Journal articles: 'Multitemporal interferometry'

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Askne, J., M. Santoro, G. Smith, and J. E. S. Fransson. "Multitemporal repeat-pass sar interferometry of boreal forests." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41, no. 7 (July 2003): 1540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2003.813397.

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Askne, J., and M. Santoro. "Multitemporal repeat pass SAR interferometry of boreal forests." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 43, no. 6 (June 2005): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2005.846878.

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Wang, Yingjie, Yunkai Deng, Robert Wang, and Jili Wang. "Adaptive Multilooking Based on Complex Patch for Multitemporal Interferometry." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (March 2018): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2018.2795012.

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Khalili, Mohammad Amin, Behzad Voosoghi, Luigi Guerriero, Saeid Haji-Aghajany, Domenico Calcaterra, and Diego Di Martire. "Mapping of Mean Deformation Rates Based on APS-Corrected InSAR Data Using Unsupervised Clustering Algorithms." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020529.

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Different interferometric approaches have been developed over the past few decades to process SAR data and recover surface deformation, and each approach has advantages and limitations. Finding an accurate and reliable interval for preparing mean deformation rate maps (MDRMs) remains challenging. The primary purpose of this paper is to implement an application consisting of three unsupervised clustering algorithms (UCAs) for determining the best interval from SAR-derived deformation data, which can be used to interpret long-term deformation processes, such as subsidence, and identify displacement patterns. Considering Port Harcourt (in the Niger Delta) as the study area, it was essential to remove the sources of error in extracting deformation signals from SAR data, spatially ionospheric and tropospheric delays, before using UCAs to obtain its characteristics and real deformation data. Moreover, another purpose of this paper is to implement the advanced integration method (AIM) for atmospheric phase screen (APS) correction to enhance deformation signals obtained through different SAR processing approaches, including interferometric SARs (two-pass interferometry, InSAR) and multitemporal interferometry SARs (n-pass interferometry, DInSAR; permanent scatterer interferometry (PSI); and small baseline subset (SBAS)). Two methods were chosen to evaluate and find the best technique with which to create an MDRM: The first one was to compare the signals corrected by the AIM and the vertical component of the GPS station, which showed the AIM providing 58%, 42%, and 28% of the matching with GNSS station outputs for InSAR, PSI, and SBAS, respectively. Secondly, similarity measures and Davies–Bouldin index scores were implemented to find an accurate and reliable interval in which the SBAS technique with the unsupervised K-medians method has been chosen. Based on GNSS vertical deformation in a 500 m radius around the station, the SBAS K-medians technique expressed up to 5.5% better deformation patterns than the map of SAR processing techniques.

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González, Pablo J., and José Fernández. "Drought-driven transient aquifer compaction imaged using multitemporal satellite radar interferometry." Geology 39, no. 6 (June 2011): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g31900.1.

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Palamà, R., M. Crosetto, O. Monserrat, A. Barra, B. Crippa, M. Mróz, N. Kotulak, M. Mleczko, and J. Rapinski. "ANALYSIS OF MINING-INDUCED TERRAIN DEFORMATION USING MULTITEMPORAL DISTRIBUTED SCATTERER SAR INTERFEROMETRY." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2022 (May 30, 2022): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2022-321-2022.

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Abstract. This work addresses a methodology based on the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to analyse and monitor ground motion phenomena induced by underground mining activities, in the Legnica-Glogow Copper District, south-western Poland. Two stacks of ascending and descending Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are processed with a small baseline multitemporal approach. A simple method to select interferograms with high coherence and eliminated images with low redundancy is implemented to optimize the interferogram netwrork. The estimated displacement maps and time series show the effect of both linear and impulsive ground motion and are validated against Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements.

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Papoutsis, Ioannis, Charalampos Kontoes, Stavroula Alatza, Alexis Apostolakis, and Constantinos Loupasakis. "InSAR Greece with Parallelized Persistent Scatterer Interferometry: A National Ground Motion Service for Big Copernicus Sentinel-1 Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193207.

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Advances in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry have enabled the seamless monitoring of the Earth’s crust deformation. The dense archive of the Sentinel-1 Copernicus mission provides unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage; however, time-series analysis of such big data volumes requires high computational efficiency. We present a parallelized-PSI (P-PSI), a novel, parallelized, and end-to-end processing chain for the fully automated assessment of line-of-sight ground velocities through persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), tailored to scale to the vast multitemporal archive of Sentinel-1 data. P-PSI is designed to transparently access different and complementary Sentinel-1 repositories, and download the appropriate datasets for PSI. To make it efficient for large-scale applications, we re-engineered and parallelized interferogram creation and multitemporal interferometric processing, and introduced distributed implementations to best use computing cores and provide resourceful storage management. We propose a new algorithm to further enhance the processing efficiency, which establishes a non-uniform patch grid considering land use, based on the expected number of persistent scatterers. P-PSI achieves an overall speed-up by a factor of five for a full Sentinel-1 frame for processing in a 20-core server. The processing chain is tested on a large-scale project to calculate and monitor deformation patterns over the entire extent of the Greek territory—our own Interferometric SAR (InSAR) Greece project. Time-series InSAR analysis was performed on volumes of about 12 TB input data corresponding to more than 760 Single Look Complex Sentinel-1A and B images mostly covering mainland Greece in the period of 2015–2019. InSAR Greece provides detailed ground motion information on more than 12 million distinct locations, providing completely new insights into the impact of geophysical and anthropogenic activities at this geographic scale. This new information is critical to enhancing our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, providing valuable input into risk assessment models. We showcase this through the identification of various characteristic geohazard locations in Greece and discuss their criticality. The selected geohazard locations, among a thousand, cover a wide range of catastrophic events including landslides, land subsidence, and structural failures of various scales, ranging from a few hundredths of square meters up to the basin scale. The study enriches the large catalog of geophysical related phenomena maintained by the GeObservatory portal of the Center of Earth Observation Research and Satellite Remote Sensing BEYOND of the National Observatory of Athens for the opening of new knowledge to the wider scientific community.

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Neokosmidis, S., P. Elias, I. Parcharidis, and P. Briole. "Earthquake-induced deformation estimation of earth dam by multitemporal SAR interferometry: the Mornos Dam case (Central Greece)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 12 (December 22, 2014): 7807–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-7807-2014.

