Journal articles: 'Municipal water supply Management Melbourne'

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Englehardt, James D., Tingting Wu, Frederick Bloetscher, Yang Deng, Piet du Pisani, Sebastian Eilert, Samir Elmir, et al. "Net-zero water management: achieving energy-positive municipal water supply." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2, no. 2 (2016): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00204d.

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Babel, Mukand S., Aldrin A. Rivas, and Seetharam Kallidaikurichi. "Municipal Water Supply Management in Bangkok: Achievements and Lessons." International Journal of Water Resources Development 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900621003710661.

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Kenway, S. J., G. M. Turner, S. Cook, and T. Baynes. "Water and energy futures for Melbourne: implications of land use, water use, and water supply strategy." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2013): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2013.188.

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This paper quantifies the effect of three policy levels on the water and energy futures of Melbourne, Australia. During a time of severe water shortages attributed to climate change, water strategies lacked consideration of energy consequences. Modeling, guided by urban metabolism theory, demonstrated that a compact urban form, reduced water consumption by 90 GL/a, compared with a sprawling city, and had greater water conservation impact than simulated demand management measures. Household water conservation, coupled with increased use of solar hot water systems, reduced grid energy use by some 30 PJ/a. Desalination, tripled water supply energy demand, growing to a total of 4.5 PJ/a, by 2045. While the increase is less than 1% of total Melbourne urban energy use, it contributes to a substantial increase in the energy bill for urban water provision. Importantly, the energy impact could be offset through demand management measures. Recommendations for the combined management of water and energy include improving energy characterization of the urban water cycle; impact-evaluation of regional plans; using total urban water and energy balances in analysis to provide context; and developing reporting mechanisms and indicators to help improve baseline data across the water and energy systems.

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Lam, K. L., P. A. Lant, and S. J. Kenway. "Energy implications of the millennium drought on urban water cycles in Southeast Australian cities." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.110.

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Abstract During the Millennium Drought in Australia, a wide range of supply-side and demand-side water management strategies were adopted in major southeast Australian cities. This study undertakes a time-series quantification (2001–2014) and comparative analysis of the energy use of the urban water supply systems and sewage systems in Melbourne and Sydney before, during and after the drought, and evaluates the energy implications of the drought and the implemented strategies. In addition, the energy implications of residential water use in Melbourne are estimated. The research highlights that large-scale adoption of water conservation strategies can have different impacts on energy use in different parts of the urban water cycle. In Melbourne, the per capita water-related energy use reduction in households related to showering and clothes-washing alone (46% reduction, 580 kWhth/p/yr) was far more substantial than that in the water supply system (32% reduction, 18 kWhth/p/yr). This historical case also demonstrates the importance of balancing supply- and demand-side strategies in managing long-term water security and related energy use. The significant energy saving in water supply systems and households from water conservation can offset the additional energy use from operating energy-intensive supply options such as inter-basin water transfers and seawater desalination during dry years.

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Young, R. "Watersmart - developing a sustainable water resources strategy for Melbourne." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0034.

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Melbourne's water supply system has developed incrementally since the 1850s in response to the demands placed on it by a growing city. As Melbourne has continued to grow, a number of water supply strategies have been undertaken to identify options for meeting future water demands. The last major strategy review was undertaken in 1992. In October 2000, the Victorian Government, through the Minister for Environment and Conservation, announced the establishment of a Committee to oversee the development of a sustainable 50 year water resource management strategy for Melbourne's water supply system. This paper outlines the process undertaken in developing the strategy, including; the development of the Discussion Starter report which provided background information on the four broad options identified to manage Melbourne's water resources, the consultation process adopted to obtain community views on preferences and the next steps in the development of the strategy.

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Bolan, Nanthi S. "Water Encyclopedia: Domestic, Municipal, and Industrial Water Supply and Waste Disposal." Journal of Environmental Quality 37, no. 3 (May 2008): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0002br.

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Micklin, Philip P. "The Water Management Crisis in Soviet Central Asia." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 905 (January 1, 1991): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.1991.105.

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Water is biologically essential to all life. Without an adequate supply plants and animals soon perish. But an abundant and assured supply of fresh water is also an economic and social necessity to modem industrial societies which withdraw prodigious amounts of it, chiefly for industrial, agricultural, and municipal purposes. Massive water withdrawals are particularly essential in arid regions where irrigation has been extensively developed. However, since irrigation is a major consumptive user of water (i.e., a large proportion of water withdrawn is not returned directly to the supply source), rivers and ground water suffer significant depletion with attendant ecological, economic, and social consequences.

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Morison, P. J., R. R. Brown, and C. Cocklin. "Transitioning to a waterways city: municipal context, capacity and commitment." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (July 1, 2010): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.289.

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In Melbourne, Australia, the adoption of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and the inclusion of best practice in new urban development has shifted the “drained city” of the 1960s toward an environmentally-oriented “waterways city” for the future. However, the “waterways city” is tenuous owing to the variable commitment of local municipalities to WSUD. This paper reports on the first phase of a social research project, which aims to secure a model of the waterways city by addressing the commitment and capacity deficits of local municipalities. Municipal commitment and capacity across three geographical areas in Melbourne are measured quantitatively using an innovative, comprehensive, and replicable assessment technique. The results show variability in municipal capacity and commitment across the areas, with a pronounced deficit in the rural-regional area. Consequently, intergovernmental attempts to normalise modes of integrated urban water management (such as WSUD) need to include innovative and flexible mechanisms that are responsive to the dynamics of municipal commitment and capacity. These principles have broader application to cities internationally where the management of urban stormwater is the shared responsibility of multiple governments.

