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Journal articles on the topic 'Municipal corporations'
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1
RODE, Sanjay. "Financing the Infrastructure of Municipal Corporation on Sustainable Basis: A Case Study of Vasai Virar Municipal Corporation." MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS REVIEW 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2023): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/mer/2023.02-05.
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Every Municipal Corporation must provide administrative services and develop infrastructure for people. The Vasai Virar Municipal Corporation is the fastest growing Municipal Corporation in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Urbanization is increasing rapidly in corporations, but infrastructure services are lagging behind. There is a mismatch between the revenue and expenditure of the corporation. The revenue receipts are significantly low due to lower property taxes and road construction. The revenue expenditure is increasing due to administration, architecture section, accounts, hospitals management, and construction sector. The capital receipts are significantly lower because of integrated health and family welfare receipts. The capital expenditure of the corporation has increased due to road repairing and construction, development work, and electricity expenditure. The municipal corporation must invest in civic infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste and sewerage management, roads, public transportation, public gardens, street lights, and markets. Municipal Corporations must manage capital expenditure on a sustainable basis for civic infrastructure. It will improve the standard of living of the people.
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N M, Mahesha, and Dr K. Nagendrababu. "AN EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS IN KARNATAKA WITH REFERENCE TO MYSURU AND MANGALURU CITY CORPORATIONS." YMER Digital 20, no. 12 (December 25, 2021): 569–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer20.12/54.
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The research study attempts to evaluate the financial performance of Mysuru and Mangaluru City Corporations in Karnataka. The study is based on secondary data, which will be collected through secondary sources of financial statements of Mysuru and Mangaluru city corporation. The data so collected will be tabulated appropriately to achieve the objectives set. Required statistical tools will also be used to test the hypotheses formulated in the study. The per capita income and per capita expenditure were increased in all selected Municipal corporations during the study period 2010-11 to 2019-20. There is no significant difference in per capita income between Mysuru CC and Mangaluru CC, which means per capita income is almost equal in selected Municipal Corporations. The per capita expenditure is also equivalent to Mysuru CC and Mangaluru CC. It also found that the expenditure of selected Municipal Corporation is high compared to their income, which means the selected Municipal Corporation depends on State Government grants and loans. There is a significant difference between the development and non -development expenditure on revenue account of both Mysuru and Mangaluru City Corporations. The Mysuru CC had the highest development expenditure in 2017-18 and became 262.64 crores and lowest by 50.04 crores of Mangaluru CC in 2012-13. The Mysuru CC has the highest non-development expenditure in 2019-20 and became 199.52 crores and lowest by 16.73 crores of Mangaluru CC in 2010-11.
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Bowie, Nikolas. "Corporate Democracy: How Corporations Justified Their Right to Speak in 1970s Boston." Law and History Review 36, no. 4 (August 28, 2018): 943–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000160.
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AbstractIn the early 1970s, the executives of the First National Bank of Boston spent hundreds of thousands of the bank's dollars on ads opposing statewide efforts to raise their personal income taxes. When frustrated Massachusetts legislators banned this sort of corporate spending, the executives sued, arguing that “corporations have the same First Amendment rights as individuals.” In First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, the Supreme Court held for the first time that the First Amendment protects all political speech, even ads paid for by a corporation. Surprisingly, the first corporation to take advantage of this decision was not the bank, but the city of Boston--a municipal corporation that spent nearly a million dollars on a new referendum in the fall of 1978.This article discusses the history of the 1978 referendum, one pitting municipal corporations against business corporations. It argues that the referendum and the discourse surrounding it made it intuitive for Bostonians that all corporations, banks and cities, are representative institutions. Corporations can “speak” only by spending money, and the leaders of Boston and the bank justified spending other people's money by pointing to the internal elections that put them in office. But voters were skeptical of the argument that “corporate democracy” alone could guarantee that elected executives spoke with the consent of the people they purported to represent. The article offers a novel contribution to the historiography of modern business and politics: a legal history of how corporations--municipal and financial--became politicized in the wake of evolving First Amendment free-speech doctrine.
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Rode, Sanjay. "Financing capital expenditure through municipal bond market in Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation." Public and Municipal Finance 8, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.08(1).2019.02.
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In India, the urban local bodies do not have decentralization in various functions. Therefore, municipal corporations find various issues in functioning and revenue generation. It has resulted into either shortfall or low quality infrastructure services to people. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation is developed as modern municipal corporation. Municipal corporation invested financial resources in development for civic infrastructure. Therefore, population, industries, educational institutions, markets, transport and other facilities are expanding very fast. The ordinary least square regression results shows that the municipal corporation has positive co-relation with revenue receipts from LBT, property tax and town planning. The revenue expenditure is positively co-related with municipal estate, public health and hospitals, primary and secondary education. The engineering work for poor is negatively correlated with revenue expenditure. The capital receipts are positively co-related with fire brigade, auditorium, sports and cultural programs and security deposits and water supply. The capital expenditure is positively co-related to women and child welfare schemes, primary education, environment monitoring. It is negatively co-related with dumping grounds. The municipal corporation must raise funds from capital market through municipal bonds. More investment must be made in civic infrastructure. Similarly, corporation must spend more funds on poor, welfare of women and children. Municipal corporation must monitor and protect environment. It must give more priorities for processing of solid and e-waste, protect local culture, primary and secondary education, health care for all and technology in provision of civic services. It must develop human resource and create best place to live in metropolitan region.
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Moberg, Lotta, and Richard E. Wagner. "Default without Capital Account: The Economics of Municipal Bankruptcy." Public Finance and Management 14, no. 1 (March 2014): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211401400103.
