our understanding of the role of genetic abnormalities involving ionic remodeling in the pathogenesis of the heart and may also open new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of cardiac remodeling as well as sudden cardiac death
Le, Quang Khai. "Troubles du rythme cardiaque dans les modèles murins transgéniques." Thèse, Nantes, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4903.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world each year. If no action is taken to improve cardiovascular health and current trends continue, WHO estimates that 25% more healthy life years will be lost to cardiovascular disease globally by 2020. Cardiac hypertrophy is the consequence of an excessive workload of the heart muscle leading to cardiac remodeling process. As the workload increases, the ventricular walls grow thicker, lose elasticity and eventually may fail to pump with as much force as a healthy heart. Furthermore, hypertrophied myocardium is not physiologically normal and may confer a predisposition to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Generally, the causal mechanism is ventricular fibrillation, a cardiac rhythm disorder which is irreversible but the pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. The functional consequences of mutations or ionic remodeling are relatively simple to study in vitro, but their role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in vivo is more difficult to grasp. Among the different animal models developed in cardiac arrhythmias research, the mouse is increasingly used because of our ability to mutate, knock-out or over-express genes of interest. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of ion channels in physiology as well as cardiac pathophysiology, particularly in the involvement of the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. This thesis will improve our understanding of the role of genetic abnormalities involving ionic remodeling in the pathogenesis of the heart and may also open new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of cardiac remodeling as well as sudden cardiac death.
Thèse en cotutelle avec Université de Nantes - Pays de La Loire - France (2005-2010)
Marque, Valérie. "Détermination des propriétés élastiques de la paroi aortique dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins : méthodologie, étiologie et implications thérapeutiques." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN12003.
Coulombe, Katherine. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 dans deux modèles murins de maladie de Parkinson." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28207.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the integrity of the dopaminergic system of patients. Several studies suggest that lifestyle and eating habits influence the onset and progression of the disease. A diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated acid (n-3 PUFA) shows protective effects on the dopaminergic system and a decrease of the neuronal degeneration in the substancia nigra (SNpc). The hypothesis that we propose is that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA would slow the progression of the disease in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mice model and influence the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates (αSyn) in the brain of a transgenic mice overexpressing the human αSyn, Thy1-αSyn mice. Our results show partial neurorecuperation of the dopaminergic system with an enriched diet. The n-3 PUFAs show little influence on the expression of αSyn levels. Altough, they seem to modulate the levels of different synaptic proteins in transgenic mice and increase mice longevity.
Mouton-Liger, François. "Fonction, régulation de PCP4 et trisomie 21 : analyse de modèles murins de surexpression." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077062.
Pcp4/pepl9 is a modulator of Ca2+-CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21, and present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of 3 copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous System, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model. We showed that pcp4 overexpression is present at transcript and protein levels, and overexpression induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers. We also demonstrated that pcp4 overexpression was associated with an increase in CaMKIIdelta activation, TgPCP4 and TslCje, a mouse model of DS, developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS
Gagnon, Mélanie. "Rôle des probiotiques lors d'infections entériques d'origine bactérienne et virale : analyses in vitro et études in vivo chez des modèles murins." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24866/24866.pdf.
For decades, the use of certain lactic acid bacteria as so-called probiotics has been suggested in order to stabilize the intestinal microbiota and thus prevent or treat enteric infections. Consumption of these bacteria, which are normal components of human intestinal microbiota, is reputed to be beneficial to health. However, their possible role as therapeutic or prophylactic agents has been studied very little. Five probiotic bifidobacteria isolated from the feces of newborn infants were first selected and characterized. Among these, a strain of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum (called RBL71) demonstrating strong resistance to the conditions prevailing in the digestive tract, strong adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal cells and inhibition of the adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (50%) to Caco-2 cells was administered via the oral route to BALB/c mice. Mice thus treated before challenge had reduced fecal counts of E. coli O157:H7 and less intestinal histological damage than the control group. Greater production of O157:H7-specific antibody was detected in mice receiving the probiotic. In a second study, the effectiveness of three other strains of bifidobacteria against viral enteropathogens was examined. A strain of B. thermophilum (called RBL67) demonstrating the strongest inhibition (98%) of rotavirus attachment to Caco-2 and HT-29 intestinal cells was administered via the oral route to neonatal CD-1 mice infected with rotavirus. The viral concentration of the intestinal contents 48 hours after infection was significantly lower in the probiotic-treated group than in the control group. In addition, the diarrhea was of shorter duration and rotavirus-specific antibody production was detected in the mice receiving the probiotic before infection. These results suggest that strain RBL67 has a positive impact on the evolution of infections by invasive viral pathogens such as rotavirus and that strain RBL71 could thus have a role to play in the prevention or treatment of enteric infections by non-invasive bacterial pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7. In both cases, inhibition of adhesion of the pathogen seems to be a plausible mechanism of action. This demonstration of the activities of these new bifidobacterial strains of human origin against E. coli O157:H7 and rotavirus suggests their potential for interfering with the mechanism of infection of enteropathogens and supports their use in humans as possible agents for preventing enteric infections transmitted by the oral route.
Coulais-Dorso, Laëtitia. "Traitement des tumeurs solides par radioimmunothérapie alpha sur modèles murins : ciblage de l'angiogénèse et intérêt d'une immunostimulation." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=2cf5306d-653f-4fa2-828c-788b4f8faf72.
Alpha radiotherapy uses alpha particles, which are characterized by high lineic energy transfer, short path length and high cytotoxicity. 213-bismuth is an attractive candidate to target vasculature using radioimmunotherapy (RIT). A previous study has determined that an injected activity of 3. 7 MBq of 213Bi, coupled with bovine serum albumin, was safe and non toxic in mice. The benefits of vascular targeting are numerous. In order to selectively destroy tumor blood vessels, the target choice is critical. In tumours, CD105 is overexpressed in endothelial cells and this is correlated with a poor prognosis. We evaluated the relevance of targeting CD105 using alpha RIT. RIT with an anti-CD105 antibody coupled with 213Bi induced a delay of the tumor growth. We then investigated immunostimulation with Flt3 ligand. A combination of RIT and Flt3 ligand treatment proved to be more effective than RIT alone of Flt3 ligand alone. This increased median of survival was not attributable to a CD8+ T cell immune response. Further studies are planned to determine which immune cells are responsible for the increase of survival observed when RIT is associated with Flt3 ligand. These studies will use in vivo selective depletions using specific antibodies (anti-NK cells, anti-CD8+ T cells, anti-CD4+ T cells). This work highlights the interest of alpha radioimmunotherapy in cancer therapies
Gandillet, Arnaud. "Evaluation de la cinétique de régénération hépatique et de l'efficacité de transplantation d"hépatocytes dans différents modèles murins d'insuffisance hépatique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/GANDILLET_Arnaud_2004.pdf.
Martin, Cédric Bernard Pierre. "Etude des mécanismes de régulation des récepteurs 5-HT2C dans des modèles murins de troubles émotionnels." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P611/document.
Xia, Lin. "Analyse de profils d'expression génique dans des modèles murins d'anxiété/dépression." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923149.
Binet, Aurélien. "Analyse qualitative et quantitative du remodelage vasculaire utérin sur deux modèles murins d'insuffisance placentaire : modèle hyperthermie et modèle anémie ferriprive." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3301.
