Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multiply and accumulate

Academic literature on the topic 'Multiply and accumulate'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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Pawar, Roshani, and Dr S. S. Shriramwar. "Review on Multiply-Accumulate Unit." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 07, no. 06 (June 2017): 09–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0706040913.

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Lee, Young Seo, Kyung Min Kim, Ji Heon Lee, Young-Ho Gong, Seon Wook Kim, and Sung Woo Chung. "Monolithic 3D stacked multiply-accumulate units." Integration 76 (January 2021): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2020.10.006.

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Mohammaden, Amr, Mohammed Fouda, Ihsen Alouani, Lobna A. Said, and Ahmed Radwan. "CNTFET-Based Ternary Multiply-and-Accumulate Unit." Electronics 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091455.

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Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) is one of the most commonly used operations in modern computing systems due to its use in matrix multiplication, signal processing, and in new applications such as machine learning and deep neural networks. Ternary number system offers higher information processing within the same number of digits when compared to binary systems. In this paper, a MAC is proposed using a CNTFET-based ternary logic number. Specifically, we build a 5-trit multiplier and 10-trit adder as building blocks of two ternary MAC unit designs. The first is a basic MAC which has two methods to implement, serial and pipeline. The second is an improved MAC design that optimizes the number of transistors, offers higher performance and lower power consumption. The designed MAC unit can operate up to 300MHz. Finally, a comparative study in terms of power, delay, and area variations is conducted under different supply voltages and temperature levels.
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Nahmias, Mitchell A., Thomas Ferreira de Lima, Alexander N. Tait, Hsuan-Tung Peng, Bhavin J. Shastri, and Paul R. Prucnal. "Photonic Multiply-Accumulate Operations for Neural Networks." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 26, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2019.2941485.

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HG, Rangaraju, Arpitha H S, and Muralidhara K N. "Design of Efficient Reversible Multiply Accumulate (MAC) Unit." International Journal of Computer Applications 85, no. 16 (January 16, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/14922-3338.

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Kashfi, Fatemeh, S. Mehdi Fakhraie, and Saeed Safari. "Designing an ultra-high-speed multiply-accumulate structure." Microelectronics Journal 39, no. 12 (December 2008): 1476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2008.07.006.

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Israel, Scott, Steven C. Gustafson, and Edmond S. Cooley. "Asynchronous integrated optical multiply accumulate with sideways summer." Applied Optics 25, no. 14 (July 15, 1986): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.002284.

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Nielsen, Christian D., and Alain J. Martin. "Design of a delay-insensitive multiply-accumulate unit." Integration 15, no. 3 (October 1993): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9260(93)90034-a.

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Bhuvaneswary, N., S. Prabu, K. Tamilselvan, and K. G. Parthiban. "Efficient Implementation of Multiply Accumulate Operation Unit Using an Interlaced Partition Multiplier." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 1321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9398.

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A new strategy for quick multiplication of two numbers is introduced. Inputs are separated into segments, and one segment is replaced by two with zeros interlocking in each alternative segments. With zero carries between segments the product are computed, within the time needed to multiply the short partitions and add the partial sums. The multiplication of two numbers generated and adds that product to an accumulator by multiply accumulate operation (MAC unit). This operation is performed within the MAC unit. MAC is an advanced co-processor that plays a vital role in FFT, DFT, etc. The MAC unit is utilized for additional execution and its input is given to the proposed multiplier that provides a trivial speed increment over the array multiplier designs. This paper is utilized to design speed enhanced multiply Accumulate Unit by an Interlaced Partition Multiplier. This new multiplier design simulation is optimized with existing method.
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Liu, Xu, Xudong Zhu, Chunqing Wang, Yifan Cao, Baihang Wang, Hanwen Ou, Yizheng Wu, et al. "Silicon-Based Metastructure Optical Scattering Multiply–Accumulate Computation Chip." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132136.

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Optical neural networks (ONN) have become the most promising solution to replacing electronic neural networks, which have the advantages of large bandwidth, low energy consumption, strong parallel processing ability, and super high speed. Silicon-based micro-nano integrated photonic platforms have demonstrated good compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processing. Therefore, without completely changing the existing silicon-based fabrication technology, optoelectronic hybrid devices or all-optical devices of better performance can be achieved on such platforms. To meet the requirements of smaller size and higher integration for silicon photonic computing, the topology of a four-channel coarse wavelength division multiplexer (CWDM) and an optical scattering unit (OSU) are inversely designed and optimized by Lumerical software. Due to the random optical power splitting ratio and incoherency, the intensities of different input signals from CWDM can be weighted and summed directly by the subsequent OSU to accomplish arbitrary multiply–accumulate (MAC) operations, therefore supplying the core foundation for scattering ONN architecture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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Duppils, Mattias. "Digitally controlled analog multiply-accumulate units /." Linköping : Univ, 2002. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2002/tek792s.pdf.

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Natter, William. "Design and implementation of digit-serial online multiply-accumulate arithmetic operations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60479.pdf.

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Lindahl, Erik. "Design and implementation of a decimation filter using a multi-precision multiply and accumulate unit for an audio range delta sigma analog to digital converter." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11261.

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This work presents the design and implementation of a decimation filter for a three bits sigma delta analog to digital converter. The input is audio with a oversampling ratio of 32. Filter optimization and tradeoffs concerning the design is described. The filter is a multistage filter consisting of two cascaded FIR filters. The arithmetic unit is a multi-precision unit that can handle three or 24 bits MAC operations. The designed decimation filter is synthesized on standard cells of a 0.13 μm CMOS library.

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Bowlyn, Kevin Nathaniel. "IMPLEMENTATION OF A NOVEL INTEGRATED DISTRIBUTED ARITHMETIC AND COMPLEX BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM IN FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM ALGORITHM." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1470.