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Noaman, A., and A. W. Al-Sharjabe. "Efficient management of municipal water: water scarcity in Taiz City, Yemen – issues and options." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (April 10, 2015): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-186-2015.

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Abstract. The city of Taiz is the third largest city in Yemen, located about 250 km south of Sana'a and about 90 km inland from the Red Sea. Taiz is situated on the foothills and slopes of the Jabal Saber Mountain at elevations between 1100 and 1600 m a.s.l. Its population is rapidly increasing and is expected to grow from about 580 000 in 2012 to over 1 000 000 in 2020. Water supply is the most pressing problem in the city of Taiz today due to the significant shortages of supply (the average consumption is 23 L/d) caused by the depletion of existing water resources and the lack of a clear direction in dealing with the problem. This forces frequent service interruptions (30–40 days) and the service is rarely extended to new users (only 57% of the population are covered). Sanitation is another daunting problem. The (poorly maintained) sewerage network covers only 44% of the population. In several unsewered areas to the north, east and west of the city, raw sewage is disposed of directly into wadis, which causes a health hazard and threatens to contaminate groundwater resources. The proper computation of demand and supply is based on the various fields. It was performed under this study with a particular model: the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). WEAP is supported by a geographical information system (GIS). The available and relevant data on poverty and social indicators, water use and sources, surface runoff, surface and groundwater availability, groundwater depletion and management, crop production areas, soil cover, maps, and meteorological information were gathered from a number of sources. There are only two ways to decrease the water deficit: by increasing water supply or decreasing the water demand. Any adaptation project aims at one of the two. Six projects are proposed, with three in each category (1, 2 and 3 to decrease demand, and 4, 5 and 6 to increase supply): − Project 1: Improvement of irrigation methods − Project 2: Improvement of the water distribution network in Taiz City − Project 3: Water re-use − Project 4: Water harvesting − Project 5: Brackish water treatment − Project 6: Desalinization of sea water

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Macharia, Pauline, Maria Wirth, Paul Yillia, and Norbert Kreuzinger. "Examining the Relative Impact of Drivers on Energy Input for Municipal Water Supply in Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 8480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158480.

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This study examines supply-side and demand-side drivers of municipal water supply and describes how they interact to impact energy input for municipal water supply in Africa. Several key compound indicators were parameterized to generate cluster centers using k-means cluster analysis for 52 countries in Africa to show the impact of water supply–demand drivers on municipal water supply and associated energy input. The cluster analysis produced impact scores with five cluster centers that grouped countries with similar key compound indicators and impact scores. Three countries (Gambia, Libya, & Mauritius) were classified as outliers. Libya presented a unique case with the highest impact score on energy input for raw water abstraction, associated with largescale pumping from deep groundwater aquifers. Multivariate analysis of the key indicators for 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that are either water-secure or water-stressed illustrate the relative impact of drivers on energy input for municipal water supply. The analytical framework developed presents an approach to assessing the impact of drivers on energy input for municipal water supply, and the findings could be used to support planning processes to build resilient drinking water infrastructure in developing countries with data challenges.

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Xuemei, Guo. "Long-distance Pipe Jacking Technology in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Engineering Construction." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016504021.

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Nowadays, with the sustainable economic development in China, the management of the urban constructional planning in various cities in China has also made great progress and improvement, and urban infrastructure construction is also constantly being improved. To make people’s work and life more convenient, municipal projects are also increasing. Municipal water supply and drainage engineering construction in cities are indispensable in urban infrastructure construction. Long-distance drainage often occurs in the construction of water supply and drainage. In order to solve this situation, relevant staff have specially developed a series of long-distance pipe jacking technology and applied it to the construction of municipal water supply and drainage projects, which greatly improves the quality and the efficiency of municipal water supply and drainage projects.

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Gwozdziej-Mazur, Joanna, and Kamil Świętochowski. "Analysis of the water meter management of the urban-rural water supply system." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400051.

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Water losses in the water supply network pose a continuous challenge for water companies. Already during designing new networks, the designer assumes that the amount of water demand must be increased by a certain percentage (usually by 10% of the total average daily water demand for municipal and industrial purposes) due to the possible occurrence of water losses. Water loss is meant the difference between the amount of water injected into the network and the amount of water used and invoiced, i.e. that brings income for the water supply company. Proper water metering management helps to limit water losses. This paper presents analysis of the water meter management of urban-rural water supply system.

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Soares, Sara, Daniela Terêncio, Luís Fernandes, João Machado, and Fernando Pacheco. "The Potential of Small Dams for Conjunctive Water Management in Rural Municipalities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071239.

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The drinking water supply to Vila Pouca de Aguiar municipality in North Portugal is based on high quality groundwater, namely on nearly one hundred artesian springs and fifty boreholes. The groundwater resources are plentiful on a municipal level, but evidence some deficits at the sub-municipal (village) level, especially during the dry period (July- August) that coincides with the return of many emigrants for holiday time. The deficits affect mostly the municipal capital (Vila Pouca de Aguiar) and a neighboring village (Pedras Salgadas), which populations nearly double or even triple during that period. The estimated annual deficits approach 55,000 m3/yr in those villages. If the anticipated increase in consumption/habitant and decrease in annual rainfall become reality in the next two decades, then the deficits may raise to approximately 90,000 m3/yr. To balance the water supply system, this study proposes its transition towards a conjunctive water management based on surface water stored in small dams and groundwater. A hydrologic modeling involving small forested catchments (< 15 km2) elected the Cabouço watershed as most suited basin to store stream water, because surface water availability is large (2.4 Mm3/yr) and forest cover is dominant (84.8%). Estimated nutrient loads are also compatible with drinking water supply.