The intra-uterin growth restriction by placental vascular modifications affects 4% of the current pregnancies. lt’s still unknown installation mechanism has an important pediatric impact with a significant mortality. The association of intra-uterin growth restriction and placental vascular defects on an animal model is necessary to understand this mechanism and envisage a therapeutic study later. The aim of Ibis project is to establish at first an animal model which associates intra-uterin growth restriction and vascular placental modifications found in the human physiopathology For that purpose, two murine models were studied : hyperthermia at the end of the gestation and anaemia by iron deficiency before and during the gestation. A qualitative and quantitative study by ultrasonography (Doppler ultrasonography and contrast ultrasonography) associated with anatomopathological, immune-histochemical and spectroscopic studies of the placentas was realized. The optimization of the definitive animal model required at first anatomical marks development, allowing reproduction of the ultrasonographic measures as well as revelation of the ultrasound contrast product harmlessness. A global placental study allowed us to note structural modifications connected to the analyzed model. The study of these two animals models allowed us to establish a standard measuring protocol and show that ultrasonographic contrast product use had no effect on the gestation. The hyperthermia, as the iron deficiency, is responsible of an intra-uterin growth restriction with a positive effect dose related. The vascular placental modifications found in the hyperthermia model as hemorrhage and ischaemia areas do not appear as the result of vascular modifications but after-effects of this acute incident. The hemodynamical modifications registered within the framework of the iron deficiency are rather in favour of vascular modifications in agreement with the human pathology. The spectroscopic study does not show metabolomic modifications. These two models allow the installation of an intra-uterin growth restriction positively correlated with the protocol intensity. The anaemia model gets closer to the human pathology; its study remains b he continued with more consequent numbers
Bertrand, Anne. "Etude morphologique et fonctionnelle par IRM à très haut champ de modèles animaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer : micro-IRM du cerveau du primate Microcebus Murinus, et caractérisation par MEMRI du transport neuronal chez différents modèles murins transgéniques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066011.
Laplante-Campbell, Marie-Pier, and Marie-Pier Laplante-Campbell. "Caractérisation de modèles murins de la maladie de Parkinson (MPTP, PITX3) et modification des cellules souches hématopoïétiques pour stimuler la production du " Brain-derived neurotrophic factor " (BDNF)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20555.
La maladie de Parkinson est une maladie neurodégénérative caractérisée par des dysfonctions locomotrices causées, en grande partie, par la perte de neurones dopaminergiques de la substance noire. Les patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson présentent un déficit en « brain-derived neurotrophic factors » (BDNF). Cette neurotrophine est nécessaire pour le développement, le maintien et la survie des neurones dopaminergiques. Nous avons utilisé la capacité naturelle des cellules souches hématopoïétiques à infiltrer les régions lésées du cerveau pour libérer ce facteur neurotrophique. Nous avons démontré que la modification des cellules de la moelle osseuse pour favoriser la production du BDNF permet d’améliorer les déficits locomoteurs des souris parkinsoniennes. De plus, la modification des cellules hématopoïétiques permet d’augmenter les niveaux de BDNF dans la substance noire, le cortex et le thalamus. La surproduction de BDNF permet également de stimuler la production de la dopamine au niveau de la substance noire.
Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by locomotor dysfunctions. These motor symptoms are due to a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Parkinson’s patients also have a deficit in the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This neurotrophin plays an important role in the development, survival and neurotransmission of dopaminergic neurons. Considering that hematopoietic stem cells can infiltrate damaged brain regions, we have modified these cells to deliver the neurotrophic factor in Parkinson’s disease mouse models. We have demonstrated that modification of bone marrow cells attenuates the locomotor dysfonctions in Parkinson’s mice. In addition, overproduction of BDNF by hematopoietic cells increases BDNF levels in the substantia nigra, cortex and thalamus. Overproduction of BDNF also stimulates biosynthesis of dopamine in the substantia nigra.
Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by locomotor dysfunctions. These motor symptoms are due to a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Parkinson’s patients also have a deficit in the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This neurotrophin plays an important role in the development, survival and neurotransmission of dopaminergic neurons. Considering that hematopoietic stem cells can infiltrate damaged brain regions, we have modified these cells to deliver the neurotrophic factor in Parkinson’s disease mouse models. We have demonstrated that modification of bone marrow cells attenuates the locomotor dysfonctions in Parkinson’s mice. In addition, overproduction of BDNF by hematopoietic cells increases BDNF levels in the substantia nigra, cortex and thalamus. Overproduction of BDNF also stimulates biosynthesis of dopamine in the substantia nigra.
Pileyre, Baptiste. "Etude préclinique évaluant l'utilisation de la fraction vasculaire stromale et les cellules souches dérivées de tissu adipeux dans le traitement des myosites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMR054.
Myositis is a group of autoimmune muscular diseases affecting skeletal muscles, leading to severe damage. While most patients respond to conventional treatments, some remain refractory. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), freshly extracted from adipose tissue, or stem cells derived from it (ADSC) by expansive culture have shown promising results in various autoimmune pathologies and could enable the management of these patients. To assess their potential and study the mechanisms of action of these therapies, we carried out preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo. To this end, we characterized and used a mouse model of myositis, the Icos-/- NOD mouse, showing spontaneous muscle damage associated with extensive leukocyte infiltrates. To be closer of the autologous use of these therapies, we performed syngeneic transplants of FVS and ADSC in this model. We observed a slowdown in the progression of symptoms, a reduction in the loss of muscle strength and a decrease in muscle atrophy in vivo. We have demonstrated a greater efficacy of ADSCs, particularly in in vitro assays. These tests, carried out with donor cells and assessing regenerative efficacy (fibroblast colony forming unit assay) and immunomodulatory effect (lymphocyte proliferation inhibition assay), demonstrated the dose-dependent effect of these therapies, as well as the superiority of ADSCs in terms of both maximum efficacy and 50% inhibitory dose of the immunomodulatory effect. They also enabled us to identify markers predictive of the proliferative (CD90, CD105 or high hematopoietic stem cell count) and immunomodulatory (CD73 or macrophage count) effects of these therapies. All these elements demonstrate the potential of these therapies in the treatment of myositis, and the interest of investigating their effect through clinical trials
Ouvrier, Aurélia. "Implication de l'homéostasie lipidique dans la maturation post-testiculaire des spermatozoïdes : apports des modèles murins KO LXR." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22081.