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Abstract. The scope of this paper concerns the investigation of Mornos earth Dam (Central Greece) deformation induced by major earthquake events occur in the broader area. For this purpose multitemporal SAR interferometry method was used. Specifically, the technique of Differential Interferometry SBAS and for the time series analysis the Singular Value Decomposition algorithm were applied. The data used were ascending and descending acquisitions of AMI / ERS-1 & 2 and ASAR / ENVISAT scenes covering the period 1993–2010. Five very strong seismic events with epicenters close to the dam, at the same period, were consider as potential sources of deformation. Lake level changes were also considered as an additional factor of induced deformation. Results show a maximum deformation rate of 10 cm along the line of sight for the whole period. Although the observed deformation appears to be due to changes in water level following a particular pattern, there are discontinuous over time which coincide with specific seismic events.

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Beccaro, Lisa, Cristiano Tolomei, Roberto Gianardi, Vincenzo Sepe, Marina Bisson, Laura Colini, Riccardo De Ritis, and Claudia Spinetti. "Multitemporal and Multisensor InSAR Analysis for Ground Displacement Field Assessment at Ischia Volcanic Island (Italy)." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 4253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214253.

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Volcanic islands are often affected by ground displacement such as slope instability, due to their peculiar morphology. This is the case of Ischia Island (Naples, Italy) dominated by the Mt. Epomeo (787 m a.s.l.), a volcano-tectonic horst located in the central portion of the island. This study aims to follow a long temporal evolution of ground deformations on the island through the interferometric analysis of satellite SAR data. Different datasets, acquired during Envisat, COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1 satellite missions, are for the first time processed in order to obtain the island ground deformations during a time interval spanning 17 years, from November 2002 to December 2019. In detail, the multitemporal differential interferometry technique, named small baseline subset, is applied to produce the ground displacement maps and the associated displacement time series. The results, validated through the analysis and the comparison with a set of GPS measurements, show that the northwestern side of Mt. Epomeo is the sector of the island characterized by the highest subsidence movements (maximum vertical displacement of 218 mm) with velocities ranging from 10 to 20 mm/yr. Finally, the displacement time series allow us to correlate the measured ground deformations with the seismic swarm started with the Mw 3.9 earthquake that occurred on 21 August 2017. Such correlations highlight an acceleration of the ground, following the mainshock, characterized by a subsidence displacement rate of 0.12 mm/day that returned to pre-earthquake levels (0.03 mm/day) after 6 months from the event.

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H. Miky, Yehia. "Multitemporal Sentinel-1SAR Interferometry for Surface Deformation Monitoring near High Dam in Aswan, Egypt." American Journal of Geographic Information System 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajgis.20190802.05.

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Zhao, Changjun, Yunyun Dong, Wenhao Wu, Bangsen Tian, Jianmin Zhou, Ping Zhang, Shuo Gao, Yuechi Yu, and Lei Huang. "A Modification to Phase Estimation for Distributed Scatterers in InSAR Data Stacks." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030613.

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To improve the spatial density and quality of measurement points in multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar, distributed scatterers (DSs) should be processed. An essential procedure in DS interferometry is phase estimation, which reconstructs a consistent phase series from all available interferograms. Influenced by the well-known suboptimality of coherence estimation, the performance of the state-of-the-art phase estimation algorithms is severely degraded. Previous research has addressed this problem by introducing the coherence bias correction technique. However, the precision of phase estimation is still insufficient because of the limited correction capabilities. In this paper, a modified phase estimation approach is proposed. Particularly, by incorporating the information on both interferometric coherence and the number of looks, a significant bias correction to each element of the coherence magnitude matrix is achieved. The bias-corrected coherence matrix is combined with advanced statistically homogeneous pixel selection and time series phase optimization algorithms to obtain the optimal phase series. Both the simulated and Sentinel-1 real data sets are used to demonstrate the superiority of this proposed approach over the traditional phase estimation algorithms. Specifically, the coherence bias can be corrected with considerable accuracy by the proposed scheme. The mean bias of coherence magnitude is reduced by more than 29%, and the standard deviation is reduced by more than 18% over the existing bias correction method. The proposed approach achieves higher accuracy than the current methods over the reconstructed phase series, including smoother interferometric phases and fewer outliers.

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Wasowski, J., F. Bovenga, R. Nutricato, D. O. Nitti, and M. T. Chiaradia. "APPLICATIONS OF MEDIUM C-BAND AND HIGH RESOLUTION X-BAND MULTITEMPORAL INTERFEROMETRY IN LANDSLIDE INVESTIGATIONS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 11, 2015): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-737-2015.

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With the increasing quantity and quality of the imagery available from a growing number of SAR satellites and the improved processing algorithms, multi-temporal interferometry (MTI) is expected to be commonly applied in landslide studies. MTI can now provide long-term (years), regular (weekly-monthly), precise (mm) measurements of ground displacements over large areas (thousands of km2), at medium (~20 m) to high (up to 1-3 m) spatial resolutions, combined with the possibility of multi-scale (regional to local) investigations, using the same series of radar images. We focus on the benefits as well as challenges of multisensor and multi-scale investigations by discussing MTI results regarding two landslide prone regions with distinctly different topographic, climatic and vegetation conditions (mountains in Central Albania and Southern Gansu, China), for which C-band (ERS or ENVISAT) and X-band COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) imagery was available (all in Stripmap descending mode). In both cases X-band MTI outperformed C-band MTI by providing more valuable information for the regional to local scale detection of slope deformations and landslide hazard assessment. This is related to the better spatial-temporal resolutions and more suitable incidence angles (40°-30° versus 23°) of CSK data While the use of medium resolution imagery may be appropriate and more cost-effective in reconnaissance or regional scale investigations, high resolution data could be preferentially exploited when focusing on urbanized landslides or potentially unstable slopes in urban/peri-urban areas, and slopes traversed by lifelines and other engineering structures.

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Elias, P., and P. Briole. "Ground Deformations in the Corinth Rift, Greece, Investigated Through the Means of SAR Multitemporal Interferometry." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 19, no. 12 (December 2018): 4836–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007574.

