Relevant bibliographies by topics / Municipal effluent disposal

Academic literature on the topic 'Municipal effluent disposal'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Municipal effluent disposal"

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Tsotsos, D. "Tanneries: A Short Survey of the Methods Applied for Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0079.

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A short description of the tannery production process is given, mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since tne main pollutants (Cr - salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant. Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several already applied methods trying to eliminate the problem are discussed. All represented data are taken from research studies published in international 1iterature.
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Zagorc-Koncan, Jana, and Magda Cotman. "Impact assessment of industrial and municipal effluents on surface water - a case study." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0613.

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Surface waters are used for disposal of industrial and municipal effluents. The regulations limit effluent concentrations of contaminants to protect rivers and their biota. Only low concentrations of various contaminants are usually found in treated effluents but they have often been accumulated over time in sediments. Sediment quality investigations are necessary beside water quality determination for assessment of harmful impacts of discharges on the river. The quality evaluation of Krka river was used as a case study for assessment of the impact of effluents from both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants. The evaluation of the impact of treated wastewaters on the river is based on chemical analysis of river water, sediment, sediment elutriates and pore water (COD, BOD, nutrients and metals) as well as toxicity measurements of river water and sediment elutriates. Sediment elutriates were prepared by natural leaching process simulation. By comparative investigations upstream and downstream from the wastewaters' discharges the influence of pollution upon the Krka river was studied.
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SINGH, G., and MADHULIKA BHATI. "Soil and plant mineral composition and productivity of Acacia nilotica (L.) under irrigation with municipal effluent in an arid environment." Environmental Conservation 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290400178x.

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Municipal effluent is becoming an increasing environmental threat and needs appropriate disposal measures to safeguard soil and environmental quality. As an important source of water and nutrients, municipal effluent could be used to increase productivity in nutrient deficient dry areas. Acacia nilotica L. (Babool) seedlings were grown using municipal effluent. Five treatments comprised: irrigation of soil (without seedlings) with municipal effluent at potential evapotranspiration (PET) (treatment T1), irrigation of seedlings at 0.5 PET (T2), PET (T3), and 2 PET (T4), and canal water irrigation of seedlings at PET (T5). Seedlings in the T3 and T4 treatments attained greater height and collar diameter, and produced 22% and 54% more biomass than those in T5. After 24 months, biomass production was 7.43–12.96 t ha−1 as compared to 5.73 t ha−1 in T5. Nutrient concentrations in the seedlings were positively correlated with effluent quantity (r = 0.82, p < 0.01), being greater in foliage than in stems and roots. Uptake of nitrogen (N) was 2.70%, and of iron (Fe) 0.11%, of seedling biomass. Relative increase in metal concentration was greater than that in nutrients. The availability of potassium (K), copper (Cu), Fe, manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the soil increased twofold and that of NH4-N and PO4-P by 4.5- and 7.9-fold, respectively, in T4 relative to T5. Available NH4-N, PO4-P, Mg and K were highest in the 0–15 cm depth soil, whereas NO3-N, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn availability were highest in deeper soil layers. Relatively low soil nutrients in T3 compared to T1 indicated withdrawal and accumulation of these nutrients in the seedlings. In several respects municipal effluent benefited A. nilotica seedlings and soil properties, and produced 5.59–12.96 t ha−1 dry biomass. Municipal effluent could help to meet the fuel need of suburban areas, although long-term application of effluent would lead to metal accumulation in soil and plants.
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Qiblawey, Hazim, and Simon Judd. "Industrial effluent treatment with immersed MBRs: treatability and cost." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.318.

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Abstract A comprehensive OPEX analysis for both municipal and industrial wastewaters has been conducted encompassing energy, critical component (membrane) replacement, chemicals consumption, waste disposal and labour. The analysis was preceded by a review of recent data on industrial effluent treatability with reference to published chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal data for four effluent types: food and beverage, textile, petroleum and landfill leachate. Outcomes revealed labour costs to be the most significant of those considered, contributing 50% of the OPEX for a 10,000 m3/day capacity municipal wastewater treatment works. An analysis of the OPEX sensitivity to 12 individual parameters (labour cost, flux, electrical energy cost, membrane life, feed COD, membrane cost, membrane air-scour rate, chemicals cost, waste disposal cost, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, recirculation ratio, and transmembrane pressure) revealed OPEX to be most sensitive to labour effort and/or costs for all scenarios considered other than a large (100,000 m3/day capacity) works, for which flux and electrical energy costs were found to be slightly more influential. It was concluded that for small- to medium-sized plants cost savings are best made through improving the robustness of plants to limit manual intervention necessitated by unforeseen events, such as electrical/mechanical failure, foaming or sludging.
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Rahman, MS, AKMM Hasan, M. Rahman, NT Meghla, and MA Islam. "Investigation of the Household Waste Generation and Wastewater Management Techniques in Bogra Municipal Area." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 9, no. 1 (November 8, 2016): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v9i1.30303.

