Journal articles: 'Municipal effluent disposal'

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Tsotsos, D. "Tanneries: A Short Survey of the Methods Applied for Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0079.

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A short description of the tannery production process is given, mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since tne main pollutants (Cr - salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant. Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several already applied methods trying to eliminate the problem are discussed. All represented data are taken from research studies published in international 1iterature.

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Zagorc-Koncan, Jana, and Magda Cotman. "Impact assessment of industrial and municipal effluents on surface water - a case study." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0613.

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Surface waters are used for disposal of industrial and municipal effluents. The regulations limit effluent concentrations of contaminants to protect rivers and their biota. Only low concentrations of various contaminants are usually found in treated effluents but they have often been accumulated over time in sediments. Sediment quality investigations are necessary beside water quality determination for assessment of harmful impacts of discharges on the river. The quality evaluation of Krka river was used as a case study for assessment of the impact of effluents from both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants. The evaluation of the impact of treated wastewaters on the river is based on chemical analysis of river water, sediment, sediment elutriates and pore water (COD, BOD, nutrients and metals) as well as toxicity measurements of river water and sediment elutriates. Sediment elutriates were prepared by natural leaching process simulation. By comparative investigations upstream and downstream from the wastewaters' discharges the influence of pollution upon the Krka river was studied.

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SINGH, G., and MADHULIKA BHATI. "Soil and plant mineral composition and productivity of Acacia nilotica (L.) under irrigation with municipal effluent in an arid environment." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290400178x.

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Municipal effluent is becoming an increasing environmental threat and needs appropriate disposal measures to safeguard soil and environmental quality. As an important source of water and nutrients, municipal effluent could be used to increase productivity in nutrient deficient dry areas. Acacia nilotica L. (Babool) seedlings were grown using municipal effluent. Five treatments comprised: irrigation of soil (without seedlings) with municipal effluent at potential evapotranspiration (PET) (treatment T1), irrigation of seedlings at 0.5 PET (T2), PET (T3), and 2 PET (T4), and canal water irrigation of seedlings at PET (T5). Seedlings in the T3 and T4 treatments attained greater height and collar diameter, and produced 22% and 54% more biomass than those in T5. After 24 months, biomass production was 7.43–12.96 t ha−1 as compared to 5.73 t ha−1 in T5. Nutrient concentrations in the seedlings were positively correlated with effluent quantity (r = 0.82, p < 0.01), being greater in foliage than in stems and roots. Uptake of nitrogen (N) was 2.70%, and of iron (Fe) 0.11%, of seedling biomass. Relative increase in metal concentration was greater than that in nutrients. The availability of potassium (K), copper (Cu), Fe, manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the soil increased twofold and that of NH4-N and PO4-P by 4.5- and 7.9-fold, respectively, in T4 relative to T5. Available NH4-N, PO4-P, Mg and K were highest in the 0–15 cm depth soil, whereas NO3-N, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn availability were highest in deeper soil layers. Relatively low soil nutrients in T3 compared to T1 indicated withdrawal and accumulation of these nutrients in the seedlings. In several respects municipal effluent benefited A. nilotica seedlings and soil properties, and produced 5.59–12.96 t ha−1 dry biomass. Municipal effluent could help to meet the fuel need of suburban areas, although long-term application of effluent would lead to metal accumulation in soil and plants.

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Qiblawey, Hazim, and Simon Judd. "Industrial effluent treatment with immersed MBRs: treatability and cost." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.318.

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Abstract A comprehensive OPEX analysis for both municipal and industrial wastewaters has been conducted encompassing energy, critical component (membrane) replacement, chemicals consumption, waste disposal and labour. The analysis was preceded by a review of recent data on industrial effluent treatability with reference to published chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal data for four effluent types: food and beverage, textile, petroleum and landfill leachate. Outcomes revealed labour costs to be the most significant of those considered, contributing 50% of the OPEX for a 10,000 m3/day capacity municipal wastewater treatment works. An analysis of the OPEX sensitivity to 12 individual parameters (labour cost, flux, electrical energy cost, membrane life, feed COD, membrane cost, membrane air-scour rate, chemicals cost, waste disposal cost, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, recirculation ratio, and transmembrane pressure) revealed OPEX to be most sensitive to labour effort and/or costs for all scenarios considered other than a large (100,000 m3/day capacity) works, for which flux and electrical energy costs were found to be slightly more influential. It was concluded that for small- to medium-sized plants cost savings are best made through improving the robustness of plants to limit manual intervention necessitated by unforeseen events, such as electrical/mechanical failure, foaming or sludging.

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Rahman, MS, AKMM Hasan, M. Rahman, NT Meghla, and MA Islam. "Investigation of the Household Waste Generation and Wastewater Management Techniques in Bogra Municipal Area." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i1.30303.