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This paper analyzes the concept of municipal bankruptcy in a comparative framework with commercial bankruptcy. Cities are corporate bodies that continue to exist despite the ever changing identities of the residents. The common designation of cities as municipal corporations suggests an affinity between them and commercial corporations that would offer a bridge between commercial and municipal bankruptcy. Despite this apparent affinity, however, there are significant institutional differences between the two forms of corporation that prevents construction of such a bridge. Commercial bankruptcy allows both creditors and debtors to resolve problems that emerge in consequence of a debt default, and to do so in a generally beneficial manner given the fact of insolvency. By contrast, municipal bankruptcy is a process that benefits some city creditors at the expense of others.
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COOMBS, HUGH MALCOLM, and JOHN RICHARD EDWARDS. "The Accountability of Municipal Corporations." Abacus 29, no. 1 (March 1993): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.1993.tb00420.x.
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Kumar, Naresh. "Revenue and Expenditure Pattern of Municipal Corporations of Punjab." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2012/20.
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Guenther, David. "Of Bodies Politic and Pecuniary: A Brief History of Corporate Purpose." Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, no. 9.1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.9.1.bodies.
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American corporate law has long drawn a bright line between for-profit and non-profit corporations. In recent years, hybrid or social enterprises have increasingly put this bright-line distinction to the test. This Article asks what we can learn about the purpose of the American business corporation by examining its history and development in the United States in its formative period from roughly 1780-1860. This brief history of corporate purpose suggests that the duty to maximize profits in the for-profit corporation is a relatively recent development. Historically, the American business corporation grew out of an earlier form of corporation that was neither for-profit nor nonprofit in today’s parlance but rather, served a multitude of municipal, religious, charitable, educational, and eventually business purposes in early nineteenth-century New England. The purposes of early American business corporations—rather than maximization of profit to private shareholders— were often overtly public, involving development of local transportation, finance, and other much-needed economic infrastructure. With the rise of factory-based manufacturing, railroads, and other capital-intensive industries in the middle decades of the nineteenth century and the advent of general incorporation statutes, the purpose of the American business corporation shifted fundamentally from public to private. By 1860, the stage was set for the modern firm. This Article concludes that the corporation has no intrinsic purpose. The corporation’s defining features are separate legal personality and the ability to aggregate capital toward any otherwise lawful end, whether for-profit or nonprofit. Social enterprises today more closely resemble the early American business corporation than the profit-maximizing modern firm. Social enterprise should be seen less as a legally uncertain novelty than a return to the business corporation’s nineteenth-century American roots. Finally, this Article suggests potential limitations for social enterprise.
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L’Heureux, Jacques. "Les premières institutions municipales au Québec ou « machines à taxer »." Histoire du droit et des institutions 20, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2005): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042320ar.
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The first general municipal institutions in Quebec were adopted by the Special Council in 1840 when Governor Sydenham found that the Act of Union did not make provision for them. These institutions included local corporations — parishes and townships — and regional corporations — the districts. Parishes and townships had very few powers. Districts had limited powers on local matters. All municipal corporations had little autonomy and were under the strict control of the Governor. Nevertheless, their creation was bound to lead to more important and more autonomous municipal institutions. French Canadians were opposed to these institutions, partly because they seemed to belong to the set of post-Rebellion measures such as the union of the two Canadas and the setting up of the Special Council, and partly because the new municipal corporations had the power to levy taxes. Their opposition succeeded in paralysing these institutions, which were replaced by new ones in 1845.
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Barbe, Raoul-P. "De certains aspects de la juridiction de la Régie des services publics en matière de droit municipal." Les Cahiers de droit 19, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 447–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042248ar.
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This paper presents a study as of July 1977, of statutory provisions, regulations and decisions which relate to the jurisdiction of the Quebec Public Service Board (Régie des services publics) and the law of municipal corporations in the field of public utilities. Among the topics covered are the following: the amendment of zoning by-laws prescribing the joint use of facilities by public utilities; disputes that arise when public utilities are required to use underground facilities; the role of municipal corporations in the provision of public utility services; and disputes between municipal corporations and public utilities.
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Giroux, Lorne. "Property Rights, Municipal Corporations and Judicial Review." Les Cahiers de droit 25, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 617–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042614ar.
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Cet article étudie l'évolution récente du rôle joué par la Cour supérieure pour assurer la protection des droits individuels dans le secteur du droit de l'aménagement et celui du droit municipal. L'étude porte sur deux champs d'intervention publique sur les droits individuels, en particulier le droit de propriété, et illustre les modes divers d'intervention utilisés par la Cour supérieure dans son rôle de surveillance. D'une part, la Loi sur la protection du territoire agricole sert à illustrer un modèle d'aménagement sectoriel fondé sur l'usage de la discrétion administrative comme méthode de protection. L'intervention des tribunaux se révèle sous trois aspects. D'abord la Cour supérieure se préoccupe d'imposer un minimum de discipline aux procédures devant la Commission de protection du territoire agricole, surtout dans les cas où il peut en résulter des injustices. Ensuite, le droit d'accès aux tribunaux ordinaires est protégé par la Cour grâce en particulier à une interprétation restrictive de la juridiction de la Commission. Enfin, le droit de propriété lui-même est protégé par la Cour supérieure qui restreint les pouvoirs d'intervention de la Commission mais favorise une interprétation libérale des droits acquis. A l'opposé, les interventions des collectivités locales en matière d'aménagement et d'urbanisme sont fondées sur le pouvoir réglementaire plutôt que sur la discrétion administrative. Même si le contrôle judiciaire sur le pouvoir réglementaire est un domaine déjà riche de tradition au Canada et au Québec, la jurisprudence récente tout en rappelant des principes déjà connus illustre également de nouvelles tendances. En effet, alors que les tribunaux continuent à préserver l'élément de certitude et de sécurité que le règlement fournit aux citoyens, ils sont prêts à protéger les citoyens contre les interventions publiques abusives et ils ont à cette fin revitalisé le critère de la rationalité comme mode de contrôle du pouvoir réglementaire. De plus, au besoin, ils vont être prêts à intervenir dans l'allocation même des usages et des affectations du sol lorsqu'ils doivent se prononcer sur des questions de discrimination et d'intérêt public.