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This research focuses on a novel integrated approach for computing and representing complex numbers as a single entity without the use of any dedicated multiplier for calculating the fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT), using the Distributed Arithmetic (DA) technique and Complex Binary Number Systems (CBNS). The FFT algorithm is one of the most used and implemented technique employed in many Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications in the field of science, engineering, and mathematics. The DA approach is a technique that is used to compute the inner dot product between two vectors without the use of any dedicated multipliers. These dedicated multipliers are fast but they consume a large amount of hardware and are quite costly. The DA multiplier process is accomplished by shifting and adding only without the need of any dedicated multiplier. In today's technology, complex numbers are computed using the divide and conquer approach in which complex numbers are divided into two parts: the real and imaginary. The CBNS technique however, allows for each complex addition and multiplication to be computed in one single step instead of two. With the combined DA-CBNS approach for computing the FFT algorithm, those dedicated multipliers are being replaced with a DA system that utilize a Rom-based memory for storing the twiddle factor 'wn' value and the complex arithmetic operations being represented as a single entity, not two, with the CBNS approach. This architectural design was implemented by coding in a very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL) using Xilinx ISE design suite software program version 14.2. This computer aided tool allows for the design to be synthesized to a logic gate level in order to be further implemented onto a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. The VHDL code used to build this architecture was downloaded on a Nexys 4 DDR Artix-7 FPGA board for further testing and analysis. This novel technique resulted in the use of no dedicated multipliers and required half the amount of complex arithmetic computations needed for calculating an FFT structure compared with its current traditional approach. Finally, the results showed that for the proposed architecture design, for a 32 bit, 8-point DA-CBNS FFT structure, the results showed a 32% area reduction, 41% power reduction, 59% reduction in run-time, 42% reduction in logic gate cost, and 66% increase in speed. For a 28 bit, 16-point DA-CBNS FFT structure, its area size, power consumption, run-time, and logic gate, were also found to be reduced at approximately 30%, 37%, 60%, and 39%, respectively, with an increase of speed of approximately 67% when compared to the traditional approach that employs dedicated multipliers and computes its complex arithmetic as two separate entities: the real and imaginary.
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Kamp, William Hermanus Michael. "Redundant Number Systems for Optimising Digital Signal Processing Performance in Field Programmable Gate Array." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4623.

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Speeding up addition is the key to faster digital signal processing (DSP). This can be achieved by exploiting the properties of redundant number systems. Their expanded symbol (digit) alphabet gives them multiple representations for most values. Utilising redundant representations at the output of an adder permits addition to be performed without carry-propagation, yielding fast, constant time performance irrespective of the word length. A resource efficient implementation of this fast adder structure is developed that re-purposes the fast carry logic of low-cost field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Experiments confirm constant time addition and show that it outperforms binary ripple carry addition at word lengths of greater than 44 bits in a Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA and 24 bits in an Altera Cyclone III FPGA. Redundancy also provides other properties that can be exploited for performance gain. Some redundant representations will have more zero-symbols than others. These maximise the opportunities to exploit the multiplicative absorbing and additive identity properties of zero that when exercised reduce superfluous calculations. A serial recoding algorithm is developed that generates a redundant representation for a specified value with as few nonzero symbols as possible. Unlike previously published methods, it accepts a wide specification of number systems including those with irregularly spaced symbol alphabets. A Markov analysis and analysis of the elementary cycles in the formulated state machine provides average and worst case measures for the tested number system. Typically, the average number of non-zero symbols is less than a third and the worst case is less than a half. Further to the increase in zero-symbols, zero-dominance is proposed as a new property of redundant number representations. It promotes a set of representations that have uniquely positioned zero-symbols, in a Pareto-optimal sense. This set covers all representations of a value and is used to select representations to optimise the calculation of a dot-product. The dot-product or vector-multiply is a fundamental operation in DSP, since it is employed in filtering, correlation and convolution. The nonzero partial products can be packed together, substantially reducing the calculation time. The application of redundant number systems provides a two-fold benefit. Firstly, the number of nonzero partial products is reduced. Secondly, a novel opportunity is identified to use the representations in the zero-dominant set to optimise the packing further, gaining an extra 18% improvement. An implementation of the proposed dot-product with partial product packing is developed for a Cyclone II FPGA. It outperforms a quad-multiplier binary implementation in throughput by 50% . Redundant number systems excel at increasing performance in particular DSP subsystems, those that are numerically intensive and consist of considerable accumulation. The conversion back to a binary result is the performance bottleneck in the DSP algorithm, taking a time proportional to a binary adder. Therefore, redundant number systems are best utilised when this conversion cost can be amortised over many fast redundant additions, which is typical in many DSP and communications applications.
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Olano, Jimmy Fernando Tarrillo. "Exploring the use of multiple modular redundancies for masking accumulated faults in SRAM-based FPGAs." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/103895.