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The study was conducted to investigate the household waste generation and wastewater management phenomena in the Bogra municipal area during the period from October 2014 to April 2015, One hundred respondents from 7 wards of Bogra municipality were interviewed to carry out the study. The study investigated that the awareness level of the respondents increases with higher education and they indicated the crude disposal of municipal solid waste as the source of health hazards and environmental pollution. Result of the study showed that pH was slightly acidic, the concentration of sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) exceeded than desired level where nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were within the effluent standard limit set by DoE. As the quality of wastewater was not satisfactory, it is necessary to explore possible treatment requirements before discharge to the natural stream. Bogra municipal authority should improve municipal waste collection and disposal system to maintain sound environment of the area. Various NGOs and local clubs should also take steps to keep the environment clean.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 123-126 2016

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Cheng, Hui-Wen A., Frances E. Lucy, Michael A. Broaders, Sergey E. Mastitsky, Chien-Hsien Chen, and Amanda Murray. "Municipal wastewater treatment plants as pathogen removal systems and as a contamination source of noroviruses and Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (July 12, 2012): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.138.

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Municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). This study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary wastewater treatment plants in northwestern Ireland (plants A–D) and observed the seasonal and spatial variation of the plant treatment efficiencies in the pathogen removals. It was noted that norovirus genogroup II was more resistant to the treatment processes than the norovirus genogroup I and other active viral particles, especially those in the discharge effluents. The percolating biofilm system at plant D resulted in better effluent quality than in the extended aerated activated sludge systems (plants A and B); primary biosolids produced at plant D may pose a higher health risk to the locals. The spread of norovirus genogroup II into the environment, irrespective of the wastewater treatment process, coincides with its national clinical predominance over norovirus genogroup I. This study provides important evidence that municipal wastewater treatment plants not only achieve pathogen removal but can also be the source of environmental pathogen contamination.

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Messalem, R., A. Brenner, S. Shandalov, Y. Leroux, P. Uzlaner, G. Oron, and D. Wolf. "Pilot study of SBR biological treatment and microfiltration for reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0323.

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In Israel the shortage of water and concern for the quality of groundwater resources have led to an awareness that a national wastewater reclamation program must be developed. Such a program could cover a major part of the agricultural water demand and could facilitate disposal of effluents without health hazards or environmental problems. A two-stage pilot-scale system comprising secondary sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment and tertiary microfiltration was operated for the treatment of Beer-Sheva municipal wastewater. The self-cleaning, continuous microfiltration system comprised a filter module made up of hollow fiber microporous membranes, with a pore size distribution of less than 0.1 μm, encapsulated into a bundle. The unit, which has a nominal filtration area of 4 m2, can treat 4–5 m3 of sewage per day, at a nominal rate of about 500 L/h. SBR treatment of the raw sewage produced an effluent with a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of <20 mg/L and total suspended solids (TSS) of <20 mg/L. Further treatment by microfiltration resulted in a BOD <5 mg/L, TSS <1 mg/L and turbidity <0.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Bacterial counts showed 6-log removal of coliforms and fecal coliforms. These results indicate that the two-stage scheme is capable of producing an effluent that meets or even surpasses the requirements for unrestricted water reuse for agriculture.

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Aghanaghad, Mohammad, and Gholamreza Mousavi. "Performance Upgrading Evaluation of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor by Integrating Aerobic Media Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment." Archives of Hygiene Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ahs.11.2.350.1.

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Background & Aims of the Study: Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one of the low-cost wastewater treatment systems; however, it has some limitations, such as insufficient standard nutrient outflow. Accordingly, it should be studied and developed. This research aims to determine the efficiency of a five-sectional reactor pilot and to upgrade it with an integrated aerated media filter in the reactor (integrated reactor) for municipal wastewater treatment. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on a laboratory scale with field conditions in the Khoy City wastewater treatment plant. The ABR reactor operated for 270 days with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48, 36, 24, and 18 hours, respectively. The Integrated anaerobic baffled reactor (IABR) was operated for 35 days with 24 hours of HRT, i.e., aeration time of 5 hours. The reactors were fed in line from the inflowing wastewater to the treatment plant. A 24-hour combined sampling was performed 224 times from the inflow and outflow of the system, and volatile suspended solids, total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) parameters were measured and compared with the effluent disposal standard. Results: The launch of ABR lasted 105 days, and its helpful operation lasted 200 days. In 18 to 48 hours, the reactor removed 79% to 91% of COD, 9% to 20% of TKN, 19% to 30% of phosphorus, and 89% to 94% of TSS. The IABR reached the effluent disposal standard in terms of TSS, BOD, COD, and phosphorus under 24 hours HRT, i.e., aeration time of 5 hours, and increased the COD removal efficiency by 6% compared to ABR under 24 hours HRT and the same conditions. Conclusion: By integrating the final aerobic media filter in ABR while reducing the required HRT by 50%, its efficiency in achieving the effluent disposal standards increased compared to ABR. Therefore, this system can be used to treat municipal wastewater.

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Pote, Jonathan W., and Charles L. Wax. "Climatic criteria for land application of municipal wastewater effluent." Water Research 29, no. 1 (January 1995): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)e0098-q.

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Looker, Norman D., Edward A. McBean, and Grahame J. Farquhar. "Economic Analysis of Electroplating Discharges to Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.006.