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Karamvasis, K., and V. Karathanassi. "DEFORMATION EFFECTS OF DAMS ON COASTAL REGIONS USING SENTINEL-1 IW TOPS TIME SERIES: THE WEST LESVOS, GREECE CASE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W2 (November 16, 2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w2-91-2017.

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Coastal zones are vulnerable to erosion and loss by level sea rise. Subsidence caused by the reduction of fluvial sediments in coastal zones found close to dams, is another important deformation factor. Quantification of the deformation rate of coastal region is essential for natural and anthropogenic activities. The study utilizes Interferometric SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) techniques and exploits the archive of Sentinel-1 TOPS data for the period 2014&ndash;2016. The freely available, wide ground coverage (250&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;170&thinsp;km) and small temporal resolution Sentinel-1 TOPS datasets are promising for coastal applications. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) methodologies are considered state-of-the-art remote sensing approaches for land deformation monitoring. The selected PSI method is the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) multitemporal InSAR technique. The study area of this study is the coastal zone of west region of Lesvos Island, Greece. The main characteristic of the area is the reduction of the fluvial sediment supply from the coastal drainage basins due to construction of dams and the abstraction of riverine sediments. The study demonstrates the potentials of the SBAS method for measuring and mapping the dynamic changes in coastal topography in terms of subsidence rates and discusses its advantages and limitations. The results show that natural and rural environments appear to have diverse ground deformation patterns.

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Ilia, I., C. Loupasakis, and P. Tsangaratos. "ASSESSING GROUND SUBSIDENCE PHENOMENA WITH PERSISTENT SCATTERER INTERFEROMETRY DATA IN WESTERN THESSALY, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11892.

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The main objective of the present study was to investigate ground subsidence in the wider area of Farsala, western Thessaly basin, by means of remote sensing techniques and to identify potential geo environmental mechanisms that contribute to the development of the observed surface fractures affecting the site. In this context, a set of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, acquired in 1995-2003 by the European Space Agency (ESA) satellites ERS1 and ERS2 and processed with the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique by the German Space Agency (DLR) during the Terrafirma project, were evaluated in order to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of deformation. Groundwater table levels of three water boreholes within the research area were processed providing the mean piezometric level drawdown and the mean annual drawdown rate. In addition, a quantitative comparison between the deformation subsidence rate and the thickness of the compressible sediments was also performed. The outcomes of the present study indicated a clear relationship in the subsidence deformation rate and the groundwater fluctuation and also a correlation between the depth of the bedrock and the deformation subsidence rate. Overall, the multitemporal SAR interferometry (DInSAR) data are proved as a valuable and suitable technique for increasing knowledge about the extent and the rate of the deformations in the current study area, proved to be affected with an increasing intensity.

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Palamà, Riccardo, Michele Crosetto, Jacek Rapinski, Anna Barra, María Cuevas-González, Oriol Monserrat, Bruno Crippa, Natalia Kotulak, Marek Mróz, and Magdalena Mleczko. "A Multi-Temporal Small Baseline Interferometry Procedure Applied to Mining-Induced Deformation Monitoring." Remote Sensing 14, no. 9 (May 2, 2022): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14092182.

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This work addresses a methodology based on the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) applied to analyze and monitor ground-motion phenomena induced by underground mining activities in the Legnica-Glogow copper district, south-western Poland. The adopted technique employs an InSAR processing chain that exploits a stack of Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images using a small baseline multitemporal approach. Interferograms with small temporal baselines are first selected, then their network is optimized and reduced to eliminate noisy data, in order to mitigate the effect of decorrelation sources related to seasonal phenomena, i.e., snow and vegetation growth, and to the radar acquisition geometry. The atmospheric disturbance is mitigated using a spatio-temporal filter based on the nonequispaced fast Fourier transform. The estimated displacement maps and time series show the effect of both linear and impulsive ground motion and are validated against global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements. In this context, a significant threat to the built environment is represented by seismic tremors triggered by underground mining activities, which are analyzed using the proposed method to integrate the information gathered by in situ seismometer devices.

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Zhang, Bowen, Robert Wang, Yunkai Deng, Peifeng Ma, Hui Lin, and Jili Wang. "Mapping the Yellow River Delta land subsidence with multitemporal SAR interferometry by exploiting both persistent and distributed scatterers." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 148 (February 2019): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.12.008.

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Chaabane, Ferdaous, Antonio Avallone, Florence Tupin, Pierre Briole, and Henri Maitre. "A Multitemporal Method for Correction of Tropospheric Effects in Differential SAR Interferometry: Application to the Gulf of Corinth Earthquake." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, no. 6 (June 2007): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2007.894026.

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Lazecky, M., F. Canaslan Comut, E. Nikolaeva, M. Bakon, J. Papco, A. M. Ruiz-Armenteros, Y. Qin, J. J. M. de Sousa, and P. Ondrejka. "POTENTIAL OF SENTINEL-1A FOR NATION-WIDE ROUTINE UPDATES OF ACTIVE LANDSLIDE MAPS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-775-2016.

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Slope deformation is one of the typical geohazards that causes an extensive economic damage in mountainous regions. As such, they are usually intensively monitored by means of modern expertise commonly by national geological or emergency services. Resulting landslide susceptibility maps, or landslide inventories, offer an overview of areas affected by previously activated landslides as well as slopes known to be unstable currently. Current slope instabilities easily transform into a landslide after various triggering factors, such as an intensive rainfall or a melting snow cover. In these inventories, the majority of the existing landslide-affected slopes are marked as either stable or active, after a continuous investigative work of the experts in geology. In this paper we demonstrate the applicability of Sentinel-1A satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) to assist by identifying slope movement activity and use the information to update national landslide inventories. This can be done reliably in cases of semi-arid regions or low vegetated slopes. We perform several analyses based on multitemporal InSAR techniques of Sentinel-1A data over selected areas prone to landslides.

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Lazecky, M., F. Canaslan Comut, E. Nikolaeva, M. Bakon, J. Papco, A. M. Ruiz-Armenteros, Y. Qin, J. J. M. de Sousa, and P. Ondrejka. "POTENTIAL OF SENTINEL-1A FOR NATION-WIDE ROUTINE UPDATES OF ACTIVE LANDSLIDE MAPS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-775-2016.