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Bakker, Karen, and David Cameron. "Governance, business models and restructuring water supply utilities: recent developments in Ontario, Canada." Water Policy 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0029.

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Many municipal governments are currently confronted with the need to restructure water supply systems. This paper examines how municipalities are restructuring water supply utility management in the province of Ontario (Canada), which has recently experienced significant and rapid legislative and regulatory reform in the water sector. The paper analyses restructuring in six different municipalities (Hamilton, Kingston, Peel, Peterborough, Toronto and York). It identifies six distinct business models adopted as an outcome of the restructuring process (delegated management to a private operator, corporatization of services provision, delegated management to a public operator, a municipal commission, a municipal ‘business unit’ and a municipal department) and examines the different approaches to governance adopted during the restructuring process. The case study is conceptualized through a discussion of the governance and restructuring challenges faced by municipalities. As municipalities are often confronted with a bewildering array of business models, governance frameworks and contract types when engaging in a review of restructuring options, the paper situates the analysis of the Ontario case within a general survey of business models for networked water supply. The paper concludes with a discussion of “lessons learnt” relevant to municipalities and higher orders of government when engaging in restructuring of networked water supply provision.

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Odiana, Sylvester, Monday Onoja, and Ernest Ebun-Igbeare. "Municipal water resources management: evaluation of water consumption by car wash facilities in Bauchi Town, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.18.

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Car wash can be defined as a facility used to clean the exterior and in some cases, the interior of motor vehicles. These facilities are common in Bauchi and other cities in Nigeria. They use water as a major input thereby causing serious challenges to water resources management. Car wash facilities in Bauchi depend on municipal water supply by water board. The study aimed at determining the rate of municipal water consumption by car wash facilities in Bauchi. It was carried out by measuring the volume of water used in washing cars by some selected car wash facilities in the town using both bucket and hose methods. The data collected were analysed using statistical method such as random sampling techniques and simple descriptive method like Tables, Figures and mean. The result shows that 1,710,091.2L is withdrawn daily from the municipal water supply by car wash facilities. This is more than the quantity of water serving zone ‘L’ of the 16-zones of Bauchi Water Demand Zones. It also shows that the use of hose consume 441.2L/day and the use of bucket consume 115.5L/day which indicate that more water is wasted using hose method. Therefore, car wash facilities consume significant amount of water supplied by the Water Board. If the current trend continues and with the proliferation of car wash in Bauchi, there will be water shortage to the populace who are the primary beneficiaries.Keywords: car wash, Bauchi, input,Water Board, consumption, volume

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Rojek, Izabela, and Jan Studzinski. "Detection and Localization of Water Leaks in Water Nets Supported by an ICT System with Artificial Intelligence Methods as a Way Forward for Smart Cities." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020518.

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The last decade has seen the development of complex IT systems to support city management, i.e., the creation of so-called intelligent cities. These systems include modules dedicated to particular branches of municipal economy, such as urban transport, heating systems, energy systems, telecommunications, and finally water and sewage management. In turn, with regard to the latter branch, IT systems supporting the management of water supply and sewage networks and sewage treatment plants are being developed. This paper deals with the system concerning the urban water supply network, and in particular, with the subsystem for detecting and locating leakages on the water supply network, including so-called hidden leakages. These leaks cause the greatest water losses in networks, especially in old ones, with a very diverse age and material structure. In the proposed concept of the subsystem consisting of a GIS (Geographical Information System), SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system and hydraulic model of the water supply network, an algorithm of leak detection and location based on the neural networks’ MLP (multi-layer perceptron) and Kohonen was developed. The algorithm has been tested on the hydraulic models of several municipal water supply networks.

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Luecke, Daniel F. "INTERACTION OF WATER SUPPLY PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1183a—1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1183a.

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Water resource development, particularly dam construction and inter basin diversions, can cause substantial environmental damage. Minimizing future damage can best be accomplished by using existing systems more efficiently, thus. reducing the need for supply augmentation: In the U.S., agriculture accounts for 83% of the annual total water consumption. The municipal and industrial sectors account for the remaining use. These shares are inversely related to economic value; agricultural water is worth between $30 and $75 per acre-foot in most applications while water in the municipal sector may be worth as much as $300 to $500 per acre-foot. The system inefficiencies implied by the sectors' use and relative economic values make it clear that water supply planning can be improved. If cost-effectiveness were the criterion against which water supply options and alternatives were assessed, system management and end–use efficiency would replace supply augmentation. Institutional, not technical, constraints prevent the adoption of the mote efficient options. Were these constraints relaxed, the monetary and environmental savings would be substantial.

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Stent, A. F., and N. Harwood. "Estimating Pipe Reticulation Losses in a Municipal Water-Supply System." Water and Environment Journal 14, no. 4 (August 2000): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2000.tb00257.x.

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Loáiciga, Hugo A. "Managing Municipal Water Supply and Use in Water-Starved Regions: Looking Ahead." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 141, no. 1 (January 2015): 01814003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000487.

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Zyoud, Shaher H., and Daniela Fuchs-Hanusch. "An Integrated Decision-Making Framework to Appraise Water Losses in Municipal Water Systems." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 19, no. 05 (August 2020): 1293–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622020500297.