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The study was conducted to investigate the household waste generation and wastewater management phenomena in the Bogra municipal area during the period from October 2014 to April 2015, One hundred respondents from 7 wards of Bogra municipality were interviewed to carry out the study. The study investigated that the awareness level of the respondents increases with higher education and they indicated the crude disposal of municipal solid waste as the source of health hazards and environmental pollution. Result of the study showed that pH was slightly acidic, the concentration of sodium (Na) and sulfur (S) exceeded than desired level where nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were within the effluent standard limit set by DoE. As the quality of wastewater was not satisfactory, it is necessary to explore possible treatment requirements before discharge to the natural stream. Bogra municipal authority should improve municipal waste collection and disposal system to maintain sound environment of the area. Various NGOs and local clubs should also take steps to keep the environment clean.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 123-126 2016
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Cheng, Hui-Wen A., Frances E. Lucy, Michael A. Broaders, Sergey E. Mastitsky, Chien-Hsien Chen, and Amanda Murray. "Municipal wastewater treatment plants as pathogen removal systems and as a contamination source of noroviruses and Enterococcus faecalis." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 3 (July 12, 2012): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.138.

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Municipal wastewater treatment plants play a crucial role in reducing the microbial and pathogen load of human wastes before the end-products are discharged to surface waters (final effluent) or land spread (biosolids). This study investigated the occurrence frequency of noroviruses, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in influent, final effluent and biosolids from four secondary wastewater treatment plants in northwestern Ireland (plants A–D) and observed the seasonal and spatial variation of the plant treatment efficiencies in the pathogen removals. It was noted that norovirus genogroup II was more resistant to the treatment processes than the norovirus genogroup I and other active viral particles, especially those in the discharge effluents. The percolating biofilm system at plant D resulted in better effluent quality than in the extended aerated activated sludge systems (plants A and B); primary biosolids produced at plant D may pose a higher health risk to the locals. The spread of norovirus genogroup II into the environment, irrespective of the wastewater treatment process, coincides with its national clinical predominance over norovirus genogroup I. This study provides important evidence that municipal wastewater treatment plants not only achieve pathogen removal but can also be the source of environmental pathogen contamination.
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Messalem, R., A. Brenner, S. Shandalov, Y. Leroux, P. Uzlaner, G. Oron, and D. Wolf. "Pilot study of SBR biological treatment and microfiltration for reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2000): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0323.

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In Israel the shortage of water and concern for the quality of groundwater resources have led to an awareness that a national wastewater reclamation program must be developed. Such a program could cover a major part of the agricultural water demand and could facilitate disposal of effluents without health hazards or environmental problems. A two-stage pilot-scale system comprising secondary sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment and tertiary microfiltration was operated for the treatment of Beer-Sheva municipal wastewater. The self-cleaning, continuous microfiltration system comprised a filter module made up of hollow fiber microporous membranes, with a pore size distribution of less than 0.1 μm, encapsulated into a bundle. The unit, which has a nominal filtration area of 4 m2, can treat 4–5 m3 of sewage per day, at a nominal rate of about 500 L/h. SBR treatment of the raw sewage produced an effluent with a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of &lt;20 mg/L and total suspended solids (TSS) of &lt;20 mg/L. Further treatment by microfiltration resulted in a BOD &lt;5 mg/L, TSS &lt;1 mg/L and turbidity &lt;0.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Bacterial counts showed 6-log removal of coliforms and fecal coliforms. These results indicate that the two-stage scheme is capable of producing an effluent that meets or even surpasses the requirements for unrestricted water reuse for agriculture.
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Aghanaghad, Mohammad, and Gholamreza Mousavi. "Performance Upgrading Evaluation of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor by Integrating Aerobic Media Filter for Municipal Wastewater Treatment." Archives of Hygiene Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ahs.11.2.350.1.