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Os erros transientes nos bits de memória de configuração dos FPGAs baseados em SRAM são um tema importante devido ao efeito de persistência e a possibilidade de gerar falhas de funcionamento no circuito implementado. Sempre que um bit de memória de configuração é invertido, o erro transiente será corrigido apenas recarregando o bitstream correto da memória de configuração. Se o bitstream correto não for recarregando, erros transientes persistentes podem se acumular nos bits de memória de configuração provocando uma falha funcional do sistema, o que consequentemente, pode causar uma situação catastrófica. Este cenário se agrava no caso de falhas múltiplas, cuja probabilidade de ocorrência é cada vez maior em novas tecnologias nano-métricas. As estratégias tradicionais para lidar com erros transientes na memória de configuração são baseadas no uso de redundância modular tripla (TMR), e na limpeza da memória (scrubbing) para reparar e evitar a acumulação de erros. A alta eficiência desta técnica para mascarar perturbações tem sido demonstrada em vários estudos, no entanto o TMR visa apenas mascarar falhas individuais. Porém, a tendência tecnológica conduz à redução das dimensões dos transistores o que causa o aumento da susceptibilidade a falhos. Neste novo cenário, as falhas multiplas são mais comuns que as falhas individuais e consequentemente o uso de TMR pode ser inapropriado para ser usado em aplicações de alta confiabilidade. Além disso, sendo que a taxa de falhas está aumentando, é necessário usar altas taxas de reconfiguração o que implica em um elevado custo no consumo de potência. Com o objetivo de lidar com falhas massivas acontecidas na mem[oria de configuração, este trabalho propõe a utilização de um sistema de redundância múltipla composto de n módulos idênticos que operam em conjunto, conhecido como (nMR), e um inovador votador auto-adaptativo que permite mascarar múltiplas falhas no sistema. A principal desvantagem do uso de redundância modular é o seu elevado custo em termos de área e o consumo de energia. No entanto, o problema da sobrecarga em área é cada vez menor devido à maior densidade de componentes em novas tecnologias. Por outro lado, o alto consumo de energia sempre foi um problema nos dispositivos FPGA. Neste trabalho também propõe-se um modelo para prever a sobrecarga de potência causada pelo uso de redundância múltipla em FPGAs baseados em SRAM. A capacidade de tolerar múltiplas falhas pela técnica proposta tem sido avaliada através de experimentos de radiação e campanhas de injeção de falhas de circuitos para um estudo de caso implementado em um FPGA comercial de tecnologia de 65nm. Finalmente, é demostrado que o uso de nMR em FPGAs é uma atrativa e possível solução em termos de potencia, área e confiabilidade medida em unidades de FIT e Mean Time between Failures (MTBF).
Soft errors in the configuration memory bits of SRAM-based FPGAs are an important issue due to the persistence effect and its possibility of generating functional failures in the implemented circuit. Whenever a configuration memory bit cell is flipped, the soft error will be corrected only by reloading the correct configuration memory bitstream. If the correct bitstream is not loaded, persistent soft errors can accumulate in the configuration memory bits provoking a system functional failure in the user’s design, and consequently can cause a catastrophic situation. This scenario gets worse in the event of multi-bit upset, whose probability of occurrence is increasing in new nano-metric technologies. Traditional strategies to deal with soft errors in configuration memory are based on the use of any type of triple modular redundancy (TMR) and the scrubbing of the memory to repair and avoid the accumulation of faults. The high reliability of this technique has been demonstrated in many studies, however TMR is aimed at masking single faults. The technology trend makes lower the dimensions of the transistors, and this leads to increased susceptibility to faults. In this new scenario, it is commoner to have multiple to single faults in the configuration memory of the FPGA, so that the use of TMR is inappropriate in high reliability applications. Furthermore, since the fault rate is increasing, scrubbing rate also needs to be incremented, leading to the increase in power consumption. Aiming at coping with massive upsets between sparse scrubbing, this work proposes the use of a multiple redundancy system composed of n identical modules, known as nmodular redundancy (nMR), operating in tandem and an innovative self-adaptive voter to be able to mask multiple upsets in the system. The main drawback of using modular redundancy is its high cost in terms of area and power consumption. However, area overhead is less and less problem due the higher density in new technologies. On the other hand, the high power consumption has always been a handicap of FPGAs. In this work we also propose a model to prevent power overhead caused by the use of multiple redundancy in SRAM-based FPGAs. The capacity of the proposal to tolerate multiple faults has been evaluated by radiation experiments and fault injection campaigns of study case circuits implemented in a 65nm technology commercial FPGA. Finally we demonstrate that the power overhead generated by the use of nMR in FPGAs is much lower than it is discussed in the literature.
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Ghodrati, Ashkan, and Ahmed Rashid. "Modelling and Simulation of a Power Take-off in Connection with Multiple Wave Energy Converters." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för tillämpad signalbehandling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3396.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop a model that will integrate multiple buoys to a power take-off hub. The model will be derived using a time domain analysis and will consider the hydraulic coupling of the buoys and the power take-off. The derived model is reproduced in MATLAB in order to run simulations. This will give possibility to conduct a parameter study and evaluate the performance of the system. The buoy simulation model is provided by Wave4Power (W4P). It consists of a floater that is rigidly connected to a fully submerged vertical (acceleration) tube open at both ends. The tube contains a piston whose motion relative to the floater-tube system drives a power take-off mechanism. The power take-off model is provided by Ocean Harvesting Technologies AB (OHT). It comprises a mechanical gearbox and a gravity accumulator. The system is utilized to transform the irregular wave energy into a smooth electrical power output. OHT's simulation model needs to be extended with a hydraulic motor at the input shaft. There are control features in both systems, that need to be connected and synchronized with each other. Another major goal within the thesis is to test different online control techniques. A simple control strategy to optimize power capture is called sea-state tuning and it can be achieved by using a mechanical gearbox with several discrete gear ratios or with a variable displacement pump. The gear ratio of the gear box can be regulated according to a 2D look up table based on the average wave amplitude and frequency over a defined time frame. The OHT power take-off utilizes a control strategy, called spill function, to limit the excess power capture and keep the weight accumulator within a span by disengaging the input shaft from the power take-off. This is to be modified to implement power limitation with regulation of the gear ratio of the gearbox.
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Teng, Sin Yong. "Intelligent Energy-Savings and Process Improvement Strategies in Energy-Intensive Industries." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433427.

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S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.
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Tavares, Lucas Alves. "O envolvimento da proteína adaptadora 1 (AP-1) no mecanismo de regulação negativa do receptor CD4 por Nef de HIV-1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17136/tde-06012017-113215/.