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To mitigate the acute water shortage problems, water utilities are combating to find potential solutions. Water losses management in Water Supply Networks (WSNs) is amongst the prominent solutions. This work intends to develop a decision support framework to diagnose the criticality of WSNs according to an associated Water Loss Risk Index (WLRI) at pipe and zone levels. It utilized the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to evaluate the influential factors that contribute to water losses. The Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Technique (FSET) has been utilized to assess WLRI at pipe level and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operator has been used to aggregate the individual WLRI values for each zone. The framework is extended by incorporating Monte Carlo simulation model to generate the final ranking of zones. The outcomes of this simulation showed fair stability in terms of ranking the scrutinized zones. The integration of this framework in water losses management practices and planning policies of water utilities has a large potential in improving water supply services and the performance of WSNs.

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Farmaki, Polytimi, and Apostolos Tranoulidis. "WATER POLICY IN GREECE: MANAGEMENT AND PRICING UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1141.

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This paper is related to Greece’s water policy as it was formulated after the incorporation of Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60. We examined the status and evolution of constitutional provisions for the protection and management of water resources spanning from the first Greek Constitution of 1843 up to the current constitutional text of 1975 as formulated in 2008 with the incorporation of its third revision. In parallel, we investigated the Greek water pricing legal framework in accordance with Article 9 "Recovery of costs for water services" of the WFD. We compared the actual rates of water services as set by Municipal Water Supply Sewerage Companies (DEYAs) operating in 11 cities across Greece. The findings reveal that there are considerable problems and delays in the implementation of WFD. Regarding municipal water pricing policies, we concluded that DEYAs do not follow a unified and structured pricing scheme. Furthermore, several companies do not discriminate between data costs either per service (water supply, sewerage) or per use (water supply, irrigation, etc.). Finally, it is evident that none of them has yet adopted the relevant provisions set by the European directive for full cost recovery and water pricing reflecting financial, environmental and water resources costs.

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Pedati, Caitlin, Samir Koirala, Tom Safranek, Bryan F. Buss, and Anna V. Carlson. "Campylobacteriosis Outbreak Associated with Contaminated Municipal Water Supply — Nebraska, 2017." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 68, no. 7 (February 22, 2019): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6807a1.

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Arbon, M., and M. Ireland. "Water recycling: a major new initiative for Melbourne - crucial for a sustainable future." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0671.

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Melbourne Water has adopted a challenging target of recycling 20 per cent of treated effluent from Melbourne's two major sewerage treatment plants by 2010. This target was adopted in response to key drivers for water recycling in the Melbourne region such as: strong support for conserving water resources and protecting marine environments; acknowledgment of recycled water as a valuable resource; greater emphasis on environmental issues and sustainable management principles; and opportunities to increase demand for recycled water through effective planning mechanisms. Issues that must be effectively addressed to meet the target include: managing public perceptions of recycled water; health and environmental concerns; lack of consensus among government agencies; high up-front costs of infrastructure; and prices of other sources of water supply not currently true costed. Melbourne Water has identified the following factors as critical in determining the success of recycling strategy: ability to demonstrate that water recycling will be important in terms of long term water cycle management; effective stakeholder consultation; gaining government support; establishing long-term, guaranteed markets for recycled water; implementing well planned, large scale recycling schemes; ability to provide a product that meets customer needs; regulatory approval; and implementation of a system that is economically viable. Water recycling initiatives are being investigated on household, local and regional levels. Over 10 proposals that will contribute to the 20 per cent recycled water target from the regional treatment plants are under various stages of development. Melbourne Water's commitment to recycling within a total water cycle management context is a vital component of this major new initiative for Melbourne and is crucial for a sustainable future.

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Swallow, Stephen K., and Carlos M. Marin. "Long run price inflexibility and efficiency loss for municipal water supply." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 15, no. 2 (June 1988): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(88)90021-6.

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Benito, Bernardino, María-Dolores Guillamón, and Francisco Bastida. "Public versus Private in Municipal Services Management." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 4 (September 3, 2015): 995–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.3.995-1018(2015).

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Recent years have seen Spain and many other developed countries move more and more into outsourcing public service management on the grounds that production costs are higher in the public sector than in the private. However, there is often no empirical support that this is always the case. This paper shows that the private sector is not always more economical or better managed than the public one and, to the best of our knowledge, such a study had never been made in Spain. It draws on a survey by the Spanish Court of Auditors for a sample of municipalities, which analyzes public services like drinking water supply, street lighting, street cleaning and urban solid waste collection. Only in the case of lighting is private management cheaper and more efficient, although in larger municipal populations the opposite is true.

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DIEGTIAR, Oleg A., Volodymyr H. HORNYK, Sergii O. KRAVCHENKO, Valentyna V. KARLOVA, and Tatyana V. SHTAL. "Improving Public Water Resources Policy in Ukraine: Municipal and Environmental Issues." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 11, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.11.3(43).20.

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The article focuses on the current topic of public water resources management. Globalization presents new challenges and demands for sustainable development for society. The current problem of modern humanity is the rational use of limited water resources. Water management is closely linked to the harmonization of social, economic and environmental requirements. The domestic water use system cannot meet European requirements for effective water supply due to moral and physical wear. An inadequate regulatory framework reduces the effectiveness of management processes and requires finding ways to attract investment to the industry, including in public-private cooperation. The analysis of the main problems of water management development, including non-compliance with European standards, moral and physical wear, lack of effective systems of water resources planning, monitoring and control of use of water resources, showed that these problems are primarily the result of an imperfect system of public water management. Based on commercialization processes, the water supply system through the implementation of public-private partnership mechanisms, provided that private entities are clearly monitored by public authorities, can produce significant socio-economic and environmental results. The research developed an algorithm for implementing an effective water management system at the state level by developing and implementing public-private partnership projects in accordance with the requirements of an effective water management system. The mathematical model of information and analytical support of processes of monitoring of rational water use in conditions of implementation of public-private partnership projects is defined.