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Slope deformation is one of the typical geohazards that causes an extensive economic damage in mountainous regions. As such, they are usually intensively monitored by means of modern expertise commonly by national geological or emergency services. Resulting landslide susceptibility maps, or landslide inventories, offer an overview of areas affected by previously activated landslides as well as slopes known to be unstable currently. Current slope instabilities easily transform into a landslide after various triggering factors, such as an intensive rainfall or a melting snow cover. In these inventories, the majority of the existing landslide-affected slopes are marked as either stable or active, after a continuous investigative work of the experts in geology. In this paper we demonstrate the applicability of Sentinel-1A satellite SAR interferometry (InSAR) to assist by identifying slope movement activity and use the information to update national landslide inventories. This can be done reliably in cases of semi-arid regions or low vegetated slopes. We perform several analyses based on multitemporal InSAR techniques of Sentinel-1A data over selected areas prone to landslides.

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Montazeri, Sina, Fernando Rodríguez González, and Xiao Zhu. "Geocoding Error Correction for InSAR Point Clouds." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2018): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101523.

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Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) is an advanced multitemporal InSAR technique that is capable of retrieving the 3D coordinates and the underlying deformation of time-coherent scatterers. Various factors degrade the localization accuracy of PSI point clouds in the geocoding process, which causes problems for interpretation of deformation results and also making it difficult for the point clouds to be compared with or integrated into data from other sensors. In this study, we employ the SAR imaging geodesy method to perform geodetic corrections on SAR timing observations and thus improve the positioning accuracy in the horizontal components. We further utilize geodetic stereo SAR to extract large number of highly precise ground control points (GCP) from SAR images, in order to compensate for the unknown height offset of the PSI point cloud. We demonstrate the applicability of the approach using TerraSAR-X high resolution spotlight images over the city of Berlin, Germany. The corrected results are compared with a reference LiDAR point cloud of Berlin, which confirms the improvement in the geocoding accuracy.

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Lu, Chiao-Yin, Yu-Chang Chan, Jyr-Ching Hu, Chia-Han Tseng, Che-Hsin Liu, and Chih-Hsin Chang. "Seasonal Surface Fluctuation of a Slow-Moving Landslide Detected by Multitemporal Interferometry (MTI) on the Huafan University Campus, Northern Taiwan." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13194006.

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A slow-moving landslide on the Huafan University campus, which is located on a dip slope in northern Taiwan, has been observed since 1990. However, reliable monitoring data are difficult to acquire after 2018 due to the lack of continuous maintenance of the field measurement equipment. In this study, the multitemporal interferometry (MTI) technique is applied with Sentinel-1 SAR images to monitor the slow-moving landslide from 2014–2019. The slow-moving areas detected by persistent scatterer (PS) pixels are consistent with the range of previous studies, which are based on in situ monitoring data and field surveys. According to the time series of the PS pixels, a long period gravity-induced deformation of the slow-moving landslide can be clearly observed. Moreover, a short period seasonal surface fluctuation of the slow-moving landslide, which has seldom been discussed before, can also be detected in this study. The seasonal surface fluctuation is in-phase with precipitation, which is inferred to be related to the geological and hydrological conditions of the study area. The MTI technique can compensate for the lack of surface displacement data, in this case, the Huafan University campus, and provide information for evaluating and monitoring slow-moving landslides for possible landslide early warning in the future.

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Lazecký, Milan, Emma Hatton, Pablo J. González, Ivana Hlaváčová, Eva Jiránková, František Dvořák, Zdeněk Šustr, and Jan Martinovič. "Displacements Monitoring over Czechia by IT4S1 System for Automatised Interferometric Measurements Using Sentinel-1 Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 2960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12182960.

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The Sentinel-1 satellite system continuously observes European countries at a relatively high revisit frequency of six days per orbital track. Given the Sentinel-1 configuration, most areas in Czechia are observed every 1–2 days by different tracks in a moderate resolution. This is attractive for various types of analyses by various research groups. The starting point for interferometric (InSAR) processing is an original data provided in a Single Look Complex (SLC) level. This work represents advantages of storing data augmented to a specifically corrected level of data, SLC-C. The presented database contains Czech nationwide Sentinel-1 data stored in burst units that have been pre-processed to the state of a consistent well-coregistered dataset of SLC-C. These are resampled SLC data with their phase values reduced by a topographic phase signature, ready for fast interferometric analyses (an interferogram is generated by a complex conjugate between two stored SLC-C files). The data can be used directly into multitemporal interferometry techniques, e.g., Persistent Scatterers (PS) or Small Baseline (SB) techniques applied here. A further development of the nationwide system utilising SLC-C data would lead into a dynamic state where every new pre-processed burst triggers a processing update to detect unexpected changes from InSAR time series and therefore provides a signal for early warning against a potential dangerous displacement, e.g., a landslide, instability of an engineering structure or a formation of a sinkhole. An update of the processing chain would also allow use of cross-polarised Sentinel-1 data, needed for polarimetric analyses. The current system is running at a national supercomputing centre IT4Innovations in interconnection to the Czech Copernicus Collaborative Ground Segment (CESNET), providing fast on-demand InSAR results over Czech territories. A full nationwide PS processing using data over Czechia was performed in 2017, discovering several areas of land deformation. Its downsampled version and basic findings are demonstrated within the article.

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Shi, Guoqiang, Bo Huang, Anthony Kwan Leung, Charles W. W. Ng, Zhilu Wu, and Hui Lin. "Millimeter slope ratcheting from multitemporal SAR interferometry with a correction of coastal tropospheric delay: A case study in Hong Kong." Remote Sensing of Environment 280 (October 2022): 113148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113148.

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Canova, Fabio, Cristiano Tolomei, Stefano Salvi, Giovanni Toscani, and Silvio Seno. "Land subsidence along the Ionian coast of SE Sicily (Italy), detection and analysis via Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) multitemporal differential SAR interferometry." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37, no. 3 (October 14, 2011): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2238.

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Shirzaei, Manoochehr, Roland Bürgmann, and Eric J. Fielding. "Applicability of Sentinel-1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 6 (March 28, 2017): 2733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl072663.

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Rahmoune, Rachid, Mohammed Sulaimani, Jan Stammeijer, Saif Azri, Roeland van Gilst, Abir Mahruqi, Rawya Aghbari, and Abdesslam Belghache. "Multitemporal SAR interferometry for monitoring of ground deformations caused by hydrocarbon production in an arid environment: Case studies from the Sultanate of Oman." Leading Edge 40, no. 1 (January 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40010045.1.

