Journal articles: 'MULTISPECIES TEST'

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Kleinberg, AS, RL Meltzer, JR Schroeder, B. Benzing, MB Vieth, K. Greene, M. Therese Pravitz, J. Cairns, JR Pratt, and BR Niederlehner. "A Provisional Multispecies Toxicity Test Using Indigenous Organisms." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 13, no. 4 (1985): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte11253j.

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Zhou, Yujie, Suping Wang, Xuedong Zhou, Yiran Zou, Mingyun Li, Xian Peng, Biao Ren, et al. "Short-Time Antibacterial Effects of Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate on Oral Multispecies Biofilm In Vitro." BioMed Research International 2019 (January 21, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6393470.

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Quaternary ammonium compounds constitute a large group of antibacterial chemicals with a potential for inhibiting dental plaque. The aims of this study were to evaluate short-time antibacterial and regulating effects of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) on multispecies biofilm viability, reformation, and bacterial composition in vitro. DMADDM, chlorhexidine (CHX), and sodium fluoride (NaF) were chosen in the present study. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii were used to form multispecies biofilm. Cytotoxicity assay was used to determine the optimal tested concentration. 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and resazurin test of biofilm were conducted to study the biomass changes and metabolic changes of controlled multispecies biofilm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe biofilm images. TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the proportion change in multispecies biofilm of different groups. Cytotoxicity assay showed that there existed a certain concentration application range for DMADDM, CHX, and NaF. MTT assay and resazurin test results showed that DMADDM and CHX groups decreased multispecies biofilm growth and metabolic activity (p < 0.05), no matter after 1 min or 5 min direct contact killing or after 24 h regrowth. The proportion of S. mutans decreased steadily in DMADDM and CHX groups after 1 min and 5 min direct contact killing and 24 h regrowth, compared to control groups. A novel DMADDM-containing solution was developed, achieving effective short-time antibacterial effects and regulation ability of biofilm formation.

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Waltho, N., and J. Kolasa. "Organization of instabilities in multispecies systems, a test of hierarchy theory." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 5 (March 1, 1994): 1682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.5.1682.

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Cutrufelli, Mark E., Richard P. Mageau, Bernard Schwab, and Ralph W. Johnston. "Development of a Multispecies Identification Field Test by Modified Agar-Gel Immunodiffusion." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 5 (September 1, 1993): 1022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.5.1022.

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Abstract A multispecies identification field test (MULTI-SIFT) was developed for detection of beef, poultry, pork, sheep, horse, and deer in a wide variety of raw meat products. The test is an adaptation of previously developed field screening immunodiffusion tests for detection of single species. MULTI-SIFT was demonstrated to be specific, relatively sensitive, and accurate in the complete speciation of 100 meat samples.

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Scheld, Andrew M., and Christopher M. Anderson. "Selective fishing and shifting production in multispecies fisheries." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 3 (March 2017): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0494.

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A limited ability to target or avoid individual stocks complicates successful output management in multispecies fisheries. For vessels in these fisheries, reducing harvest of one species often requires simultaneous reductions in harvest of other stocks. The extent to which multispecies allocation targets can be met may depend critically on harvesters’ ability to substitute production across species. We introduce a measure of compositional control that captures the level of forgone production resulting from imperfect selectivity. This metric is then applied to data from the New England multispecies groundfish fishery and used to test for evidence of limited selectivity in the composition of individual vessel daily landings. Results indicate that increases in landings of one species generally require simultaneous increases in landings of other species — a finding that suggests difficulty in substituting production across groundfish species. Our measure is seen to vary widely through time as well as across vessels and species and may be affected by both environmental conditions and incentives created through management. The model developed here should hold value for managers and researchers seeking to assess interstock economic trade-offs in multispecies fisheries.

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Davis, J. A., D. B. Kent, J. A. Coston, K. M. Hess, and J. L. Joye. "Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions." Water Resources Research 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900282.

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Stone, S., M. S. Adams, J. L. Stauber, D. F. Jolley, and M. St J. Warne. "Development and application of a multispecies toxicity test with tropical freshwater microalgae." Environmental Pollution 250 (July 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.058.

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Soviati, Nely, Armelia Sari Widyarman, and Ciptadhi Tri Oka Binartha. "The Effect Ant-Nest Plant (Myrmecodia pendans) Extract on Streptococcus sanguinis and Treponema denticola Biofilms." Journal of Indonesian Dental Association 3, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jida.v3i1.401.

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Introduction: Ant-nest plant (Myrmecodia pendans) contains triterpenoid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin that acts as antibacterial substance. Objectives: This study’s aim was to analyze the effect of Myrmecodia pendans extract effect towards biofilm of Streptococcus sanguinis and Treponema denticola. Methods: Ant-nest plant was extracted using maceration technique. The obtained extract was diluted into five different concentrations using phosphate buffer saline (PBS). S. sanguinis and T. denticola ATCC 35405 were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, 48h, 37°C, anaerobic atmosphere and distributed into four 96 well-plate for 24h to form biofilm. Subsequently, the extract was distributed into the well that contained the mono-species and multispecies biofilm and then incubated for 1h, 3h, 6h and 24h. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) was used as positive control and BHI broth was used as negative control. The biofilm was stained using crystal-violet and measured by microplate reader with a wavelength of 490 nm. Data were statistically analyze using one-way ANOVA test and Post Hoc LSD test which p < 0,05 was set as significant difference. Result: The most effective concentrations to reduce mono-species biofilm were 100% in 1h incubation period for S. sanguinis (OD = 1,403 ± 0,019) and 24h for T. denticola (OD = 1,012 ± 0,037) and multispecies biofilm (OD = 0,984 ± 0,001) compared to negative control. Statistical analysis showed that ant-nest plant extract significantly reduced S. sanguinis, T. denticola and multispecies biofilm mass compared to negative control (p < 0,05). Conclusion: The ant-nest plant extract has inhibitory effects against S. sanguinis and T. denticola biofilm and it may be used as alternative for dental therapy. Future studies are needed to evaluate the potential of ant-nest plant extract in multispecies composed of other oral bacteria.