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O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é o agente etiológico da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS). A AIDS é uma doença de distribuição mundial, e estima-se que existam atualmente pelo menos 36,9 milhões de pessoas infectadas com o vírus. Durante o seu ciclo replicativo, o HIV promove diversas alterações na fisiologia da célula hospedeira a fim de promover sua sobrevivência e potencializar a replicação. A rápida progressão da infecção pelo HIV-1 em humanos e em modelos animais está intimamente ligada à função da proteína acessória Nef. Dentre as diversas ações de Nef está a regulação negativa de proteínas importantes na resposta imunológica, como o receptor CD4. Sabe-se que esta ação resulta da indução da degradação de CD4 em lisossomos, mas os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos ainda são totalmente elucidados. Nef forma um complexo tripartite com a cauda citosólica de CD4 e a proteína adaptadora 2 (AP-2), em vesículas revestidas por clatrina nascentes, induzindo a internalização e degradação lisossomal de CD4. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que o direcionamento de CD4 aos lisossomos por Nef envolve a entrada do receptor na via dos corpos multivesiculares (MVBs), por um mecanismo atípico, pois, embora não necessite da ubiquitinação de carga, depende da ação de proteínas que compõem os ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) e da ação de Alix, uma proteína acessória da maquinaria ESCRT. Já foi reportado que Nef interage com subunidades dos complexos AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 e Nef não parece interagir com subunidades de AP-4 e AP-5. Entretanto, o papel da interação de Nef com AP-1 e AP-3 na regulação negativa de CD4 ainda não está totalmente elucidado. Ademais, AP-1, AP-2 e AP-3 são potencialmente heterogêneos devido à existência de isoformas múltiplas das subunidades codificadas por diferentes genes. Todavia, existem poucos estudos para demonstrar se as diferentes combinações de isoformas dos APs são formadas e se possuem propriedades funcionais distintas. O presente trabalho procurou identificar e caracterizar fatores celulares envolvidos na regulação do tráfego intracelular de proteínas no processo de regulação negativa de CD4 induzido por Nef. Mais especificamente, este estudo buscou caracterizar a participação do complexo AP-1 na modulação negativa de CD4 por Nef de HIV-1, através do estudo funcional das duas isoformas de ?-adaptina, subunidades de AP-1. Utilizando a técnica de Pull-down demonstramos que Nef é capaz de interagir com ?2. Além disso, nossos dados de Imunoblot indicaram que a proteína ?2-adaptina, e não ?1-adaptina, é necessária no processo de degradação lisossomal de CD4 por Nef e que esta participação é conservada para degradação de CD4 por Nef de diferentes cepas virais. Ademais, por citometria de fluxo, o silenciamento de ?2, e não de ?1, compromete a diminuição dos níveis de CD4 por Nef da membrana plasmática. A análise por imunofluorêsncia indireta também revelou que a diminuição dos níveis de ?2 impede a redistribuição de CD4 por Nef para regiões perinucleares, acarretando no acúmulo de CD4, retirados por Nef da membrana plasmática, em endossomos primários. A depleção de ?1A, outra subunidade de AP-1, acarretou na diminuição dos níveis celulares de ?2 e ?1, bem como, no comprometimento da eficiente degradação de CD4 por Nef. Além disso, foi possível observar que, ao perturbar a maquinaria ESCRT via super-expressão de HRS (uma subunidade do complexo ESCRT-0), ocorreu um acumulo de ?2 em endossomos dilatados contendo HRS-GFP, nos quais também detectou-se CD4 que foi internalizado por Nef. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que ?2-adaptina é uma importante molécula para o direcionamento de CD4 por Nef para a via ESCRT/MVB, mostrando ser uma proteína relevante no sistema endo-lisossomal. Ademais, os resultados indicaram que as isoformas ?-adaptinas não só possuem funções distintas, mas também parecem compor complexos AP-1 com diferentes funções celulares, já que apenas a variante AP-1 contendo ?2, mas não ?1, participa da regulação negativa de CD4 por Nef. Estes estudos contribuem para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na atividade de Nef, que poderão também ajudar na melhor compreensão da patogênese do HIV e da síndrome relacionada. Em adição, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento de processos fundamentais da regulação do tráfego de proteínas transmembrana no sistema endo-lisossomal.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the etiologic agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease which has a global distribution, and it is estimated that there are currently at least 36.9 million people infected with the virus. During the replication cycle, HIV promotes several changes in the physiology of the host cell to promote their survival and enhance replication. The fast progression of HIV-1 in humans and animal models is closely linked to the function of an accessory protein Nef. Among several actions of Nef, one is the most important is the down-regulation of proteins from the immune response, such as the CD4 receptor. It is known that this action causes CD4 degradation in lysosome, but the molecular mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Nef forms a tripartite complex with the cytosolic tail of the CD4 and adapter protein 2 (AP-2) in clathrin-coated vesicles, inducing CD4 internalization and lysosome degradation. Previous research has demonstrated that CD4 target to lysosomes by Nef involves targeting of this receptor to multivesicular bodies (MVBs) pathway by an atypical mechanism because, although not need charging ubiquitination, depends on the proteins from ESCRTs (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery and the action of Alix, an accessory protein ESCRT machinery. It has been reported that Nef interacts with subunits of AP- 1, AP-2, AP-3 complexes and Nef does not appear to interact with AP-4 and AP-5 subunits. However, the role of Nef interaction with AP-1 or AP-3 in CD4 down-regulation is poorly understood. Furthermore, AP-1, AP-2 and AP-3 are potentially heterogeneous due to the existence of multiple subunits isoforms encoded by different genes. However, there are few studies to demonstrate if the different combinations of APs isoforms are form and if they have distinct functional properties. This study aim to identify and characterize cellular factors involved on CD4 down-modulation induced by Nef from HIV-1. More specifically, this study aimed to characterize the involvement of AP-1 complex in the down-regulation of CD4 by Nef HIV-1 through the functional study of the two isoforms of ?-adaptins, AP-1 subunits. By pull-down technique, we showed that Nef is able to interact with ?2. In addition, our data from immunoblots indicated that ?2- adaptin, not ?1-adaptin, is required in Nef-mediated targeting of CD4 to lysosomes and the ?2 participation in this process is conserved by Nef from different viral strains. Furthermore, by flow cytometry assay, ?2 depletion, but not ?1 depletion, compromises the reduction of surface CD4 levels induced by Nef. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis also revealed that ?2 depletion impairs the redistribution of CD4 by Nef to juxtanuclear region, resulting in CD4 accumulation in primary endosomes. Knockdown of ?1A, another subunit of AP-1, resulted in decreased cellular levels of ?1 and ?2 and, compromising the efficient CD4 degradation by Nef. Moreover, upon artificially stabilizing ESCRT-I in early endosomes, via overexpression of HRS, internalized CD4 accumulates in enlarged HRS-GFP positive endosomes, where co-localize with ?2. Together, the results indicate that ?2-adaptin is a molecule that is essential for CD4 targeting by Nef to ESCRT/MVB pathway, being an important protein in the endo-lysosomal system. Furthermore, the results indicate that ?-adaptins isoforms not only have different functions, but also seem to compose AP-1 complex with distinct cell functions, and only the AP-1 variant comprising ?2, but not ?1, acts in the CD4 down-regulation induced by Nef. These studies contribute to a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef activities, which may also help to improve the understanding of the HIV pathogenesis and the related syndrome. In addition, this work contributes with the understanding of primordial process regulation on intracellular trafficking of transmembrane proteins.
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Liu, Albert Y. M., and 劉元明. "A Multiply-And-Accumulate Module Generator." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31258642337837389545.