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Chandrakala, Mattewada. "Administrative System of Municipal Corporations in India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (November 5, 2017): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2017.6.2.1368.
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Kumari., Raj. "REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE PATTERN OF MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS OF PUNJAB-A CASE STUDY OF JALANDHAR AND AMRITSAR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 2127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1104.
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Farooqi, Madiha Rehman, Shabana Naveed, Snober Javid, and Yaamina Salman. "INSTITUTIONAL COMPLEXITY OF HR PRACTICES: CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS." Public Administration Issues, no. 6 (2022): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-6-122-137.
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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are important phenomena in public administration and many reforms have been introduced in Pakistan to ensure the achievement of SDGs committed by the political leaders. This study targets SGD 11 that relates to sustainable urban development through effective municipal corporations. For this purpose, the study explores the HR practices of public organizations operating under the Lahore Municipal Corporation and explains the institutional complexity of these practices. This complexity arises from the lack of implementation of new HR practices that are at odds with the prevailing bureaucratic logic. The study supports the argument of the institutional logic perspective that multiple institutional logics co-exist in organizations resulting in contrasting and contradictory practices.
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Bhatia, S. Y., G. R. Patil, and K. M. Buddhiraju. "ANALYSING URBAN SPRAWL OF THE MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION USING REMOTE SENSING AND SOCIOECONOMIC DATA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-3-2023 (September 5, 2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-3-2023-35-2023.
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Abstract. Urban growth in developing countries like India is happening more than twice as fast as the population increase. Such rapid urban growth has resulted in urban sprawl characterized by low-density scattered development. Urban planners require a timely updated dataset and suitable tools to monitor the urban sprawl and ensure sustainable development. The present study uses Landsat data from 1999, 2009 and 2019 and socioeconomic data to study the urban sprawl characteristic of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) over two decades. The analyses show that MMR's built-up areas have expanded from 400 sq. km in 1999 to 761 sq. km in 2019, implying a 90% growth in the past two decades. While most municipal corporations have more than 60% of land covered by built-up areas, municipal councils are less saturated, with <30% built-up covers. With saturated land spaces within municipal corporations, higher growth rates are observed in the municipal councils. Also, the urban growth rates in these municipal councils outpace the population growth rate. The urban sprawl indices computed also suggest a continuous compact development within the municipal corporations while a continued sprawling within these fast-developing municipal councils. Mira Bhayandar is the most compact, while Bhiwandi Special Notified Area is the most sprawled urban area in MMR. The analyses show a clear indication of urban sprawl characteristics of the MMR. Many of these municipal councils are in the initial stages of development and lack appropriate governance to tackle rapid urbanization. Suitable policy measures that result in balanced urban growth can help ensure sustainable development.
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Sathyavathi, A., Lalit Mohan Upadhyaya, and Sudhanshu Aggarwal. "Possible regression models for the municipal finances of the municipal corporations of various Indian states II ∗." Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences- Mathematics and Statistics 42, no. 2 (December 25, 2023): 143–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/bpas.2023.42e.2.5.
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In continuation of the ongoing long term research work of the first author on the detailed mathematical and statistical analysis of thebudgetoftheBangaloreMunicipalCorporation(see,A.Sathyavathihttps://ssrn.com/abstract=4403863,https:/ssrn.com/abstract=4461494, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4518454 and https://ssrn. com/abstract=4568499), we carry ahead our previous study (A. Sathyavathi and L. M. Upadhyaya, Possible regression models for the municipal finances of the municipal corpo rations of various Indian states, Bull. Pure Appl. Sci. Sect. E Math. Stat. 42E(1), 72–93 (2023))to propose some possible regression models to account for the observed trends of the revenue receipts and the revenue expenditures of the municipal corporations of the various Indian States including the Union Territory of Chandigarh for the 2018-19 Bud get Estimates, which pertains to the data of finances of municipal corporations of the various Indian States during the financial year 2018-2019. We also present the com parisons of our different models for each of the categories of our present explorations. The entire data used by us in this study is gratefully taken by us from the Report on Municipal Finances which was published by the Reserve Bank of India recently on 10 November, 2022 (see,https://m.rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualPublications.aspxhead=Report%20on%20Municipal%20Finances,https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/ PDFs/RMF101120223A34C4F7023A4A9E99CB7F7FEF6881D0.PDF). We find that a Polyno mial Degree 4 model best describes the financial data and in addition we also give a Rational Model and an Exponential Association 2 model for describing the trend of fi nances for the municipal corporations of India during the year 2018-19 in the Budget Estimates category and we also present our computational results of the Polynomial De gree 4 Model and the Rational Model using MATLAB.
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Toplak Perovič, Barbara, and Luka Martin Tomažič. "Legal Liability of Municipal Corporations: A Rational Choice Approach to Optimising Deterrence." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.2.415-437(2021).
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Since corporations owned by municipalities provide important services to local populations, unlawful conduct on their part is especially undesirable. This paper researches the elements that need to be present in a legal framework, so that the deterrent effect regarding undesirable conduct of municipal corporations will be optimised. An approach based on rational choice considerations is proposed, which takes into account the necessity of an adequate severity of sanctions, a high likelihood of liability for offenders and the need to deprive them of unlawful gains. Interrelation and cumulative effects of norms pertaining to criminal, civil and disciplinary liability are emphasized. The proposed model has the potential to be used by policy-makers to gain additional insight into merits or demerits of different potential legal regimes aimed at deterrence of unlawful behaviour in municipal corporations and their employees.
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Khanna, Raghav. "Staff starved municipal corporations of Punjab: An analytical study." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 3, no. 6 (2013): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2249-7137.3.6.018.