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Time-lapse interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) remote sensing methods of surface deformation have proven their use in desert environments. The data are acquired frequently without the need to send personnel or equipment into the field. The quality and accuracy of the data is very high. The spatial resolution of the data is excellent and matches that of surface seismic data. These characteristics make the data well suited for a variety of time-lapse monitoring tasks. In this study, we describe the accuracy of the InSAR technique relative to other measurements such as the global positioning system and precise leveling (acquired at known stable locations). We illustrate two case studies of differing natures. In one case, gas production leads to reservoir compaction, which is tracked as surface subsidence with time using frequent InSAR data. The results are used to map zones of increased deformation and identify areas with localized changes. These insights are being used to influence decisions on new wells and well interventions, to provide support for management of facility integrity, and to advise building code and material selection that can withstand the expected rate of deformation. The second case of a shallow steam flood illustrates the use of InSAR data to identify areas of surface uplift following thermal expansion of the reservoir. These data are also used to support the monitoring of the steam chamber growth and confinement in the reservoir. The information from InSAR will become more valuable for reservoir management when the steam chamber matures and conventional downhole data acquisition consequently becomes challenging. In summary, oil and gas fields located in arid environments lend themselves well to remote sensing using the InSAR technique because (1) they are sizeable (from tens to hundreds of square kilometers); (2) they are free from vegetation, snow cover, and most atmospheric distortions, although cloud and pollution can affect the data quality; and (3) they benefit from highly repeatable long-term regular monitoring.

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Neokosmidis, Spiros, Panagiotis Elias, Issaak Parcharidis, and Pierre Briole. "Deformation estimation of an earth dam and its relation with local earthquakes, by exploiting multitemporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry: Mornos dam case (Central Greece)." Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 10, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 026010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.10.026010.

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Çomut, F. C., A. Ustun, M. Lazecky, and M. M. Aref. "MULTI BAND INSAR ANALYSIS OF SUBSIDENCE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON THE LONG PERIOD TIME SERIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1-W5 (December 10, 2015): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w5-115-2015.

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The SAR Interferometry (InSAR) application has shown great potential in monitoring of land terrain changes and in detection of land deformations such as subsidence. Longer time analysis can lead to understand longer trends and changes. Using different bands of SAR satellite (C- from ERS 1-2 and Envisat, L- from ALOS) over the study area, we achieve knowledge of movements in long-term and evaluation of its dynamic changes within observed period of time. Results from InSAR processing fit with the position changes in vertical direction based on GPS network established over the basin as an effective geodetic network. Time series (StaMPS PS+SB) of several points over Çumra County in eastern part of Konya City show a general trend of the deformation that is expected to be approximately between -13 to -17 mm/year. Northern part of Karaman is affected by faster subsidence, borders of the subsidence trough were identified from Envisat. <br><br> Presenting InSAR results together with GIS information about locations and time of occurrence of sudden subsidence, urban/industrial growth in time and climate changes helps in better understanding of the situation. This way, the impact of natural and man-made changes will be shown for urban planning thanks to InSAR and GIS comparisons with hydrogeological modeling. In this study we present results of differential and multitemporal InSAR series using different bands and GIS conjunction associated with seasonal and temporal groundwater level changes in Konya Closed Basin.

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Bentivenga, Mario, Salvatore I. Giano, Beniamino Murgante, Gabriele Nolè, Giuseppe Palladino, Giacomo Prosser, Lucia Saganeiti, and Biagio Tucci. "Application of field surveys and multitemporal in-SAR interferometry analysis in the recognition of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation of an urban area of Southern Italy." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2019.1574910.

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Moise, Cristian, Iulia Dana Negula, Cristina Elena Mihalache, Andi Mihai Lazar, Andreea Luminita Dedulescu, Gabriel Tiberiu Rustoiu, Ioan Constantin Inel, and Alexandru Badea. "Remote Sensing for Cultural Heritage Assessment and Monitoring: The Case Study of Alba Iulia." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031406.

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In recent times, satellite-based remote sensing has a growing role in archaeology and inherently in the cultural heritage management process. This paper demonstrates the potential and usefulness of satellite imagery for the documentation, mapping, monitoring, and in-depth analysis of cultural heritage and the archaeological sites located in urban landscapes. The study focuses on the assessment and monitoring of Alba Iulia, which is one of the Romanian cities with the richest historical past. Multitemporal analysis was performed to identify the land use/land cover changes that might contribute to an increased cultural heritage vulnerability to natural disasters. A special emphasis was dedicated to the assessment of the built-up area growth and consequently of the urbanization trend over a large time interval (30 years). Next, the urbanization and urban area expansion impact was further analyzed by concentrating on the urban heat island within Alba Iulia city and Alba Iulia Fortress (located in the center of the city). As temperature change represents a key element of climate change, the temperature trend within the same temporal framework and its impact on cultural heritage were determined. In the end, with regard to the cultural heritage condition assessment, the research was complemented with an assessment of the urban ground and individual building stability, using persistent scatterer interferometry. The results contribute to the detailed depiction of the cultural heritage site in such a manner that the site is monitored over an extensive timeframe, its current state of conservation is accurately determined, and the future trends can be identified. In conclusion, the present study offers reliable results regarding the main factors that might endanger the cultural heritage site as a basis for future preservation measures.

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Cando-Jácome, Marcelo, Antonio Martínez-Graña, and Virginia Valdés. "Prevention of Disasters Related to Extreme Natural Ground Deformation Events by Applying Spatial Modeling in Urban Areas (Quito, Ecuador)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030753.