The epididymis is a long tubule which epithelium is made of 6 different cellular types with partially unknown functions. The epididymal tubule is surrounded by smooth muscles participating, by their contractions, to the sperm progression. At the center of the tubule is present the epididymal fluid which composition is regulated by the absorptions and secretions of the epithelium. The spermatozoa coming from the testis are unable to fertilize an oocyte. Post-testicular maturation of spermatozoa, during their transit through the epididymis, allows them to become motile, to recognize and to fertilize an oocyte. This maturation is due to the constant interaction of the spermatozoon with the epididymal fluid. LXR are the major sensors of cholesterol homeostasis, a fundamental element in reproductive physiology because it is the steroid hormones precursor and a regulator of the sperm fertilizing capacities. LXR deficient mice (lxrα;β-/-) have fertility disorder associated with testicular and epididymal alterations. These males present an infertility since 6 months of age leading to a complete infertility at 9 months of age. The purpose of this work is to understand the relation between cholesterol homeostasis regulation and epididymal sperm maturation. At 4 months of age, the lxrα;β-/- males are fertile but present an epididymal phenotype characterized by neutral lipid accumulations in some epithelial cell types and in the smooth muscle cells surrounding the tubule. At 9 months of age, the totally infertile lxrα;β-/- male, present a complete destructuration of the proximal epididymis associated with a complete shrinking of the epithelium height, the loss of the peritubular smooth muscle cells and the presence of immotile and abnormal spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis. My works put in light : 1/ A novel function of a particular cell type, the “apical cells”, in the regulation of the epididymal cholesterol homeostasis. These cells accumulate cholesteryl esters in association with the loss of the ATP Binding Cassette A1 “ABCA1”, a transporter implicated in the cholesterol efflux. Following this, apical cells become apoptotic participating to the epithelial function loss. 2/ An alteration of peritubular smooth muscle cells associated with the mice aging. These cells also accumulate cholesteryl esters and transdifferentiate into invasive foam cells migrating through the epithelium. This phenomenon is very similar to what is observed in the arterial pathology related to cholesterol and aging, the atherosclerosis. The loss of smooth muscle cells limit the progression of the spermatozoa in the lumen and lead to the loss of function of the epithelial cells which become unable to make any exchange with the fluid, hence disturbing spermatozoa maturation. 3/ A deleterious effect of a cholesterol enriched diet on the fertility in 3-month-old lxrα;β-/- male, which are normally fertile and without epididymal phenotype. When submitted to the diet during 4 weeks, these mice become completely infertile, showing the epididymal phenotype of the 9-month-old lxrα;β-/- male mice. The infertility of these mice is characterized by defects in spermatozoa motility, viability and functional parameters. Our results show, on the one hand, the importance of LXR in the post testicular maturation of spermatozoa and in the maintenance of the integrity and functionality of the epididymis. On the other hand, the data that we collected put in evidence the impact of the alimentation and in particular cholesterol enriched diet on the post-testicular maturation
Guerreschi, Pierre. "Place des modèles murins dans la compréhension et l'adaptation de la prise en charge thérapeutique du mélanome métastatique." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002671.
Constantine, Maher. "Conséquences phénotypiques d'erreurs de dosage de gènes de la DCR-1 du chromosome 21 dans des modèles transgéniques murins et chez l'homme." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077168.
Beurlet, Stéphanie. "Etude de modèles murins de la transformation des syndromes myélodysplasiques en leucémies aigues myéloïdes : application à l'étude d'ABT-737 un inhibiteur de BCL-2." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077152.
Myelodysplastic syndromes represent particularly challenging hematologic malignancies comprising of a large spectrum of genetic events resulting in a disease of diverse presentations and outcomes. About 30% of MDS progress to AML. Animal models represent powerful tools to model human diseases and are useful preclinical platforms. We create two distinct models using the cross of NRASD12 and hBCL-2 transgenic mice. Mice develop a MDS-like disease or an AML with MDS-related changes-like disease, depending on the promoter driving BCL-2 expression: - when the expression of the MRP8-driven-NRASD12 transgene is associated with the expression of hBCL-2 via the MMTV-LTR promoter, mice develop a disease resembling human MDS with excess BM blasts and increased apoptosis. However when both transgenes NRAS and hBCL2, are driven by the same promoter MRP8, mice develop a disease with characteristics of human AML with MDS related changes with high BM blasts count, the persistence of MDS features in myeloid cells and an apoptosis résistance profile. Taking advantage of the double transgenic MRP8[NRASD12-hBCL2], in which the NRASD12-BCL2 complex at the mitochondria induces AML with MDS related changes, we studied the beneficial therapeutic potential of a BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) mimetic inhibitor, ABT-737. ABT-737 treatment significantly extended lifespan. Survival correlates with a reduction of bone marrow blasts and LSK cells and increased spleen and liver blast cell apoptosis measured by TUNEL and in vivo SPECT imaging using Tc-99m-labelled AnnexinV. These results strongly support the hypothesis that in AML with MDS related-changes, ABT-737 specifïcally targets the leukemic clone
Bernard, Henry. "Modulations nutritionnelles de la réponse à l'infection pulmonaire à P. aeruginosa dans différents fonds génétiques murins." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683559.
Filliol, Aveline. "Etude de l’hépatolyse induite par les cellules immunitaires dans des modèles murins d’hépatites : rôles des protéines RIPK1 et PARP1/2." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B051/document.
Hepatocyte death is a starting point of liver disease progression by promoting inflammatory and regenerative processes. These events are beneficial at the beginning of the pathology for the restoration of hepatic homeostasis. However when they are unregulated, they lead to the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it is important to study the signaling pathways leading to the hepatocyte death as their inhibition is a potential therapeutic approach to reduce liver diseases progression. Innate and acquired immune cells play key roles in the induction or amplification of hepatolysis, mainly mediated by expression and release of death ligands belonging to the TNF-superfamily including TNF-α, FasL and TRAIL. Some studies had already suggested the role of RIPK1 and PARP1/2 proteins in the induction of hepatocyte death during hepatitis induced by Concanavalin A (ConA) in mice. Through chemical and genetic approaches, we studied the role of these proteins in the hepatocyte death process during hepatitis. First, we were interested in the dual role of RIPK1 protein that controls the cell fate by promotingsurvival or death. By blocking its kinase activity, we confirme its role in the induction of liver injury induced by ConA. However, using specific conditional mice deficient in RIPK1 only in liver parenchymal cells (LPC) (Ripk1LPC-KO), we reveale its necessary function in the protection of hepatocyte during hepatitis. These works demonstrate that deletion of RIPK1 sensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-α-induced apoptosis by TRAF2 destabilization. Thus RIPK1 plays a key role in the protection of hepatocytes during hepatitis induced by ConA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DNA-CpG, or recombinant IFN-γ and TRAIL co-administration. In addition, we demonstrate that RIPK1 partially protects from hepatitis and hepatocyte death induced by the activation of Fas. Finally, we showe that PARP2 deficiency leads to a systemic decrease of the number of the invariant NKT-subpopulation of lymphocytes, including in the liver, which prevente hepatocyte death during ConA hepatitis. To conclude, this work helps to clarify the roles of RIPK1 and PARP2 during acute hepatitis. The ability of RIPK1 to control hepatocyte death and survival suggests its involvement during chronic hepatitis and opens the door to its investigation into human liver diseases
Nabbouh, Ali. "Effet de l’Imiquimod et de composés dérivés EAPB0203 et EAPB0503 sur des modèles de leucémies et de lymphomes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3519/document.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder characterized by immature myeloid cell proliferation and bone marrow failure. Although the remarkable improvements in the field and regarding new drug targets and better understanding of the biology, the clinical treatment of AML remains unchanged and depending on karyotype of patients. For the last thirty years with the majority of patients, in the end, relapsing and dying of the disease, there is no standard regimen that improves prognosis and treat AML yet.Imidazoquinoxalines are imiquimod derivatives with indirect immunomodulatory effect and direct antitumor activity on melanoma and T-cell lymphoma, attributed to growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis through caspase-dependent pathway. We examined the effects of imidazoquinoxaline derivatives, EAPB0203 and EAPB0503, on human AML cells. We found that EAPB0503 inhibit cell growth of AML cell line that harbors the NPM-1 mutation in a time- and dose-dependent way. Compared to the previously synthesized EAPB0203, EAPB0503 has a more pronounced inhibitory activity on OCI-AML3 cells and cells derived from AML patients as well. We demonstrated that the EAPB0503 induces proteasome-mediated degradation of mutant NPM-1, and restoration of the nucleolar localization of the NPM-1wt leading to an inhibition of the proliferation of OCI-AML3 cells.EAPB0503 induced massive apoptosis as demonstrated with the cell cycle analysis by the accumulation of treated cells in the preG0 region. Apoptosis has been confirmed by Annexin V positivity, PARP cleavage, and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential in treated OCI-AML3 cells.Furthermore, EAPB0503 increased the expression and phosphorylation levels of p53.These results in growth inhibition and apoptosis, selectively in AML cells that harbor the NPM-1 mutation reinforce the idea targeting NPM-1m oncoprotein to eradicate leukemic cells and warrant a broader preclinical then clinical evaluation of this promising drug.In conclusion, our studies highlight the use of EAPB0503 as a promising anti-tumor activity to be investigated preclinically in AML targeted therapy
Gabory, Anne. "Etude de la fonction de l'ARN non codant H19 et de la régulation de l'Empreinte Parentale au locus H19/lgf2 dans des modèles murins transgéniques." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077106.