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Blom, Hans, and Mark Somos. "Public-Private Concord through Divided Sovereignty: Reframing societas for International Law." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 565–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340170.
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Abstract Grotius is the father of modern international law. The indivisibility of sovereignty was the sine qua non of early-modern conceptual innovation in law. Both statements are axiomatic in the mainstream literature of the last two centuries. Both are profoundly and interestingly wrong. This article shows that Grotius’ systematisation of public and international law involved defining corporations as potentially (and the VOC actually) integral to reason of state, and able to bear and exercise marks of sovereignty under certain conditions. For Grotius, some corporations were not subsumed under the state’s legal authority, nor were they hybrid ‘company-states’. Instead, states and such corporations, able and forced to cooperate, fell under dovetailing natural, international, and municipal systems of law. The article reexamines Grotius’ notion of international trade, public debt, private corporation, and public and private war through the reassembled prism of these dovetailing laws and the category of societas that underpins Grotian associations. It is argued that although formulated around the new East India trade, the actual reality of legal pluralism was available to Grotius in the Dutch trade experience of the sixteenth century.
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Batish, Naresh Kumar. "Some Alternative Solutions in Municipal Solid waste management in South Asian Countries: A Case study of Municipal Corporations of Punjab." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/march2014/120.
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Begum, Sharmin, and Tanjil Ahmed. "Citizens’ Assessment of the Municipal Services Provided by Mymensingh City Corporation." International Review of Social Sciences Research 3, no. 4 (December 6, 2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/353020.
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City Corporations, which are crucial in defining the urban environment, have a significant impact on the quality of life of their residents. Hence, this study aims to explore citizens’ assessment and satisfaction with the different services provided by Mymensingh City Corporation. Employing an exploratory research approach, the study gathers quantitative data through surveys. The findings of the study revealed that 24% of participants strongly agreed that the Mymensingh City Corporation upholds the Citizen Charter while providing services, 38% were satisfied with the MCC’s present services, 12% claimed to have participated in the MCC decision-making process, 22% concurred that the MCC demonstrates an adequate level of transparency and accountability in its operations, 24% were satisfied with the MCC’s efforts to preserve public safety and civil defense, and 38% said that the MCC had done a good job of upholding urban planning. These statistics clearly indicate that MCC has enough scope to improve its overall performance regarding enhancing citizen satisfaction. Since the survey was conducted during the pandemic, it has restricted gathering data from an adequate number of respondents. However, there is a scope for further research by applying a mixed method with a large sample size. Finally, necessary policy recommendations have been discussed in the study that may improve the performance of the MCC.
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Gramlich, Jeffrey D., and Edward H. Robbins. "Alternative Minimum Tax And Effective Returns From Municipal Bonds." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 9, no. 4 (September 27, 2011): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v9i4.5999.
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Taxpayers must pay the alternative minimum tax (AMT) if a minimum tax rate applied to a broad measure of income results in an amount greater than the regular tax. The AMT rate is 20 percent for corporations and 24 percent for other taxpayers. Currently, this broad measure of income includes 100 percent of private activity bond interest and, for corporations, encompasses up to 75 percent of other tax-exempt interest. This paper explains the computation of the AMT and shows the effect of the AMT on after-tax yields from investment in municipal securities. In particular, it demonstrates that the after-tax return on municipal bonds declines with an increase in the number of years until the AMT credit resulting from previous years AMT paid is utilized. The paper then analyzes the AMT in terms of the tax clientele it creates and the implicit tax it may reduce.
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Singh, Anu, Suraj Kumar Singh, Gowhar Meraj, Shruti Kanga, Majid Farooq, Nikola Kranjčić, Bojan Đurin, and Sudhanshu. "Designing Geographic Information System Based Property Tax Assessment in India." Smart Cities 5, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5010021.
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Property tax is the primary source of revenue for municipal bodies. In India, municipal corporations are facing issues in property tax collection, and the primary reason for it is a lack of count of assessed properties under its jurisdiction. Also, the storage of information on the properties is mainly based on manual efforts, which leads to data redundancy and failure to appropriate tax collection. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) consists of technology, personnel, and resources to create, maintain, visualize, search, and share geospatial data and services. The study has been carried out in the Hauz Khas Ward, South Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi. This paper aims to develop a spatial database for property tax management. It includes capturing the building footprint, road, land use such as parks, paved area, drains, and demarcation of boundaries such as locality slums, based on a regular grid net with a cell size of 250 m by 250 m. The generated geospatial database has been finally used to evaluate parameters for property tax calculation. Moreover, this spatial database can be organized as different models for any web-based application for municipal services. This study provides a working example of a GIS-based property tax collection solution for whole of India and other South-Asian countries.
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Sapozhnikova, N. G. "Non-financial reporting of corporations." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 10, no. 4 (October 22, 2023): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2023-10-4-34-47.