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Morgan, E. L., R. C. Young, C. N. Crane, and B. J. Armigate. "Developing Automated Multispecies Biosensing for Contaminant Detection." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0113.

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Automated biomonitoring may provide real-time functional information from cause/effect relationships between developing toxicity and a representative aquatic animal. However, since the applicability of single-species biomonitoring information may be subject to question when viewed in light of community toxicity and ecological quality control programs, we developed a computer-assisted multiple species biosensing system for water quality monitoring. In addition to fish, emphasis was placed on detecting species-specific bioelectric potentials produced by unrestrained mussels, burrowing mayfly nymph (Hexagenia spp.) and preliminary work with case building caddis fly larva. A specially designed differential amplifier was used for measuring bioelectric potentials induced from various activities of test subjects. Selected responses were detected as discrete analog signals, digitized and filed on computer disk. A management program provided various means for data gathering, filing and retrieval. Two pilot biomonitors were developed, each consisting of an instrumentation minicomputer with up to 12 biosensor input channels and various output peripherals including hardcopy and modem. These systems, combined with an IBM-XT personal computer based biomonitor interfaced to 24 multi-channel biosensor and physical parameter inputs, complete the present network. Results show that bioelectric signals generated from a variety of freshwater species may be easily monitored in a similar manner and viewed as representative measures in community toxicity testing.

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Heinrichs, Julie A., Joshua J. Lawler, Nathan H. Schumaker, Chad B. Wilsey, Kira C. Monroe, and Cameron L. Aldridge. "A multispecies test of source–sink indicators to prioritize habitat for declining populations." Conservation Biology 32, no. 3 (March 6, 2018): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13058.

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Niederlehner, B. R., Kurt W. Pontasch, James R. Pratt, and John Cairns. "Field evaluation of predictions of environmental effects from a multispecies-microcosm toxicity test." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01059813.

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Cairns, John, James R. Pratt, B. R. Niederlehner, and P. V. McCormick. "A simple, cost-effective multispecies toxicity test using organisms with a cosmopolitan distribution." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 6, no. 3 (May 1986): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00396790.

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Hibbins, Mark S., and Matthew W. Hahn. "The Timing and Direction of Introgression Under the Multispecies Network Coalescent." Genetics 211, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301831.

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Introgression is a pervasive biological process, and many statistical methods have been developed to infer its presence from genomic data. However, many of the consequences and genomic signatures of introgression remain unexplored from a methodological standpoint. Here, we develop a model for the timing and direction of introgression based on the multispecies network coalescent, and from it suggest new approaches for testing introgression hypotheses. We suggest two new statistics, D1 and D2, which can be used in conjunction with other information to test hypotheses relating to the timing and direction of introgression, respectively. D1 may find use in evaluating cases of homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), while D2 provides a four-taxon test for polarizing introgression. Although analytical expectations for our statistics require a number of assumptions to be met, we show how simulations can be used to test hypotheses about introgression when these assumptions are violated. We apply the D1 statistic to genomic data from the wild yeast Saccharomyces paradoxus—a proposed example of HHS—demonstrating its use as a test of this model. These methods provide new and powerful ways to address questions relating to the timing and direction of introgression.

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Collie, Jeremy S., Henrik Gislason, and Morten Vinther. "Using AMOEBAs to display multispecies, multifleet fisheries advice." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 4 (January 1, 2003): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00042-0.

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Abstract In multispecies fish communities, predation levels change dynamically in response to changes in the abundance of predator and prey species, as influenced by the fisheries that exploit them. In addition to community-level metrics, it remains necessary to track the abundance of each species relative to its biological reference point. In situations with many interacting species, exploited by multiple fishing fleets, it can be complicated to illustrate how the effort of each fleet will affect the abundance of each species. We have adapted the AMOEBA approach to graph the reference levels of multiple interacting species exploited by multiple fleets. This method is illustrated with 10 species and eight fishing fleets in the North Sea. We fit a relatively simple response-surface model to the predictions of a fully age-structured multispecies model. The response-surface model links the AMOEBA for fishing effort to separate AMOEBAs for spawning stock biomass, fishing mortality, and yield. Ordination is used to give the shape of the AMOEBAs functional meaning by relating fish species to the fleets that catch them. The aim is to present the results of dynamic multispecies models in a format that can be readily understood by decision makers. Interactive versions of the AMOEBAs can be used to identify desirable combinations of effort levels and to test the compatibility of the set of single-species biological reference points.

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Ali, S. "Test charge potential in the presence of electron acoustic waves in multispecies dusty plasma." Physics of Plasmas 16, no. 5 (May 2009): 054502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3122941.

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Duan, Wei, Fuwu Yan, Yu Wang, Hui Zhang, Liuhao Ma, Daxin Wen, Wei Wang, Gang Sheng, and Qiang Wang. "A Laser-Based Multipass Absorption Sensor for Sub-ppm Detection of Methane, Acetylene and Ammonia." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020556.

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A compact, sensitive laser-based absorption sensor for multispecies monitoring of methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2) and ammonia (NH3) was developed using a compact multipass gas cell. The gas cell is 8.8 cm long and has an effective optical path length of 3.0 m with a sampling volume of 75 mL. The sensor is composed of three fiber-coupled distributed feedback lasers operating near 1512 nm, 1532 nm and 1654 nm, an InGaAs photodetector and a custom-designed software for data acquisition, signal processing and display. The lasers were scanned over the target absorption features at 1 Hz. First-harmonic-normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy (f = 3 kHz) with the second harmonic detection (WMS-2f/1f) is employed to eliminate the unwanted power fluctuations of the transmitted laser caused by aerosol/particles scattering, absorption and beam-steering. The multispecies sensor has excellent linear responses (R2 > 0.997) within the gas concentration range of 1–1000 ppm and shows a detection limit of 0.32 ppm for CH4, 0.16 ppm for C2H2 and 0.23 ppm for NH3 at 1 s response time. The Allan–Werle deviation analysis verifies the long-term stability of the sensor, indicating a minimal detection limit of 20–34 ppb were achieved after 60–148 s integration time. Flow test of the portable multispecies sensor is also demonstrated in this work.