The H19 gene was first described twenty years ago and its function remains unknown. This gene is imprinted; it is expressed only from the maternal allele. The product of the gene is a 2. 3 kb non-coding RNA abundantly expressed in mesoderm and endoderm derived tissues during embryogenesis. After birth, the expression is repressed in ail tissues except skeletal muscle where it remains strongly expressed at adult stage. The H19 gene is linked genetically to the paternally expressed /g/2 gene, which encodes an embryonic growth factor, and they share the mechanism of transcriptional regulation. The deletion of the H19 gene in mice leads to an overgrowth phenotype, which is attributed to a loss of imprinting of the Igf2 gene. We addressed the questions of the role of the H19 RNA during embryogenesis and of the regulation of this imprinted locus in adult muscle tissue. The particularity of our approach is the use of in vivo transgenic mouse models. We showed in three independent models of induced tumorigenesis that the H19 gene acts as a tumour suppressor in vivo. We then analysed transgenic animals which ectopically expressed the H19 gene and found that this RNA is a trans regulator of a recently described imprinted gene network, implicated in growth regulation. Finally we observed a biallelic expression of the H19 and /g/2 genes in satellites cells, which are muscle stem cells, as well as in haematopoietic stem cells, suggesting that a relaxation of imprinting could be a characteristic of adult stem cells
Aumailley, Lucie. "Étude de modèles murins du syndrome de Werner : Impact de la vitamine C sur l'état de santé de souris synthétisant une protéine Wrn mutante, mal-localisée, impliquée dans le syndrome de Werner." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33973.
For an aging individual, the gradual buildup of a huge number of molecular tiny faults combined with repair defects lead to the possible appearance of various age-related pathologies. Segmental progeroid syndromes like the Werner syndrome partly phenocopy the observations collected from classical aging process of individuals. To date, 83 different mutations affecting the WRN gene are known and result in premature onset of cataracts, graying and hair loss, osteoporosis, type II diabetes and atherosclerosis. Even if the WRN protein plays a major role in the metabolism nuclear genome, the links which relate the loss of a functional WRN protein to the development of ageassociated diseases are not clearly defined. The existence of a mice orthologue of the WRN protein has made possible the genesis of two Werner syndrome mice models. Even without any synthesis of the Wrn protein, Wrn-/- mice do not display any severe pathologies or a shorter lifespan. In contrast, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice produced a Wrn protein lacking part of the helicase domain, the WrnΔhel protein. These mice exhibit many phenotypic features of the Werner syndrome which result in the reduction of their lifespan. The research project associated to this doctoral thesis aimed to characterise different stresses and dysfunctions which differentiate these two mice models and which may explain the dichotomy between their health status. The discovery of the complete loss of enzymatic functions of the WrnΔhel protein, but also its subcellular mislocalization, is a key outcome of the project. Thus, unlike Wrn-/- mice, beside losing a nuclear Wrn protein, WrnΔhel/Δhel mice gain a mutated WrnΔhel protein that is potentially toxic for the proper function of cytoplasmic compartments such as peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum. At the age of four/five months, the mislocalized WrnΔhel protein leads to proteome changes and oxidative stress into the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes which response through some key actors of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Interestingly, one previous study has shown that, despite their ability to produce their own ascorbate thanks to the gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo), an additional ascorbate supplementation (0.4% (w/v) added to drinking water of WrnΔhel/Δhel mice since weaning, prevents the emergence of pathologies and extends the lifespan of mice. This doctoral thesis has given evidence that, even if this exogenous ascorbate supplementation did not change the quantity and mislocalization of the WrnΔhel protein, the higher availability of this anti-oxidant and this co-factor succeeds to fill all subcellular requirements in order to fight efficiently against oxidative stress and to contribute to the acquisition of a functional proteome. Since patients from Werner syndrome do not synthesize de novo ascorbate and because this endogenous synthesis in WrnΔhel/Δhel mice makes the assessment of ascorbate on the health of mice difficult to precisely decipher, another objective from this research project was to generate a new mice model which relies entirely on exogenous vitamin C source because of the knockout of the mouse Gulo gene. The gain of a mislocalized WrnΔhel protein and the inability to produce ascorbate drastically impact on the lifespan, metabolic and immune profile of WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice treated with 0.01% vitamin C. Moreover, these mice are sterile, display testicular hypogonadism and suffer from profound osteopenia like patients with the Werner syndrome. The increased vitamin C requirements of these mice lead to an hypovitaminosis C which is even more severe than Gulo-/- mice under the same ascorbate treatment. This deficiency is reflected at subcellular level in the outbreak of a pronounced hepatic oxidative stress and the exacerbated activation of actors of the UPR. The 0.4% vitamin C supplementation delivered to WrnΔhel/Δhel/Gulo-/- mice succeeded to extend their lifespan and to counteract subcellular stresses but intriguingly established, at the age of four/five months, a metabolic profile reminiscent to the one observed in 20 months old WT mice. Overall, the results from this doctoral project unravel the impact of vitamin C on health status of mice models for the Werner syndrome.
Benderradji, Hamza. "Uncovering the role of Tau protein in the regulation of glucose homeostasis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2022/2022ULILS036.pdf.