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碩士
國立清華大學
資訊工程學系
88
Multiply-And-Accumulate (MAC) is the most frequently used operation in many DSP applications. We propose a software method that can generate high-performance MAC units in synthesizable HDL format. Our tool integrates several novel techniques including a modified radix-4 Booth encoding, a three dimensional Wallace tree, a sign-extension prevention scheme , and a hybrid carry-select/carry-look-ahead adder. It allows users to specify the number of bits in both inputs and output, the number system (signed or unsigned or decided by command inputs), the number of pipeline stages, saturation option on overflow, accumulator type (“addition only” or “addition and subtraction”), and pipeline stall as well as accumulator initialization capability. A typical MAC unit (16x16 inputs, 40-bit Accumulation , 2-stage pipeline) can be generated within seconds and run at over 280 MHz in post-layout simulation typical case when targeted toward a TSMC 0.35μm CMOS cell library.
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Books on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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McCrea, Michael A., and Lindsay D. Nelson. Effects of Multiple Concussions. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.10.

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There is growing concern that suffering multiple sport-related concussions may increase an athlete’s risk of cumulative neurocognitive and neurobehavioral impairment. Many concerns have not been well-validated, however, owing to limited samples of repeatedly concussed players. In this article, we review the theoretical risks and current evidence regarding the extent to which repeat concussions impact players’ experience of and recovery following successive injuries. Concussion effects are considered at multiple levels (e.g., self-reported physical and psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and neurophysiological measures) across both the acute and chronic phases of recovery. Recommendations for applying findings to injury management decisions are provided. Although repeat concussions appear to have the potential for cumulative neurophysiological burden, a number of factors (e.g., individual risk for experiencing or responding poorly to injury, recovery time between injuries) appear important to explain discrepant findings among studies and to translate general scientific principles into clinical decisions for individual players. Future work that accumulates larger, prospective samples will allow for clearer delineation of the factors that appear important for predicting how recurrent concussions impact individual athletes.
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Gan, Li. Cellular Mechanisms of Dementia. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0054.

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Neurodegenerative dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), pose enormous challenges for our aging society. Genetic and mechanistic studies have revealed common molecular and cellular pathways, including imbalanced proteostasis and aberrant innate immune responses. Key pathogens in AD, PD, and FTD accumulate and spread from one brain region to another, resulting in network dysfunction and cognitive decline. These diseases are multifactorial, caused by interactions among multiple genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors and pathways. Combination therapies that target multiple pathways may also be needed to stop or delay the dementing conditions in neurodegenerative dementias.
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Vertinsky, Patricia. Gender Matters in Sport History. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.31.

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Feminist sport historians have worked hard to bring women in from the accumulated (and imagined) histories of sport. This chapter outlines the various ways in which feminist sport historians have approached the institution of sport as a key site for the development of a critical feminist scholarship on gender. It traces the development over time of gender-sensitive sport histories alert to new forms of gender and to multiple forms of historical expression with attention to the precarious performance of gender and the ever-shifting politics of the sporting body in time and space. It also suggests avenues for future research in for sport historians of gender.
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Rothbard, Nancy P., and Ariane Ollier-Malaterre. Boundary Management. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.5.

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Boundary management is an important area within the field of work–life research. It is a set of cognitions and strategies by which people manage the critical boundaries between their multiple life domains. In this chapter, we embed this construct in its historical context from the industrial revolution to the present day. We review research that has accumulated on the different types of boundaries (e.g., spatial, temporal, relational, cognitive), the different dimensions of boundary management (segmentation versus integration preferences and behaviors, permeability, and control), as well as its directionality and time horizon. This chapter also presents a chronological approach that invites us to revisit the value of segmentation against of backdrop of an increasing blurring of the boundaries in the new world of work.
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Ahmed, Mohammed, and Sean M. Bagshaw. Management of oliguria and acute kidney injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0213.

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a challenging clinical problem for clinicians caring for critically-ill patients due largely to the paucity of specific therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating poor outcome. Those patients most at risk for the development of AKI can often be identified by an assessment of demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and procedure-related factors couple with early and intensive bedside monitoring. Importantly, critically-ill patients are often exposed to multiple discrete risks that can accumulate during their course that can negatively impact not only the duration and severity of AKI, but also probability of recovery, and long-term functional decline and risk of development of chronic kidney disease. All critically-ill patients at risk of or with milder forms of AKI should have support individualized. A clear understanding of the scope, complexity, and general principals of prevention and management of AKI are indispensable in the care of these patients and will discussed in this chapter.
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Bryant Miller, Adam, Maya Massing-Schaffer, Sarah Owens, and Mitchell J. Prinstein. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Youth. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.34.

