Journal articles: 'Munsell color chart'

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Brewer, Cynthia A. "Color Chart Use In Map Design." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 04 (December 1, 1989): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp04.1139.

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Ten process-printed color charts based on the perceptually ordered Munsell system were previously developed. Sixteen cartographers with experience in color map design were mailed copies of the chart and were subsequently interviewed by telephone. The objectives of the interviews were to gather background information on the cartographers' general use of color charts and to examine the perceived usefulness of the Munsell-based charts as aids for map color selection. Approximately half of the interviewees were not satisfied with the color charts they were currently using. Over half of the cartographers had difficulties with differences between printed map and chart colors. As a summary of the interviews, eleven recommendations are made for the design of yellow-magenta-cyan charts of the conventional lithographers' format. Twelve of the cartographers judged the Munsell-based charts as potentially useful aids for map color selection, especially for the design of thematic color progressions. Likewise, the cartographers' solutions to di ffic ulties with the layouts of their conventional charts indicated that a different chart organization, possibly perceptual, would be useful to cartographic designers. Overall, the interviews revealed a surprising diversity of opinions about and requirements of color charts that are used in map design.

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Rincón Castillo, Álvaro, Mauricio Álvarez de León, Oscar Pardo Barbosa, Mary Alejandra Amaya, and Raúl Alejandro Díaz Giraldo. "Estimación de la concentración de clorofila y su relación con la concentración de proteína cruda en tres especies del pasto Urochloa en el Piedemonte Llanero, Colombia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 5 (November 30, 2019): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)533-537.

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To establish the relationship between the intensity of the green color of leaves and their crude protein (CP) concentration in Urochloa brizantha, U. decumbens and U. humidicola pastures in the Piedemonte Llanero, Colombia, the leaf chlorophyll concentration was measured (in SPAD units), classified based on the Munsell color chart and compared with the leaf CP concentration determined by the Kjeldahl method. The regression analysis between chlorophyll and CP concentrations showed coefficients of determination (r2) between 0.76 and 0.88. While collection of additional data will allow colorimetric charts based on the Munsell color chart to be developed which can be used to predict CP levels for each of these species, the relationships generated can be used to develop recommendations to assist farmers in the region in their decisions on use and fertilizing of these pastures.

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Wright, C. Y., A. I. Reeder, A. R. Gray, and V. A. Hammond. "Comparison of Munsell®color chart assessments with primary schoolchildren's self-reported skin color." Skin Research and Technology 21, no. 4 (March 12, 2015): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12215.

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Holt, Denver W., Michael T. Maples, and Chris Savok. "Black Color Morph of the Brown Lemming, Lemmus trimucronatus = L. sibiricus." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i3.808.

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A black pelage Brown Lemming is reported from Barrow, Alaska. The occurrence of this black color morph appears to be rare. During twelve years of Snowy Owl research and lemming trapping, only one has been seen. Of 554 snap-trapped Brown Lemmings and 1649 Brown Lemmings found cached at owl nests, no black individuals were found. The pelage of the black morph is described using a Munsell Soil Color Chart.

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Astiningrum, Mungki, Putra Prima Arhandi, and Elly Fatmawati. "PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI MUNSELL SOIL COLOR DETECTION CHART INDEX MENGGUNAKAN METODE SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE." Jurnal Informatika Polinema 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jip.v4i2.161.

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Salah satu sifat tanah yang paling sering digunakan oleh para peneliti untuk menggambarkan dan mengklasifikasikan tanah adalah warna. Warna merupakan sifat fisik yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang beberapa karakteristik paling penting dari suatu tanah seperti, komposisi mineral, usia, dan proses pembentukan. Dengan mengetahui warna dari suatu tanah, maka dapat ditentukan kegunaan tanah tersebut apakah cocok untuk lahan pertanian, perkebunan, perumahan, dan lain sebagainya, disesuaikan dengan kondisi tanahnya. Dalam mengidentifikasi warna tanah, para peneliti menggunakan standar warna pada buku Munsell Soil Color Chart. Banyaknya variasi warna pada buku ini menyebabkan peneliti membutuhkan kecermatan dan waktu lama dalam penentuan warna tanah. Keterbatasan indera penglihatan manusia juga mampu menjadi faktor terjadinya kesalahan sehingga informasi yang diperoleh menjadi kurang akurat. Oleh karena itu, dikembangkanlah aplikasi menggunakan pengolahan citra digital untuk mengidentifikasi warna tanah berdasarkan Munsell Soil Color Chart menggunakan metode Support Vector Machine (SVM) dan ekstraksi fitur warna Modus dan Mean. Proses diawali dengan melakukan cropping terhadap citra tanah inputan menjadi 170x200, kemudian mengurangi noise pada citra masukan menggunakan median filter dan mengekstraksi fitur dengan Modus dan Mean. Selanjutnya proses training dan testing data menggunakan metode SVM. Pengujian yang dilakukan menghasilkan tingkat keakuratan mencapai 93,33% untuk masing – masing ekstraksi.

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Priandana, Karlisa, Ahmad Zulfikar S, and Sukarman Sukarman. "Mobile Munsell Soil Color Chart Berbasis Android Menggunakan Histogram Ruang Citra HVC dengan Klasifikasi KNN." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Agri-Informatika 3, no. 2 (May 29, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jika.3.2.93-101.