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One of the important directions in the development of modern corporate reporting is the disclosure of the sustainable development of a corporation, which involves assessing the results of operations and managing changes on the way to a sustainable economy that combines data on long-term profitability, social responsibility and care for environmental protection. Therefore, non-financial reporting is becoming the main tool for communicating the information to stakeholders about the economic, environmental, and social results of a corporation’s activities. Currently, the publication of non-financial reports is carried out by transnational and large national corporations, state and municipal organizations in many countries. In the Russian Federation, the need to promote non-financial reporting is approved by the Concept for the Development of Public Non-Financial Reporting (Concept), as a state task that defines this reporting as an element of the management system, development of communications with stakeholders, a prerequisite for increasing efficiency and strengthening corporate competitiveness. A significant impact on the development of public non-financial reporting was made by the United Nations resolution containing 17 goals in the field of sustainable development, which determines the need to develop indicators that evaluate the achievement of goals at the national and global levels and reflect the contribution of the corporation to sustainable development, which are solved in the framework of public nonfinancial reporting. Large and transnational corporations are encouraged to apply sustainable production practices and reflect information on the rational use of resources in their reports. Meaningful, complete, timely, accurate, balanced, comparable and reliable information of public non-financial reporting ensures that stakeholders make informed economic decisions about the sustainability of the corporation, the impact on the environment and society. At the state level, information from public non-financial reporting makes it possible to assess the achievement of strategic goals, the need to combine or separate the activities of sectors of society. The aim of the study was to assess the key concepts of sustainability reporting, the order and specifics of disclosure of its elements and material topics reflecting the impact of the corporation on the economy, environment and society. Among the objectives set by the authors is the assessment of the principles of this type of reporting: comparability, completeness, timeliness, and verifiability, which are closely related to those used in financial reporting. Since the calculation of separate indicators of non-financial reporting and the methodology of formation of consolidated financial reporting (participation method, joint activities, etc.) are closely related, the scope of the study includes the ways of reflecting the elements of reporting. Such scientific methods as logical, expert and substantive analyses, interpretation were used in the work. The results of the research can be used by corporate specialists in the formation of reporting in the field of sustainable development, university professors in the educational process, and other parties interested in the results of corporate activities
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Coombs, H. M., and J. R. Edwards. "The audit of municipal corporations – a quest for professional dominance." Managerial Auditing Journal 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686900410509820.
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Coombs, Hugh M., and John Richard Edwards. "CAPITAL ACCOUNTING IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS 1884?1914: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Financial Accountability and Management 8, no. 3 (September 1992): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.1992.tb00212.x.
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Coombs, Hugh M., and John Richard Edwards. "CAPITAL ACCOUNTING IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS 1884-1914: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Financial Accountability and Management 8, no. 3 (September 1992): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.1992.tb00437.x.
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Goyal, Natasha. "Mainstreaming Informal sector in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ludhiana, Punjab." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 2436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.9230.
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Municipal Solid Waste Management has become a critical challenge in urban India. Increasing per-capita income and disproportionate population increase has strained the carrying capacity of land and infrastructure. Municipal Corporations continue to be incapacitated due to administrative, financial and human resource constraints. Mainstreaming informal waste collectors/ waste pickers into the formal chain of collection, transportation, treatment, recovery and disposal of the Municipal Solid Waste can help to institutionalize a sustainable model of Municipal Solid Waste Management and inclusive urban growth. Such policy will also be constructive in environmental conservation through effective implementation of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 with respect to at source waste segregation and decentralized waste disposal.
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LIDDY, CHRISTIAN D. "Urban politics and material culture at the end of the Middle Ages: the Coventry tapestry in St Mary's Hall." Urban History 39, no. 2 (March 29, 2012): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000028.
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ABSTRACT:This article uses the evidence of the internal decoration and spatial hierarchy of an English town hall to explore the construction of urban oligarchy in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Urban historians have regarded this period as one of fundamental importance in the political history of pre-modern English towns. It is associated with the emergence of the ‘close corporation’, an oligarchic form of government which remained largely in place until the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. The article examines the iconography and historical context of a tapestry, custom-made for the town hall of Coventry around 1500, to present a different view of the character of urban political culture at the end of the Middle Ages.
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Shameer, K. Muhammed, and S. Raja Sethu Durai. "The Political Budget Cycle: Evidence from Indian Municipal Corporation Elections." Review of Development and Change 29, no. 1 (June 2024): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661241256713.
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The political budget cycle (PBC) theory deals with increased spending or decreased revenue collection, or a combination of both, on the verge of an election by the incumbent government to retain office. Empirical verification of the PBC theory at the subnational local government level is scarce in the literature. Subnational local governments are more prominent in population and budget for a country like India. This study takes into account 34 municipal corporations in India to examine the PBC theory and find strong evidence of politically motivated cycles on the budget expenditure and revenue front. Notably, the more visible expenditure on welfare schemes shows increased spending during an election period. On the revenue side, this study also finds evidence in support of the PBC theory. Indian municipal corporations are creating ‘welfare’ and ‘infrastructure’ cycles during the election period to gain political profit and are validating the ‘visibility’ and ‘targetability’ hypotheses described in the literature. This study is the first attempt to trace the presence of the PBC at the subnational local government level in India.
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Coombs, Hugh M., and John Richard Edwards. "Record keeping in municipal corporations: a triumph for double entry bookkeeping." Accounting, Business & Financial History 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585209400000042.
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Wagner, Richard E. "Municipal corporations, economic calculation, and political pricing: exploring a theoretical antinomy." Public Choice 149, no. 1-2 (July 21, 2011): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9831-x.
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MN, Kanchana, and Dr SN Yogish. "A study on financial management of urban municipal corporations in India." International Journal of Financial Management and Economics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26179210.2024.v7.i1.298.
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Sankar, P. Jayendira. "Effectiveness of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Tamil Nadu with Special Reference to Thiruvallur District." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 3 (2018): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.5.
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The study is aimed to identify the effectiveness of solid waste management in Tamil Nadu with special reference to Thiruvallur District. “In recent times, the continuous increase of solid waste is a serious problem with the urban and rural areas. The rapid growth of population and increasing per-capita income has resulted in the generation of enormous solid waste posing a serious threat to environmental quality and human health. Improper disposal of waste often results in spread of diseases and contamination of water bodies and soils. The impacts on these wastes on the economy cannot be ignored and managing them has become a major problem. Municipal solid waste management continues to be a major challenge to local governments in both urban and rural areas across the world, and one of the key issues is their financial constraints”. [9] “In Tamil Nadu there are 12 Corporations, 124 Municipalities and 528 Town Panchayats. In total the solid waste generation is 14,600 Tons per day. The Greater Chennai Corporation generates 5000 TPD, 11 Corporation and all Municipalities generate about 7600 TPD and all the town panchayat generates 2000 TPD. The board is advocating the concept of waste segregation at source, waste reduction, recycle and reuse to avoid any environmental issues during handling”.