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Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is a spatial technique based on obtaining the phase differences of two radar images, acquired by a satellite from separate orbits and at different times, to obtain a ground displacement image of a study area, This image is called interferogram. On the other hand, space syntax is a technique within architecture that is applied to quantify and describe the level of ease of population movement through any urban space in a city. It analyzes the flow, transit, displacement, accessibility and concentration of the population in areas of basic services, health, security, commerce and entertainment. What would happen if an earthquake greater than 6 or 7 Moment Magnitude-Mw occurs in these areas of intense concentration of the population that are in buildings constructed on intense deformations of the land? With respect to the seismic risk in the city of Quito, many studies related to seismic risks have been published, but there are no studies that relate the deformation of the land (INSAR) with the space syntax, so this article presents a new vision in the joint application of these tools, a useful vision for urban planners and designers, considering the occurrence of a major earthquake in areas of buildings that are located on intense land deformations and have high population concentrations. This study has been prepared in two phases: in the first phase, the built-up areas concentrated in the greatest terrain deformations by accumulated displacement obtained using the APS estimation & multitemporal analysis by PSI-InSAR time series analysis methodology and Sentinel 1A and 1B satellite images were categorized. In the second phase, through the space syntax’s theory and the use of DepthmapX, the movement patterns and traffic flows of the population were determined by means of graphs of spaces interconnected by streets (axial maps), to predict the spatial behavior of humans and its concentration in the mentioned sites. Finally, the results were integrated, determining the degree of exposure of the population found in built areas with high to very high displacement and an intense population concentration.

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Dammert, P. B. G., J. I. H. Askne, and S. Kuhlmann. "Unsupervised segmentation of multitemporal interferometric SAR images." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 37, no. 5 (1999): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.789622.

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Fornaro, Gianfranco, Antonio Pauciullo, and Diego Reale. "A Null-Space Method for the Phase Unwrapping of Multitemporal SAR Interferometric Stacks." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49, no. 6 (June 2011): 2323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2010.2102767.

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Matikainen, Leena, Juha Hyyppä, and Marcus E. Engdahl. "Mapping Built-up Areas from Multitemporal Interferometric SAR Images - A Segment-based Approach." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 72, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 701–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.72.6.701.

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Jung, Jungkyo, Sang-Ho Yun, Duk-jin Kim, and Marco Lavalle. "Damage-Mapping Algorithm Based on Coherence Model Using Multitemporal Polarimetric–Interferometric SAR Data." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 56, no. 3 (March 2018): 1520–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2017.2764748.

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Mleczko, M., M. Mroz, and M. Fitrzyk. "WETLAND MAPPING WITH SAR/QUAD-POL DATA ACQUIRED DURING TANDEM-X SCIENCE PHASE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-809-2016.

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The aim of this study was to exploit fully polarimetric SAR data acquired during TanDEM-X – Science Phase (2014/2015) over herbaceous wetlands of the Biebrza National Park (BbNP) in North-Eastern Poland for mapping seasonally flooded grasslands and permanent natural vegetation associations. The main goal of this work was to estimate the advantage of fully polarimetric radar images (QuadPol) versus alternative polarization (AltPol) modes. The methodology consisted in processing of several data subsets through polarimetric decompositions of complex quad-pol datasets, classification of multitemporal backscattering images, complementing backscattering images with Shannon Entropy, exploitation of interferometric coherence from tandem operations. In each case the multidimensional stack of images has been classified using ISODATA unsupervised clustering algorithm. With 6 QUAD-POL TSX/TDX acquisitions it was possible to distinguish correctly 5 thematic classes related to their water regime: permanent water bodies, temporarily flooded areas, wet grasslands, dry grasslands and common reed. This last category was possible to distinguish from deciduous forest only with Yamaguchi 4 component decomposition. The interferometric coherence calculated for tandem pairs turned out not so efficient as expected for this wetland mapping.

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Mleczko, M., M. Mroz, and M. Fitrzyk. "WETLAND MAPPING WITH SAR/QUAD-POL DATA ACQUIRED DURING TANDEM-X SCIENCE PHASE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-809-2016.

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The aim of this study was to exploit fully polarimetric SAR data acquired during TanDEM-X – Science Phase (2014/2015) over herbaceous wetlands of the Biebrza National Park (BbNP) in North-Eastern Poland for mapping seasonally flooded grasslands and permanent natural vegetation associations. The main goal of this work was to estimate the advantage of fully polarimetric radar images (QuadPol) versus alternative polarization (AltPol) modes. The methodology consisted in processing of several data subsets through polarimetric decompositions of complex quad-pol datasets, classification of multitemporal backscattering images, complementing backscattering images with Shannon Entropy, exploitation of interferometric coherence from tandem operations. In each case the multidimensional stack of images has been classified using ISODATA unsupervised clustering algorithm. With 6 QUAD-POL TSX/TDX acquisitions it was possible to distinguish correctly 5 thematic classes related to their water regime: permanent water bodies, temporarily flooded areas, wet grasslands, dry grasslands and common reed. This last category was possible to distinguish from deciduous forest only with Yamaguchi 4 component decomposition. The interferometric coherence calculated for tandem pairs turned out not so efficient as expected for this wetland mapping.

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Baron, Daniel, and Stefan Erasmi. "High Resolution Forest Maps from Interferometric TanDEM-X and Multitemporal Sentinel-1 SAR Data." PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science 85, no. 6 (December 2017): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41064-017-0040-1.

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Fornaro, Gianfranco, Simona Verde, Diego Reale, and Antonio Pauciullo. "CAESAR: An Approach Based on Covariance Matrix Decomposition to Improve Multibaseline–Multitemporal Interferometric SAR Processing." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53, no. 4 (April 2015): 2050–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2014.2352853.

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Pulvirenti, Luca, Marco Chini, and Nazzareno Pierdicca. "InSAR Multitemporal Data over Persistent Scatterers to Detect Floodwater in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Beletweyne, Somalia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010037.

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A stack of Sentinel-1 InSAR data in an urban area where flood events recurrently occur, namely Beletweyne town in Somalia, has been analyzed. From this analysis, a novel method to deal with the problem of flood mapping in urban areas has been derived. The approach assumes the availability of a map of persistent scatterers (PSs) inside the urban settlement and is based on the analysis of the temporal trend of the InSAR coherence and the spatial average of the exponential of the InSAR phase in each PS. Both interferometric products are expected to have high and stable values in the PSs; therefore, anomalous decreases may indicate that floodwater is present in an urban area. The stack of Sentinel-1 data has been divided into two subsets. The first one has been used as a calibration set to identify the PSs and determine, for each PS, reference values of the coherence and the spatial average of the exponential of the interferometric phase under standard non-flooded conditions. The other subset has been used for validation purposes. Flood maps produced by UNOSAT, analyzing very-high-resolution optical images of the floods that occurred in Beletweyne in April–May 2018, October–November 2019, and April–May 2020, have been used as reference data. In particular, the map of the April–May 2018 flood has been used for training purposes together with the subset of Sentinel-1 calibration data, whilst the other two maps have been used to validate the products generated by applying the proposed method. The main product is a binary map of flooded PSs that complements the floodwater map of rural/suburban areas produced by applying a well-consolidated algorithm based on intensity data. In addition, a flood severity map that labels the different districts of Beletweyne, as not, partially, or totally flooded has been generated to consolidate the validation. The results have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Hütt, C., N. Tilly, H. Schiedung, and G. Bareth. "POTENTIAL OF MULTITEMPORAL TANDEM-X DERIVED CROP SURFACE MODELS FOR MAIZE GROWTH MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-803-2016.