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Penentuan warna tanah tidak mudah karena banyaknya jenis tanah dan tingginya tingkat kemiripan warna tanah. Untuk mengatasi kesulitan ini, para praktisi menggunakan suatu buku pedoman warna tanah yaitu Munsell soil color chart (MSCC). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan aplikasi mobile untuk mengidentifikasi warna tanah dalam menentukan warna mayor tanah sesuai buku MSCC. Aplikasi dibangun menggunakan pemodelan warna HVC dengan komponen warna hue, value, dan chroma. Penelitian ini menekankan klasifikasi untuk warna hue saja. Meskipun demikian, diteliti juga komponen warna value dan chroma. Citra yang digunakan sebagai data latih adalah 259 citra dari buku MSCC yang masing-masing berukuran 1600 piksel. Data warna hue dari setiap piksel ini dianalisis dalam bentuk histogram dan diklasifikasikan dengan KNN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akurasi tertinggi dalam klasifikasi nilai hue adalah 45% pada nilai k = 5. Akurasi mungkin dapat ditingkatkan dengan cara menggunakan data soil color yang sudah tersedia secara online. Kata kunci: Android, HVC, KNN, Munsell soil color chart.

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Lacerda, Eliza Maria da Costa Brito, Monica Gomes Lima, Anderson Raiol Rodrigues, Cláudio Eduardo Correa Teixeira, Lauro José Barata de Lima, Dora Fix Ventura, and Luiz Carlos de Lima Silveira. "Psychophysical Evaluation of Achromatic and Chromatic Vision of Workers Chronically Exposed to Organic Solvents." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/784390.

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The purpose of this paper was to evaluate achromatic and chromatic vision of workers chronically exposed to organic solvents through psychophysical methods. Thirty-one gas station workers (31.5 ± 8.4 years old) were evaluated. Psychophysical tests were achromatic tests (Snellen chart, spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity, and visual perimetry) and chromatic tests (Ishihara's test, color discrimination ellipses, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test—FM100). Spatial contrast sensitivities of exposed workers were lower than the control at spatial frequencies of 20 and 30 cpd whilst the temporal contrast sensitivity was preserved. Visual field losses were found in 10–30 degrees of eccentricity in the solvent exposed workers. The exposed workers group had higher error values of FM100 and wider color discrimination ellipses area compared to the controls. Workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents had abnormal visual functions, mainly color vision losses and visual field constriction.

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Ramos, Priscila Vogelei, Alberto Vasconcellos Inda, Vidal Barrón, Diego Silva Siqueira, José Marques Júnior, and Daniel De Bortoli Teixeira. "Color in subtropical brazilian soils as determined with a Munsell chart and by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy." CATENA 193 (October 2020): 104609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104609.

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Fernandes, Kathleen Lourenço, Adriana Aparecida Ribon, José Marques Junior, Angélica Santos Rabelo de Souza Bahia, and João Tavares Filho. "Magnetic and spectral signatures of Cerrado soils in the state of Goiás, Brazil." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 10 (October 2017): 923–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017001000012.

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Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the iron oxide contents (hematite and goethite) and to characterize the color and the spectral and magnetic signatures of Cerrado soils in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Six Oxisols and one Inceptisol were studied. Spectral and magnetic signatures were determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetic susceptibility, respectively. Then, the spectral curves and the second derivative calculations were used to determine hematite and goethite contents, as well as soil color after conversion into tristimulus values. Hematite and goethite contents were also obtained by x-ray diffractometry, and soil color was also defined in the field (Munsell color chart). The values for the isomorphic substitution of iron by aluminum and the degree of redness were also determined. DRS can be used to estimate hematite and goethite contents, as well as the color of Cerrado soils in the state of Goiás. The spectral signature can point out the main soil properties related to the contents of organic matter, iron oxides, kaolinite, and gibbsite. The magnetic signature, characteristic of soils rich in iron oxides (hematite and goethite), shows the predominance of pedogenic minerals.

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Braz, Hannah, Danieli Regina Klein, Deise Cadorin Vitto, Neri Ebeling, Marlene Matos Malavasi, Ubirajara Contro Malavasi, Maria Soraia Fortado Vera Cruz, Ana Carolina Pingueli Ristau, Maria Eunice Lima Rocha, and Pablo Wenderson Ribeiro Coutinho. "Physiological Maturity of Parapiptadenia rigida Seeds." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 10 (September 15, 2018): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n10p485.

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The establishment of appropriate standards related to the physiological and morphological aspects of the seeds are fundamental procedures to help the nurserymen and seed producers in determining the maturity and the appropriate moment of collection of the fruits. In this sense, the objective of this research is to evaluate the physiological maturation of seeds of Parapiptadenia rigida by means of germination and vigor tests, based on the color of the pods. The seeds were collected in June 2017, from three matrices located in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil. The pods were classified in four stages of maturation, according to the Chart of colors model “Munsell colors chart” for plants tissues, and measured the biometric parameters. The parameters observed to evaluate the germinative potential are: first germination count, germination velocity index, emergency velocity index, and fresh and dry matter masses of seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five maturation stages and four replicates of 25 seeds each. The averages were compared using the Tukey test at a 5% probability. The germination test showed that the increase in physiological potential of P. rigida seeds is associated with the progresses of pod maturation. Therefore, the vigor test demonstrated that the physiological maturation of the species is simultaneous with the change of coloration and maturation of the pods.