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Isaacs, Nigel. "By-laws under the Municipal Corporations Act: building controls in the 1870s." Architectural History Aotearoa 15 (August 16, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v15i.8317.
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Although the Municipal Corporations Act 1867 was the first to permit local authorities to make by-laws which could impact on buildings, the coverage was expanded in the Municipal Corporations Acts of 1876 and 1886. The 1867 Act by-laws dealt with combustible materials in roofs and chimneys, distance between buildings, height and thickness of party and external walls, manufactory buildings and the erection of tents. The 1876 Act adds construction and materials of fireplaces, furnaces and chimneys, and the 1886 adds public health, lighting and gas and porters. The three top topics (by count) in the Acts were transport, sanitation and public facilities followed by buildings. The model codes provided in the Acts were inadequate for buildings, so by examination of three 1870s codes (Timaru, Auckland and Wellington) it is shown how the (London) Metropolitan Building Acts of 1844 and 1855 provided suitable details for practical by-laws. Links to Britain through imports of house construction technologies and materials are also discussed.
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Södergren, Karolina, and Jenny Palm. "How Organization Models Impact the Governing of Industrial Symbiosis in Public Wastewater Management. An Explorative Study in Sweden." Water 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060824.
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The industrial symbiosis (IS) landscape is evolving rapidly. While previous studies have argued for the importance of municipalities participating in the governing of IS, research on the implications of different forms of municipal organization is still lacking. This paper aims to investigate how municipal administration and municipally-owned corporations, as two forms of organization, impact the governing of IS in the water and sewage sector. This is explored in relation to the Swedish municipality Simrishamn, which recently underwent changes in the form of organization. Results show that municipal administration contributes to a more inclusive process where many actors can influence and bring ideas and perspectives on how to develop an IS. The risk, however, is that other issues within the municipality are seen as more pressing and, therefore, get prioritized before IS. In corporate form, the development of IS becomes more business-like as the focus is kept on core business. Technology development is strengthened as skills and competencies are promoted through the expertise of the employees. Drawbacks include processes becoming less transparent and political goals, such as citizen welfare not receiving the same level of priority as within municipal administration. There is also a risk that fewer perspectives are included in the process of developing IS, which may inhibit innovation, even if the results also indicate that an increased business focus of the corporate form strengthens the innovation capacity.
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Van Loon, Jannes, Stijn Oosterlynck, and Manuel B. Aalbers. "Governing urban development in the Low Countries: From managerialism to entrepreneurialism and financialization." European Urban and Regional Studies 26, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776418798673.
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Has the post-war managerial approach to urban governance in the Netherlands and Flanders been replaced by more entrepreneurial and financialized forms? In this paper, we study the transformation of urban governance in the Low Countries through city case studies of Apeldoorn (Netherlands) and Antwerp (Belgium). We show how Dutch urban governance is financialized by connecting local public finance with financialized real estate markets through municipal land banks. However, inter-municipal financial solidarity and ring-fencing municipalities from financial markets create specific continental European processes of financialization. Flemish municipalities, in contrast, have shifted from a model of laissez-faire urban development (embedded in a system of large municipal autonomy) towards entrepreneurial urban growth regimes, in which technocratic public and private actors have increased access to public financial resources, which are used to create large urban renewal projects. In Belgium, autonomous municipal real estate corporations are a crucial instrument for connecting municipal finance to the real estate market.
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Toledo, Víctor M., David Garrido, and Narciso Barrera-Bassols. "The Struggle for Life." Latin American Perspectives 42, no. 5 (June 2, 2015): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x15588104.
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The global expansion of the neoliberal model is most forcefully expressed in the processes of social, cultural, and environmental predation undertaken by corporations in the so-called Global South. Three pertinent processes are taking place in Mexico: (1) an increase in socio-environmental conflicts, mainly in rural areas and in predominantly indigenous territories; (2) the proliferation of citizen resistance of an essentially communal, municipal, or micro-regional nature; and (3) increased violence against these resistance movements by the government across its three levels (federal, state, and municipal) in complicity (or not) with companies and corporations that are trying to implement projects that damage natural resources, affect the quality of the environment, and destroy cultures and the social fabric. La expansión mundial del modelo neoliberal se expresa con mayor fuerza en los procesos de depredación ecológica, social y cultural que las corporaciones realizan en el llamado Sur Global. Tres procesos de la realidad mexicana ilustran lo anterior: (1) el creciente aumento de los conflictos socio-ambientales, principalmente en las áreas rurales y predominantemente en los territorios indígenas; (2) la multiplicación de las resistencias ciudadanas, esencialmente de carácter comunitario, municipal o micro-regional; y (3) el aumento de la violencia contra esos movimientos de resistencia, llevados a cabo por gobiernos en sus tres niveles (federal, estatal y municipal) en complicidad (o no) con las empresas y corporaciones que intentan implementar proyectos que dilapidan los recursos naturales y/o la calidad del ambiente y que provocan destrucción de culturas y tejido social.
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Sabolovič, Mojmír. "An alternative methodological approach to value analysis of regions, municipal corporations and clusters." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 4 (2011): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159040295.
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The paper deals with theoretical conception of value analysis of regions, municipal corporations and clusters. The subject of this paper is heterodox approach to sensitivity analysis of finite set of variables based on non-additive measure. For dynamic analysis of trajectory of general value are sufficient robust models based on maximum entropy principle. Findings concern explanation of proper fuzzy integral – Choquet integral. The fuzzy measure is represented by theory of capacities (Choquet, 1953) on powerset. In fine, the conception of the New integral for capacities (Lehler, 2005) is discussed. Value analysis and transmission constitutes remarkable aspect of performance evaluation of regions, municipal corporations and clusters. In the light of high ratio of soft variables, social behavior, intangible assets and human capital within those types of subjects the fuzzy integral introduce useful tool for modeling. The New integral afterwards concerns considerable characteristic of people behavior – risk averse articulated concave function and non-additive operator. Results comprehended tools enabling observation of synergy, redundancy and inhibition of value variables as consequence of non-additive measure. In fine, results induced issues for future research.