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Abstract A comparison of costs of implementing an advanced wastewater treatment system for a cadmium plating plant, versus the sludge disposal costs of the sewage treatment plant to which the plating plant is discharging its effluent, is described. An economic analysis spreadsheet approach using Lotus 1-2-3 is employed. A case study application demonstrates for overall society net benefit that it is cost-effective to initiate pretreatment at electroplating facilities which allows a municipal facility to dispose of its sludge on agricultural land rather than be required for landfilling. Sensitivity analyses to market interest rate, sludge production, sludge disposal fees and drag-out rates are explored.

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Sarker, BC, SC Shutradhar, A. Khan, ASM Saifullah, and AB Ruma. "Urban Growth and its Impact on Tangail Municipal Area." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26885.

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The study has endeavored to investigate the urban development and its impacts on Tangail municipality, Tangail, Bangladesh. The factual data have been collected from secondary sources, while the perceptual data are based on survey questionnaires on the opinions of respondents. Data were collected through instant spot observation (transect survey) and in-depth consultation, and interviews. The study displays that, the population of Tangail municipality rapidly augmented after 1971. For instance, the population rose from 19.875 thousand in 1961 to 128.785 thousand in 2001. Additionally, the area of Tangail municipality was 15.50 km2 in 1981 which has expanded to 29.40 km2 in 2001. The proposed area of Tangail municipality was five km2. In 1951 the level of urbanization in Tangail municipality was 1.79% which has experienced a sharp rise of 12.99 % in 2001. The study found that, the enlarged urbanization in Tangail town has resulted in higher population density, increased demand for food, alleviation of environmental pollution, increased traffic congestion, generation of solid waste, inadequate garbage disposal, effluent disposal into rivers, crime, and disappearing green and open space in the Tangail municipality.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 163-166 2015

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Dirkzwager, A. H., J. de Jong, P. C. Stamperius, and G. B. J. Rijs. "The Research Programme “RWZI 2000”: State of Affairs and a Look into the Future." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0484.

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Nowadays, in spite of the high treatment capacity in the Netherlands, problems relating to the treatment of municipal waste water are still not completely solved. They are related to stricter effluent requirements, environmental nuisance, sludge disposal and the costs of waste water purification. A research programme entitled “Future Treatment Techniques for Municipal Waste Water” or briefly “RWZI 2000” is being carried out to develop and evaluate potential treatment techniques in different stages of development. These techniques must result in a better performance from the point of view of environmental protection and/or lower annual treatment costs than the technology available at present. In the paper a description is given of the studies carried out and the results obtained will be presented with respect to the problems occurring in the treatment of municipal waste water.

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Vehar, Anja, Ana Kovačič, Nadja Hvala, David Škufca, Marjetka Levstek, Marjetka Stražar, Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn, and Ester Heath. "An Assessment of Mass Flows, Removal and Environmental Emissions of Bisphenols in a Sequencing Batch Reactor Wastewater Treatment Plant." Molecules 27, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 8634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238634.

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This study analyzed 16 bisphenols (BPs) in wastewater and sludge samples collected from different stages at a municipal wastewater treatment plant based on sequencing batch reactor technology. It also describes developing an analytical method for determining BPs in the solid phase of activated sludge based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Obtained concentrations are converted into mass flows, and the biodegradation of BPs and adsorption to primary and secondary sludge are determined. Ten of the sixteen BPs were present in the influent with concentrations up to 434 ng L−1 (BPS). Only five BPs with concentrations up to 79 ng L−1 (BPA) were determined in the plant effluent, accounting for 8 % of the total BPs determined in the influent. Eleven per cent of the total BPs were adsorbed on primary and secondary sludge. Overall, BPs biodegradation efficiency was 81%. The highest daily emissions via effluent release (1.48 g day−1) and sludge disposal (4.63 g day−1) were for BPA, while total emissions reached 2 g day−1 via effluent and 6 g day−1 via sludge disposal. The data show that the concentrations of BPs in sludge are not negligible, and their environmental emissions should be monitored and further studied.

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Vallini, G., F. Cecchi, P. Pavan, A. Pera, J. Mata-Alvarez, and A. Bassettit. "Recovery and Disposal of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) by Means of Combined Anaerobic and Aerobic Bio-Treatments." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0089.

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The paper deals with the semi-dry anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste followed by composting as finishing treatment of the digested sludge. The integration of the anaerobic and aerobic treatments was studied as approach to close the water balance of the semi-dry anaerobic digestion process and to remove the phytotoxicity of the digested effluent. This study evaluated the response of the anaerobic effluent to the co-composting post-processing step, whether the anaerobic sludge came from mesophilic semi-dry digestion or thermophilic semi-dry nethanization. Evaluation of the strategy adopted was carried out in terms of performance of aerobic stabilization and its incidence on the economy of the overall treatment and the water balance of the process. Co-composting gave best results when integrated with thermophilic digestion.

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Garcia, Hector A., Catherine M. Hoffman, Kerry A. Kinney, and Desmond F. Lawler. "Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of oxybenzone in municipal wastewater primary effluent." Water Research 45, no. 5 (February 2011): 1921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.027.