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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is direct, intentional harm to one’s own body performed without the intent to die. NSSI has a marked developmental onset reaching peak prevalence in adolescence. NSSI is present in the context of multiple psychological disorders and stands alone as a separate phenomenon. Research has accumulated over the past several decades regarding the course of NSSI. While great advances have been made, there remains a distinct need for basic and applied research in the area of NSSI. This chapter reviews prevalence rates, correlates and risk factors, and leading theories of NSSI. Further, it reviews assessment techniques and provides recommendations. Then, it presents the latest evidence-based treatment recommendations and provides a case example. Finally, cutting edge research and the next frontier of research in this area are outlined.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0018.

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Most calcium in the body is present in the skeleton, where it serves a structural role and also as a reservoir for use in other tissues. During pregnancy, calcium is accumulated in the fetal skeleton, mostly during the third trimester when bone growth is at its peak. Although this increases the demand on maternal bone stores, the calcium transfer to the fetus is balanced by increased intestinal calcium absorption in the mother, mediated by compensatory changes in vitamin D synthesis and endogenous hormone levels. Bone loss is minimized if calcium intake is maintained at 1,000#amp;#x2013;1,200 mg/day during pregnancy. This intake level builds up calcium stores in early pregnancy for increased fetal transfer in the third trimester. Additional dietary calcium is usually not required if pre-pregnancy intake is adequate, although pregnant adolescents and women carrying multiple fetuses may require supplementation.
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Brodsky, Marc, and Ann E. Hansen. Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0012.

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Persistent pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that continues for a prolonged period of time and that may or may not be associated with a recognizable disease process. Older people may suffer from conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, low back pain, neck pain and headache, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and cancer-related pain. Pain may impact physical function, psychological function, and other aspects of quality of life. A thorough history and physical examination may optimally assess a person with a persistent pain complaint in the context of a multifactorial pathway from accumulated impairments in multiple systems. Older people may perceive that integrative medicine treatments based on lifestyle and lower-risk therapies may help them get relief from pain and improve quality of life. Follow-up evaluation of positive and negative effects of therapeutic modalities and medications may guide the treatment plan.
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Attanasio, John. A Stronger Libertarian Paradigm and The Death of the New Deal Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.003.0006.

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McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (FEC) and Citizens United v. FEC have transformed the playing field. Citizens United allows those who run corporations to leverage their influence by using the massive funds accumulated by these entities. McCutcheon empowers a few individuals to make contributions to multiple campaigns around the entire country. Now a few individuals can influence entire elections cycles—essentially purchase public policy. Just one year after Citizens United was decided, the share of total campaign giving by the top 0.01 percent of all campaign donors rose over 50 percent. Following McCutcheon, the number of $500,000-plus gifts increased from 14 to 134, and the number of $1 million plus gifts skyrocketed from eight to sixty-three. This strong libertarian paradigm has caused legislators to align with the interests of donors rather than constituents. This violates any number of constitutional pillars including divided power, federalism, the right to vote, and constituent representation.
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Giddens, Thomas, ed. Critical Directions in Comics Studies. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496828996.001.0001.

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Recent decades have seen a blossoming of academic and scholarly concern with comics. Within the ecosystems of this growth, dominant assumptions have taken root—assumptions around the particular methods and approaches used to approach the comics form, around the ways we should read comics, how its ‘system’ works, and the disciplinary relationships that surround this evolving area of study. But other perspectives have also begun to flourish amidst this verdant landscape of comics studies. These approaches seek to question the reliance on structural linguistics and the tools of English and cultural studies in the examination and understanding of comics. They turn instead to politics, to aesthetics, to law, to critical theory. This collection seeks to grow, and to grow within those more critical directions in comics studies; to fertilize and help sustain them, to multiply them, and continue to cultivate a healthy skepticism, creativity, and openness in the approach to comics knowledge. Accordingly, this volume contains a collection of indicative and provocative essays, accumulated and compiled for readers to explore and make meaning out of: to get lost in, and hopefully find new and enriching directions forward in their encounters with the rich possibilities that comics enable. Traversing phenomenological, existential, material, legal, contextual, political, and revolutionary meanings in their engagements with both comics form and examples of comics work, and interspersed with critical comics interludes, these essays seek to consolidate, exemplify, and open up potential futures for the fecund and amorphous fields of critical comics studies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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Smith, Stephen. "Multiply, Divide, and Accumulate." In Raspberry Pi Assembly Language Programming, 189–210. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5287-1_10.

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Smith, Stephen. "Multiply, Divide, and Accumulate." In Programming with 64-Bit ARM Assembly Language, 249–67. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5881-1_11.

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Mohamed Asan Basiri, M. "Asynchronous Hardware Design for Floating Point Multiply-Accumulate Circuit." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 247–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9767-8_22.

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Christopher Vishal, J., S. Sai Sri Charan, Arpit Kumar, and K. Sivasankaran. "Design of Reconfigurable Multiply-Accumulate Unit with Computational Optimization." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 335–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5048-2_27.

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Narendra Swamy, K. N., and J. Venkata Suman. "Design of Optimized Multiply Accumulate Unit Using EMBR Techniques for Low Power Applications." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 315–23. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2731-1_29.

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Tan, Hongbing, Run Yan, Ling Yang, Libo Huang, Liquan Xiao, and Qianming Yang. "Efficient Multiple-Precision and Mixed-Precision Floating-Point Fused Multiply-Accumulate Unit for HPC and AI Applications." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 642–59. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22677-9_34.

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Jithendra Babu, N., and Rajkumar Sarma. "A Novel Low Power Multiply–Accumulate (MAC) Unit Design for Fixed Point Signed Numbers." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 675–90. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2656-7_62.

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Ambika, G., G. M. Shanthala, Preeta Sharan, and Srinivas Talabattula. "An Optimized Design of Complex Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Unit in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)." In Silicon Photonics & High Performance Computing, 95–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7656-5_11.