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Background & Aims of the Study: Anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is one of the low-cost wastewater treatment systems; however, it has some limitations, such as insufficient standard nutrient outflow. Accordingly, it should be studied and developed. This research aims to determine the efficiency of a five-sectional reactor pilot and to upgrade it with an integrated aerated media filter in the reactor (integrated reactor) for municipal wastewater treatment. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on a laboratory scale with field conditions in the Khoy City wastewater treatment plant. The ABR reactor operated for 270 days with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48, 36, 24, and 18 hours, respectively. The Integrated anaerobic baffled reactor (IABR) was operated for 35 days with 24 hours of HRT, i.e., aeration time of 5 hours. The reactors were fed in line from the inflowing wastewater to the treatment plant. A 24-hour combined sampling was performed 224 times from the inflow and outflow of the system, and volatile suspended solids, total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) parameters were measured and compared with the effluent disposal standard. Results: The launch of ABR lasted 105 days, and its helpful operation lasted 200 days. In 18 to 48 hours, the reactor removed 79% to 91% of COD, 9% to 20% of TKN, 19% to 30% of phosphorus, and 89% to 94% of TSS. The IABR reached the effluent disposal standard in terms of TSS, BOD, COD, and phosphorus under 24 hours HRT, i.e., aeration time of 5 hours, and increased the COD removal efficiency by 6% compared to ABR under 24 hours HRT and the same conditions. Conclusion: By integrating the final aerobic media filter in ABR while reducing the required HRT by 50%, its efficiency in achieving the effluent disposal standards increased compared to ABR. Therefore, this system can be used to treat municipal wastewater.
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Pote, Jonathan W., and Charles L. Wax. "Climatic criteria for land application of municipal wastewater effluent." Water Research 29, no. 1 (January 1995): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)e0098-q.

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Looker, Norman D., Edward A. McBean, and Grahame J. Farquhar. "Economic Analysis of Electroplating Discharges to Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.006.

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Abstract A comparison of costs of implementing an advanced wastewater treatment system for a cadmium plating plant, versus the sludge disposal costs of the sewage treatment plant to which the plating plant is discharging its effluent, is described. An economic analysis spreadsheet approach using Lotus 1-2-3 is employed. A case study application demonstrates for overall society net benefit that it is cost-effective to initiate pretreatment at electroplating facilities which allows a municipal facility to dispose of its sludge on agricultural land rather than be required for landfilling. Sensitivity analyses to market interest rate, sludge production, sludge disposal fees and drag-out rates are explored.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Municipal effluent disposal"

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Kasongo, Wa Kasongo Godwill. "Enhancement of membrane surface characteristics to improve membrane performance and durability in the treatment of municipal MBR effluent." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2695.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Fresh, clean water has always been critical for the world's social development. Supply of water can be reinforced through recycling and reuse; and secondary treatment of municipal wastewater effluent with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) followed by a reverse osmosis (RO) process, has emerged as a crucial treatment process for water reuse. However, fouling of RO membranes in such process is unavoidable. This leads to poor performance, increase in operational cost and degradation of the membrane material, which reduces the membrane life span. Various researches have been conducted to provide an understanding of the mechanism of fouling, and methods have been developed to minimize it. In this research, the effect of surface modification to minimise fouling on a thin film composite polyamide RO membrane was investigated. This study was divided into three parts, namely: membrane modification, biofouling and filtration using RO. Two modifying agents, PVA and DMAEMA, were used as grafting solutions. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used as the biofoulant to study the ant-biofouling properties of the membranes. A make-up synthetic MBR secondary effluent feed was used in a bench scale RO process. During the membrane modification process, the membrane was treated using two different approaches. Firstly, the covalent attachment of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) through Glutaraldehyde (GA) onto the surface and secondly the redox initiated grafting of dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA PVA and DMAEMA grafting solutions were applied at four different concentrations). The PVA and DMAEMA modifying agents were successfully grafted onto the membrane top layers and were confirmed by the functional groups, present, using the Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra. The morphology of the membrane surfaces was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after treatment. SEM analysis showed better membrane structures with PVA grafting compared to DMAEMA.
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Hymel, Stephanie Ramick. "Assessing the Effects of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent on Zooplankton, Phytoplankton and Corbicula Flumina in a Constructed Wetland." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277927/.