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Deswanti, Putri, Yulian Fakhrurrozi, and Sri Rahayu. "KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI DAUN DAN BUNGA BEBERAPA VARIETAS Hoya coronaria DARI KAWASAN HUTAN KERANGAS AIR ANYIR, BANGKA." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v2i1.462.

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Hoya coronaria was found in Heath Forest Air Anyir, Bangka in various flower color. Characterization based on morphological characteristics need to clear up the differences between varieties. This research aims to observe morphological variation of six varieties of H. coronaria from Heath Forest Air Anyir, Bangka based on morphology vegetative and flower morphology. The descriptive method was used to describe the morphological character. Determination of color based on Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues. The six samples of different varieties was used which has different flower color as follow respectively: yellow corolla with pink corona (var1); yellow corolla with white corona (var2); yellow corolla with pink honey line and pink corona (var3); pink corolla with pink honey line and pink corona (var4); pink corolla with pink honey line and white corona (var5); and white corolla with white corona (var6). The six varieties have different characteristic of vegetative and flower part both on qualitative and quantitative measurement. The cluster analyses resulted two sister groups. The first group (group A) consisted of var3, var4, var5, and var6, and the second group (group B) consisted of var1 and var2. Groups A was consisted of two smaller groups, namely group C and group D. Group C consisted of var3, var4 and var5, while group D consisted of var6

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Mulyanto, Djoko, and S. Surono. "Pengaruh Topografi dan Kesarangan Batuan Karbonat terhadap Warna Tanah pada Jalur Baron-Wonosari Kabupaten Gunungkidul, DIY." Forum Geografi 23, no. 2 (December 20, 2009): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v23i2.5010.

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Western part of the East Jawa Southern Mountains, which is distributed from Parangtritis, Yogyakarta to Pacitan Bay is the Gunung-Sewu Hills. The carbonate rocks on the Baron-Wonosari transect has some litofacies, and the soils overlying the rocks show some color varieties. Topography of Baron-Wonosari transect can be divided into two areas: southern part (Baron-Mulo) and northern part (Mulo-Wonosari). The southern part is a hilly land, whereas the northern part is a lowland plain. Soils on the southern part are dominated by red soils group, whereas on the northern part dominated by black soils group. The phenomenon is very interesting to be studied. The aim of research was to study relationship of soil colour with topography and pores of underlying carbonate rocks. Methods consist of landform especially topography observation, and soil colour by Munsell Soil Colour Chart, whereas laboratory analysis namely micro porosity and geochemical of carbonate rock. The results showed that micro pores of rocks have no effect to the soil colour formation. However, secondary pores (macro and mega) be suggested influent on red soil formation. Concentration of iron (Fe) and mangan (Mn) elements of carbonate rock have no effect on the formation of soil colour. Topography and rock secondary porosity be estimated have a role as controlling factors on the formation of soil colour by leaching process mechanism. An area, which has a high leaching capacity tend to be found much of red soils, whereas an area which has a low leaching capacity will be formed black soils.

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Sari, Indah Anita, Sobir ., Irvan Faizal, Agung Wahyu Susilo, Marcelinus A.S, Adhiwibawa ., and R. A. P. Nugroho. "Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll Content in Flush as Selection Markers on Fine Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 32, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v32i3.244.

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Level of anthocyanin content in flush is different between fine flavor cocoa and bulk cocoa. This study was aimed to determine the potential of anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush as one of the selection indicator for fine flavor cocoa. Flush sampling was carried out at Cocoa Germplasm Collections in Kaliwining Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, while anthocyanin and chlorophyll analysis was conducted at Laboratory of Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments, Ma Chung University, Malang.The research utilized a completely randomized design consisted of four genotypes of fine flavor cocoa, namely DR 2, ICCRI 02, DRC 16, PNT 16 and five genotypes of bulk cocoa, namely Sulawesi 1, MCC 01, MCC 02, KW 617 and PA 191.Each treatment was repeated three times. Anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush was measured. Anthocyanin analysis was done by destructive methods, while flush color was observed based on Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues Data analysis used orthogonal contrast, multivariate and simple correlation. The results showed that there were differences in flush color on fine flavor cocoa and that of bulk cocoa. The flush of the fine flavor cocoa had a tendency towards yellow and that of bulk cocoa had a tendency toward red with different levels of variation among genotypes. The analysis results of chlorophyll content in flush showed that chlorophyll content of fine flavor cocoa was higher than bulk cocoa with a range of 2376-3692 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 1567-2628 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. On the contrary, anthocyanin content in fine flavor cocoa was lower than bulk cocoa with a range of 3.82-5.72 µmol/L for fine flavor cocoa and 6.01-11.88 µmol/L for bulk cocoa. The analysis results of orthogonal contrasts showed that chlorophyll content value was more stable than anthocyanin. There was negative relationship between anthocyanin and chlorophyll in flush with the regression Y = -221,1X + 3935 with a value of correlation r = -0.50. The anthocyanin and chlorophyll content in flush had a potential to be used as selection markers for fine flavor cocoa hybrid

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Sánchez-Marañón, M., R. Huertas, and M. Melgosa. "Colour variation in standard soil-colour charts." Soil Research 43, no. 7 (2005): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04169.