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that plays a role in neuronal trafficking. Its dysfunctions (hyperphosphorylation, aggregation) have been involved in Alzheimer's Disease pathophysiology. Indeed, impaired glucose homeostasis was suggested to increase AD risk and a pathological loss of tau function. However, AD lesions were also suggested to favor the emergence of glucose homeostasis alterations. A study from the laboratory showed that constitutive tau knock-out (tau KO) exhibited glucose homeostasis impairments, characterized by hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Conversely, neuronal overexpression of a human mutated tau protein was associated with improved glucose tolerance. Nonetheless, the links between tau loss of function and glucose homeostasis remain unclear. Tau is largely considered as a neuronal protein but is also expressed by other tissues, particularly pancreatic ß-cells. But again, its peripheral functions have been overlooked.In this context, the first aim of my PhD was to evaluate the metabolic phenotype of an original knock-in (KI) mice model expressing a human tau protein bearing a mutation, under the control of the murine tau promoter. This mouse model allowed us to evaluate the impact of expressing dysfunctional tau proteins at a physiological level, in the same tissues than native tau protein, without any bias of overexpression. Metabolic investigations revealed that, while under chow diet tau KI mice do not exhibit significant metabolic impairments, male but not female tau KI animals under High-Fat Diet (HFD) exhibited higher insulinemia as well as glucose intolerance, increased food intake, and body weight gain as compared to control littermates. Further, isolated islets from tau KI but also KO mice exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), an effect recapitulated by tau knockdown in a β pancreatic cell line using tau siRNA. Based on these data, tau loss of function is associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, which fits with the initial metabolic phenotype observed in tau KO mice. However, two mutually non-exclusive mechanisms could explain the metabolic alterations observed in both tau KO and tau KI mice: tau impacts peripheral glucose homeostasis by a central-based regulation possibly involving the hypothalamus; or, in non-mutually manner, tau regulates ß-cell function in the pancreas.The second main goal of my project was therefore to understand the basis of glucose homeostasis regulation by tau by investigating central (hypothalamus) and peripheral (pancreatic) mechanisms. To achieve this objective, an innovative transgenic tau floxed mice combined with different models/virus expressing CRE recombinase, was characterized and used. Our data revealed a hypomorphic status of homozygous tau flox mice in the absence of CRE. We thus used heterozygous tau flox animals that were combined with CRE approaches to knock-down tau from the mediobasal hypothalamus (cKO-Tauhyp) or pancreatic ß-cells (cKO-Tauβ animals). In these models, complete metabolic phenotyping was carried out under chow diet and HFD. Under both diets, cKO-Tauhyp animals exhibited significant metabolic impairments vs. controls. However, the conditional deletion of tau in cKO-Tauβ animals using tamoxifen was not associated significant metabolic impairments.In summary, despite some limitations of the different approaches used, my project thesis highlights that tau loss of function favors the development of glucose homeostasis impairments and also pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction, supporting not only a role of central tau pathology in the development of metabolic disturbances in AD patients but also providing new insights on the physiological role of tau in the control of peripheral metabolism by acting in pancreatic ß-cell and the hypothalamus
Baloche, Valentin. "Contributions négatives et positives de la galectine-9 au développement tumoral : étude dans des modèles tumoraux murins syngéniques In the MB49 Murine Model, Genetic Ablation of Galectin-9 Enhances Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Possible Role of a Greater CXCL9/Il-6 Production Tumor Exosomal Micrornas Thwarting Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Interferon β and Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Cooperate in NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Interferon Beta Increases NK Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Tumor Necrosis Factor Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges Galectin-9 Promotes a Suppressive Microenvironment in Human Cancer by Enhancing STING Degradation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS117.
Like other galectins, galectin-9 (gal-9) is an animal lectin which interacts with a defined subgroup of glycans carried by glycoproteins or glycolipids. Gal-9 associated with cells performs multiple functions in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus and at the surface of the plasma membrane. Some publications suggest that intracellular gal-9 inhibits the mobility of malignant cells and exerts an anti-metastatic effect. In addition, gal-9 can be secreted into the extracellular medium where it behaves like a cytokine with mainly immunosuppressive effects. These effects have been demonstrated in the context of human tumors and in mouse tumor models. However, so far there was no murine tumor model available to assess the pro-tumor or anti-tumor effet of gal-9 independently of gal-9 produced by infiltrating cells. To address this issue, we derived isogenic clones invalidated or not for gal-9 from 2 murine tumoral lines : CT26 (BABL/c genetic background) and MB49 (C57BL/6 genetic background), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In the case of the MB49 line, we were able to demonstrate a remarkable phenotype in vivo. During serial transplantations, we saw, for tumors derived from invalidated clones, a dramatic reduction in tumor growth after 3 or 4 passages in syngenic mice but not in immunodeficient mice. The emergence of the immune response responsible for this arrest of tumor growth was investigated by immunohistochemistry, multiplex cytokine assay in tumor extracts and transcriptome analysis by RNAseq. Increased intra-tumor production of interferon-γ, CXCL9 and Il-6 appears to play an important role in enhancing the immune response against KO-gal-9 tumors
Garcia, Pierre. "Validation fonctionnelle d’une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique prévenant la dégénérescence et les troubles cognitifs associés dans des modèles murins de la Maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL084N/document.
No cure against Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) exists yet, justifying the development of therapeutic strategies. Toxicity of soluble amyloid β peptide is a key-player in early synaptic and cellular loss in AD. According to this hypothesis, we propose that preventing Aβ peptide effects could prevent cogninitive decline in AD. Neurotrophic factors are good candidates to prevent cell death but require a targeted and continuous delivery. We used the cell encapsulation technology to produce graftable bioreactors that contain C2C12 cells secreting the Ciliary Neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Our goal was to realize the proof-of-concept that CNTF long term in situ delivery could prevent Aβ-induced cognitive decline.Our studies prove that bioreactor-produced CNTF prevents Aβ-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in vitro. Neuroprotection relies on PI3K and STAT3 activation. In vivo, bioreactor implantation in brain prevents cognitive impairment induced by Aβ icv injection or delays their appearance in Tg2576 mice. In both of our preclinical model of AD, behavioral protection was associated with synapse maintenance in hippocampus.Therefore, in situ long term CNTF delivery is an efficient preventive therapeutic strategy against toxicity and Aβ-linked cognitive disturbances. These results also suggest that encapsulated cells graft is a good way to deliver therapeutic molecules to the brain
Lussey, Charlotte. "Apport de l'imagerie multimodale à l'étude de l'angiogenèse et du métabolisme des tumeurs liées aux mutations SDHB." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB151/document.
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumours that arise from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia respectively. Around 15% of PCC are malignant. SDHB mutations are associated with malignancy and poor prognosis. SDH deficiency leads to succinate accumulation that induces a cellular pseudohypoxic phenotype, promoting in particular VEGF and GLUT-1 expression and increasing angiogenesis and glucose metabolism. The high malignancy hazard associated with SDHB and the absence of curative treatment of metastatic forms of the disease make it essential to develop a mouse model for preclinical trials launching. The quest for a predisposed mouse model of Sdhb-deficient tumors being unsuccessful, Sdhb-/- and wild-type (WT) immortalized mouse chromaffin cells previously generated in the laboratory were propagated in the fat pad of NMRI nude mice, thereby providing the first pattern of Sdhb- deficient tumors. These mice were compared to a control group receiving non-mutated imCC (WT) and characterization was performed in vivo by multimodality imaging. Optical imaging assessing the tumor angiogenesis with Angiostamp®, an RGD fluorescent peptide, found an increased expression of integrins αvβ3 in the Sdhb-/- group 12 h after tracer injection. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) showed an overall tumor enhancement significantly higher in the Sdhb-/- model secondary to an increase of the tumor blood flow (F) and of the intratumoral capillary volume fraction (Vb) (compartmental analysis using PhysioD3D software). Metabolic imaging assessed by 18FDG-PET confirmed the expected high glucose consumption by Sdhb-/- tumors. Finally, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) detected succinate accumulation in Sdhb-/- tumors and not in WT tumors. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry and this innovative procedure for in vivo detection of succinate was translated into patients suffering from PCC/PGL. A succinate peak was specifically observed in SDHx-related PCC/PGL patients. In conclusion, these results show strong differences between Sdhb-/- and WT allografts and suggest that preclinical therapeutic studies could be implemented in this unique model of Sdhb-deficient tumour. Our noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific method allowing in vivo detection of succinate, the major biomarker of SDHx-mutated tumors was translated into clinical imaging
Coutel, Xavier. "Microarchitecture osseuse et adiposité médullaire de la mandibule : étude expérimentale chez la ratte adulte ovariectomisée." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S021.