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Pandey, Bharat Chandra, and Sangita Gupta. "Review: Wastewater Treatment in Different Industries." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46245.

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Abstract: Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation). The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant. For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment plant, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment plants and leachate treatment plants. Processes commonly used in wastewater treatment include phase separation (such as sedimentation), biological and chemical processes (such as oxidation) or polishing. The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is a type of sludge which is usually treated in the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if anaerobic treatment processes are used. Treated wastewater can be reused as reclaimed water. The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. Performance ofstate owned sewage treatment plants, for treating municipal waste water, and common effluent treatment plants, for treating effluent from small scale industries, is also not complying with prescribed standards. Thus, effluent from the treatment plants, often, not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste water is mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial purposes. The development of innovative technologies for treatment of wastewaters from various industries isa matter of alarming concern for us. Although many research papers have been reported on wastewater pollution control studies, but a very few research work is carried out for treatment of wastewater of steel industries, especially in reference to development ofdesign of industrial effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)system. Another beneficial aspect of this research work will be recycling, reuse of water and sludge from steel industry The whole technologies for treating industrial wastewater can be divided into four categories: - Chemical, Physical, Biological and mathematical approaches.

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Cotman, M., J. Zagorc-Koncan, and A. Droic. "Study of impacts of treated wastewater to the Krka river, Slovenia." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 6 (September 1, 2001): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0337.

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Surface waters are used for disposal of treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants. These effluents usually contain only small amounts of various contaminants but these harmful components accumulate over time in the river, especially in sediments. An integrated approach for the evaluation of the impact of treated effluents was used to predict an ecological risk assessment to the Krka river beside Novo Mesto. The effluents from pharmaceutical and municipal wastewater treatment plants were discharged too closely into the receiving stream, so that separate impacts could not be distinguished. Biologically treated industrial effluents contained great amounts of barely biodegradable organic pollution, organic nitrogen, ammonia and phosphorus, and sometimes zinc. The toxicity of effluents was mostly dependent on their chemical composition. The municipal discharge contained greater amounts of organic pollution that was completely biodegraded but still had a great nutrient pollution load. The effluents were nontoxic. The harmful substances from the effluents were traced in the river. In the downstream site slightly higher concentration of organic pollutants, organic nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc were detected due to discharges. The river water was over-saturated with oxygen, especially in the summer. In toxicity tests, samples of the river water were nontoxic. Sediments at the downstream site accumulated from discharged organic nitrogen, phosphorus, or zinc. The results of our study show that the main problem is eutrophication of the river Krka, so it is obvious we must reduce the quantity of nutrients in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants. In both effluents it will be necessary to reduce the polluting load of phosphorus, the limiting element for growth of algae and macrophytes in the receiving stream. In the industrial effluent it will be necessary to reduce substances which cause toxicity, such as zinc and nonbiodegradable organic compounds that may be accumulated in the water ecosystem over time.

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Pradhan, Surendra K., Ari Kauppinen, Kati Martikainen, Tarja Pitkänen, Jaana Kusnetsov, Ilkka T. Miettinen, Matti Pessi, Hannu Poutiainen, and Helvi Heinonen-Tanski. "Microbial reduction in wastewater treatment using Fe3+ and Al3+ coagulants and PAA disinfectant." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (July 31, 2013): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.241.

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Wastewater is an important source of pathogenic enteric microorganisms in surface water and a major contaminating agent of drinking water. Although primary and secondary wastewater treatments reduce the numbers of microorganisms in wastewater, significant numbers of microbes can still be present in the effluent. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of tertiary treatment for municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using PIX (FeCl3) or PAX (AlCl3) coagulants and peracetic acid (PAA) the disinfectant to reduce microbial load in effluent. Our study showed that both PIX and PAX efficiently reduced microbial numbers. PAA disinfection greatly reduced the numbers of culturable indicator microorganisms (Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic DNA coliphages). In addition, pathogenic microorganisms, thermotolerant Campylobacter, Salmonella and norovirus GI, were successfully reduced using the tertiary treatments. In contrast, clostridia, Legionella, rotavirus, norovirus GII and adenovirus showed better resistance against PAA compared to the other microorganisms. However, interpretation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis results will need further studies to clarify the infectivity of the pathogenic microbes. In conclusion, PIX and PAX flocculants followed by PAA disinfectant can be used as a tertiary treatment for municipal WWTP effluents to reduce the numbers of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms.

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Begg, J. S., R. L. Lavigne, and P. L. M. Veneman. "Reed beds: constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge dewatering." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0857.