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This paper presents colourimetric analyses of 6 standard soil-colour charts (1372 chips) from different manufacturers, editions, and degrees of use. The CIELAB hab, L*, and C*ab were found to have significant (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) variations among tested charts, and the Munsell hue, value, and chroma measured in most chips varied from their notation by as much as 1 unit. This discrepancy can be attributed to printing differences and/or colour fading. The Munsell loci of constant hue and chroma plotted in CIELAB colour space showed that colour fading is not uniform, so that visual steps between neighbouring chips change, and constant hue and chroma lines become deformed. The colour difference between chips identically designated in two charts ranged from 0.94 CIEDE2000 units (above perception threshold) for charts from the same manufacturer and degree of use, to 3.72 CIEDE2000 units for old charts from 2 different manufacturers. Chips from old charts became yellowish, darker, and less saturated. These colour changes are consistent with the responses of 10 observers who, on assessing 10 soil-colour samples, reported Munsell notations to have redder hue, lighter value and greater chroma. Periodic colourimetric checking of soil-colour charts would be advisable in order to avoid mistakes in soil-colour description.

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Vetter, Roland E., Vera R. Coradin, Elisatbeth C. Martino, and Jose A. A. Camargos. "Wood Colour - A Comparison Between Determination Methods." IAWA Journal 11, no. 4 (1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000534.

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Precise colour description results in a better classification and evaluation of wood products. Two systems of colour determination were applied and compared in 98 Amazonian wood species: the Munsell colour system, a visual determination comparing colour standards with samples, and the DIN colour chart using a reflectance reading colorimeter. The Munsell system is sufficient, when applied in simple descriptions of wood colour. To evaluate variations and changes in colour, however, the method of reading the colorimeter and converting to the DIN colour chart is recommended. This method allows the user to calculate precisely differences between colours.

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Thompson, James A., Adam R. Pollio, and Philip J. Turk. "Comparison of Munsell Soil Color Charts and the GLOBE Soil Color Book." Soil Science Society of America Journal 77, no. 6 (November 2013): 2089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0117n.

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Hammond, Norman. "Clarifying Color in the Codex Mendoza." Latin American Antiquity 16, no. 4 (December 2005): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30042510.

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AbstractColor differences between the original illustrations in the Codex Mendoza and the facsimile most widely used by scholars can be calibrated using a standard set of Munsell soil color charts. The discrepancies are potentially misleading about the presence and origin of some pigments used and the cultural significance of what is being shown in the document.

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Kirillova, N. P., J. Grauer-Gray, A. E. Hartemink, T. M. Sileova, Z. S. Artemyeva, and E. K. Burova. "New perspectives to use Munsell color charts with electronic devices." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 155 (December 2018): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.028.

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Dūdaitė, Jolita, Edita Baltrėnaitė, Paulo Pereira, and Xavier Úbeda. "TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE ASH COLOUR OF FOREST LITTER / TEMPERATŪROS ĮTAKA MIŠKO PAKLOTĖS PELENŲ SPALVAI." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 3, no. 5 (December 19, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2011.081.

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Research was carried out to identify the influence of temperature (150, 250, 350, 450, 550ºC) on the ash colour of Acer platanoides L. leaf litter and Pinus sylvestris L. needle litter samples collected from deciduous coniferous mixed forest in Lithuania (54º43‘ N 25º19‘ E) in April 2010. To achieve the objective, a laboratory experiment was conducted to determine ash samples using the Munsell Colour Chart. The analysis of colours has demonstrated that considering all litter samples, an increase in the temperature of litter heating was found to increase ash colour values (r = 0.92; p = 0.01). All the samples (n = 50) of both litter species were divided into categories 2.5Y (5 samples), 7.5YR (10 samples) and 10YR (35 samples). The total black Munsell colour was observed at a temperature of 350ºC for both litter species. Needle ash started turning bright at a temperature of 550ºC while the complete consumption of leaf litter was visible at a temperature of 450ºC. We conclude that the Munsell Colour Chart used for predicting the colour of ash is an informative feature to have the primary classification of ash. It is imperative to analyse the colour of the litter ash of the selected tree species in order to quickly and easily assess and predict their possible impact on the surrounding environment. Santrauka Tyrimas atliktas siekiant nustatyti temperatūros įtaką (150, 250, 350, 450, 550 ºC) paprastosios pušies spyglių ir paprastojo klevo lapų, surinktų iš lapuočių ir spygliuočių mišraus miško Lietuvoje (54° 43 „N 25° 19 ‚E) 2010-ųjų balandį, pelenų spalvai. Laboratorijoje Munsell spalvų sistema buvo naudojama, norint nustatyti pelenų spalvos reikšmes. Tyrimas parodė, kad didinant degimo temperatūrą visų pelenų spalvų vertės atitinkamai didėjo (r = 0,92, p = 0,01). Pagal spalvų skalę visus mėginius (50) galima suskirstyti į kategorijas: 2.5Y (5 mėginiai), 7.5YR (10 mėginių) ir 10YR (35 mėginiai). Juoda spalva buvo stebima abiejų rūšių pelenuose, kurie buvo deginami 350 ºC temperatūroje. Spyglių pelenai tapo šviesūs esant 550 ºC temperatūrai, o šviesėjantys lapų pelenai pastebėti 450 ºC temperatūroje. Galime teigti, kad Munsell spalvų sistemos naudojimas pelenų spalvai nustatyti yra informatyvus pirminės pelenų klasifikacijos rodiklis.