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Suleiman, Abubakar Hadiza. "PATTERN OF WATER SUPPLY IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES IN METROPOLITAN KANO." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-432.

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The study carried out on pattern of water supply in relation to different water sources in metropolitan Kano was aimed to assess the pattern of water supply in the area. Eight local government areas were found in the area but six local government areas were selected in conducting the research work. The selected local government areas included dala, Fagge, Kano Municipal, Gwale, Tarauni, Nassarawa. The research work was conducted through the following methods of data collection, (questionnaire and interview). Krecjie and morgan sampling techniques was adopted in administering the questionnaire, because it was the best sampling techniques that suited the study. The result of the findings indicated that ground water sources are now the major sources of water used in the study area, pipe borne water was generally inadequate. Dala, Kano Municipal, Fagge and Gwale were the areas mostly affected with scarcity of pipe borne water. Other sources of water for household usage included water from vendors and water supply Tankers. Some sources of water were founded inactive (that is sources of water producing less or no water due to some problems). Most people in the area depend on sachet water as their source of drinking water. Finally, in order to overcome some of the problems of water is their source of drinking water. Finally, in order to overcome some of the problems of water supply it was recommended that there should be alternative sources of power, regular maintenance, train of manpower, and effective management of water supply systems.

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Díaz, A., A. Basanta, and C. Escot. "Water supply reservoirs vigilance program in Seville (southwest Spain): a useful tool for active water resource management." Water Supply 5, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0079.

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With nearly 30 years' experience of managing stored surface water for water supply, the Municipal Water and Sewage Company of Seville (EMASESA), has introduced a Water Supply Natural Resources Vigilance Program. It consists of four levels that are mutually complementary: early warning system; vigilance of raw water resources; research; and integration of limnological knowledge. Selecting the reservoir that should be used, intake depth, transfer strategies, etc, are some examples of active management that this Vigilance Program allows us to achieve. Guaranteeing high quality raw water resources, at all times, which therefore favours their treatment, is one of the priority objectives for EMASESA. This is because it not only has repercussions from an economic point of view but it also contributes to the efficient and sustainable use of water resources.

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Sanjeevayya, G., and T. Sobhasri. "Women and Water Management: A Study on Water Supply by Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation of Andhra Pradesh." Anthropologist 11, no. 3 (July 2009): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2009.11891097.

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Kansara, Surendra. "Modeling the Water Supply Service Quality: A Case Study of the Municipal Corporation." International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management 1, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpqm.2019.10018902.

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Kansara, Surendra. "Modelling the water supply service quality: a case study of the municipal corporation." International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management 29, no. 1 (2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpqm.2020.104525.

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Rak, Janusz R., Izabela Piegdoń, and Karolina Homa. "Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę." Journal of KONBiN 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2013-0072.

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Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

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Carmo, Rose Ferraz, Paula Dias Bevilacqua, and Marisa Barletto. "Social representations of drinking water: subsidies for water quality surveillance programmes." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 3 (January 5, 2015): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.171.

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A qualitative study was developed aimed at understanding the social representations of water consumption by a segment of the population of a small town in Brazil. A total of 19 semi-structured interviews were carried out and subjected to a content analysis addressing opinion on drinking water, characteristics of drinking water and its correlation to health and diseases, criteria for water usage and knowledge on the source and accountability for drinking-water quality. Social representations of drinking water predominantly incorporate the municipal water supply and sanitation provider and its quality. The identification of the municipal water supply provider as alone responsible for maintaining water quality indicated the lack of awareness of any health surveillance programme. For respondents, chlorine was accountable for conferring colour, odour and taste to the water. These physical parameters were reported as the cause for rejecting the water supplied and suggest the need to review the focus of health-educational strategies based on notions of hygiene and water-borne diseases. The study allowed the identification of elements that could contribute to positioning the consumers vs. services relationship on a level playing field, enabling dialogue and exchange of knowledge for the benefit of public health.

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Gupta, Shreekant, Surender Kumar, and Gopal K. Sarangi. "Measuring the performance of water service providers in urban India: implications for managing water utilities." Water Policy 14, no. 3 (January 2, 2012): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.109.

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This study assesses the efficiency of the urban water supply system in 27 selected Indian cities. It applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) as an analytical tool to measure technical efficiency. Cities are categorized into different groups according to the management structure of their water utilities. The results show that within groups, the utilities that are managed by ‘municipal corporations (MCs) and parastatals', with a certain amount of functional autonomy, perform better in comparison to the group ‘MCs and government’ and thus, strengthen the hypothesis that functional autonomy in management leads to better performance of the water utilities. Moreover, the results also have implications for urban domestic water pricing. We find that most water utilities are operating under decreasing returns to scale (DRS), implying that water should be priced at a marginal cost of supply.

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Tahir, S. N. A., and A. S. Alaamer. "Concentrations of Natural Radionuclides in Municipal Supply Drinking Water and Evaluation of Radiological Hazards." Environmental Forensics 10, no. 1 (March 16, 2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15275920802678404.

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Kobechinskaya, V. G., O. B. Yarosh, A. V. Ivashov, and V. L. Apostolov. "ISSUES OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY IN THE WESTERN PART OF CRIMEA." Water and Ecology 25, no. 3 (2020): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.50-62.