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Reed beds are an alternative technology wastewater treatment system that mimic the biogeochemical processes inherent in natural wetlands. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of a reed bed sludge treatment system (RBSTS) in southern New England after a six-year period of operation by examining the concentrations of selected metals in the reed bed sludge biomass and by determining the fate of solids and selected nutrients. Parameters assessed in both the reed bed influent and effluent: total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus. In addition, the following metals were studied in the reed bed influent, effluent and Phragmites plant tissue and the sludge core biomass: boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. The removal efficiencies for sludge dewatering, total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand were all over 90%. Nitrate and total phosphorus removal rates were 90% and 80% respectively. Overall metals removal efficient was 87%. Copper was the only metal in the sludge biomass that exceeded the standards set by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection for land disposal of sludge. The highest metal concentrations, for the most part, tended to be in the lower tier of the sludge profile. The exception was boron, which was more concentrated in the middle tier of the sludge profile. The data and results presented in this paper support the notion that reed bed sludge treatment systems and the use of reed beds provide an efficient and cost effective alternative for municipal sludge treatment.

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Thomas, V. K., D. V. Adraktas, and C. Taylor. "Provision of sewage and sludge treatment for Athens." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0164.

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Phase A of the Psyttalia WwTP, providing preliminary and primary treatment for the wastewater of the 3.3 million inhabitants and the industries of the Athens greater area was commissioned in mid 1994. Treated effluent is discharged at 65 m depth in the Saronikos Gulf, via a long twin outfall. A new EUR 140 million contract was signed in December 1998 for the expansion of the treatment plant (Phase B), to include biological treatment (carbon removal, nitrification, partial denitrification) of the wastewater as well as treatment of the sludge produced (thickening, anaerobic digestion, dewatering). Effluent quality shall conform with the EU urban wastewater treatment Directive (91/271/EEC). It is expected that the new Phase B works shall be commissioned in early 2002. Several options for the utilisation and disposal of the produced sludge are currently evaluated, including thermal drying and use in cement factories and power plants, co-composting with municipal refuse, etc.

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Gombos, Erzsébet, Tamás Felföldi, Katalin Barkács, Csaba Vértes, Balázs Vajna, and Gyula Záray. "Ferrate treatment for inactivation of bacterial community in municipal secondary effluent." Bioresource Technology 107 (March 2012): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.053.

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Orliński, Tomasz, and Anna M. Anielak. "Fulvic acids generated in municipal waste landfills in Promnik." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000060.

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Landfill leachates are resistant to biodegradation, contain substances harmful to the environment, which is why they are troublesome in the water and sewage management. The study tested the leachate from the municipal waste landfill in Promnik, whose age of waste disposal is 33 years. The research consisted of extracting from average leachates (with a volume of 800 m3) fulvic acids resistant to biodegradation. The extraction of acids was carried out using a hydrophobic and hydrophilic ionite in a hydrogen form. The extracted fulvic acids (FAs) was subjected to qualitative analysis on the content of micro-pollutants and the content of elementary elements forming the structure of the FAs molecule, their infrared and UV-VIS spectra were examined. Then, a full analysis of the obtained values was carried out in order to determine the properties of the obtained extractant and demonstrate the convergence of its features with humus substances that are common in the environment, which are an important element of soils, affect their quality and participate in the transport of plant nutrients. It was demonstrated that the concentration of FAs in the effluent is 905.6 mg/l.

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Agassi, M., J. Tarchitzky, R. Keren, Y. Chen, D. Goldstein, and E. Fizik. "Effects of Prolonged Irrigation with Treated Municipal Effluent on Runoff Rate." Journal of Environmental Quality 32, no. 3 (May 2003): 1053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.1053.

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Simhon, Albert, Vince Pileggi, Cecily A. Flemming, José R. Bicudo, George Lai, and Mano Manoharan. "Enteric viruses in municipal wastewater effluent before and after disinfection with chlorine and ultraviolet light." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 5 (August 22, 2019): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.111.

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Abstract In Ontario, Canada, information is lacking on chlorine and ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection performance against enteric viruses in wastewater. We enumerated enteroviruses and noroviruses, coliphages, and Escherichia coli per USEPA methods 1615, 1602, and membrane filtration, respectively, in pre- and post-disinfection effluent at five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with full-year monthly sampling, and calculated log10 reductions (LRs) while WWTPs complied with their monthly geometric mean limit of 200 E. coli/100 mL. Modeling of densities by left-censored estimation and Bayesian inference gave very similar results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detected enteroviruses and noroviruses were abundant in post-disinfection effluent (mean concentrations of 2.1 × 10+4–7.2 × 10+5 and 2.7 × 10+4–3.6 × 10+5 gene copies (GC)/L, respectively). Chlorine or UV disinfection produced modest LRs for culture- (0.3–0.9) and PCR-detected enteroviruses (0.3–1.3), as well as noroviruses GI + GII (0.5–0.8). Coliphages and E. coli were more susceptible, with LRs of 0.8–3.0 and 2.5, respectively. Sand-filtered effluent produced significantly higher enteric virus LRs (except cultured enteroviruses). Coliphage and human enteric virus densities gave significantly positive correlations using Kendall's Tau test. Enteric viruses are abundant in wastewater effluent following routine chlorine or UV disinfection processes that target E. coli. Coliphages appear to be good indicators for evaluating wastewater disinfection of enteric viruses.