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Wetland wastewater treatment offers low-cost, energy efficient alternatives to conventional wastewater technologies. In this study, an artificial wetland was constructed at the City of Denton, Texas Pecan Creek Water Reclamation Plant to facilitate diazinon removal from treated effluent.
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Maschmann, Gerald F. "Recovery of the Fish Population of a Municipal Wastewater Dominated, North Texas Creek After a Major Chlorine Disturbance." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3230/.

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This study evaluated the effects of a major chlorine disturbance on fish communities in Pecan creek by the City of Denton's Pecan Creek Water Reclamation Plant. Fish communities in Pecan Creek were sampled using a depletion methodology during February, April, July, and November, 1999. February and April sampling events showed that the fish communities were severely impacted by the chlorine. Sampling during July and November showed fish communities recovered in Pecan Creek. The first-twenty minutes of shocking and seining data were analyzed to mirror an equal effort methodology. This methodology was compared to the depletion methodology to see if the equal effort methodology could adequately monitor the recovery of Pecan Creek after the chlorine disturbance. It was determined that the equal effort methodology was capable of monitoring the recovery of Pecan Creek, but could not accurately represent the fisheries community as well as the depletion method. These data using the twenty-minute study were compared to a previous study. Results of this study were similar to those found in a previous study, although fish communities were more severely impacted and took longer to recover.
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(48991), Ajay Sharma. "Agroforestry systems for municipal effluent disposal." Thesis, 2008. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Agroforestry_systems_for_municipal_effluent_disposal/21426489.

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Seven agroforestry (AF) systems namely Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden (flooded gum, E), Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (Ma bamboo, B) and Digitaria decumbens Stent (Pangola, P), and their mixed plantations (BE, BP, EP, BEP) were monitored during the initial two years of growth for their efficiency in effluent removal. The municipal effluent irrigated plantation trial was established on a 1.6 ha site in the Capricornia coastal region at Yeppoon, Queensland in June 2002. This site was monitored until June 2004 for changes in site hydrology, physical, chemical and microbial properties of soil, and for plant growth, biomass production and nutrient uptake. The residual maximum likelihood method (REML) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were extensively used to statistically compare the changes.

The plantations were irrigated at a modelled conservative irrigation rate of 1.42 ML ha-1yr-1. The total water use of all the AF systems was four to six times of that provided via irrigation. The mixed AF systems used more water than monoculture AF systems. During the initial two years, all the AF systems were effective in utilising effluent (both water and nutrients) due to the presence of groundflora. Over time, the efficiency and total water use may decline with reduction in groundflora and photosynthetically active canopy.

The vegetation of these AF systems accumulated six to ten times the major nutrients supplied via effluent irrigation. However, the AF systems with the exception of the E system failed to take up the supplied sodium and sulphur. Progressive build up of sodium in the soil would introduce sodicity in the soil and this may restrict the long term use of effluent disposal site. The electrical conductivity (EC1.5) increased significantly in upper two soil layers whereas exchangeable sodium, CEC and ESP significantly increased over time in all the soil layers. Although soil compaction, reduction in infiltration rate, and increase in electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium were observed at the site, the current changes did not indicate any ecological degradation. A long term study may help determine the optional rotation age of the AF crops to avoid adverse impact to the site.

Although the build up of microbiota in the effluent irrigated site increased considerably in all the AF systems, it did not reveal any health hazard. A study in mortality rates of different enteric bacteria indicated that the pathogens died within 15 days in winter and in less than 27 days in summer upon cessation of irrigation. Restricting access to the effluent irrigated site for up to 30 days would reduce the probability of a human health hazard due to the effluent irrigation.

At the conservative rate of irrigation (1.42 ML ha-1yr-1), the plantations produced up to 72 tonne biomass ha-1 (dry biomass) within 24 months. Largely, the biomass produced in the AF systems was non-woody, thus it would need non-conventional markets. Leaves were the major site of nutrient storage. Senescence of leaves and twigs may accelerate nutrient recycling and this may defeat the objective of effluent irrigation. Moreover, the plants were selective in nutrient sequestering. Not more than one kg ha-1 of any micro-nutrients was accumulated by bamboo and groundflora. For sustainability of effluent irrigation, the plantations may have to be either harvested in short rotation or irrigation has to be regulated according to plant growth. The commercial viability of the biomass produced in the AF systems was assessed to determine local suitability of the plantation models.