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Velek, Ondrej, Stefan Jaeger, and Masaki Nakagawa. "Accumulated-Recognition-Rate Normalization for Combining Multiple On/Off-Line Japanese Character Classifiers Tested on a Large Database." In Multiple Classifier Systems, 196–205. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44938-8_20.

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Kamiyama, Komei, Tran Hong Ngoc, Isao Echizen, and Hiroshi Yoshiura. "Measuring Accumulated Revelations of Private Information by Multiple Media." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 70–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16283-1_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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Grisamore, Robert T., and Earl E. Swartzlander, Jr. "Fast multiply-accumulate architecture." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Franklin T. Luk. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.406506.

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Patil, Priyanka A., and Charudatta Kulkarni. "A Survey on Multiply Accumulate Unit." In 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccubea.2018.8697705.

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Jaina, Devika, Kabiraj Sethi, and Rutuparna Panda. "Vedic Mathematics Based Multiply Accumulate Unit." In 2011 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicn.2011.167.

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Nasiri, Nasibeh, Oren Segal, and Martin Margala. "Modified fused multiply-accumulate chained unit." In 2014 IEEE 57th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwscas.2014.6908558.

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Israel, Scott, and Steve Gustafson. "Asynchronous Integrated Optical Multiply Accumulate Unit." In Optical Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1985.tub5.

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Current bulk acousto-optic processors calculate products very rapidly yet they suffer the following limitations: 1) the data is clocked into the processor thereby limiting the ultimate speed of the processor to that of the clock, 2) the processor is limited to matrix calculations, 3) an extremely stable, large platform is needed for the apparatus, and 4) a long time is needed to convert the mixed binary output to useable (at least to the rest of the computer world) pure binary.
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Preethy, A. P., Damu Radhakrishnan, and Amos Omondi. "A high performance RNS multiply-accumulate unit." In the 11th Great Lakes Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/368122.368906.

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Chang, Jin-Kyu, Hanho Lee, and Chang-Seok Choi. "A power-aware variable-precision multiply-accumulate unit." In 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2009.5341060.

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Ahish, S., Y. B. N. Kumar, Dheeraj Sharma, and M. H. Vasantha. "Design of high performance Multiply-Accumulate Computation unit." In 2015 IEEE International Advance Computing Conference (IACC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iadcc.2015.7154838.

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Swaraj, Raman M., Kumar K. Arun, and Reddy K. Srinivas. "Reversible implementation of novel multiply accumulate (MAC) unit." In 2012 International Conference on Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccict.2012.6398218.

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Sakthivel, R., K. Sravanthi, and Harish M. Kittur. "Low power energy efficient pipelined multiply-accumulate architecture." In the International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2345396.2345434.

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Reports on the topic "Multiply and accumulate"

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Nielsen, Christian D., and Alain J. Martin. A Delay-Insensitive Multiply-Accumulate Unit. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451173.

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Tepikian, S., and C. Gardner. Multipole Polarities for the SNS Accumulator Ring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157292.

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Busby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.

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Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bio-concentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.
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4

Fahima, Tzion, and Jorge Dubcovsky. Map-based cloning of the novel stripe rust resistance gene YrG303 and its use to engineer 1B chromosome with multiple beneficial traits. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598147.bard.

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Research problem: Bread wheat (Triticumaestivum) provides approximately 20% of the calories and proteins consumed by humankind. As the world population continues to increase, it is necessary to improve wheat yields, increase grain quality, and minimize the losses produced by biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust, caused by Pucciniastriiformisf. sp. tritici(Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat. The new pathogen races are more virulent and aggressive than previous ones and have produced large economic losses. A rich source for stripe-rust resistance genes (Yr) was found in wild emmer wheat populations from Israel. Original Project goals: Our long term goal is to identify, map, clone, characterize and deploy in breeding, novel wild emmer Yr genes, and combine them with multiple beneficial traits. The current study was aiming to map and clone YrG303 and Yr15, located on chromosome 1BS and combine them with drought resistance and grain quality genes. Positional cloning of YrG303/Yr15: Fine mapping of these genes revealed that YrG303 is actually allelic to Yr15. Fine genetic mapping using large segregating populations resulted in reduction of the genetic interval spanning Yr15 to less than 0.1 cM. Physical mapping of the YrG303/Yr15 locus was based on the complete chromosome 1BS physical map of wheat constructed by our group. Screening of 1BS BAC library with Yr15 markers revealed a long BAC scaffold covering the target region. The screening of T. dicoccoidesaccession-specific BAC library with Yr15 markers resulted in direct landing on the target site. Sequencing of T. dicoccoidesBAC clones that cover the YrG303/Yr15 locus revealed a single candidate gene (CG) with conserved domains that may indicate a role in disease resistance response. Validation of the CG was carried out using EMS mutagenesis (loss-of- function approach). Sequencing of the CG in susceptible yr15/yrG303 plants revealed three independent mutants that harbour non-functional yr15/yrG303 alleles within the CG conserved domains, and therefore validated its function as a Pstresistance gene. Evaluation of marker-assisted-selection (MAS) for Yr15. Introgressions of Yr15 into cultivated wheat are widely used now. Recently, we have shown that DNA markers linked to Yr15 can be used as efficient tools for introgression of Yr15 into cultivated wheat via MAS. The developed markers were consistent and polymorphic in all 34 tested introgressions and are the most recommended markers for the introgression of Yr15. These markers will facilitate simultaneous selection for multiple Yr genes and help to avoid escapees during the selection process. Engineering of improved chromosome 1BS that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We have implemented the knowledge and genetic resources accumulated in this project for the engineering of 1B "super-chromosome" that harbors multiple beneficial traits. We completed the generation of a chromosome including the rye 1RS distal segment associated with improved drought tolerance with the Yr gene, Yr15, and the strong gluten allele 7Bx-over-expressor (7Bxᴼᴱ). We have completed the introgression of this improved chromosome into our recently released variety Patwin-515HP and our rain fed variety Kern, as well as to our top breeding lines UC1767 and UC1745. Elucidating the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Yr36 (WKS1). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene (Yr36) confers partial resistance to Pst. We have shown that wheat plants transformed with WKS1 transcript are resistant to Pst. WKS1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associatedascorbateperoxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify ROS and contributes to cell death. Distribution and diversity of WKS in wild emmer populations. We have shown that WKS1 is present only in the southern distribution range of wild emmer in the Fertile Crescent. Sequence analysis revealed a high level of WKS1 conservation among wild emmer populations, in contrast to the high level of diversity observed in NB-LRR genes. This phenomenon shed some light on the evolution of genes that confer partial resistance to Pst. Three new WKS1 haplotypes displayed a resistance response, suggesting that they can be useful to improve wheat resistance to Pst. In summary, we have improved our understanding of cereals’ resistance mechanisms to rusts and we have used that knowledge to develop improved wheat varieties.
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5