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Introduction. Until 2014, water supply in Sevastopol city and its municipal districts was combined due to its own surface and underground waters as well as a water conduit running from the Mezhgornoye reservoir located in the Saksky district and filled with the Dnieper waters of the North Crimean Canal. After 2014, this source was shut off. Therefore, it became important to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of drinking water supplied to the settlements of this territorial entity. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to assess the quality of drinking water and perform its analysis in Sevastopol city and nearby settlements, taking into account the increase in water intake from rivers and underground sources in recent years. Methods. Objects of the study are surface and underground water supply points, and drinking water for consumers. We used standard methods for the analysis of drinking water with an assessment of its physical, chemical and sanitary-bacteriological indicators using analysis of variance (AoV) methods. Water quality was assessed by the specific combinatorial index of water pollution. Using GIS technologies, maps were built to visualize a number of indicators: chemical oxygen consumption and data on the water pollution complexity coefficient at the stage when consumers receive water from the central water supply system (for all municipal districts). Results. It was established that sanitary and microbiological indicators of tap water quality — by the total microbial count, total coliform bacteria and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria — immediately before being fed to the central water supply system in the Southern and Northern districts of Sevastopol, did not exceed sanitary standards. Due to the considerable length of the distribution networks and their high deterioration, secondary pollution of drinking water is currently taking place. In a number of municipal districts, it was revealed that the key indicators being assessed exceeded the norms of the State Sanitary Rules and Regulations. For the first time, with the help of GIS technologies in the ArcGis 10.4 software shell, specific ranks of drinking water pollution levels were distinguished for individual municipal districts, which made it possible to visualize the dynamic characteristics of polluting ingredients taking into account their territorial affiliation.

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Crutchik, Dafne, and José Luis Campos. "Municipal Wastewater Reuse: Is it a Competitive Alternative to Seawater Desalination?" Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126815.

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Water scarcity is becoming a global challenge to attempts to narrow the water demand–supply gap. To overcome this problem, it is sensible to consider alternative technologies that can exploit non-conventional water resources. The choice of such technologies should be, however, carefully analyzed, because any choice might be unfeasible from an economic point of view. In this work, a methodology to select the most appropriate non-conventional water resource, out of municipal wastewater and seawater, was proposed. Specifically, we attempted to determine which alternative provides cheaper water supply and production costs for domestic uses, depending on the wastewater treatment system used and the water plant capacity. The production of water under three scenarios was analyzed: (i) a city that has a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP); (ii) a city that uses primary treatment and submarine outfalls to treat municipal wastewater; (iii) seawater desalination. The proposed methodology was tested in Chilean cities that are located in areas where water is a scarce resource. The results showed that the reuse of municipal wastewater represents a cost-competitive alternative to seawater desalination, mainly when municipal wastewater is treated in a conventional WWTP and when water flow demand is higher than 1500 m3/d. In contrast, seawater desalination becomes more profitable than wastewater reuse when the treatment of municipal wastewater is based on the use of submarine outfalls. This study provides a useful economic tool for promoting municipal wastewater reuse as a non-conventional water source for supplying water to cities that suffer from water scarcity in Chile and in similar areas of the world.

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Elias, Larissa Guarany Ramalho, Marília Carvalho de Melo, Ana Silvia Pereira Santos, and Leonardo Castro Maia. "Model of integrated territorial assessment for environmental justice applied to sanitation." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 2 (2021): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z21769478828.

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Equitable access to water and sanitation is still a challenge worldwide and in Brazil. In this sense, the concept of environmental justice was used in this paper as a basis for establishing an Integrated Territorial Assessment Model for Environmental Justice Applied to Sanitation. This research aims to give scientific support for the State Government to improve public policies and promote the universalization of water and sanitation services as established by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study was based on a quali-quantitative methodology. Secondary data were selected as key information to analyze environmental justice in sanitation, including the following: hydric vulnerability (IV), water supply (WS); untreated sewage collection (SC); sewage collection with treatment (ST); water supply investments (WSI); sewage system investments (SSI); municipal per capita income (MPI); and municipal human development index (MHDI). The data were presented in maps by overlapping the State official regional division and the discussion was carried out based on regional differences and similarities. The repetition of a pattern was noted, in which unfavorable rates were concentrated in the North and Jequitinhonha-Mucuri regions: water vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment, total investment, average investment, per capita income and municipal human development index. Both also have low rates of the sewage system and water supply when compared to others. On the other hand, Zona da Mata and Triângulo regions have favorable rates for hydric vulnerability, sewage system with collection and without treatment and water supply. The Triângulo Mineiro region also presented favorable rates of total investment, average investment, per capita income, and municipal human development index. It is concluded that the inequality between the regions is, initially, of natural origin, and reinforced by the social context and inequality in sanitation investments in the different regions.

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Haddadin, Munther J. "Shadow water: quantification and significance for water strained countries." Water Policy 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.017.

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Shadow water, a term introduced to the water literature in this paper, is shown to be a crucial component of the supply side of the population–water resources equation in water-strained countries and helps keep this equation in a state of equilibrium. A virtual environment is imagined in order to compute the water demand for the country under consideration, enabling the subject country to produce all the commodities it needs. The water demand is thus calculated in a virtual plane and is transformed to the real plane in the calculation process. The demand for each of the three purposes considered (municipal, industrial and agricultural) is determined. The blue water equivalent of green water, responsible for the support of rain-fed agriculture and range land, is calculated and added to the other agricultural water resources of blue and grey water. The demand generated by the uses as determined in the virtual model is compared with the available supply. The gap between the supply of and the demand for production water (agricultural and industrial) is bridged by shadow water through commodity imports.

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Lin, Ying Jian, and Ying Zhao. "Research on Monitoring System of Water Supply Pipe Network Based on GPRS Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.482.