Canonical variate analysis (CVA), a type of multiple variate analysis, based on the combined data of various parameters showed differences between AF systems. These differences are likely to diverge with age of the plantations. The CVA based on more than four parameters showed differences amongst the AF systems. Moreover, the CVA for the datasets of some parameters collected at different time also revealed divergence amongst the AF systems. The analysis showed that the AF systems may develop contrasting differences with maturity. Monoculture E plantation produced more biomass than other AF systems, and it also accumulated more nutrients, compared to mixed AF systems. In contrast mixed AF systems (e.g., BP and BE) used more water than the monoculture systems. Overall, at 24 months, the mixed AF systems prove to offer improved benefits for effluent irrigation in terms of technical feasibility, ecological safety, and commercial viability of the effluent irrigated plantations.

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Hay, Tristan Ryan. "Medical radionuclides and their impurities in wastewater." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29342.

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NCRP report No.160 states that medical exposure increased to nearly half of the total radiation exposure of the U.S. population from all sources in 2006 (NCRP 2009). Part of this increase in exposure is due to the rise in nuclear medicine procedures. With this observed growth in medical radionuclide usage, there is an increase in the radionuclide being released into wastewater after the medical procedures. The question then arises: what is the behavior of medical radionuclides and their impurities in the wastewater process? It is important to note that, often, medical radionuclides are not exactly 100% radionuclide pure, but they meet a certain standard of purity. Of particular interest are the longer lived impurities associated with these medical radionuclides. The longer lived impurities have a higher chance of reaching the environment. The goal of this study is to identify the behavior of medical radionuclides and their impurities associated with some of the more common radiopharmaceuticals, including Tc-99m and I-131, and locate and quantify levels of these impurities in municipal wastewater and develop a model that can be used to estimate potential dose and risk to the public.
Graduation date: 2012
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from May 24, 2012 - May 24, 2014
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Books on the topic "Municipal effluent disposal"

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Johnson, C. Ian. Broad spectrum analysis of municipal and industrial effluents discharged into the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River basins: Characterization of effluent samples, 1994. Edmonton: The Study, 1997.

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Tarmohamed, Yasmin. Ontario municipal sewage treatment plants mass balance project: Report-- metals. [S.l.]: MISA Advisory Committee, 1990.

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Johnson, C. Ian. Broad spectrum analysis of municipal and industrial effluents discharged into the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River basins: Evaluation of surface waters. Edmonton: The Study, 1997.

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Johnson, Ian. Broad spectrum analysis of municipal and industrial effluents discharged into the Northern River Basins: Review of GC-MS data, 1989 to 1994. Edmonton, Alta: Northern River Basins Study, 1997.

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Johnson, C. Ian. Broad spectrum analysis of municipal and industrial effluents discharged into the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River Basins: Review of GC-MS data, 1989 to 1994. Edmonton: The Study, 1997.

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Ontario. Ministry of the Environment., ed. Report on the 1989 discharges from municipal STPs in Ontario. [Toronto]: Ontario Environment, 1991.

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Fluctuations of trace contaminants in municipal sewage treatment plants. [Toronto]: Ontario Environment, 1991.

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Canada. Municipal Wastewater Effluent Division. and Associated Engineering, (B.C.) Ltd., eds. Review of municipal wastewater effluent chlorination/dechlorination principles, technologies and practices. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 2006.

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Canada, Canada Environment, and Canada Environmental Conservation Service, eds. The state of municipal wastewater effluents in Canada. Ottawa: Environment Canada, 2001.

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Canada. Municipal Wastewater Effluent Division., ed. Review of municipal effluent chlorination/dechlorination principles, technologies and practices / prepared by Associated Engineering (B.C.) Ltd. Victoria: Environment Canada, Municipal Wastewater Effluent Division, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Municipal effluent disposal"

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Rana, Vivek. "Sustainable Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Constructed Wetlands." In Recent Advancements in Bioremediation of Metal Contaminants, 237–55. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4888-2.ch013.