Findlay, Trevor. The Role of International Organizations in WMD Compliance and Enforcement: Autonomy, Agency, and Influence. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce9.

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Major multilateral arms control and disarmament treaties dealing with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) often have mandated an international organization to monitor and verify State party compliance and to handle cases of non-compliance. There are marked differences in the mandates and technical capabilities of these bodies. Nonetheless, they often face the same operational and existential challenges. This report looks at the role of multilateral verification bodies, especially their secretariats, in dealing with compliance and enforcement, the extent to which they achieve “agency” and “influence” in doing so, and whether and how such capacities might be enhanced. In WMD organizations it is the governing bodies that make decisions about noncompliance and enforcement. The role of their secretariats is to manage the monitoring and verification systems, analyse the resulting data – and data from other permitted sources – and alert their governing bodies to suspicions of non-compliance. Secretariats are expected to be impartial, technically oriented and professional. It is when a serious allegation of non-compliance arises that their role becomes most sensitive politically and most vital. The credibility of Secretariats in these instances will depend on the agency and influence that they have accumulated. There are numerous ways in which an international secretariat can position itself for maximum agency and influence, essentially by making itself indispensable to member States and the broader international community. It can achieve this by engaging with multiple stakeholders, aiming for excellence in its human and technical resources, providing timely and sustainable implementation assistance, ensuring an appropriate organizational culture and, perhaps most of all, understanding that knowledge is power. The challenge for supporters of international verification organizations is to enhance those elements that give them agency and influence and minimize those that lead to inefficiencies, dysfunction and, most damaging of all, political interference in verification and compliance judgements.
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6

Whitham, Steven A., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Post-transcriptional Regulation of Host Genes Involved with Symptom Expression in Potyviral Infections. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593391.bard.

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Understanding how RNA viruses cause disease symptoms in their hosts is expected to provide information that can be exploited to enhance modern agriculture. The helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) protein of potyviruses has been implicated in symptom development. Previously, we demonstrated that symptom expression is associated with binding of duplex small-interfering-RNA (duplex-siRNA) to a highly conserved FRNK amino acid motif in the HC-Pro of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). This binding activity also alters host microRNA (miRNA) profiles. In Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which infects the model plant Arabidopsis, mutation of the FRNK motif to FINK was lethal providing further indication of the importance of this motif to HC-Pro function. In this continuation project, our goal was to further investigate how ZYMV and TuMV cause the mis-expression of genes in cucurbits and Arabidopsis, respectively, and to correlate altered gene expression with disease symptoms. Objective 1 was to examine the roles of aromatic and positively charged residues F164RNH and K215RLF adjacent to FR180NK in small RNA binding. Objective 2 was to determine the target genes of the miRNAs which change during HC-Pro expression in infected tissues and transgenic cucumber. Objective 3 was to characterize RNA silencing mechanisms underlying differential expression of host genes. Objective 4 was to analyze the function of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes in potyvirus-infected tissues. We found that the charged K/R amino acid residues in the FKNH and KRLF motifs are essential for virus viability. Replacement of K to I in FKNH disrupted duplex-siRNA binding and virus infectivity, while in KRLF mutants duplex-siRNA binding was maintained and virus infectivity was limited: symptomless following a recovery phenomenon. These findings expanded the duplex-siRNA binding activity of HC-Pro to include the adjacent FRNK and FRNH sites. ZYMV causes many squash miRNAs to hyper-accumulate such as miR166, miR390, mir168, and many others. Screening of mir target genes showed that only INCURVATA-4 and PHAVOLUTA were significantly upregulated following ZYMVFRNK infection. Supporting this finding, we found similar developmental symptoms in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing P1-HC-Pro of a range of potyviruses to those observed in miR166 mutants. We characterized increased transcription of AGO1 in response to infection with both ZYMV strains. Differences in viral siRNA profiles and accumulation between mild and severe virus infections were characterized by Illumina sequencing, probably due to the differences in HC-Pro binding activity. We determined that the TuMV FINK mutant could accumulate and cause symptoms in dcl2 dcl4 or dcl2 dcl3 dcl4 mutants similar to TuMV FRNK in wild type Arabidopsis plants. These dcl mutant plants are defective in antiviral defenses, and the results show that factors other than HC-ProFRNK motif can induce symptoms in virus-infected plants. As a result of this work, we have a better understanding of the FRNK and FKNH amino acid motifs of HC-Pro and their contributions to the duplex-siRNA binding functions. We have identified plant genes that potentially contribute to infectivity and symptoms of virus infected plants when they are mis-expressed during potyviral infections. The results establish that there are multiple underlying molecular mechanisms that lead viral pathogenicity, some dependent on HC-Pro. The potential benefits include the development of novel strategies for controlling diseases caused by viruses, methods to ensure stable expression of transgenes in genetically improved crops, and improved potyvirus vectors for expression of proteins or peptides in plants.
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7

Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson, and Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.
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