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Jurado-Molina, Jesús, Patricia A. Livingston, and Vincent F. Gallucci. "Testing the stability of the suitability coefficients from an eastern Bering Sea multispecies virtual population analysis." ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, no. 5 (January 1, 2005): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.03.005.

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Abstract Suitability coefficients are important for the estimation of predation mortality in a multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) and subsequent use in the multispecies forecasting model (MSFOR). Testing the assumption of the stability of the suitability coefficients is important in assessing the robustness of the predictions made with MSFOR. We used different statistical methods to partially test this assumption for the eastern Bering Sea MSVPA model with eight species, using stomach content data for the years 1985–1989. Comparison of the estimates from two different sets of stomach content data (set one with all data and set two mainly with data from 1985) suggested that the differences between the two types of estimates were much reduced when the number of predator stomachs sampled increased. In a second approach, we contrasted the residual variances of partial data sets with the results from the fit of the total data set. Results suggested a small increase (∼10.8%) in the variation of the suitability coefficients. Comparison of the means of the suitability coefficients associated with each predator species suggests that only 13 of the 50 possible pairwise contrasts were significantly different (α = 0.05). In general, results suggested that the predator preferences and prey vulnerabilities remained stable over the time period studied. Therefore, MSFOR could be considered as a tool to advise fisheries managers within a multispecies context.

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Suleman, Louise, Liam Purcell, Hannah Thomas, and Samantha Westgate. "Use of internally validated in vitro biofilm models to assess antibiofilm performance of silver-containing gelling fibre dressings." Journal of Wound Care 29, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2020.29.3.154.

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Objective: To assess the efficacy of five silver-containing gelling fibre wound dressings against single-species and multispecies biofilms using internally validated, UKAS-accredited in vitro test models. Method: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans single- and multispecies biofilms were cultured using Centres for Disease Control (CDC) biofilm reactors and colony drip flow reactors (CDFR). Following a 72 hour incubation period, the substrates on which biofilms were grown were rinsed to remove planktonic microorganisms and then challenged with fully hydrated silver-containing gelling fibre wound dressings. Following dressing application for 24 or 72 hours, remaining viable organisms from the treated biofilms were quantified. Results: In single-species in vitro models, all five antimicrobial dressings were effective in eradicating Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm bacteria. However, only one of the five dressings (Hydrofiber technology with combination antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology) was able to eradicate the more tolerant single-species Candida albicans biofilm. In a more complex and stringent CDFR biofilm model, the hydrofiber dressing with combined antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology was the only dressing that was able to eradicate multispecies biofilms such that no viable organisms were recovered. Conclusion: Given the detrimental effects of biofilm on wound healing, stringent in vitro biofilm models are increasingly required to investigate the efficacy of antimicrobial dressings. Using accredited in vitro biofilm models of increasing complexity, differentiation in the performance of dressings with combined antibiofilm/antimicrobial technology against those with antimicrobial properties alone, was demonstrated.

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MOSLEM, W. M., R. SABRY, and P. K. SHUKLA. "The optimum shielding around a test charge in plasmas containing two negative ions." Journal of Plasma Physics 77, no. 5 (February 15, 2011): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377811000055.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on the progress in understanding the shielding around a test charge in the presence of ion-acoustic waves in multispecies plasmas, whose constituents are positive ions, two negative ions, and Boltzmann distributed electrons. By solving the linearized Vlasov equation with Poisson equation, the Debye–Hückel screening potential and wakefield (oscillatory) potential distribution around a test charge particle are derived. It is analytically found that both the Debye–Hückel potential and the wakefield potential are significantly modified due to the presence of two negative ions. The present results might be helpful to understand and to form new materials from plasmas containing two negative ions such as Xe+ − F− − SF−6 and Ar+ − F− − SF−6 plasmas, as well as to tackle extension of the test charge problem in multinegative ions' coagulation/agglomeration.

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Duflot, R., K. Eyvindson, and M. Mönkkönen. "Management diversification increases habitat availability for multiple biodiversity indicator species in production forests." Landscape Ecology 37, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01375-8.

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Abstract Context Forest biodiversity is closely linked to habitat heterogeneity, while forestry actions often cause habitat homogenization. Alternative approaches to even-aged management were developed to restore habitat heterogeneity at the stand level, but how their application could promote habitat diversity at landscape scale remains uncertain. Objectives We tested the potential benefit of diversifying management regimes to increase landscape-level heterogeneity. We hypothesize that different styles of forest management would create a diverse mosaic of forest habitats that would in turn benefit species with various habitat requirements. Methods Forest stands were simulated under business-as-usual management, set-aside (no management) and 12 alternative management regimes. We created virtual landscapes following diversification scenarios to (i) compare the individual performance of management regimes (no diversification), and (ii) test for the management diversification hypothesis at different levels of set-aside. For each virtual landscape, we evaluated habitat availability of six biodiversity indicator species, multispecies habitat availability, and economic values of production. Results Each indicator species responded differently to management regimes, with no single regime being optimal for all species at the same time. Management diversification led to a 30% gain in multispecies habitat availability, relative to business-as-usual management. By selecting a subset of five alternative management regimes with high potential for biodiversity, gains can reach 50%. Conclusions Various alternative management regimes offer diverse habitats for different biodiversity indicator species. Management diversification can yield large gains in multispecies habitat availability with no or low economic cost, providing a potential cost-effective biodiversity tool if the management regimes are thoughtfully selected.

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Mendes, Luís A., Mónica J. B. Amorim, and Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand. "Interactions of Soil Species Exposed to CuO NMs are Different From Cu Salt: A Multispecies Test." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 7 (March 9, 2018): 4413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00535.

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Collie, Jeremy S., and Henrik Gislason. "Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 2167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-158.