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Innes, John L., Sucharita Ghosh, and Andreas Schwyzer. "A method for the identification of trees with unusually colored foliage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1548–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-174.

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A method is presented for recognizing trees with unusually colored foliage, based on the use of Munsell plant color charts. Color assessments are made by scoring the crown of each tree for hue, value, and chroma. These values are plotted in three-dimensional space for each species, and a threshold is identified marking the border of an ellipsoid. Trees with foliage outside this ellipsoid are considered as unusual. The method means that assessments of discoloration can cover a range of colors and moves the decision over the color status of a tree from a subjective field decision to a statistically defined decision at the analytical stage. It takes into account that a tree may still be classified as green (previously classed as without discoloration) when its color of green lies outside the normal expectation for the species. The method represents a significant improvement on the discoloration assessments currently being used in large-scale inventories of crown condition in Europe.

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Fan, Zhaosheng, Jeffrey E. Herrick, Rick Saltzman, Christina Matteis, Anna Yudina, Nicholas Nocella, Edward Crawford, Rick Parker, and Justin Van Zee. "Measurement of Soil Color: A Comparison Between Smartphone Camera and the Munsell Color Charts." Soil Science Society of America Journal 81, no. 5 (September 2017): 1139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.01.0009.

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Griesbach, Robert J., and S. Austin. "Comparison of the Munsell and Royal Horticultural Society’s color charts in describing flower color." TAXON 54, no. 3 (August 2005): 771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25065433.

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Reeder, Anthony I., Ella Iosua, Andrew R. Gray, and Vanessa A. Hammond. "Validity and Reliability of the Munsell Soil Color Charts for Assessing Human Skin Color." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 23, no. 10 (July 13, 2014): 2041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0269.

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Henseler, H., V. Cheong, E. M. Weiler-Mithoff, I. R. MacKay, and M. H. C. Webster. "The use of Munsell colour charts in nipple–areola tattooing." British Journal of Plastic Surgery 54, no. 4 (June 2001): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/bjps.2001.3581.

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Brewer, Cynthia A. "The Development of Process-Printed Munsell Charts for Selecting Map Colors." American Cartographer 16, no. 4 (January 1989): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304089783813945.

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Bloch, Lindsay C., Jacob D. Hosen, Emily C. Kracht, Michelle J. LeFebvre, Claudette J. Lopez, Rachel Woodcock, and William F. Keegan. "Is It Better to Be Objectively Wrong or Subjectively Right?" Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2020.53.

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ABSTRACTFor many years, archaeologists have relied on Munsell Soil Color Charts (MSCC) as tools for standardizing the recording of soil and sediment colors in the field and artifacts such as pottery in the lab. Users have identified multiple potential sources of discrepancy in results, such as differences in inter-operator perception, light source, or moisture content of samples. In recent years, researchers have developed inexpensive digital methods for color identification, but these typically cannot be done in real time. Now, a field-ready digital color-matching instrument is marketed to archaeologists as a replacement for MSCC, but the accuracy and overall suitability of this device for archaeological research has not been demonstrated. Through three separate field and laboratory trials, we found systematic mismatches in the results obtained via device, including variable accuracy against standardized MSCC chips, which should represent ideal samples. At the same time, the instrument was consistent in its readings. This leads us to question whether using the “subjective” human eye or the “objective” digital eye is preferable for data recording of color. We discuss how project goals and limitations should be considered when deciding which color-recording method to employ in field and laboratory settings, and we identify optimal procedures.

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Mouazen, A. M., R. Karoui, J. Deckers, J. De Baerdemaeker, and H. Ramon. "Potential of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to derive colour groups utilising the Munsell soil colour charts." Biosystems Engineering 97, no. 2 (June 2007): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.023.

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Suwardining Tyas, Pining, Dwi Setyati, and Umiyah Umiyah. "Flowering Development of Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour) ‘Diamond river’." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 14, no. 2 (July 16, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v14i2.635.

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‘Diamond river’ is introduction plant that cultivated in Indonesian. Development of longan flower divided into eight stadium during 28 days. First and second stadium is the induction phase that lasts for 8 days, this phase is characterized by a change in color of the leaves become older by using the Munsell color charts for plant tissues indicate the scale of 7.5 GY (4/4) to GY 7.5 scale (3\2). Third stadium is the phase of flower initiation occurred by day eigth. Initiation stage appearance were showed by merristem axilar, which will form part of primordial flower. Fourth to seventh stadium are phase that a differentiation occurred on day 12 to day 24. Differentiation phase showed the development in suitable with the typical angiosperms are sepals, stamens, petals and pistils. Eighth stadium is the phase of anthesis occurred on day 28. In the phase of anthesis, flowers have undergone a process of pollination and fertilization. Keywords: Development, Diamond river, Flowering, stadium

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Marqués-Mateu, Ángel, Héctor Moreno-Ramón, Sebastià Balasch, and Sara Ibáñez-Asensio. "Quantifying the uncertainty of soil colour measurements with Munsell charts using a modified attribute agreement analysis." CATENA 171 (December 2018): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.027.