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In this study, first results of retrieving plant heights of maize fields from multitemporal TanDEM-X images are shown. Three TanDEM-X dual polarization spotlight acquisitions were taken over a rural area in Germany in the growing season 2014. By interferometric processing, digital terrain models (DTM) were derived for each date with 5m resolution. From the data of the first acquisition (June 1st) taken before planting, a DTM of the bare ground is generated. The data of the following acquisition dates (July 15th, July 26th) are used to establish crop surface models (CSM). A CSM represents the crop surface of a whole field in a high resolution. By subtracting the DTM of the ground from each CSM, the actual plant height is calculated. Within these data sets 30 maize fields in the area of interest could be detected and verified by external land use data. Besides the spaceborne measurements, one of the maize fields was intensively investigated using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which was carried out at the same dates as the predicted TanDEM-X acquisitions. Visual inspection of the derived plant heights, and accordance of the individually processed polarisations over the maize fields, demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Unfortunately, the infield variability of the intensively monitored field could not be successfully captured in the TanDEM-X derived plant heights and merely the general trend is visible. Nevertheless, the study shows the potential of the TanDEM-X constellation for maize height monitoring on field level.

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Hütt, C., N. Tilly, H. Schiedung, and G. Bareth. "POTENTIAL OF MULTITEMPORAL TANDEM-X DERIVED CROP SURFACE MODELS FOR MAIZE GROWTH MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 22, 2016): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-803-2016.

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In this study, first results of retrieving plant heights of maize fields from multitemporal TanDEM-X images are shown. Three TanDEM-X dual polarization spotlight acquisitions were taken over a rural area in Germany in the growing season 2014. By interferometric processing, digital terrain models (DTM) were derived for each date with 5m resolution. From the data of the first acquisition (June 1st) taken before planting, a DTM of the bare ground is generated. The data of the following acquisition dates (July 15th, July 26th) are used to establish crop surface models (CSM). A CSM represents the crop surface of a whole field in a high resolution. By subtracting the DTM of the ground from each CSM, the actual plant height is calculated. Within these data sets 30 maize fields in the area of interest could be detected and verified by external land use data. Besides the spaceborne measurements, one of the maize fields was intensively investigated using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), which was carried out at the same dates as the predicted TanDEM-X acquisitions. Visual inspection of the derived plant heights, and accordance of the individually processed polarisations over the maize fields, demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Unfortunately, the infield variability of the intensively monitored field could not be successfully captured in the TanDEM-X derived plant heights and merely the general trend is visible. Nevertheless, the study shows the potential of the TanDEM-X constellation for maize height monitoring on field level.

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Chen, Yueqing, Sijia Qiao, Guangxin Zhang, Y. Jun Xu, Liwen Chen, and Lili Wu. "Investigating the potential use of Sentinel-1 data for monitoring wetland water level changes in China’s Momoge National Nature Reserve." PeerJ 8 (February 17, 2020): e8616. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8616.

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Background Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has become a promising technique for monitoring wetland water levels. However, its capability in monitoring wetland water level changes with Sentine-1 data has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods In this study, we produced a multitemporal Sentinel-1 C-band VV-polarized SAR backscatter images and generated a total of 28 interferometric coherence maps for marsh wetlands of China’s Momoge National Nature Reserve to investigate the interferometric coherence level of Sentinel-1 C-VV data as a function of perpendicular and temporal baseline, water depth, and SAR backscattering intensity. We also selected six interferogram pairs acquired within 24 days for quantitative analysis of the accuracy of water level changes monitored by Sentinel-1 InSAR. The accuracy of water level changes determined through the Sentinel-1 InSAR technique was calibrated by the values of six field water level loggers. Results Our study showed that (1) the coherence was mainly dependent on the temporal baseline and was little affected by the perpendicular baseline for Sentinel-1 C-VV data in marsh wetlands; (2) in the early stage of a growing season, a clear negative correlation was found between Sentinel-1 coherence and water depth; (3) there was an almost linear negative correlation between Sentinel-1 C-VV coherence and backscatter for the marsh wetlands; (4) once the coherence exceeds a threshold of 0.3, the stage during the growing season, rather than the coherence, appeared to be the primary factor determining the quality of the interferogram for the marsh wetlands, even though the quality of the interferogram largely depends on the coherence; (5) the results of water level changes from InSAR processing show no agreement with in-situ measurements during most growth stages. Based on the findings, we can conclude that although the interferometric coherence of the Sentinel-1 C-VV data is high enough, the data is generally unsuitable for monitoring water level changes in marsh wetlands of China’s Momoge National Nature Reserve.

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Karimzadeh, Sadra, and Masashi Matsuoka. "A Weighted Overlay Method for Liquefaction-Related Urban Damage Detection: A Case Study of the 6 September 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake, Japan." Geosciences 8, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120487.

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We performed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analyses to observe ground displacements and assess damage after the M 6.6 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake in northern Japan on 6 September 2018. A multitemporal SAR coherence map is extracted from 3-m resolution ascending (track 116) and descending (track 18) ALOS-2 Stripmap datasets to cover the entire affected area. To distinguish damaged buildings associated with liquefaction, three influential parameters from the space-based InSAR results, ground-based LiquickMap (from seismic intensities in Japanese networks) and topographic slope of the study area are considered together in a weighted overlay (WO) analysis, according to prior knowledge of the study area. The WO analysis results in liquefaction potential values that agree with our field survey results. To investigate further, we conducted microtremor measurements at 14 points in Hobetsu, in which the predominant frequency showed a negative correlation with the WO values, especially when drastic coherence decay occurred.