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Biological reference points (BRPs) are widely used to define safe levels of harvesting for marine fish populations. Most BRPs are either minimum acceptable biomass levels or maximum fishing mortality rates. The values of BRPs are determined from historical abundance data and the life-history parameters of the fish species. However, when the life-history parameters change over time, the BRPs become moving targets. In particular, the natural mortality rate of prey species depends on predator levels; conversely, predator growth rates depend on prey availability. We tested a suite of BRPs for their robustness to observed changes in natural mortality and growth rates. We used the relatively simple Baltic Sea fish community for this sensitivity test, with cod as predator and sprat and herring as prey. In general, the BRPs were much more sensitive to the changes in natural mortality rates than to growth variation. For a prey species like sprat, fishing mortality reference levels should be conditioned on the level of predation mortality. For a predator species, a conservative level of fishing mortality can be identified that will prevent growth overfishing and ensure stock replacement. These first-order multispecies interactions should be considered when defining BRPs for medium-term (510 year) management decisions.

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Bose, Rahul, Konstantinos Ioannidis, Federico Foschi, Abdulaziz Bakhsh, Robert D. Kelly, Sanjukta Deb, Francesco Mannocci, and Sadia Ambreen Niazi. "Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Calcium Silicate Sealers against a Nutrient-Stressed Multispecies Biofilm." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 2722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092722.

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Purpose: This study compared the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium silicate sealers (BioRoot RCS and Total Fill BC) and conventional sealers (AH Plus and Tubli-seal) against planktonic bacteria and a nutrient-stressed multispecies biofilm. Methods: Antimicrobial properties of freshly mixed sealers were investigated using the direct contact test (DCT) and a nutrient-stressed multispecies biofilm comprised of five endodontic strains. Antimicrobial activity was determined using quantitative viable counts and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis with live/dead staining. The pH of the sealers was analysed over a period of 28 days in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey tests and the Kruskal–Wallis test were used for data analysis with a significance of 5%. Results: All endodontic sealers exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against planktonic bacteria (p < 0.05). BioRoot RCS caused a significant reduction in viable counts of the biofilms compared to AH Plus and the control (p < 0.05), while no significant difference could be observed compared to TotalFill BC and Tubli-seal (p > 0.05). CLSM analysis showed that BioRoot RCS and TotalFill BC exhibited significant biofilm inhibition compared to Tubli-seal, AH Plus and the control (p < 0.05). BioRoot RCS presented with the highest microbial killing, followed by TotalFill BC and Tubli-seal. Alkalizing activity was seen from the onset by BioRoot RCS, TotalFill BC and AH Plus. After 28 days, BioRoot RCS demonstrated the highest pH in HBSS (pH > 12). Conclusions: Calcium silicate sealers exhibited effective antimicrobial properties. This was demonstrated by superior biofilm inhibition capacity and microbial killing, with strong alkalizing activity compared to epoxy-based and zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealers.

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Campillo, Luke C., Anthony J. Barley, and Robert C. Thomson. "Model-Based Species Delimitation: Are Coalescent Species Reproductively Isolated?" Systematic Biology 69, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 708–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz072.

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Abstract A large and growing fraction of systematists define species as independently evolving lineages that may be recognized by analyzing the population genetic history of alleles sampled from individuals belonging to those species. This has motivated the development of increasingly sophisticated statistical models rooted in the multispecies coalescent process. Specifically, these models allow for simultaneous estimation of the number of species present in a sample of individuals and the phylogenetic history of those species using only DNA sequence data from independent loci. These methods hold extraordinary promise for increasing the efficiency of species discovery but require extensive validation to ensure that they are accurate and precise. Whether the species identified by these methods correspond to the species that would be recognized by alternative species recognition criteria (such as measurements of reproductive isolation) is currently an open question and a subject of vigorous debate. Here, we perform an empirical test of these methods by making use of a classic model system in the history of speciation research, flies of the genus Drosophila. Specifically, we use the uniquely comprehensive data on reproductive isolation that is available for this system, along with DNA sequence data, to ask whether Drosophila species inferred under the multispecies coalescent model correspond to those recognized by many decades of speciation research. We found that coalescent based and reproductive isolation-based methods of inferring species boundaries are concordant for 77% of the species pairs. We explore and discuss potential explanations for these discrepancies. We also found that the amount of prezygotic isolation between two species is a strong predictor of the posterior probability of species boundaries based on DNA sequence data, regardless of whether the species pairs are sympatrically or allopatrically distributed. [BPP; Drosophila speciation; genetic distance; multispecies coalescent.]

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Horvath, Angela, Bettina Leber, Nicole Feldbacher, Norbert Tripolt, Florian Rainer, Andreas Blesl, Markus Trieb, Gunther Marsche, Harald Sourij, and Vanessa Stadlbauer. "Effects of a multispecies synbiotic on glucose metabolism, lipid marker, gut microbiome composition, gut permeability, and quality of life in diabesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study." European Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 7 (November 15, 2019): 2969–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02135-w.

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Abstract Purpose Diabesity, the combination of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is an ever-growing global health burden. Diabesity-associated dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome has gained attention as a potential driver of disease and, therefore, a possible therapeutic target by means of pro- or prebiotic supplementation. This study tested the effects of a multispecies synbiotic (i.e. a combination of probiotics and prebiotics) on glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, gut permeability, neutrophil function and quality of life in treatment-experienced diabesity patients. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study with 26 diabesity patients was conducted in which patients received a daily dose of a multispecies probiotic and a prebiotic (or a placebo) for 6 months. Results There were no changes in glucose metabolism or mixed meal tolerance test responses throughout the study. The analysis of secondary outcomes revealed beneficial effects on hip circumference [− 1 (95% CI − 4; 3) vs +3 (− 1; 8) cm, synbiotics vs. placebo, respectively, p = 0.04], serum zonulin [− 0.04 (− 0.2; 0.1) vs +0.3 (− 0.05; 0.6) ng/ml, p = 0.004)] and the physical role item of the SF36 quality of life assessment [+ 5.4 (− 1.7; 12.5) vs − 5.0 (− 10.1; 0.2) points, p = 0.02] after 3 months of intervention, and lipoprotein (a) [− 2.1 (− 5.7; 1.6) vs +3.4 (− 0.9; 7.9) mg/dl, p = 0.02] after 6 months. There were no significant differences in alpha or beta diversity of the microbiome between groups or time points. Conclusions Glucose metabolism as the primary outcome was unchanged during the intervention with a multispecies synbiotic in patients with diabesity. Nevertheless, synbiotics improved some symptoms and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes and aspects of quality of life suggesting a potential role as adjuvant tool in the management of diabesity. Graphic abstract

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Santana, Sharlene E., Zofia A. Kaliszewska, Leith B. Leiser-Miller, M. Elise Lauterbur, Jessica H. Arbour, Liliana M. Dávalos, and Jeffrey A. Riffell. "Fruit odorants mediate co-specialization in a multispecies plant–animal mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1956 (August 11, 2021): 20210312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0312.