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Oliveira, Luiz Felipe Ramalho de, and Reynaldo Campos Santana. "Exploratory analysis of nutrient concentrations in Eucalyptus leaf color patterns." Advances in Forestry Science 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2020): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34062/afs.v7i2.8647.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of leaf color pattern to analyze leaf nutrient concentrations in Eucalyptus and to establish relationships between color patterns and leaf nutrient concentrations. The study was carried out in Eucalyptus stands at 25 months old using three leaves from the lower of tree crowns classified into five color patterns of Munsell color charts for plant tissues. The principal component analyses and the self-organizing maps were used to aid in the classification of samples in leaf color patterns. Subsequently, the k-means cluster algorithm was performed. In principal component analysis, the 7.5 GY 8/8 leaf color pattern stood out from the others and it was mainly influenced by nitrogen, phosphorous, copper, and potassium concentrations. The samples of 7.5 GY 8/4 leaf color pattern did not present a great nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, copper and potassium concentrations as the 7.5 GY 8/8 neither a great manganese, calcium, boron, zinc and iron concentrations as others leaf color patterns. The self-organizing map provides a greater proximity between the 7.5 GY 8/8 and 7.5 GY 8/4 leaf color patterns and the others leaf color patterns were randomly distributed in the U-matrix. Although the k-means algorithm presented two clusters in both analyses, the self-organizing map presented a slight superiority than principal component analysis. Using leaf color patterns was possible to infer about leaf nutrient concentrations in Eucalyptus. Both methods were able to distinguish only the healthy leaves 7.5 GY 8/8 from those whose were in the leaf senescence process.

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Day, P. M. "The petrographie study of the ceramics." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, S2 (1987): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00078671.

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The fragmentary assemblage was analysed by various techniques, mostly based on pétrographie methods, the results of which are summarised. The analyses generated data which are applicable to on-site spatial and chronological problems, in addition to those concerning characterisation and provenance study.Macroscopic examination of pottery from each individual scatter and ceramic spot finds was undertaken to establish the extent of variation within these apparently discrete spreads of material. This information was enhanced by data from microscopic techniques. The colour, surface treatment, size and temper of inclusions and any other observable fabric characteristics were recorded from the hand specimen. Surface and fabric traits were identified with the aid of a binocular microscope and colour readings were taken with reference to Munsell Soil Colour Charts. One sample from each scatter or spot find was refired, with the exception of SF182 and SF184 (both consisted of one small sherd, and were therefore only available for thin sectioning.

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McCreath, Heather E., Barbara M. Bates-Jensen, Gojiro Nakagami, Anabel Patlan, Howard Booth, Dana Connolly, Cyndi Truong, and Agazi Woldai. "Use of Munsell color charts to measure skin tone objectively in nursing home residents at risk for pressure ulcer development." Journal of Advanced Nursing 72, no. 9 (April 8, 2016): 2077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.12974.

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Pereira, P., X. Úbeda, J. Mataix-Solera, M. Oliva, and A. Novara. "Short-term changes in soil Munsell colour value, organic matter content and soil water repellency after a spring grassland fire in Lithuania." Solid Earth 5, no. 1 (April 11, 2014): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-209-2014.

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Abstract. Fire is a natural phenomenon with important implications on soil properties. The degree of this impact depends upon fire severity, the ecosystem affected, topography of the burned area and post-fire meteorological conditions. The study of fire effects on soil properties is fundamental to understand the impacts of this disturbance on ecosystems. The aim of this work was to study the short-term effects immediately after the fire (IAF), 2, 5, 7 and 9 months after a low-severity spring boreal grassland fire on soil colour value (assessed with the Munsell colour chart), soil organic matter content (SOM) and soil water repellency (SWR) in Lithuania. Four days after the fire a 400 m2 plot was delineated in an unburned and burned area with the same topographical characteristics. Soil samples were collected at 0–5 cm depth in a 20 m × 20 m grid, with 5 m space between sampling points. In each plot 25 samples were collected (50 each sampling date) for a total of 250 samples for the whole study. SWR was assessed in fine earth (< 2 mm) and sieve fractions of 2–1, 1–0.5, 0.5–0.25 and < 0.25 mm from the 250 soil samples using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method. The results showed that significant differences were only identified in the burned area. Fire darkened the soil significantly during the entire study period due to the incorporation of ash/charcoal into the topsoil (significant differences were found among plots for all sampling dates). SOM was only significantly different among samples from the unburned area. The comparison between plots revealed that SOM was significantly higher in the first 2 months after the fire in the burned plot, compared to the unburned plot. SWR of the fine earth was significantly different in the burned and unburned plot among all sampling dates. SWR was significantly more severe only IAF and 2 months after the fire. In the unburned area SWR was significantly higher IAF, 2, 5 and 7 months later after than 9 months later. The comparison between plots showed that SWR was more severe in the burned plot during the first 2 months after the fire in relation to the unburned plot. Considering the different sieve fractions studied, in the burned plot SWR was significantly more severe in the first 7 months after the fire in the coarser fractions (2–1 and 1–0.5 mm) and 9 months after in the finer fractions (0.5–0.25 and < 0.25 mm). In relation to the unburned plot, SWR was significantly more severe in the size fractions 2–1 and < 0.25 mm, IAF, 5 and 7 months after the fire than 2 and 9 months later. In the 1–0.5- and 0.5–0.25 mm-size fractions, SWR was significantly higher IAF, 2, 5 and 7 months after the fire than in the last sampling date. Significant differences in SWR were observed among the different sieve fractions in each plot, with exception of 2 and 9 months after the fire in the unburned plot. In most cases the finer fraction (< 0.25 mm) was more water repellent than the others. The comparison between plots for each sieve fraction showed significant differences in all cases IAF, 2 and 5 months after the fire. Seven months after the fire significant differences were only observed in the finer fractions (0.5–0.25 and < 0.25 mm) and after 9 months no significant differences were identified. The correlations between soil Munsell colour value and SOM were negatively significant in the burned and unburned areas. The correlations between Munsell colour value and SWR were only significant in the burned plot IAF, 2 and 7 months after the fire. In the case of the correlations between SOM and SWR, significant differences were only identified IAF and 2 months after the fire. The partial correlations (controlling for the effect of SOM) revealed that SOM had an important influence on the correlation between soil Munsell colour value and SWR in the burned plot IAF, 2 and 7 months after the fire.