Osteoporosis is a common disease of the skeleton characterized by a loss of bone mass and changes in bone structure. These variations in bone properties, observed at various scales and associated with an increase in the bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) content, indicate a greater fragility of the skeleton in a site-specific manner. This variation in the BMAT content, reported in some skeletal sites, seems to play a crucial role in the occurrence of osteoporosis. Nevertheless, these bone and marrow alterations, both quantitative and qualitative, are controversial and still poorly documented in the jaw bones, the mandible in particular.The aim of our study was to investigate, during aging and in a rodent model of osteoporosis (adult ovariectomized rat), the relationships between the changes in the bone microstructure, the marrow fat content and its distribution in the mandibular site in comparison with a reference site, the tibia. The bone microstructure, the bone marrow fat content and its distribution after osmium tetroxide staining were analyzed by a specific X-ray microfocus tomography approach in the mandible in the teeth-bearing area (alveolar bone) and in the condyle. During aging, neither bone nor bone marrow alterations have been observed. In contrast, estrogen deficiency did lead to more important bone loss (+35%) in the tibia than in the mandible associated with site-specific microstructural and BMAT modifications. Indeed, in comparison with the tibia, a low BMAT content (<10% of marrow volume) was found in the alveolar bone as well as in the condyle. Compared to tibia which reveals a clustering of the marrow adipocytes at the trabecular bone surface, the mandibular BMAT content was homogeneously distributed and located further away with almost no contact with the trabecular bone surface. In conclusion, our results indicate a moderate bone loss in the mandible compared to the tibia associated with an increase in the BMAT content whose distribution within the marrow spaces is not modified in contrast to tibia. We hypothesize that a differential bone turn-over rate, biomechanical stress may explain in part the mandibular physiopathological specificities reported. Further studies will be needed to precise the impact of such alterations on bone quality at the molecular and elemental level, as well as to depict the mechanisms of dialog between osteoblasts and adipocytes
Mordant, Pierre. "Cancer bronchique primitif, voies de signalisation intra-cellulaires et modèles précliniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809668.
Laventie, Julie. "Etude par génomique fonctionnelle de trois gènes surexprimés dans les lymphocytes B au cours du lupus érythémateux systémique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ109.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease where B cells play a central role and carry intrinsic genetic abnormalities.Today, only a few SLE genes have been validated in humans. Looking for these intrinsic B cell abnormalities in SLE, we have performed a microarray analysis of the human transcriptoma in B cells from quiescent SLE patients, in comparison to normal subjects. The project proposes to explore the consequences of overexpression of one of these genes: FKBP11. For this purpose, a lentiviral construct allowing the ubiquitous overexpression of FKBP11 was produced, and has been used to generate lentigenic mice. These mice develop a hyperplasia of lymphoid organs, an IgG3 hypergammaglobulinemia and an increase of humoral immune response after immunisation with a T-independent antigen. Our study points out that the overexpression of FKBP11 promotes the plasmocyte development, at the initial stage which is dependent on Pax5 expression, after in vitro induction of the plasmacytic differentiation. Finally, these mice produce various autoantibodies. The role of FKBP11 overexpression in B cell central tolerance breakdown has been demonstrated in anti-DNA 56R transgenic mice crossed with our lentigenic model. These mice have an increase of autoantibody production. The FKBP11 overexpression in C57BL/6lpr/lpr model increases the lymphoproliferative syndrome and the hypergammaglobulinemia in this model. During this thesis, I have also initiated the study of two others genes which were found overexpressed in B cells of lupus patients (PRDX4, TRIB1), by the development of transgenic murine models
Rouer, Martin. "Traitement pharmacologique des anévrismes de l'aorte abdominale sous rénale. Intérêt du développement de modèle murins d'exclusion endovasculaire. L'avenir est-il au développement d'endoprothèses actives ?" Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR120/document.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology is multifactorial. From the athero-thrombotic plaque to a threatening aneurysm, hemodynamic, proteolysis, oxidation and inflammation play a complex but interdependent role. No pharmacological treatment has yet proved to be efficient. In this work, we study 2 potential pharmacological targets, and develop a murine model of endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair (EVAR). Rapamycine is used in oncology. Its anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and antiangiogenic properties stabilized aneurysm progression on an established AAA. AZD9668 is an elastase selective inhibitor. Secreted by neutrophils, this protease plays a key role in aneurysmal pathophysiology. Its therapeutic benefits have been study on a murine AAA model potentiated by Porphyromonas Gingivalis systemic injection, maintaining inflammatory reaction and wall proteolysis. Then, we developed a murine endovascular aneurysm exclusion model. EVAR raised new concern, underlining the crucial role of the thrombus biological activity. Endovascular AAA exclusion on big animals is complex and expensive. We hence described the technic on a rat AAA well known model. Pharmacological AAAs treatment has proved to be efficient on murine models, but is hard to transpose to humans because of systemic side effects. An endoluminal treatment carrying active drugs, and delivered in-situ, could durably stabilize AAAs
Simoni, Léa. "Etude par génomique fonctionnelle des conséquences de la surexpression de TRIB1 et FKBP11 dans les lymphocytes B au cours du lupus érythémateux systémique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ063/document.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosous (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an inflammation of various tissues and a high production of autoantibodies (autoAb) (for example: anti-double-stranded(ds)DNA) by B cells, central actors in the physiopathology of lupus. The etiology of SLE includes both genetics and environmental factors. Looking for B cell genetic abnormalities during lupus, our B cell microarray analysis in quiescent SLE patients pointed to the overexpression of TRIB1 and FKBP11 compared to B cells from healthy controls.In order to study the consequences of these expression deregulations on B cell function and autoimmunity development, we generated a B-cell specific Trib1-KI mouse line, overexpressing Trib1 in B cells, starting from a very immature stage (pro-pre B) and a transgenic mouse overexpressing Fkbp11 ubiquitously. Trib1 overexpression induces a normal B cell homeostasis but a decrease in the production of some immunoglobulins (Ig): 1) IgG1 subclass in the serum, at a basal level and after an in vitro stimulation of splenic B cells; 2) Anti-OVA (Ovalbumine) IgM after immunization in vivo with OVA; 3) Anti-dsDNA IgM after immunization with LPS. This abnormal production of Ig seems to be linked to a defect in Ig secretion process. In addition, we developed a murine B cell line overexpressing Trib1 that let us to confirm the Ig production deficiency and to identify potential Trib1’s partners in B cells. In contrast, Fkbp11 overexpression, leads to some features of lupus disease in 8-month-aged-mice, including a tolerance breakdown (characterized by autoantibody production) and the initiation of plasma cell differentiation. In conclusion, Trib1 could exert an immunosuppressive role and its overexpression in SLE could constitute a new mechanism of B cell regulation during remission phases, whereas Fkbp11 seems rather to contribute to lupus physiopathology. Thus, the description of these two biological pathways could bring new insights into the comprehension of lupus disease and could also potentially lead to the development of new therapeutic applications
L'Hermitte, Antoine. "Rôle de LECT2 dans le microenvironnement immunitaire au cours de la cancérogènese hépatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS360/document.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second cause of cancer-rel ated death worldwide. Several studies highlighted the tumor microenvironment (TEM) as a key player in cancer from initiation to progression steps of tumorigenesis. Using relevant HCC mouse models, our team identified the chemokine-like LECT2 as a critical actor of liver TEM in the control of tumor aggressiveness.The aim of my thesis was to address functionally the role of LECT2 in the immune microenvironment during HCC.Using mouse models, we observed that the absence of LECT2 induces a significant accumulation of myeloid cells in the TEM. We showed that these myeloid cells were immature, harbored strong immunosuppressive capabilities on T cells and expressed a transcriptional program sustaining tumor progression. Interestingly, the accumulation of these actors in the microenvironment is associated with the emergence of poorly differentiated tumor nodules expressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition / progenitor / metastasis markers.Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LECT2-deficient hepatocytes in the context of β-catenin activation were able to perform EMT like WT hepatocytes do after TGF-β1 challenge. In co-culture experiments, we demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in the absence of LECT2 have a strong ability to induce hepatocyte EMT.Finally, we analyzed the expression of LECT2 in a vast cohort of HCC liver samples and found that downregulation of LECT2 expression strongly correlates with 1) - the presence of vascular invasion, 2) – histological grade and 3) - the presence of inflammatory infiltrates.Altogether, our data demonstrate that LECT2 acts as a strong regulator of liver tumor aggressiveness through its dual action on hepatocytes and impact on the function of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. This work identifies LECT2 as a new biomarker for HCC and pave the way to new therapeutic strategies
Guérif, Fabrice. "C-Kit, apoptose et spermatogenèse : modèle expérimental murin." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3302.