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Blackwell, Em, Manoochehr Shirzaei, Chandrakanta Ojha, and Susanna Werth. "Tracking California’s sinking coast from space: Implications for relative sea-level rise." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eaba4551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4551.

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Coastal vertical land motion affects projections of sea-level rise, and subsidence exacerbates flooding hazards. Along the ~1350-km California coastline, records of high-resolution vertical land motion rates are scarce due to sparse instrumentation, and hazards to coastal communities are underestimated. Here, we considered a ~100-km-wide swath of land along California’s coast and performed a multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of large datasets, obtaining estimates of vertical land motion rates for California’s entire coast at ~100-m dimensions—a ~1000-fold resolution improvement to the previous record. We estimate between 4.3 million and 8.7 million people in California’s coastal communities, including 460,000 to 805,000 in San Francisco, 8000 to 2,300,00 in Los Angeles, and 2,000,000 to 2,300,000 in San Diego, are exposed to subsidence. The unprecedented detail and submillimeter accuracy resolved in our vertical land motion dataset can transform the analysis of natural and anthropogenic changes in relative sea-level and associated hazards.

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ALBA, DAVID, and LUCA LUSANNA. "QUANTUM MECHANICS IN NONINERTIAL FRAMES WITH A MULTITEMPORAL QUANTIZATION SCHEME I: RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 13n14 (June 10, 2006): 2781–851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06028898.

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After a review of the few attempts to define quantum mechanics in noninertial frames, we introduce a family of relativistic nonrigid noninertial frames (equal-time parallel hyper-planes with differentially rotating 3-coordinates) as a gauge fixing of the description of N positive energy particles in the framework of parametrized Minkowski theories. Then we define a multitemporal quantization scheme in which the particles are quantized, but not the gauge variables describing the noninertial frames: they are considered as c-number generalized times. We study the coupled Schrödinger-like equations produced by the first class constraints and we show that there is a physical scalar product independent both from time and generalized times and a unitary evolution. Since a path in the space of the generalized times defines a nonrigid noninertial frame, we can find the associated self-adjoint effective Hamiltonian [Formula: see text] for the noninertial evolution: it differs from the inertial energy operator for the presence of inertial potentials and turns out to be frame-dependent like the energy density in general relativity. After a separation of the relativistic center of mass from the relative variables by means of a recently developed relativistic kinematics, inside [Formula: see text] we can identify the self-adjoint relative energy operator (the invariant mass) [Formula: see text] corresponding to the inertial energy and producing the same levels for the spectra of atoms as in inertial frames. Instead the (in general time-dependent) effective Hamiltonian is responsible for the interferometric effects signaling the noninertiality of the frame. It cannot be interpreted as an energy (there is no relativity principle and no kinematic group in noninertial frames) and generically, like in the case of time-dependent c-number external electromagnetic fields, it has no associated eigenvalue equation defining a noninertial spectrum. This formulation should help to find relativistic Bel inequalities and to define a quantization scheme for canonical gravity after having found a ultraviolet regularization of the Tomonaga–Schwinger formalism in special relativity as required by the Torre–Varadarajan no-go theorem.

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Murgia, Bignami, Brunori, Tolomei, and Pizzimenti. "Ground Deformations Controlled by Hidden Faults: Multi-Frequency and Multitemporal InSAR Techniques for Urban Hazard Monitoring." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192246.

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This work focuses on the study of land subsidence processes by means of multi-temporal and multi-frequency InSAR techniques. Specifically, we retrieve the long-term evolution (2003–2018) of the creeping phenomenon producing ground fissuring in the Ciudad Guzmán (Jalisco state, Mexico) urban area. The city is located on the northern side of the Volcan de Colima area, one of the most active Mexican volcanoes. On September 21 2012, Ciudad Guzmán was struck by ground fissures of about 1.5 km of length, causing the deformation of the roads and the propagation of fissures in adjacent buildings. The field surveys showed that fissures follow the escarpments produced during the central Mexico September 19 1985 Mw 8.1 earthquake. We extended the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) interferometric monitoring starting with the multi-temporal analysis of ENVISAT and COSMO-SkyMed datasets, allowing the monitoring of the observed subsidence phenomena affecting the Mexican city. We processed a new stack of Sentinel-1 TOPSAR acquisition mode images along both descending and ascending paths and spanning the 2016–2018 temporal period. The resulting long-term trend observed by satellites, together with data from volcanic bulletin and in situ surveys, seems to suggest that the subsidence is due to the exploitation of the aquifers and that the spatial arrangement of ground deformation is controlled by the position of buried faults.

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Hong, S. H., and S. Wdowinski. "Multitemporal Multitrack Monitoring of Wetland Water Levels in the Florida Everglades Using ALOS PALSAR Data With Interferometric Processing." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11, no. 8 (August 2014): 1355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2013.2293492.

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Xu, Hang, Fulong Chen, Wei Zhou, and Cheng Wang. "Reducing the Residual Topography Phase for the Robust Landscape Deformation Monitoring of Architectural Heritage Sites in Mountain Areas: The Pseudo-Combination SBAS Method." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051178.

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Monitoring deformation of architectural heritage sites is important for the quantitative evaluation of their stability. However, deformation monitoring of sites in mountainous areas remains challenging whether utilizing global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques. In this study, we improved the small baseline subset (SBAS) approach by introducing the pseudo-baseline combination strategy to avoid the errors caused by inaccurate external DEM, resulting in robust deformation estimations in mountainous areas where the architectural heritage site of the Great Wall is located. First, a simulated dataset and a real dataset were used to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the algorithm, respectively. Subsequently, the algorithm was applied in the landscape deformation monitoring of the Shanhaiguan section of the Great Wall using 51 Sentinel-1 scenes acquired from 2016 to 2018. A thematic stability map of the Shanhaiguan Great Wall corridor was generated, revealing that the landscape was generally stable save for local instabilities due to to unstable rocks and wall monuments. This study demonstrated the capabilities of adaptive multitemporal InSAR (MTInSAR) approaches in the preventive landscape deformation monitoring of large-scale architectural heritage sites in complex terrain.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Multitemporal interferometry'

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