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Despite the widespread notion that animal-mediated seed dispersal led to the evolution of fruit traits that attract mutualistic frugivores, the dispersal syndrome hypothesis remains controversial, particularly for complex traits such as fruit scent. Here, we test this hypothesis in a community of mutualistic, ecologically important neotropical bats ( Carollia spp.) and plants ( Piper spp.) that communicate primarily via chemical signals. We found greater bat consumption is significantly associated with scent chemical diversity and presence of specific compounds, which fit multi-peak selective regime models in Piper . Through behavioural assays, we found Carollia prefer certain compounds, particularly 2-heptanol, which evolved as a unique feature of two Piper species highly consumed by these bats. Thus, we demonstrate that volatile compounds emitted by neotropical Piper fruits evolved in tandem with seed dispersal by scent-oriented Carollia bats. Specifically, fruit scent chemistry in some Piper species fits adaptive evolutionary scenarios consistent with a dispersal syndrome hypothesis. While other abiotic and biotic processes likely shaped the chemical composition of ripe fruit scent in Piper , our results provide some of the first evidence of the effect of bat frugivory on plant chemical diversity.

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Baines, M. J., and Katerina Christou. "A Numerical Method for Multispecies Populations in a Moving Domain Using Combined Masses." Mathematics 10, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10071124.

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This paper concerns the numerical evolution of two interacting species satisfying coupled reaction–diffusion equations in one dimension which inhabit the same part of a moving domain. The domain has both moving external boundaries and moving interior interfaces where species may arise, overlap, or disappear. Numerically, a moving finite volume method is used in which node movement is generated by local mass preservation, which includes a general combined mass strategy for species occupying overlapping domains. The method is illustrated by a test case in which a range of parameters is explored.

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Steenbergen, Laura, Roberta Sellaro, Saskia van Hemert, Jos A. Bosch, and Lorenza S. Colzato. "A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 48 (August 2015): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.003.

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Cherif, Rachid, Carmen Andrade, Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar, and Ameur El-Amine Hamami. "On the calculation of chloride diffusion coefficient from the multispecies transference numbers in the standard migration test." Cement and Concrete Research 167 (May 2023): 107133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107133.

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Hall, Stephen J., Jeremy S. Collie, Daniel E. Duplisea, Simon Jennings, Mark Bravington, and Jason Link. "A length-based multispecies model for evaluating community responses to fishing." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-039.

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Quantitative ecosystem indicators are needed to fulfill the mandate for ecosystem-based fisheries management. A variety of community metrics could potentially be used, but before reference levels for such indices can be established the sensitivity of candidate indices to fishing and other disturbances must be determined. One approach for obtaining such information is to test candidate indicators with models that mimic real ecosystems and can be manipulated experimentally. Here we construct a size-based multispecies model of a community of fish species that interact by predation. The model was parameterized for 21 fish species to obtain a predation-regulated community. Following an analysis of the sensitivity of the model to parameter uncertainty, we tested the sensitivity of community-level indicators to increasing levels of fishing mortality (F). Abundance and biomass spectra were sensitive to fishing mortality, with the slope decreasing with increasing F. Species diversity size spectra were also very sensitive to F, with diversity in the largest size classes declining rapidly. In contrast, k-dominance curves were less sensitive to fishing pressure. Importantly, however, although most community-level metrics showed clear trends in response to fishing, single-species declines in spawning stock biomass were the most sensitive indicators of fishing effects.

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Phan, Hoang C., Linda L. Blackall, and Scott A. Wade. "Effect of Multispecies Microbial Consortia on Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2020008.

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Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is responsible for significant damage to major marine infrastructure worldwide. While the microbes responsible for MIC typically exist in the environment in a synergistic combination of different species, the vast majority of laboratory-based MIC experiments are performed with single microbial pure cultures. In this work, marine grade steel was exposed to a single sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans) and various combinations of bacteria (both pure cultures and mixed communities), and the steel corrosion studied. Differences in the microbial biofilm composition and succession, steel weight loss and pitting attack were observed for the various test configurations studied. The sulfate reduction phenotype was successfully shown in half-strength marine broth for both single and mixed communities. The highest corrosion according to steel weight loss and pitting, was recorded in the tests with D. desulfuricans alone when incubated in a nominally aerobic environment. The multispecies microbial consortia yielded lower general corrosion rates compared to D. desulfuricans or for the uninoculated control.

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Simon, S., A. Boesswetter, T. Bagdonat, U. Motschmann, and J. Schuele. "Three-dimensional multispecies hybrid simulation of Titan's highly variable plasma environment." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-117-2007.

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Abstract. The interaction between Titan's ionosphere and the Saturnian magnetospheric plasma flow has been studied by means of a three-dimensional (3-D) hybrid simulation code. In the hybrid model, the electrons form a mass-less, charge-neutralizing fluid, whereas a completely kinetic approach is retained to describe ion dynamics. The model includes up to three ionospheric and two magnetospheric ion species. The interaction gives rise to a pronounced magnetic draping pattern and an ionospheric tail that is highly asymmetric with respect to the direction of the convective electric field. Due to the dependence of the ion gyroradii on the ion mass, ions of different masses become spatially dispersed in the tail region. Therefore, Titan's ionospheric tail may be considered a mass-spectrometer, allowing to distinguish between ion species of different masses. The kinetic nature of this effect is emphasized by comparing the simulation with the results obtained from a simple analytical test-particle model of the pick-up process. Besides, the results clearly illustrate the necessity of taking into account the multi-species nature of the magnetospheric plasma flow in the vicinity of Titan. On the one hand, heavy magnetospheric particles, such as atomic Nitrogen or Oxygen, experience only a slight modification of their flow pattern. On the other hand, light ionospheric ions, e.g. atomic Hydrogen, are clearly deflected around the obstacle, yielding a widening of the magnetic draping pattern perpendicular to the flow direction. The simulation results clearly indicate that the nature of this interaction process, especially the formation of sharply pronounced plasma boundaries in the vicinity of Titan, is extremely sensitive to both the temperature of the magnetospheric ions and the orientation of Titan's dayside ionosphere with respect to the corotating magnetospheric plasma flow.