Chanet, Audrey. "Impact des flavanones des agrumes sur la prévention de l'athérosclérose et mécanismes d'action mis en jeu." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF1MM02.
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality worldwide and its prevention is a major public health issue. Epidemiological studies have shown that fruit and vegetables consumption is associated with a lower cardiovascular risk. These effects could be explainedby their richness in micronutrients, especially polyphenols. Consumption of flavanones, a class of polyphenols present specifically and in large amounts in citrus fruits, was inversely associated with risk of coronary events and stroke. Experimental data obtained in vivo and invitro suggest that the flavanones (hesperidin or naringin) have lipid-lowering, hypotensive and anti-inflammatory properties. These effects could be mediated via modulation of gene expression by these bioactives. However, the anti-atherogenic effect of flavanones in vivo has been only explored at supra-nutritional doses and the mechanisms responsible for these effects are largely unknown. Furthermore, in vitro mechanistic data are questionable as they have been obtained using native forms of flavanones which are not present in the body.The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to assess the impact of consumption of flavanones (naringin and hesperidin) at nutritional doses on the development of atherosclerotic lesions indifferent mouse models of hypercholesterolemia and decipher molecular mechanisms brought into play, using a transcriptomic approach, (2) to determine the impact of physiological concentrations of plasma flavanone metabolites on endothelial cell function and theunderlying molecular mechanisms. In vivo, we showed that only naringin supplementation (0.02%), the major flavanonein grapefruit, reduced the progression of atherosclerotic lesions in a mouse model of dietinduced atherosclerosis (C57BL/6J mice fed an enriched diet in fat and cholesterol). Thiseffect was associated with a reduction in plasma non-HDL-Chol and biomarkers ofendothelial dysfunction, but appeared independent of a modulation of antioxidant status. Agenome-wide transcriptome analysis of the aorta of these animals showed that naringin supplementation modulated expression of genes involved in processes such as cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization; these latter being involved in leukocytes trans-endothelialmigration. These results reveal new molecular targets of action of flavanones that have beenfurther studied in vitro.The in vitro data showed that exposure of endothelial cells (HUVEC) to physiological concentrations of circulating metabolites of naringenin (glucuronides) or hesperetin(glucuronides and sulfate) decreased the adhesion of monocytes (U937) to endothelial cells, a key step in the trans-endothelial migration. Consistent with these results, a TaqMan Low Density Array analysis showed that exposure of endothelial cells to these flavanone metabolites affected the expression of genes involved in inflammation, chemotaxis, adhesionas well as leukocytes trans-endothelial migration. Overall, the results of this work show that the anti-atherogenic effect of flavanones is not exclusively derived from lipid-lowering effect, but also due to a direct action on the endothelium by modulating key processes of atherosclerosis development, particularly adhesion and trans-endothelial migration
Zgheib, Sara. "Altérations physiologiques et récupération à long terme dans un modéle murin de séparation associée à une restriction du temps d'accés à l'alimentation : un outil pour l'étude des conséquences de l'anorexie mentale." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0428/document.
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder mainly developed in adolescent girls and young women. It is characterized by an obsessive search for thinness, a profound undernutrition and a distorted self-image.It is associated with multiple endocrine and metabolic disturbances, decreased bone mass and microarchitectural alteration. Some of the developed adaptations are supposed to be involved in the blockade of the pathologic state. Unfortunately, these adaptations are poorly known and most of them cannot be studied on patients. So it is necessary to develop an animal model which mimics the main consequences observed in human pathology and allows studying the recovery process. For this purpose we adapted a murine model of time restricted feeding associated with chronic stress induced by separation-based anorexia (SBA). C57B1/6 female mice are submitted to a long term SBA protocol (10 weeks) and then a long term phase of recovery (10 weeks). At the beginning of the protocol mice are 8 weeks old, so their fast growth is finishing. SBA protocol induced a rapid and significant loss of body weight. Body composition analysis by DEXA showed a 40% decrease of the fat mass, a progressive loss of lean mass and a blockade of bone mass acquisition. Mice deveoped a high glucose tolerance. The observation of vaginal smears revealed a disruption of the estrous cycle and ovarian histology showed an atrophy of the ovaries. These two alterations suggest a major alteration of reproductive functions. These animals showed a very low leptinemia, and the GH/IGF-1 axis was disrupted. The study of bone alteration by microtomography indicated an alteration of bone microarchitecture and of cortical bone mass, mimicking osteoporosis often described in AN patients. Body weight, lean and fat masses were normalized quickly during the REC protocol. Bone mineral content still low after 2 weeks of REC protocol was fully corrected after 10 weeks. The estrous cycle ovarian size and the GH/IGF-I were normalized. Surprisingly, hypoleptinemia persisted even after 10 weeks of REC and despite the normalization of the fat mass. This result has been confirmed by the low level of leptin gene expression in various adipose tissues. Finally, the SBA protocol is valuable model of AN because numerous physiological alterations described in AN are mimicked in this model. The recovery phase revealed the high capacity of mice to normalize the long term alterations. Persitent hypoleptinemia could contribute to the normalization of body composition. However, the balance between central and peripheral effects of the uncorrected hypoleptinemia remains to be determined. This persisting hypoleptinemia could be used for the revision of the therapeutic strategies aiming to correct AN-induced osteoporosis
Jung, Sophie. "Agents infectieux et rupture de tolérance lymphocytaire B : étude des processus de maturation d'affinité et de différenciation plasmocytaire au cours d'une infection bactérienne dans un nouveau modèle knock-in autoréactif." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ067.