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Ma, Jiawen, Yaoyu Feng, Yue Hu, Eric N. Villegas, and Lihua Xiao. "Human infective potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in urban wastewater treatment plant effluents." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.192.

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Cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis are important waterborne diseases. In the standard for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents in China and other countries, the fecal coliform count is the only microbial indicator, raising concerns about the potential for pathogen transmission through WWTP effluent reuse. In this study, we collected 50 effluent samples (30 L/sample) from three municipal WWTPs in Shanghai, China, and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by microscopy and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, propidium monoazide (PMA)-PCR was used to assess the viability of oocysts/cysts. The microscopy and PCR-positive rates for Cryptosporidium spp. were 62% and 40%, respectively. The occurrence rates of G. duodenalis were 96% by microscopy and 92–100% by PCR analysis of three genetic loci. Furthermore, E. bieneusi was detected in 70% (35/50) of samples by PCR. Altogether, 10 Cryptosporidium species or genotypes, two G. duodenalis genotypes, and 11 E. bieneusi genotypes were found, most of which were human-pathogenic. The chlorine dioxide disinfection employed in WWTP1 and WWTP3 failed to inactivate the residual pathogens; 93% of the samples from WWTP1 and 83% from WWTP3 did not meet the national standard on fecal coliform levels. Thus, urban WWTP effluents often contain residual waterborne human pathogens.

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Barron, Mace G., Christine Nardo, and Jeffrey J. Yurk. "Bioavailability of PCBs in Channel Catfish Exposed to a Treated Municipal Effluent." Environmental Technology 17, no. 5 (May 1996): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331708616419.

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Hidalgo, Dolores, Ruben Irusta, and Despo Fatta. "Sustainable and cost-effective municipal wastewater reclamation: treated effluent reuse in agricultural production." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 28, no. 1/2 (2006): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2006.010870.

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Chmielewski, Andrzej G., Marcin Sudlitz, Bumsoo Han, and Suresh D. Pillai. "Electron beam technology for biogas and biofertilizer generation at municipal resource recovery facilities." Nukleonika 66, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0031.

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Abstract In the era of circular economies, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are viewed as resource recovery facilities. At the very minimum, the targeted resources are water, biogas, and phosphorus. However, municipal wastewater streams (sludge and effluent) need to be adequately treated to eliminate the potential for the transmission of microbial pathogens including protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. This paper presents the results from a study demonstrating the use of electron beam technology for sludge hygenization and enhanced methane (biogas) production using municipal wastewater samples. Cogeneration of heat for fertilizer drying and granulation and electricity for powering the electron beam system are also demonstrated.

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Shappell, Nancy W. "Estrogenic Activity in the Environment: Municipal Wastewater Effluent, River, Ponds, and Wetlands." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 1 (January 2006): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0464.

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Mezzanotte, Valeria, Francesca Marazzi, Massimiliano Bissa, Sole Pacchioni, Andrea Binelli, Marco Parolini, Stefano Magni, et al. "Removal of enteric viruses and Escherichia coli from municipal treated effluent by zebra mussels." Science of The Total Environment 539 (January 2016): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.007.

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Arsand, Daniel, Matheus Hirdes Antunes, Gabriel Afonso Martins, Michel David Gerber, and Érico Kunde Corrêa. "Avaliação do potencial fitotóxico, citotóxico e genotóxico de efluente hemodialítico." Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 27, no. 2 (April 2022): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-415220200320.

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RESUMO Cresce o número de pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico e, com isso, o volume de efluente gerado. Esse efluente possui alta concentração de sais, compostos nitrogenados e matéria orgânica; ainda, pode conter fármacos e microrganismos. No âmbito municipal, o efluente gerado é aportado nas redes de esgoto e lançado em recursos hídricos superficiais. Testes toxicológicos com o uso de sementes fornecem confiáveis respostas, com simplicidade e baixo custo de procedimentos e materiais; todavia, não possibilitam identificar o agente causador de toxidez, mas da toxicidade do conjunto de contaminantes. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar fitotoxicidade, citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade do efluente hemodialítico gerado no maior hospital da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizaram-se amostras compostas coletadas no início, meio e fim de cada sessão, em cinco máquinas e diferentes turnos. Foram testados efluente puro e diluído, água para composição do dialisato, dialisato puro e diluído e controle. Os testes de fitotoxicidade foram realizados com sementes de pepino Verde Comprido, alface Regina de Verão e Rabo-de-Galo. Para análises de citogenotoxicidade, utilizaram-se sementes de cebola Baia Periforme. Observou-se que o efluente hemodialítico e o dialisato puros exerceram efeito tóxico em todas as sementes analisadas. Embora o efluente diluído não tenha causado fitotoxicidade na alface e no pepino, testes de citogenotoxicidade mostraram diminuição do índice mitótico e aparecimento de aberrações cromossômicas em células de cebola, indicando toxicidade em nível celular e genético. Esses resultados permitem concluir que tal efluente não pode ser aportado diretamente em recursos hídricos, tampouco reutilizado na irrigação sem tratamento prévio.