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Sanitary landfilling is the major method of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. The disposal of MSW in landfills generates a large amount of highly toxic leachate, which has high potential hazards for the public, flora, fauna health and ecosystems. Advanced leachate treatment systems using biological and chemical treatment methods are recently implemented in developed countries, but high investment and operating costs restricted their application in most of the developing countries. To overcome this problem, an alternative sustainable treatment technology such as phytoremediation could be beneficial. The constructed wetland treatment system is an economical alternative for leachate treatment using local resources and is an energy-efficient technology. These green systems utilize anaerobic and aerobic reactions to break down, immobilize, or incorporate organic substances and other contaminants from polluted effluent. This chapter highlights the recent advances in the treatment of landfill leachates using constructed wetlands.
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Rana, Vivek. "Sustainable Treatment of Landfill Leachate Using Constructed Wetlands." In Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 1006–25. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch050.

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Sanitary landfilling is the major method of disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries. The disposal of MSW in landfills generates a large amount of highly toxic leachate, which has high potential hazards for the public, flora, fauna health and ecosystems. Advanced leachate treatment systems using biological and chemical treatment methods are recently implemented in developed countries, but high investment and operating costs restricted their application in most of the developing countries. To overcome this problem, an alternative sustainable treatment technology such as phytoremediation could be beneficial. The constructed wetland treatment system is an economical alternative for leachate treatment using local resources and is an energy-efficient technology. These green systems utilize anaerobic and aerobic reactions to break down, immobilize, or incorporate organic substances and other contaminants from polluted effluent. This chapter highlights the recent advances in the treatment of landfill leachates using constructed wetlands.
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Makut, Bidhu Bhusan, Mayurketan Mukherjee, Gargi Goswami, and Debasish Das. "Sustainable Mitigation of Wastewater Issues Using Microbes: Hurdles and Future Strategies." In Recent Trends and Innovations in Sustainable Treatment Technologies for Heavy Metals, Dyes and Other Xenobiotics, 191–214. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815049725122010011.

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Exponential growth in population associated with changing lifestyle patterns and industrial upheaval has led to the degradation of the most valuable renewable resource i.e. water. Contamination of water bodies of varying sizes across the world has resulted in mass-scale deterioration of health and environmental adversaries. Uninhibited disposal of domestic, municipal and industrial effluents onto water bodies has severely impacted the flora and fauna, in turn affecting human health globally. If unchecked, this would lead to an unmitigated disaster, which would be detrimental to the very existence of humans on the planet. Wastewater remediation, therefore, is of paramount importance to safeguard water bodies and prevent them from excessive pollution. To that end, novel, sustainable technologies for elevated nutrient removal from wastewater are the need of the hour. Bioremediation of wastewater is one of the most prolific and novel approaches directed towards the efficient elimination of contaminants coupled with their subsequent conversion into value-added products. Over the last few decades, microbial treatment processes have gained increasing momentum due to their ease and high efficiency compared to conventional treatment technologies. The chapter provides a detailed overview of various biological wastewater treatment methodologies such as bacterial, fungal, microalgal and microalgae-bacteria consortium-mediated bioremediation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Municipal effluent disposal"

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Ribeiro, A., J. Araújo, A. Mota, R. Campos, C. Vilarinho, and J. Carvalho. "Decontamination of Heavy Metals From Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS) by Electrokinetic Remediation." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11221.

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Abstract A large quantity of sludges resulting from the treatment of MWWTP (Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant) effluent is generated annually following the increase of population density and acceleration of urbanization. Sludge production in Europe has been predicted by around 12 million tons in 2020. As a solid waste, appropriate disposal of Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS) has been taken seriously due to its larger volume and toxic substances such as heavy metals. Electrokinetic remediation has more advantages in heavy metals uptake compared to other technologies, due to the ability to treat soils in-situ and to remove heavy metals from soils. In this work, it was studied the remediation of MSS by the electrokinetic remediation coupled with activated carbon (AC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). It was applied an electric current of 3 V cm−1 and it was used an AC/sludge ratio of 30 g kg−1 of contaminated sludge for the preparation of the PRB. In each trial, the evolution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) removal from the sludge were evaluated. Results proved that this process is perfectly suited for the removal of chromium, nickel and zinc metals from the sludge. At the end of the operation time, it was achieved a maximum removal rate of 56% for chromium, 73% for nickel and 99% for zinc, with initial concentrations of 2790 mg kg−1, 2840 mg kg−1, and 94200 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on these results, it was proved the technical viability of the proposed technology (electrokinetic with AC as a permeable reactive barrier) to treat municipal sewage sludges.
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