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Urban water supply pipe network is an important part of municipal infrastructure systems, is the basis for the survival and development of the city. How to guarantee the safety operation of the water supply pipe network, to reduce water supply pipe network leakage rate, to prevent explosion occurred, and fundamentally improve the water supply pipe network operation management level, become the water supply enterprise high attention and urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, this paper studies monitoring system of water supply pipe network based on GPRS. First, the characteristics and the importance of the water supply pipe network, so using GPRS technology. Then, detailing the characteristics and advantages of GPRS technology. Secondly, introduces the composition of the urban water supply pipe network monitoring system. Finally, the realization of specific functions will be described. Application of monitoring system for real-time monitoring, fully guaranteed the security of the water supply system.

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Jayaramu, K. P., B. Manoj Kumar, and K. K. Prasanna Rashmi. "Improving cost recovery in urban water supply service: an experience from India." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (December 7, 2015): 685–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.134.

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Poor cost recovery, owing to inherent problems associated with intermittent water service, is common in the majority of towns and cities in India. The water supply in twin cities of Hubli–Dharwad, located in North Karnataka, India, was characterized by several issues such as water losses, poor service delivery, low cost recovery and low investments. Provision of water service to the twin cities was the responsibility of the Hubli–Dharwad Municipal Corporation (HDMC) until 2003. The municipal revenues were affected by the large gap between revenue and expenditure on account of poor performance of the water division of the corporation, which further impeded the efforts to improve water service. In 2003, due to deteriorating performance with regard to water supply, the Government of Karnataka transferred the responsibility for maintenance of the water service to the Karnataka Urban Water Supply & Drainage Board (KUWS&DB). The KUWS&DB along with the HDMC adopted a multi-pronged strategy to improve cost recovery. The sustained efforts for over a decade (2003–2013) led to a gradual increase in full cost recovery from about 12% in 2003 to 47% in 2013. This study examines the impact of the multi-pronged approach adopted for improving cost recovery in water supply in the twin cities.

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Burak, Selmin, and Hakan Mat. "Municipal water demand and efficiency analysis: Case studies in Turkey." Water Policy 12, no. 5 (November 19, 2009): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.209.

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The growing demand for municipal water due to population increase and urbanization impels water managers to reconsider the existing traditional supply-sided management approach. Strengthening of water demand management (WDM) policies by improving water use efficiency has been adopted as a key target in arid regions, in particular. Indeed, increasing the added value per m3 of water used is gaining importance, since it is a more environmentally-friendly strategy with regard to water resource management than expanding water infrastructure assets. Monitoring the water use efficiency index is the commonly applied method for assessing the performance of municipal water management that depends on physical (real) losses and non-physical (apparent) losses constituting non-revenue water (NRW). In this paper, the results of the study conducted in three medium-size urban settlements, namely Ordu, Çarşamba and Ceyhan, are presented. Field surveys and evaluation of the data relating to municipal customer service have been carried out. In the light of the findings covering a four-year period between 2004–2007, the origin and reasons for NRW, and the means and tools for reducing it in order to improve water use efficiency are discussed.

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Sorlini, Sabrina, Michela Biasibetti, Alessandro Abbà, Maria Cristina Collivignarelli, and Silvestro Damiani. "Water Safety Plan for drinking water risk management: the case study of Mortara (Pavia, Italy)." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 12, no. 4 (June 28, 2017): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2102.

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The Water Safety Plan (WSP) approach is an iterative method focused on analyzing the risks of water contamination in a drinking water supply system, from catchment to consumer, in order to protect human health. This approach is aimed at identifying and drastically reducing water contamination in the entire drinking water system, through the identification and mitigation or, if possible, elimination of all factors that may cause a chemical, physical, microbiological and radiological risk for water. This study developed a proposal of WSP for the drinking water supply system (DWSS) of Mortara, Italy, in order to understand which are the preliminary evaluation aspects to be considered in the elaboration of a WSP. The DWSS of Mortara (a town of 15,500 inhabitants, located in northern Italy) consists of three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), considering the following main contaminants: arsenic, iron, manganese and ammonia. Potential hazardous events and associated hazards were identified in each part of the water supply system. The risk assessment was carried out following the semi‑quantitative approach. The WSP proposal for Mortara was very useful not only as a risk mitigation approach, but also as a cost-effective tool for water suppliers. Furthermore, this approach will reduce public health risk, ensure a better compliance of water quality parameters with regulatory requirements, increase confidence of consumers and municipal authorities, and improve resource management due to intervention planning. Further, some new control measures are proposed by the WSP team within this work.

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Adedeji, Kazeem B., Akinlolu A. Ponnle, Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, and Anish M. Kurien. "Towards Digitalization of Water Supply Systems for Sustainable Smart City Development—Water 4.0." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 9174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189174.

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Urban water supply systems are complex and dynamic in nature, and as a result, can be considered complex to manage owing to enhanced urbanization levels, climate change, growing and varying consumer demands, and limited water resources. The operation of such a system must be managed effectively for sustainable water supply to satisfy the growing consumer demand. This creates a need for intelligent systems for the purposes of operational management. In recent years, computing technologies have been applied to water systems to assist water utilities in addressing some of these problems. Unfortunately, previous ICT solutions have not been able to provide the necessary support for applications to deal with the dynamics of water supply system environments. With the increasing growth in technology, the water sector is moving to the full phase of digitalization to enhance the sustainability of systems. Thus, a new industrial revolution in the water context (Water 4.0) is being researched. This is referred to as Water 4.0, which offers better possibilities to enhance the sustainability of water supply system operations. This paper presents an overview of Water 4.0 and its applications in enhancing water supply system operations. Key features of Water 4.0 are discussed. Furthermore, challenges and future opportunities offered by technology for sustainable operation of municipal water services are discussed.