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Pera, A., G. Vallini, Stefania Frassinetti, and F. Cecchi. "Co‐composting for managing effluent from thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste." Environmental Technology 12, no. 12 (December 1991): 1137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593339109385114.

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Rijal, G., J. K. Tolson, C. Petropoulou, T. C. Granato, A. Glymph, C. Gerba, M. F. Deflaun, C. O’Connor, L. Kollias, and R. Lanyon. "Microbial risk assessment for recreational use of the Chicago Area Waterway System." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.020.

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A microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate the human health risks from incidental contact recreational activities such as canoeing, boating and fishing in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) receiving secondary treated, but non-disinfected, effluent from three municipal water reclamation plants. Actual concentrations of the pathogens (pathogenic E. coli [estimated], Giardia, Cryptosporidium, adenovirus, norovirus, enteric virus) detected from the waterway field data collection at locations upstream and downstream of the effluent outfall during dry and wet weather conditions within the recreation season were included in the risk assessment. The results under the current treatment scheme with no disinfection indicated that the total expected gastrointestinal illness (GI) rate per 1000 incidental contact recreational exposure events during combined weather (dry and wet) conditions ranged from 0.10 to 2.78 in the CAWS, which is below the eight illnesses per 1000 swimmers considered tolerable by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Wet weather conditions contribute to elevated pathogen load to the CAWS; therefore this study determined that disinfecting the effluents of three major WRPs that discharge to the CAWS would result in an extremely small reduction in the aggregate recreation season risk to incidental contact recreators.

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Tsapekos, Panagiotis, Benyamin Khoshnevisan, Xinyu Zhu, Xiao Zha, and Irini Angelidaki. "Methane oxidising bacteria to upcycle effluent streams from anaerobic digestion of municipal biowaste." Journal of Environmental Management 251 (December 2019): 109590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109590.

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Thalmann, Basilius, Urs von Gunten, and Ralf Kaegi. "Ozonation of municipal wastewater effluent containing metal sulfides and metal complexes: Kinetics and mechanisms." Water Research 134 (May 2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.042.

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Li, Changling, Hailin Yang, Yuji Li, Luping Cheng, Meng Zhang, Ling Zhang, and Wu Wang. "Novel bioconversions of municipal effluent and CO2 into protein riched Chlorella vulgaris biomass." Bioresource Technology 132 (March 2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.017.

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Xia, Wen-Jing, Lian-Zeng-Ji Xu, Lin-Qian Yu, Quan Zhang, Yi-Heng Zhao, Jin-Rui Xiong, Xiao-Yan Zhu, Nian-Si Fan, Bao-Cheng Huang, and Ren-Cun Jin. "Conversion of municipal wastewater-derived waste to an adsorbent for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent." Science of The Total Environment 705 (February 2020): 135959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135959.

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Damodharan, V., and J. Padmapriya. "Kinetics of MSW Biodegradation with Different Inocula In Laboratory In-Vessel Reactor." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.65.

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The in-vessel composting is considered as an environmentally sound method for the treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as it produces good quality compost with lesser environmental impacts. In this study, the process was accelerated and the composting time was reduced using various industrial organic wastes as inoculums in a vertical in-vessel reactor with stirrer arrangement. This study examined the process kinetics which aims to show the interdependency between biological, chemical & physical factors. It is also the extension of the previous work which dealt with composting of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The rate of degradation of volatile solids, TOC and C/N ratio are presented in First-order kinetic model and reaction rate constants are determined. The different inoculums used are yeast sludge, spent wash, distillery effluent and sugar sludge. Yeast sludge has the highest R2 values such as 0.979, 0.978 and 0.986 for VS, TOC and C/N ratio respectively. The R2 value of C/N ratio for the sugar sludge is 0.983. From the kinetic study, it can be concluded that the yeast sludge can be a better option when compared with other sludge to accelerate the process of composting.

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Ren, Meijie, Harald Horn, and Fritz H. Frimmel. "Aggregation behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles in municipal effluent: Influence of ionic strengthen and organic compounds." Water Research 123 (October 2017): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.021.

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Huang, Zijin, Fanlong Kong, Yue Li, Guangming Xu, Ruoyu Yuan, and Sen Wang. "Advanced treatment of effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant by strengthened ecological floating bed." Bioresource Technology 309 (August 2020): 123358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123358.

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Eskicioglu, Cigdem, Giampiero Galvagno, and Caroline Cimon. "Approaches and processes for ammonia removal from side-streams of municipal effluent treatment plants." Bioresource Technology 268 (November 2018): 797–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.020.

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Zhang, Yingying, Yao Zhuang, Jinju Geng, Hongqiang Ren, Yan Zhang, Lili Ding, and Ke Xu. "Inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by chlorination and sequential UV/chlorination disinfection." Science of The Total Environment 512-513 (April 2015): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.028.

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Yu, Minda, Sijia Liu, Guowen Li, Hui Zhang, Beidou Xi, Zaifeng Tian, Yuan Zhang, and Xiaosong He. "Municipal wastewater effluent influences dissolved organic matter quality and microbial community composition in an urbanized stream." Science of The Total Environment 705 (February 2020): 135952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135952.