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Simon, Arleyn W., Destiny L. Crider, Tatsuya Murakami, and Barry Wilkens. "Arizona Salado turquoise: source studies with proton-induced X-ray emission and X-ray diffraction." Open Journal of Archaeometry 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2013.e10.

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We compare the composition of turquoise source materials from Arizona to prehistoric blue-green stone artifacts recovered from Salado platform mounds (ca. AD 1275-1450) in the Tonto Basin of Central Arizona. Turquoise samples from known source areas in Arizona including Kingman, Castle Dome, in the Globe- Miami area are compare with others that may have been potential sources of turquoise artifacts recovered from the Salado platform mounds. The complementary techniques of proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogical signatures are used for nondestructive characterisation of both source area samples and archaeological artifacts. The results of the source area sample characterisations are compared quantitatively with the results of archaeological samples, which are evaluated in terms of their likelihood of being from each of the regional sources. The combination of mineralogical and chemical data to identify source materials provides a more thorough identification of the complex variations within turquoise related materials that may not be distinguished by visual inspection. The PIXE and XRD analysis are compared using a set of multivariate statistics including principal components analysis and discriminant analysis. Additionally, a set of Munsell colour charts specifically for the blue-green range of colours is used to objectively qualify colour in comparison to chemical and mineralogical signatures, as colour alone is not a reliable indicator of composition. The results provide objective data to assess directionality of procurement of turquoise and regional social and economic ties to better understand Salado regional connections during this dynamic period in the American Southwest.

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Villa, Fabíola, Daniel Fernandes da Silva, Maria Cristina Copello Rotili, Neusa Francisca Michelon Herzog, and Marlene de Matos Malavasi. "Seed physiological quality and harvest point of dovyalis fruits." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 49 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4954520.

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ABSTRACT The main propagation mode of dovyalis is by seeds, what makes important to determine the ideal moment of fruit harvest. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological seed quality and harvest time of dovyalis fruits. To determine the fruit physical attributes, they were visually classified into five classes, according to the maturity stages, based on the external color of the exocarp: stage 1: green fruit; stage 2: yellowish-green; stage 3: yellowish-brown; stage 4: brown; stage 5: intense brown. The seed extraction to evaluate the physiological quality was based on the seed water content, germination percentage, germination speed index and determination of the dry biomass of the shoot, root and seedlings originated from these seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, containing 25 seeds per treatment and 4 replicates. The fruit color during ripening varies from green to intense brown. The fruits reach their largest size and fresh biomass accumulation in the stage 4, with the brown exocarp color represented in the Munsell chart by 2.5YR 3/4. The removal of seeds for propagation should occur from the stage 2 (2.5GY 5/8), when the fruits have a yellowish-green color, although no statistical variation is observed in the number of seeds during maturation.

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Kim, Sang Woo, YoungWook Go, Sang-Ook Kang, and Chang Kyu Lee. "Quantitative visual tests in primary open-angle glaucoma patients according to three different lights with different color-rendering index." BMC Ophthalmology 21, no. 1 (May 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-021-02005-2.

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Abstract Purpose To compare quantitative visual tests, such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color vision tests in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients according to three different light systems with different color-rendering index (CRI). Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 36 eyes in 36 patients with POAG. Three different light systems consisting of a 3-band fluorescent lamp (CRI 80), a white LED (CRI 75), and a quantum dot LED (CRI > 95) were used. All lights had the same illuminance of 230 lx to exclude illuminance effects. The visual testing included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using an ETDRS chart, a CSV-1000E contrast test, and a color test performed by the Farnsworth Munsell 100-hue test. Results There was no significant difference in BCVA (p = 0.86). There were no significant differences in the detail contrast tests according to the three light systems (p = 0.95, p = 0.94, p = 0.94, respectively, p = 0.64). There was significant difference between the three light systems in color test (p = 0.042). The color test scores with a quantum dot LED were significantly lower than those of the white LED and 3-band fluorescent lamp (p = 0.03 and 0.047, respectively). Conclusions POAG patients did not show significant differences in visual acuity scores and contrast test scores, expressed as black and white symbols, according to the different light systems. However, POAG patients tested under a quantum dot LED (CRI > 95) could distinguish color differences better than in the other light systems.