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Benítez-Llambay, Pablo, Leonardo Krapp, and Martin E. Pessah. "Asymptotically Stable Numerical Method for Multispecies Momentum Transfer: Gas and Multifluid Dust Test Suite and Implementation in FARGO3D." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 241, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab0a0e.

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de Figueiredo, Kadmo Azevedo, Helio Doyle Pereira da Silva, Stela Lima Farias Miranda, Francisco Jerfeson dos Santos Gonçalves, Arlene Pereira de Sousa, Luciene Cristina de Figueiredo, Magda Feres, and Bruno Bueno-Silva. "Brazilian Red Propolis Is as Effective as Amoxicillin in Controlling Red-Complex of Multispecies Subgingival Mature Biofilm In Vitro." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080432.

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This study investigated the effects of Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) extract on seven-day-old multispecies subgingival biofilms. Mixed biofilm cultures containing 31 species associated with periodontal health or disease were grown for six days on a Calgary device. Then, mature biofilms were treated for 24 h with BRP extract at different concentrations (200–1600 µg/mL), amoxicillin (AMOXI) at 54 µg/mL (positive control) or vehicle (negative control). Biofilm metabolic activity was determined by colorimetry, and bacterial counts/proportions were determined by DNA–DNA hybridization. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn’s tests. Treatment with BRP at 1600, 800 and 400 μg/mL reduced biofilm metabolic activity by 56%, 56% and 57%, respectively, as compared to 65% reduction obtained with AMOXI. Mean total cell counts were significantly reduced in all test groups (~50–55%). Lower proportions of red, green and yellow complex species were observed upon treatment with BRP (400 µg/mL) and AMOXI, but only AMOXI reduced the proportions of Actinomyces species. In conclusion, BRP extract was as effective as AMOXI in killing seven-day-old multispecies biofilm pathogens and did not affect the levels of the host-compatible Actinomyces species. These data suggest that BRP may be an alternative to AMOXI as an adjunct in periodontal therapy. In vivo studies are needed to validate these results.

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Ueda, Shouhei, Taito Nozawa, Tetsuya Matsuzuki, Ryo-ichi Seki, Shinya Shimamoto, and Takao Itino. "Phylogeny and Phylogeography ofMyrmica rubraComplex (Myrmicinae) in the Japanese Alps." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/319097.

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We investigated the genetic diversification of the mountain ant,Myrmica kotokui, in the Japanese Alps by using molecular phylogenetic analyses.Myrmica kotokuiis widely distributed in Japan, and in the central Japanese Alps it is found only between elevations of approximately 1000 to 2000 m. We hypothesized that genetically distinct clades of this ant species might inhabit different mountain ranges in central Japan. To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny using the DNA sequences of the mitochondrialcytochrome oxidase Igene and the nuclearlong-wavelength rhodopsingene ofM. kotokuispecimens collected from six mountain ranges in the Japanese Alps. The phylogeny showed four highly differentiated clades. However, the correspondence between the clades and morphological species was a little confusing. Two clades were composed only ofM. kotokuispecimens, whereas the other two clades were composed of multispecies, suggesting the possibility of multispecies composition of putativeM. kotokui. The distribution pattern of these clades did not support our hypothesis of geographical differentiation, because two were distributed across all ranges, and a third was distributed in five of the six ranges. On the other hand, we found a pattern in the altitudinal distribution of the clades: one clade was distributed only at higher elevations, and the others were distributed at lower elevations. Thus, the ant clades do not show geographical segregation by mountain range, but they do show altitudinal differences.

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Chiu, Yi-Jen, Mun-Kit Nam, Yueh-Ting Tsai, Chun-Chi Huang, and Cheng-Chih Tsai. "Genotoxicity Assessment of Multispecies Probiotics Using Reverse Mutation, Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration, and Rodent Micronucleus Tests." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/254239.

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Genotoxicity assessment is carried out on freeze dried powder of cultured probiotics containingLactobacillus rhamnosusLCR177,Bifidobacterium adolescentisBA286, andPediococcus acidilacticiPA318. Ames tests,in vitromammalian chromosome aberration assay, and micronucleus tests in mouse peripheral blood are performed. For 5 strains ofSalmonellaTyphimurium, the Ames tests show no increased reverse mutation upon exposure to the test substance. In CHO cells, the frequency of chromosome aberration does not increase in responding to the treatment of probiotics. Likewise, the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes in probiotics-fed mice is indistinguishable from that in the negative control group. Taken together, the toxicity assessment studies suggest that the multispecies probiotic mixture does not have mutagenic effects on various organisms.

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Ostrofsky, M. L. "A comment on the use of exponential decay models to test nonadditive processing hypotheses in multispecies mixtures of litter." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26, no. 1 (March 2007): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[23:acotuo]2.0.co;2.

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Karygianni, Lamprini, Pune N. Paqué, Thomas Attin, and Thomas Thurnheer. "Single DNase or Proteinase Treatment Induces Change in Composition and Structural Integrity of Multispecies Oral Biofilms." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040400.

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Biofilm virulence is mainly based on its bacterial cell surrounding biofilm matrix, which contains a scaffold of exopolysaccharides, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Targeting these nucleid acids or proteins could enable an efficient biofilm control. Therefore, the study aimed to test the effect of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) and proteinase K on oral biofilms. Six-species biofilms (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces oris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella dispar, and Candida albicans) were exposed to DNase I (0.001 mg/mL, 0.002 mg/mL) or proteinase K (0.05 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL) for 1 h during biofilm formation. After 64 h, biofilms were harvested, quantified by culture analysis and visualized by image analysis using CLSM (confocal laser scanning microscopy). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test at a 5% significance level. The biofilm treatment with proteinase K induced a significant increase of Logs10 counts in S. mutans and a decrease in C. albicans, while biofilm thickness was reduced from 28.5 μm (control) to 9.07 μm (0.05 mg/mL) and 7.4 μm (0.1 mg/mL). Treatment with DNase I had no effect on the total bacterial growth within the biofilm. Targeting proteins of biofilms by proteinase K are promising adjunctive tool for biofilm control.