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Umans, Timurs, Elin Smith, William Andersson, and William Planken. "Top management teams’ shared leadership and ambidexterity: the role of management control systems." International Review of Administrative Sciences 86, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318783539.
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The study explores how top management teams’ shared leadership is related to organizational ambidexterity in public-sector organizations, theoretically and empirically considering how this relationship is contingent on the management control system. Using a sample of 85 Swedish municipal housing corporations, we find that shared leadership has a positive relationship with organizational ambidexterity in public-sector organizations. Moreover, increasing use of new public management control systems, based on combined reward and performance controls, positively moderates this relationship. The study also finds that traditional public management control systems, based on combined planning and administrative controls, do not moderate the relationship between top management teams’ shared leadership and organizational ambidexterity. Accordingly, this article contributes to the public and strategic management literature, as well as to managerial practice. Points for practitioners The article suggests that sharing leadership within top management teams can result in a balanced resource allocation in municipal corporations. To be more effective in achieving this balance, public sector managers might consider emphasizing new public management-inspired management control systems and de-emphasizing those of a more traditional type.
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Citroni, Giulio, Andrea Lippi, and Stefania Profeti. "Representation through corporatisation: municipal corporations in Italy as arenas for local democracy." European Political Science Review 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2014): 63–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773914000058.
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The literature on Public Utilities has increasingly shown that the adoption of corporate governance tools for the management of public services in local policy-making has given rise to a considerable reshaping of political strategies and practices. Corporatisation should be understood as not merely a policy instrument, but also as a new opportunity for local politicians to adjust their preferences, to deal with various interests, and to build unusual coalitions. Corporatisation may (and does) influence the concrete operation of local political systems. Today, the boards of municipal enterprises, as well as the public–private partnerships stemming from this emerging tendency towards corporatisation, can be conceived as both actors of local policy-making and arenas in which a number of functions traditionally associated with the mechanisms of electoral representation are performed: inter- and intra-party bargaining, recruitment of élites, and negotiation with local and ‘external’ stakeholders. The paper illustrates the impact of corporatisation on local representation mechanisms in Italy, considering its opaque side with specific reference to the problem of democratic accountability and control, and the creation of new local oligarchies. Empirical evidence is provided from research on municipal enterprises in six different Italian regions. Statistical data on companies (amount of social capital, fields of activity, private and public shareholders, etc.), as well as qualitative data, are analysed in order to show how corporatisation has provided local actors with unusual (and often non-transparent) channels of political representation and public–private bargaining.
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Овсипян, М. В. "Development of competition in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 5(142) (August 21, 2022): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.142.5.032.
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В статье исследуются проблемы организации государственных и муниципальных закупок. Методология исследования базируется на методах системного анализа. В ходе исследования выявлены факторы, снижающие уровень конкуренции при закупках для государственных и муниципальных нужд и закупках корпораций с государственным участием. Проблемы рассматриваются в контексте концепции открытого государства. Разработаны рекомендации по оптимизации закупочного процесса. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы государственными и муниципальными организациями для совершенствования их закупочной деятельности. The article examines the problems of organizing state and municipal purchases. The research methodology is based on the methods of system analysis. The study identified factors that reduce the level of competition in procurement for state and municipal needs and procurement of corporations with state participation. The problems are considered in the context of the concept of an open state. Recommendations have been developed to optimize the procurement process. The materials of the article can be used by state and municipal organizations to improve their procurement activities.
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Zhou, Yankun, and Hongtao Shen. "Supervision of environmental enforcement and corporate environmental performance." Nankai Business Review International 10, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-06-2018-0036.
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PurposeThis study aims to deem the new policy – talk for environmental protection – promoted in the second half of 2014 to be the exogenous event and adopts PSM and DID to verify whether and how the central government’s mechanism of supervision of environmental enforcement improves firm environmental performance and reveals the micro effect and working mechanism of the supervision of environmental enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers first select reasonable control groups for target districts by means of PSM, then apply DID to compare corporations in the treatment group with those in the control group for the change of environmental performance before and after the talk for environmental protection, so as to evaluate the micro-level effect of such talks on corporate environmental performance; after that, the research examines the working mechanism of such talks on corporate environmental performance; then, it goes a step further to find out the environmental impact of such talks on corporations of different natures of property right.FindingsIt is found from the research that the talk for environmental protection will effectively improve the environmental performance of corporations in the target districts, and the improvement of environmental performance in state-owned corporations in the target districts will be more evident. However, such improvements, to a certain extent, are achieved by reducing the output value, and corporations do not increase environmental investments from a long-term perspective.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the targets of the talk for environmental protection are mainly principals of municipal governments, but the research expands the scope to the whole province due to the small sample at the municipal level. Despite evidences showing that such a pressure of supervision impacts the whole province, the results obtained based on the data at the municipal level will be accurate. Second, the research selects a relatively short research period. Third, due to the limited data on corporate environmental performance in China, the research selects only listed companies from key monitored and controlled firms by state.Practical implicationsFirst, for the central government, environmental policy making is not the end of its job; it shall also supervise local governments’ work at environmental governance and properly handle its relationship with local governments. Second, for the local governments, in the course of implementing environmental policies, they should not only strengthen law enforcement but keep the continuity of law enforcement to avoid moving law enforcement. Third, in the long run, corporations must start from the source of production to enhance environmental governance and make cleaner production, so as to keep boosting corporate competitiveness and their ability of fighting risks.Originality/valueFirst, the research innovatively provides empirical evidence about the effect of China’s supervision of environmental enforcement. Previous studies on this topic are mostly theoretical discussions only, while this research makes the talk for environmental protection the exogenous event about the supervision of law enforcement and achieves breakthroughs in empirical studies of administrative enforcement supervision. Second, the research pushes the studies on the implementation effect of environmental policies from a medium level to a micro level. Third, the research achieves some breakthroughs in the data for measuring corporate environmental performance.