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Septiandini, Tasya Nabilla, and Muflihati. "EKSTRAK BUAH BAKAU Rhizophora mucronata Lamk SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI PADA KAIN KATUN." Jurnal TENGKAWANG 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jt.v9i1.33632.

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The fruit of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk content of tannin which can be used as natural dye color. Research purposes was to extract the fruit of R. mucronata, used the extract with fixation material as cotton natural dye, and evaluation the resistance of the color. The research was conducted for three months at Wood Technology laboratory and Wood workshop laboratory at Forestry Faculty Tanjungpura University. The fruit of R. mucronata was extraction with aquades with ratio 1:10 (weight/volume) at temperature ±80ºC for 60 minutes. The fixation materials were tawas, kapur tohor and tunjung. The cotton was dipped into the extract then analyzes the change of the color before and after the coloring process. After that the cotton was dipped into the fixation materials. The ratio of fixation materials and aquades was 1:20 (weight/volume). After coloring the change of the color was measured. Evaluation the resistance of the color after fixation was made refer on ASTM D 870-02-2002 for hot water treatment and ASTM D-1308-02-2013 for cold water treatment. The quality of color was measured with Munsell Soil Color Chart and Hunter Lab. The result of research showed that extract of R. mucronata give a pink color to the cotton with average value of ∆E was 22.74. The retention of extract to cotton was 4.47 g/cm3. The additional of fixation materials, i.e. tunjung and kapur tohor resulted the drak color meanwhile tawas made the lightest color. The average ∆E values were 6.16-39.84. Extract of fruit of R. mucronata with additional of tunjung as fixation materials can be used for natural dye for cotton and wood. Keywords : kapur tohor, natural dye, Rhizophora mucronata, tawas, tunjung

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N. Aprioku, Ibifubara, and Elizabeth A. Awoyesuku. "Pattern and Prevalence of Color Vision Disorders amongst Secondary School Students in Rivers State, Nigeria." Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal, August 21, 2019, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/or/2019/v10i430110.

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Aims: To determine the prevalence and pattern of color vision disorders (CVD) amongst secondary school students in Rivers State. Study Design: A community based descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital from the 20th of January to the 30th of April 2014. Methodology: A community based descriptive cross sectional study where study subjects were selected using multi-stage random sampling technique with inclusion criteria of consenting students with visual acuity >6/24. Ethical clearance for test was obtained from institution. Socio-demographic data obtained using an interviewer administered questionnaire. A comprehensive ocular examination was done and color vision assessed using the Ishihara 24 plate 2009 edition and the Farnsworth Munsell D 15 test for those who failed the Ishihara test. The prevalence of color vision disorder was determined by those that failed the Ishihara test. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Mean and standard deviations were determined for age. The age groups gender, other demographic distribution of the subjects amongst other was presented using frequency tables and charts. Statistical significance was put at p ≤ 0.05. Results: 1000 students were studied which consisted of four hundred and ninety five males (n=495; 49.4%) and five hundred and six females (n=506; 50.6%), with a male female ratio of 1:1.02. Mean age of subjects was 14.3±1.8 years with an age range of 9-20 years. The prevalence of color vision disorders was 2.8% (p-value 0.000) and was higher in males (2.1%) than females (0.7%) (P-value 0.000). Deutan defects were the most predominant (1.8%) compared to protan defects (0.4%) and tritan defects (0.2%). Conclusion: The study showed a prevalence of color vision disorders of 2.8% with male preponderance among secondary school students. Deutan color vision defects were most prevalent.

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OLIVEIRA, THIAGO DE PAULA, SILVIO SANDOVAL ZOCCHI, and ANGELO PEDRO JACOMINO. "MEASURING COLOR HUE IN ‘SUNRISE SOLO’ PAPAYA USING A FLATBED SCANNER." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 39, no. 2 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452017911.

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ABSTRACT Color hue is a variable frequently used postharvest to assess the physiological maturity of various fruits. In general, mean color hue is quantified by visual techniques, but this method, based on human grading, is tedious and may be erroneous. The color of fruit peel is frequently determined at four points randomly distributed on the equatorial region of a fruit, but this practice can lead to biased results because these points represent the equatorial region only and not the total area of the fruit peel. Consequently, this bias is not due to equipment measurement errors, but to the bias in the sampling process of the points on the fruit epidermis. An alternative to such methods is the digital image which provides information about all regions of the fruit peel, and results in a more accurate mean hue. However, this technique requires calibration to correct the values of luminance, hue and intensity obtained through the scanner. This calibration can be performed from color patterns such that each pattern is assessed by means of a scanner and a colorimeter. Thus, an experiment was conducted using 297 color patterns based on the Munssel color chart for plant tissue. The results showed that the scanner could be used as a device for color assessment where the determination coefficients were above 0.9 for all color components. Next, a second experiment was conducted in order to compare the scanner and colorimeter methodologies. For this, we used a papaya fruit, cv. Sunrise Solo, which was assessed by these two devices for a period of 19 days. The results showed that the image analysis measures have a different mean hue when compared with the mean hue obtained by the method using a colorimeter. Therefore, it is recommended that digital image analysis be used for the evaluation of the hue of fruit peel color when fruit presents non-uniform coloration.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Munsell color chart'

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