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Petrokas, Raimundas. "Forest Climax Phenomenon: An Invariance of Scale." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010056.

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We can think of forests as multiscale multispecies networks, constantly evolving toward a climax or potential natural community—the successional process-pattern of natural regeneration that exhibits sensitivity to initial conditions. This is why I look into forest succession in light of the Red Queen hypothesis and focus on the key aspects of ecological self-organisation: dynamical criticality, evolvability and intransitivity. The idea of the review is that forest climax should be associated with habitat dynamics driven by a large continuum of ecologically equivalent time scales, so that the same ecological conclusions could be drawn statistically from any scale. A synthesis of the literature is undertaken in order to (1) present the framework for assessing habitat dynamics and (2) present the types of successional trajectories based on tree regeneration mode in forest gaps. In general, there are four types of successional trajectories within the process-pattern of forest regeneration that exhibits sensitivity to initial conditions: advance reproduction specialists, advance reproduction generalists, early reproduction generalists and early reproduction specialists. A successional trajectory is an expression of a fractal connectivity among certain patterns of natural regeneration in the multiscale multispecies networks of landscape habitats. Theoretically, the organically derived measures of pattern diversity, integrity and complexity, determined by the rates of recruitment, growth and mortality of forest tree species, are the means to test the efficacy of specific interventions to avert the disturbance-related decline in forest regeneration. That is of relevance to the emerging field of biocomplexity research.

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Danzer, Klaus, M. Otto, and L. A. Currie. "Guidelines for calibration in analytical chemistry. Part 2: Multicomponent calibration (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 76, no. 6 (January 1, 2004): 1215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200476061215.

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Calibration in analytical chemistry refers to the relation between sample domain and measurement domain (signal domain) expressed by an analytical function x = fs(Q) representing a pattern of chemical species Q and their amounts or concentrations x in a given test sample on the one hand and a measured function y = f(z) that may be a spectrum, chromatogram, etc. Simultaneous multispecies analyses are carried out mainly by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods in a more or less selective way. For the determination of n species Qi (i = 1,2 …n), at least n signals must be measured which should be well separated in the ideal case. In analytical practice, the situation can be different.

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Zavattini, Angelo, Jonathan Cowie, Sadia Niazi, Massimo Giovarruscio, Salvatore Sauro, and Federico Foschi. "Reduction of an in vitro Intraradicular Multispecies Biofilm Using Two Rotary Instrumentation Sequences." European Journal of Dentistry 14, no. 01 (February 2020): 001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701541.

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Abstract Objective The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect per se of two shaping and cleaning techniques on the reduction of an in vitro multispecies biofilm. Materials and Methods A total of 39 freshly extracted monoradicular teeth for periodontal reason were decoronated. Roots were sectioned longitudinally. After autoclaving, a specific stressed biofilm was grown on the root halves that were subsequently reassembled in a silicone index. Two treatments (n = 9 each)—RaCe (Schottlander; Letchworth Garden City, United Kingdom) and ProTaper Gold ( PTG; Dentsply Maillefer, Baillagues, Switzerland)—were tested; three noninstrumented samples served as a control group and three were rinsed with saline. Posttreatment samples were taken at three different levels of the root. Colony-forming units were counted after incubations. Additionally, three treatments (n = 5 each)—RaCe, PTG, and saline only—were evaluated under a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was conducted using Tukey’s test and analysis of variance to evaluate the post-instrumentation bioburden. Results Both instrumentations were able to reduce the biofilm; however, differences were not present between them (p > 0.05). CLSM showed biofilm killing and disruption through mechanical shaping alone. Conclusions Intraradicular biofilm is reduced with mechanical shaping. There was no difference between RaCe and PTG systems in biofilm reduction despite differences in design, file sequence, and rotational speed.

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Rice, Jake, and Daniel Duplisea. "Management of fisheries on forage species: the test-bed for ecosystem approaches to fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 1 (September 17, 2013): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst151.

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AbstractRice, J., and Duplisea, D. 2013. Management of fisheries on forage species: the test-bed for ecosystem approaches to fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: . In the 1970s and 1980s, core ideas about management of fisheries on forage species emerged from work on the dynamics of foodweb models and multispecies assessments, leading to proposals for management that took some account of the role of forage species in marine ecosystems. Key developments in those years are summarized in the first part of this paper. From the 1980s to the 2000s, studies of the response of forage species to environmental variation brought into question the robustness of management strategies for forage species. As a result, additional management strategies were proposed to accommodate environmental drivers as well as dependent predators. The paper reviews these developments. This paper brings these separate lines together in a systematic framework for evaluating the performance of six different management strategies for forage species, relative to four different ecosystem considerations, as well as relative to the contribution of forage fisheries to economic prosperity and food security. The tabulated outcomes synthesize primary and secondary literature and meeting deliberations as the application of an ecosystem approach to management has evolved. No strategy is optional for all forage fisheries. As experience accumulates, the guidance in the tables comprising the framework will improve.

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Yu, Bin, Linying Li, Bin Zhang, and Jianhang Wang. "An Approach to Obtain the Correct Shock Speed for Euler Equations with Stiff Detonation." Communications in Computational Physics 22, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.oa-2015-0008.

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AbstractIncorrect propagation speed of discontinuities may occur by straightforward application of standard dissipative schemes for problems that contain stiff source terms for underresolved grids even for time steps within the CFL condition. By examining the dissipative discretized counterpart of the Euler equations for a detonation problem that consists of a single reaction, detailed analysis on the spurious wave pattern is presented employing the fractional step method, which utilizes the Strang splitting. With the help of physical arguments, a threshold values method (TVM), which can be extended to more complicated stiff problems, is developed to eliminate the wrong shock speed phenomena. Several single reaction detonations as well as multispecies and multi-reaction detonation test cases with strong stiffness are examined to illustrate the performance of the TVM approach.