Autoimmune diseases, affecting more than 5% of the population, reflect a loss of tolerance to selfantigens. These multifactorial diseases result from the combined effect of several susceptibility alleles and different environmental factors. Infectious agents have been particularly incriminated but there is no clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. B lymphocytes, that appear central to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, may be activated by several mechanisms during infectious processes and this activation can encompass autoreactive cells. Whether or not the lattercan induce the production of high-affinity pathogenic IgG isotype auto-antibodies from the naturally present low-affinity self-reactive B cells is still unknown. To gain further insight into this question, we created a new intermediate affinity autoreactive mouse model called SWHEL X HEL2X. In these mice, knock-in B cells express a B cell receptor highly specific for Hen-Egg Lysozyme (HEL) that recognizes HEL2X mutated auto-antigen with intermediate affinity. This model, generated on a non-autoimmune-prone genetic background, allows the following of anti-HEL B cells affinity maturation process in presence of their auto-antigen during Borrelia burgdorferi chronic bacterial infection. The infection leads to lymph nodes lymphoproliferation and B cell activation including anergic cells. Some autoreactive clones are able to form germinal centers, toswitch their immunoglobulin heavy chain and to introduce somatic mutations in the heavy chain variable regions on amino-acids forming direct contacts with HEL2X, suggesting an auto-antigen-driven selection process. Despite increased levels of IgM autoantibodies, infected mice are unable to generate IgG autoantibody secreting plasma-cells. These observations suggest the existence of intrinsic peripheral tolerance mechanisms operating mainly at the level of germinal centers. The first checkpoint eliminates switched autoreactive B cells with increasing affinity mutations while a secondcheckpoint avoids IgG+ plasma-cell differentiation. Thus, in genetically non predisposed individuals, tolerance mechanisms may be set-up to prevent the development of pathogenic autoimmunity during the course of an infection
Nicolas, Sarah. "Mise en évidence du potentiel thérapeutique de l’adiponectine et de son rôle dans les effets antidépresseurs de l’environnement enrichi." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2018AZUR4019.
Major depression is a complex disorder characterized by behavioral and cognitive impairments triggered by various factors including genetic predispositions, stress and environment. The pathophysiology of depression is poorly understood. Numerous evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is associated with depression. Alternative therapeutic strategies are needed and "positive" life experiences could be an efficient way to help the remission of the disorder. To study the potential antidepressant effects of such “positive” living conditions, we used the enriched environment (EE) paradigm on mice. The aim of our work was to fully characterize the antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects of EE in a well-characterized murine model of depression-like behavior induced by long-term administration of corticosterone. We showed that EE efficiently reverses the anxiety/depression‐like state of mice and reduces neuroinflammation. Moreover, we identified the adipokine Adiponectin as a key player in the beneficial effects of EE. We reported that increased levels of Adiponectin in the brain led to microglia phenotype and activation state regulation, thus reducing global brain inflammation in mice. Indeed, the anti-inflammatory and antidepressants effects of EE are abolished in Adiponectin deficient mice. We demonstrated that anti-inflammatory actions of Adiponectin on microglia is mediated through the Adiponectin Receptor 1. Those results highlight the key role of the adiponergic system in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we tested the effect of AdipoRon, a potent Adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 agonist on corticosterone-treated mice. AdipoRon successfully reversed the corticosterone-induced depression-like state in mice. AdipoRon exerted its pleiotropic actions on various systems including hippocampal neurogenesis, serotonergic neurotransmission and neuroinflammation, which can explain its antidepressant properties. Together, our findings bring insight into the beneficial effects of "positive" life experiences in depression and neuroinflammation, highlight the pivotal role of Adiponectin pathway and emphasizes that AdipoRon or other Adiponectin receptor agonist may constitute a promising novel antidepressant
Frugier, Tony. "Création et caractérisation de modèles murins de l'amyothérapie spinale." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05N093.
Bozoyan, Lusine. "Rôle des cellules myéloïdes dans des modèles murins de la neuroinflammation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27007.
Inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), known as neuroinflammation, is a hallmark of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Detailed characterization of each cell population and its specific molecular signature in different pathologies will allow us to master and, thus, control neuroinflammatory processes. The present work aimed to understand the mechanisms of action of two types of myeloid cells, microglia and neutrophils, in various models of CNS disorders. The specific goals of my research were: (a) understanding the role of IL-36 in neuroinflammation established during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); (b) evaluating the implication of GPR84, a G-protein coupled receptor, which is specifically expressed by microglia in the CNS during cognitive function alterations in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Our results showed that the levels of IL-36/IL-36R signalling pathway elements are increasing in three different models of EAE, however they contribute neither to the development nor to the progression of this pathology. Using flow cytometry we identified neutrophils as a major source of IL-36γ. Moreover, we demonstrated that microglia express IL-36R and their stimulation with IL-36γ results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the second part of our research, we characterized the increase of GPR84 expression on microglia during AD progression using APP/PS1 mice. Crossing these mice with GPR84 deficient mice decreases the activation and the recruitment of microglia around β-amyloid plaques and accelerates the cognitive decline. Our data imply an important role for GPR84 in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis since its lack contributes to the dendritic degeneration in the brain. Discoveries made during my studies provide new and valuable insights that may contribute to the development of efficient therapies targeting myeloid cells in different CNS pathologies. My results open up new avenues to elucidate the role of IL-36γ in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, through my work, we introduce an in vivo model for identifying the endogenous ligand of GPR84, which is a potential therapeutic target for prevention and/or treatment of AD.
Lauzon-Joset, Jean-François. "Caractérisation des cellules épithéliales bronchiques murines dans un modèle asthmatique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21887.
Gary, Charlotte. "Experimental Transmission of Alzheimer's Disease Endophenotypes to Murine and Primate Models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS412/document.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau proteins. There has been longstanding interest as to whether AD might be transmissible similarly to prion diseases. Our objective was to study the transmissibility of AD endophenotypes after AD brain intracerebral inoculation in mice and primates.First, we showed that AD experimental transmission accelerated Aβ pathology in two rodent models of early or late genetic β-amyloidosis. Then, we focused on a primate model of sporadic AD, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). AD-inoculated adult lemurs progressively developed cognitive impairments, neuronal activity alterations and cerebral atrophy. AD-inoculated mouse lemurs also developed subtle β-amyloidosis in the absence of Tau pathology, 18 months after inoculation. The transmission of an AD-like pathology in the absence of severe neuropathological lesions is striking. Such observations have already been reported for prion diseases but never in the context of AD. Our results suggest that agents leading to AD-like alterations may be not immunohistopathological-detectable forms of Aβ or Tau proteins and transmitted experimentally.In conclusion, our results support the “prion-like” hypothesis of AD and provide further arguments for a dichotomy between the toxicity of deposited and soluble assemblies of Aβ or Tau proteins. Finally, they complement recent evidence supporting iatrogenic β-amyloidosis in humans and provide strong arguments to evaluate functional outcomes in potentially contaminated individuals