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Grabicova, Katerina, Richard H. Lindberg, Marcus Östman, Roman Grabic, Tomas Randak, D. G. Joakim Larsson, and Jerker Fick. "Tissue-specific bioconcentration of antidepressants in fish exposed to effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant." Science of The Total Environment 488-489 (August 2014): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.052.

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D’Aurelio Carreira, Jaine, Daniel Ângelo Macena, and Jaqueline Nascimento da Silva. "CONCENTRAÇÃO DE FÓSFORO PRESENTE NOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS: AVALIAÇÃO DO ÍNDICE DE ESTADO TRÓFICO DO BALNEÁRIO DE QUATÁ-SP." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 10, Especial (December 1, 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2018.v10.nesp.000152.

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Water can undergo natural physico-chemical changes, but it is often caused by anthropogenic action due to improper disposal of effluent. These changes lead to eutrophication, which results in a high index of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, leading to vegetation growth. Other consequences may be fish mortality, dark water color of water, strong odor and transfer of pathogens, which endangers population health. The present work had as objective to perform analyzes of total phosphorus in the Municipal Spa of Quatá-SP. The method used for the analyzes was Phosphorus with Reactive Orthophosphate, adapted from the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and the results were compared with the trophic state classes and the parameters of the legislation. At the end of the analyzes, the values obtained from EIT were considered high, compromising the quality of the water in some points.

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Tong, Xin, Zi-Wei Zhang, Yin-Hu Wu, Yuan Bai, Nozomu Ikuno, Kazuki Ishii, and Hong-Ying Hu. "Ultrafiltration significantly increased the scaling potential of municipal secondary effluent on reverse osmosis membranes." Water Research 220 (July 2022): 118672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118672.

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Khan, Nadeem Ahmad, Saif Ullah Khan, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Izharul Haq Farooqi, Arshad Hussain, Sergij Vambol, and Viola Vambol. "Smart ways of hospital wastewater management, regulatory standards and conventional treatment techniques." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 9, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-06-2019-0079.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cover some aspects about the disposal and regulatory standard around the world toward hospital effluent discharge, its managements and treatment technologies that are adopted and best suitable nowadays. Design/methodology/approach Due to large and variety of antibiotics available in the market nowadays it is difficult to control its use, thereby risking the whole ecosystem and its components. The regulation pattern is variable depending upon the various factors in different countries. The permissible limit of these emerging pollutants found in sewage as compared to in hospital effluent streams having active pharmaceutical ingredients is very narrow and is a debatable issue. Findings The disparity in the available legislation for hospital waste management in different countries makes it difficult to compare pro’s and con’s of methods adopted. Strict laws need to be framed for hospital wastewater management and its treatment, as it contains harmful compounds in higher concentrations resulting in development of resistant genes. The guideline applicable nowadays makes it clear that, specific management guidelines with respect to HWW, but also indicate certain characteristics that can be represented to specify their nature and indicator. Research limitations/implications Determination of effluent characteristic for each specialized treatment need to be analyzed for meeting the framed regulatory standards. Up-gradation of existing treatment facilities, adopting new technologies and improving operation, maintained is a viable option. As there are no specific treatment schemes available hence combination and optimization of treatment methods may solve the problem to certain extent. Practical implications There is some flexibility also there so that law framework can be modified accordingly. For any health facilities direct discharges into natural water bodies it effluent need to follow national discharge standards. These are quite strict as compared to indirect standards and generally not meet by such facilities. This is quite logical because they are not being monitored or treated by municipal systems. Social implications The law indicates that hospital needed to collect and treat effluent according to the treatment standards. But on other hand the law was made making it consideration about the HWW collection in water bodies. Originality/value The best way of management as described, is to treat HWW onsite-dividing into primary, secondary and tertiary. The document also provides details about sludge disposal, possible reuse, including the application of new and innovative treatment technologies for HWW. It also provides guidance for minimum approach for HWW management because developing countries patients do not have proper sanitation facilities.

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Li, Caixia, Qiyu Chen, Xiaoyan Zhang, Shane A. Snyder, Zhiyuan Gong, and Siew Hong Lam. "An integrated approach with the zebrafish model for biomonitoring of municipal wastewater effluent and receiving waters." Water Research 131 (March 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.017.

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Vadiveloo, Ashiwin, Louise Foster, Cherono Kwambai, Parisa A. Bahri, and Navid R. Moheimani. "Microalgae cultivation for the treatment of anaerobically digested municipal centrate (ADMC) and anaerobically digested abattoir effluent (ADAE)." Science of The Total Environment 775 (June 2021): 145853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145853.

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Liu, Bing, Li Gu, Qingfei Li, Guozhong Yu, Chengmei Zhao, and Huimin Zhai. "Effect of pre-ozonation-enhanced coagulation on dissolved organic nitrogen in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent." Environmental Technology 40, no. 20 (March 14, 2018): 2684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1449897.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Municipal effluent disposal'

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