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Khafagy, Heba A., Heba MG Abdel Aziz, Amal AM, Barghooth WM, and Nermeen G. Shafik. "Correlation Between Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Vaccinated Sheep and Effective Dose 50 (ED50) in Vaccinated Mice." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15, no. 03 (March 9, 2020): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.3.1.

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Rift valley fever is an arthropod-born, multispecies zoonotic viral disease. Control of RVF disease depends mainly on vector control and vaccination of susceptible animals. The present work aims to detect the correlation between Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated sheep using Serum Neutralization test as in vitro test and effective dose fifty in vaccinated mice as in vivo potency test and determine if they can be alternative to each other. In this work,17 inactivated RVFV vaccine batches were evaluated, applying SNT for serum samples of vaccinated sheep and ED50 in vaccinated mice. The two models of tests showed compatible results, where the same 14 vaccine batches showed satisfactory results [(SNT >1.5) and (ED50 less than 0.02)], while the other three batches revealed unsatisfactory results in both two tests. Statistical analysis of results using Wilcoxon’s test was (0.0001), indicating a significant correlation between the tests so it could be recommended to depend on SNT instead of mice inoculation in the evaluation of RVF vaccine to reduce the numbers of animals being used and to avoid the possible public health hazard.

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CARRASCO, MARC A. "Chapter 9: Assessing Statistical Techniques for Detecting Multispecies Samples of Heteromyids in the Fossil Record: A Test Using Extant Dipodomys." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 285 (June 2004): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0120:c>2.0.co;2.

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VICOSO, BEATRIZ, PENELOPE R. HADDRILL, and BRIAN CHARLESWORTH. "A multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of X-linked and autosomal sites in Drosophila." Genetics Research 90, no. 5 (October 2008): 421–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672308009804.

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SummaryPopulation genetics models show that, under certain conditions, the X chromosome is expected to be under more efficient selection than the autosomes. This could lead to ‘faster-X evolution’, if a large proportion of mutations are fixed by positive selection, as suggested by recent studies in Drosophila. We used a multispecies approach to test this: Muller's element D, an autosomal arm, is fused to the ancestral X chromosome in Drosophila pseudoobscura and its sister species, Drosophila affinis. We tested whether the same set of genes had higher rates of non-synonymous evolution when they were X-linked (in the D. pseudoobscura/D. affinis comparison) than when they were autosomal (in Drosophila melanogaster/Drosophila yakuba). Although not significant, our results suggest this may be the case, but only for genes under particularly strong positive selection/weak purifying selection. They also suggest that genes that have become X-linked have higher levels of codon bias and slower synonymous site evolution, consistent with more effective selection on codon usage at X-linked sites.

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Huang, Yuanyuan, Yuxin Chen, Nadia Castro-Izaguirre, Martin Baruffol, Matteo Brezzi, Anne Lang, Ying Li, et al. "Impacts of species richness on productivity in a large-scale subtropical forest experiment." Science 362, no. 6410 (October 4, 2018): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6405.

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Biodiversity experiments have shown that species loss reduces ecosystem functioning in grassland. To test whether this result can be extrapolated to forests, the main contributors to terrestrial primary productivity, requires large-scale experiments. We manipulated tree species richness by planting more than 150,000 trees in plots with 1 to 16 species. Simulating multiple extinction scenarios, we found that richness strongly increased stand-level productivity. After 8 years, 16-species mixtures had accumulated over twice the amount of carbon found in average monocultures and similar amounts as those of two commercial monocultures. Species richness effects were strongly associated with functional and phylogenetic diversity. A shrub addition treatment reduced tree productivity, but this reduction was smaller at high shrub species richness. Our results encourage multispecies afforestation strategies to restore biodiversity and mitigate climate change.

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Tetemke, Buruh Abebe, Emiru Birhane, Meley Mekonen Rannestad, and Tron Eid. "Allometric Models for Predicting Aboveground Biomass of Trees in the Dry Afromontane Forests of Northern Ethiopia." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121114.

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Dry Afromontane forests form the largest part of the existing natural vegetation in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, models for quantifying aboveground tree biomass (AGB) of these forests are rare. The objective of this study was, therefore, to develop local multispecies and species-specific AGB models for dry Afromontane forests in northern Ethiopia and to test the accuracy of some potentially relevant, previously developed AGB models. A total of 86 sample trees consisting of ten dominant tree species were harvested to develop the models. A set of models relating AGB to diameter at breast height (DBH) or at stump height (DSH), height (H), crown area (CA), and wood basic density (ρ) were fitted. Model evaluation and selection was based on statistical significance of model parameter estimates, relative mean root-square-error (rMRSE), relative bias (rBias), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). A leave-one-out cross-validation procedure was used to compute rMRSE and rBias. The best multispecies model, which includes DSH, CA, and ρ as predictors, explained more than 95% of the variability in AGB. The best species-specific models for the two dominant species, with DBH or DSH as the sole predictor, also explained more than 96% of the variability in AGB. Higher biases from the previously published models compared to the best models from this study show the need to develop local models for more accurate biomass estimation. The developed models allow to quantify AGB with a high level of accuracy for our site, and they can potentially be applied in dry Afromontane forests elsewhere in Ethiopia if species composition and growing conditions are carefully evaluated before an application is done.

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Kwak, Jin Il, Rongxue Cui, Sun-Hwa Nam, Shin Woong Kim, Yooeun Chae, and Youn-Joo An. "Multispecies toxicity test for silver nanoparticles to derive hazardous concentration based on species sensitivity distribution for the protection of aquatic ecosystems." Nanotoxicology 10, no. 5 (December 4, 2015): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2015.1090028.

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Hess, Kathryn M., James A. Davis, Douglas B. Kent, and Jennifer A. Coston. "Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel." Water Resources Research 38, no. 8 (August 2002): 36–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000945.

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Journal articles on the topic 'MULTISPECIES TEST'

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