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Bartone, Carl R. "International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse – Appropriate Technologies." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 2039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0660.

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The unabated urbanization and industrialization process in many arid and semi-arid countries leads to increasing demand for municipal and industrial water supply, often in direct competition with irrigation demand. In such cases wastewater reclamation and reuse should be an integral component of water resources management strategies. National reuse policies should be developed and implemented taking into account local conditions and based on affordable approaches that ensure safe reuse practice. This paper describes research and development carried out in several developing countries on appropriate technologies for implementing reuse, as well as coordinated international efforts to provide recommended guidelines and policies for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture.

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Zubari, Waleed K., and Ibrahim J. Lori. "Management and sustainability of groundwater resources in Bahrain." Water Policy 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2006.0009.

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In Bahrain, groundwater in the Dammam aquifer is the only natural source of relatively freshwater to meet the increasing demands for water. Heavy reliance on groundwater, particularly by the agricultural and municipal sectors, and its prolonged overexploitation over the last four decades have led to severe deterioration in its water quality. Currently, most of the original groundwater reservoir has been lost to salinization. In the past, groundwater management efforts were concentrated principally on supply management, where great efforts have been made to develop additional non-conventional and conventional water sources to alleviate groundwater stress, while demand management, conservation and protection of groundwater resources have not received much attention or emphasis. Based on future anticipated management efforts and programs, three alternative policy scenarios are considered in investigating groundwater balance and sustainability in Bahrain for the period 2002–2010: (1) supply augmentation and stabilization of agricultural water demands, (2) supply augmentation and demand management in the agricultural sector and (3) supply augmentation and unrestricted agricultural sector water demands. The current groundwater deficit could be lowered significantly in the second and the first scenarios. Evidently, the second scenario is to be preferred and constitutes an appropriate base for securing sustainable development of groundwater resources. However, it will depend on the effective implementation of the proposed demand management and conservation programs in the agricultural sector with their socio-economic, as well as political constraints and risks.

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Wang, Jia, Jiaoju Ge, Qiang Lu, and Hongyu Ning. "Key stakeholders' optimal strategy for upgrading water supply facilities in China." Water Policy 16, no. 5 (March 20, 2014): 785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.137.

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It is urgent to upgrade, replace and improve water supply facilities in China. Penalty, subsidy and water price increase are often considered the main policy tools for encouraging water supply companies to upgrade their production facilities. However, the implementation of upgrading water supply facilities is being confronted with some uncertainties because of the conflicts of involved stakeholders. This study develops a game model between municipal government and a water company to analyze their conflicts of interests and optimize the strategy for upgrading water supply facilities. Empirical analyses from three Chinese urban water companies are presented. Using theoretical and numerical analysis, the effects of penalty, subsidy and water price increase on strategies of upgrading water supply facilities were obtained. The main findings are that water price and penalty are the effective policies to optimize key stakeholders' strategies, while subsidy policy is not useful. The conclusion has important policy implications for ensuring water supply safety and reliability.

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Koh, Rachel, Mukand S. Babel, Victor R. Shinde, and Guillermo Mendoza. "Towards climate resilient municipal water supply in Bangkok: A collaborative risk informed analysis." Climate Risk Management 35 (2022): 100406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100406.

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Wackerbauer, Johann. "Regulation and Privatisation of the Public Water Supply in England, France and Germany." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 8, no. 2 (June 2007): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/178359170700800201.

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Faced with liberalisation proposals and an increasing internationalisation of water resource management, the question arises as to how a change of the regulatory framework in Germany would affect the market structure and the supply conditions in this area. The water supply companies in Germany have invested ca. €2.5 billion annually to achieve a high technical standard, which has resulted in high cost increases and price hikes. It is thus presumed that there is a high rationalisation potential for the municipal water suppliers. The questions of economic efficiency and the participation of private providers in the water supply have increasingly gained importance. A liberalisation of the water supply can take place in different ways; the concrete basic features depend on what regulations the market for drinking water is or should be subject to and in what way and to what extent the private sector is involved into the organisation of water supply. In the EU-15, the only country where the provision of operational services in the water supply has been totally passed to the private sector is the United Kingdom, but this is only true for England and Wales. Another singular case is France, where there is a mix of mainly private operating companies and municipalities which have divided the regional supply areas among themselves. In six other EU-15 countries where some privatisation took place, either the municipalities or (majority) publicly owned companies are controlling water supply. In the remaining seven countries, the water supply is organised by municipality companies only. In this paper the two unique forms of privatisation in France and England/Wales as well as the German method of privatisation as an example for the interaction of municipalities and majority publicly owned water companies are discussed, especially with regard to the corresponding effects on competition and market structures.

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Furlong, Kathryn, and Karen Bakker. "The Contradictions in ‘Alternative’ Service Delivery: Governance, Business Models, and Sustainability in Municipal Water Supply." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c09122.

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Restructuring municipal water supply using ‘alternative service delivery’ models is a growing trend. The author examines potential contradictions between ‘alternative service delivery’ business models, on the one hand, and goals of good governance and sustainability on the other. A case study of water conservation and efficiency programs implemented by municipal water utilities in Canada is used to show that specific alternative service delivery (ASD) models which seek greater distance between management and government can create incentives which deter utilities from pursuing important social and environmental goals. The neoliberal governance reform that commonly accompanies and encourages ASD tends to exacerbate its deficiencies vis-à-vis conservation in the water sector. Still, the prevalent government-led service delivery model can impose trade-offs of its own. Strategic (rather than ideological) improvements in governance can enable municipalities to reap the benefits of a variety of business models (including ASD) without compromising sustainability objectives.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Municipal water supply Management Melbourne'

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