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Radford, Gail. "William Gibbs McAdoo, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and the Origins of the Public-Authority Model of Government Action." Journal of Policy History 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600003067.
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American government officials experimented with a variety of tools for public administration in the early twentieth century. The regulatory commission became the best known of these new institutional forms, but another Progressive Era innovation with profound and ambiguous implications for U.S. political development was the government-sponsored corporation. Often called “public corporations,” these instrumentalities were created to carry out public purposes, but they were established as separate legal entities to function outside the standard departmental structure of government (and its organizational principles and restrictions). Today, these structures are most prolific at the state and municipal level, where they are generally termed “public authorities.” Since World War II they have been the fastest growing kind of government unit, with, at present, around ten thousand in existence. While everyone perceives these institutions as important players in local affairs, even well-informed citizens are frequently puzzled when it comes to knowing exactly what they are or what they do.
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Habib, Md Ahasan, Mim Mashrur Ahmed, Muhammad Aziz, Mohd Rafiqul Alam Beg, and Md Emdadul Hoque. "Municipal Solid Waste Management and Waste-to-Energy Potential from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 3744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093744.
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Waste management is becoming one of the most challenging tasks for developing countries in order to ensure good human health, as well as a healthy environment. Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) is one of the 12 city corporations in Bangladesh. Various environmental and human health problems have arisen due to a lack of proper knowledge of waste management. Thus, the aim of this work is to illustrate the present status of MSW generation and management in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. Fifty households were selected throughout RCC for waste collection, which represent approximately all types of households in RCC. From the qualitative and quantitative analysis, it is estimated that the approximate MSW generation in RCC is 358.19 t/d (tons/day) at an approximate rate of 0.4214 kg/person/d. Calorific values of the wastes have also been determined using the ultimate analysis results of the MSW. A higher calorific value of the dry MSW has been calculated as 14.9 MJ/kg. Moisture content of the MSW has been found to be 48.28%. It is also estimated that the possible power generation (steam energy to electrical power) from MSW generated in RCC is 159.40 MWh/d. Lastly, future scopes of MSW management and different waste management measures that need to be taken are illustrated. Waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion has been given priority and anaerobic digestion (AD) has been found to be an interesting prospect in this sector. Techno-economic analysis of the AD has been conducted. Energy potential from the proposed plant has been calculated as 3.85 MW and the payback period has been found to be 4.9 years. It has been observed that employing AD on a large scale can not only reduce the waste, but also meet a large portion of the energy demand of this city.
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Schocket, Andrew M. "Consolidating Power: Technology, Ideology, and Philadelphia's Growth in the Early Republic." Enterprise & Society 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700011952.
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Few contemporary American issues are more controversial than the powerful role of corporations (both business and municipal) in society, politics, and the economy. Yet strikingly, few scholars have investigated the deepest historical roots of American corporate power. Most historians who have considered this issue have focused their research on the Gilded Age and beyond because of the post-Civil War rise of industrial capitalism, the increased prominence of corporations on the national scene, and the dramatic growth of city governments in the context of late nineteenth-century large-scale immigration and the provision of citywide service and transportation infrastructure. Consequently, they have minimized the origins of American corporate power in the first decades of the republic, a crucial issue in the development of American business, American cities, and the nation.
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Henke, Trent S., and John J. Maher. "Government Reporting Timeliness and Municipal Credit Market Implications." Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ogna-51601.
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ABSTRACT Municipal governments are often very slow in producing and disclosing financial statements, with the average time for filing compulsory statements taking over twice as long as the SEC-mandated time for publicly traded corporations. There are typically no governmental rules or explicit penalties connected with extended financial reporting. We propose this delay in reporting is likely to have negative capital market effects for the municipality and we investigate the credit market consequences of delayed reporting. Our empirical results are consistent with delayed reporting resulting in lower bond ratings for municipalities indicating a negative interpretation by bond rating analysts. Furthermore, we also find a higher yield for the government's bonds consistent with bond market investors also viewing this delay as a negative signal with respect to the particular government entity. Our results add to the literature on government reporting as well as the literature regarding the determinants of government bond pricing. JEL Classifications: G12; G18; H11; H74; H83. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the article.
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Agarwal, Jaya, and Girijesh Kumar Singh. "Municipal Solid Waste Management in Dehradun and Indore: A Comparative Analysis with Legal Aspects." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.066.
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A rise in urban populations has necessitated the need for municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Municipal corporations and urban local authorities are legally obligated to reduce and effectively handle solid waste. The local municipality of Dehradun is experiencing numerous issues due to increased MSW output and difficulty in appropriately handling it. The paper covers several government initiatives implemented in Indore city to manage its waste better. This research will also provide a thorough understanding of legal aspects in Indore city to be enlisted in clean cities of India. Dehradun has much flexibility to enhance its position and make it the cleanest city in India. Dehradun and Indore, two tier-II Indian towns, will be the focus of this article, for comparison of waste management practices.
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Hayashi, Kuniyoshi, and Satomi Watanabe. "A Study on the Greening Policy of the Municipal Corporations in the Kanto District." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 21 (October 25, 1986): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.21.415.
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Kumar, Prem, and Sunil Kumar. "Socio-Economic Profile of Women Councillors of Municipal Corporations in Haryana – A Sociological Analysis." Public Affairs And Governance 2, no. 2 (2014): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-2136.2014.01308.3.
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