Journal articles on the topic 'Multiplexing detection'

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1

Jin, Xiu Mei, Yu Mei Lv, and Li Feng Du. "Research on a New Detection Technique of FBG Using OTDR." Advanced Materials Research 317-319 (August 2011): 2346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.317-319.2346.

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A new technique of using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) to detect the reflected power of FBG sensing array was researched systematically. The theoretical model between the reflected power detected by OTDR and the reflected wavelength of FBG was established by analyzing, and consequently the selection rule of FBG wavelength in OTDR detection system was proposed. Moreover, experiments about multi-combination of FBGs with high reflectivity were carried out. The cause of dummy peak and resonance peak in OTDR test curves were analyzed, and meanwhile the selection basis of FBG reflectivity was also given. Based on time division multiplexing theory, detecting low-reflectivity FBG by OTDR can increase the FBG multiplexing number greatly, which has wide prospect to be applied in FBG array detection.
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Chen, Xiang, Hao Liu, Mai Hu, Lu Yao, Zhenyu Xu, Hao Deng, and Ruifeng Kan. "Frequency-Domain Detection for Frequency-Division Multiplexing QEPAS." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 4030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114030.

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To achieve multi-gas measurements of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensors under a frequency-division multiplexing mode with a narrow modulation frequency interval, we report a frequency-domain detection method. A CH4 absorption line at 1653.72 nm and a CO2 absorption line at 2004.02 nm were investigated in this experiment. A modulation frequency interval of as narrow as 0.6 Hz for CH4 and CO2 detection was achieved. Frequency-domain 2f signals were obtained with a resolution of 0.125 Hz using a real-time frequency analyzer. With the multiple linear regressions of the frequency-domain 2f signals of various gas mixtures, small deviations within 2.5% and good linear relationships for gas detection were observed under the frequency-division multiplexing mode. Detection limits of 0.6 ppm for CH4 and 2.9 ppm for CO2 were simultaneously obtained. With the 0.6-Hz interval, the amplitudes of QEPAS signals will increase substantially since the modulation frequencies are closer to the resonant frequency of a QTF. Furthermore, the frequency-domain detection method with a narrow interval can realize precise gas measurements of more species with more lasers operating under the frequency-division multiplexing mode. Additionally, this method, with a narrow interval of modulation frequencies, can also realize frequency-division multiplexing detection for QEPAS sensors under low pressure despite the ultra-narrow bandwidth of the QTF.
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Zhixin Wang, Zhixin Wang, Li Tao Li Tao, Yiguang Wang Yiguang Wang, and Nan Chi Nan Chi. "56 Gb/s direct-detection polarization multiplexing multi-band CAP transmission." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 8 (2015): 080602–80605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.080602.

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Wang, Hua Hua, Wang Qiang Zheng, and Nan Lv. "A Method to Improve PDCCH Blind Detection Efficiency Used in TD-LTE System." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3585.

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In order to improve the efficiency of blind detection in receiving end, this paper deeply considered structure of the PDCCH multiplexing data and analyze the current algorithm. A more efficient algorithm based on preprocessing the PDCCH multiplexing data in certain search space is proposed in this paper. This algorithm ably reduces the blind detection times.
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Ozcelik, Damla, Joshua W. Parks, Thomas A. Wall, Matthew A. Stott, Hong Cai, Joseph W. Parks, Aaron R. Hawkins, and Holger Schmidt. "Optofluidic wavelength division multiplexing for single-virus detection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 42 (October 5, 2015): 12933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511921112.

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Optical waveguides simultaneously transport light at different colors, forming the basis of fiber-optic telecommunication networks that shuttle data in dozens of spectrally separated channels. Here, we reimagine this wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) paradigm in a novel context––the differentiated detection and identification of single influenza viruses on a chip. We use a single multimode interference (MMI) waveguide to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns across the entire visible spectrum and enable multiplexed single biomolecule detection on an optofluidic chip. Each target is identified by its time-dependent fluorescence signal without the need for spectral demultiplexing upon detection. We demonstrate detection of individual fluorescently labeled virus particles of three influenza A subtypes in two implementations: labeling of each virus using three different colors and two-color combinatorial labeling. By extending combinatorial multiplexing to three or more colors, MMI-based WDM provides the multiplexing power required for differentiated clinical tests and the growing field of personalized medicine.
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Gimmler-Dumont, Christina, Frank Kienle, Bin Wu, and Guido Masera. "A System View on Iterative MIMO Detection: Dynamic Sphere Detection versus Fixed Effort List Detection." VLSI Design 2012 (April 22, 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/826350.

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Multiple-antenna systems are a promising approach to increase the data rate of wireless communication systems. One efficient possibility is spatial multiplexing of the transmitted symbols over several antennas. Many different MIMO detector algorithms exist for this spatial multiplexing. The major difference between different MIMO detectors is the resulting communications performance and implementation complexity, respectively. Particularly closed-loop MIMO systems have attained a lot of attention in the last years. In a closed-loop system, reliability information is fed back from the channel decoder to the MIMO detector. In this paper, we derive a basic framework to compare different soft-input soft-output MIMO detectors in open- and closed-loop systems. Within this framework, we analyze a depth-first sphere detector and a breadth-first fixed effort detector for different application scenarios and their effects on area and energy efficiency on the whole system. We present all system components under open- and closed-loop system aspects and determine the overall implementation cost for changing an open-loop system in a closed-loop system.
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Achilles, Daryl, Christine Silberhorn, Cezary Sliwa, Konrad Banaszek, Ian A. Walmsley, Michael J. Fitch, Bryan C. Jacobs, Todd B. Pittman, and James D. Franson. "Photon-number-resolving detection using time-multiplexing." Journal of Modern Optics 51, no. 9-10 (June 1, 2004): 1499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340408235288.

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8

Goldfarb, Gilad, Guifang Li, and Michael G. Taylor. "Orthogonal Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Using Coherent Detection." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 19, no. 24 (December 2007): 2015–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2007.909895.

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9

Li, Nan, Jianshan Ye, and Ying Ma. "Stimuli-responsive SERS nanoprobes for multiplexing detection." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 281 (February 2019): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.10.120.

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10

Leuthold, A., R. Wakai, G. Hohenwarter, and J. Nordman. "Multiplexing superconducting quantum interface device detection coils." Journal of Applied Physics 74, no. 4 (August 15, 1993): 2939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355321.

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11

Seethaler, D., H. Artés, and F. Hlawatsch. "Detection techniques for MIMO spatial multiplexing systems." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 122, no. 3 (March 2005): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03054042.

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Shaimerdenova, Madina, Takhmina Ayupova, Aliya Bekmurzayeva, Marzhan Sypabekova, Zhannat Ashikbayeva, and Daniele Tosi. "Spatial-Division Multiplexing Approach for Simultaneous Detection of Fiber-Optic Ball Resonator Sensors: Applications for Refractometers and Biosensors." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12111007.

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Fiber-optic ball resonators are an attractive technology for refractive index (RI) sensing and optical biosensing, as they have good sensitivity and allow for a rapid and repeatable manufacturing process. An important feature for modern biosensing devices is the multiplexing capacity, which allows for interrogating multiple sensors (potentially, with different functionalization methods) simultaneously, by a single analyzer. In this work, we report a multiplexing method for ball resonators, which is based on a spatial-division multiplexing approach. The method is validated on four ball resonator devices, experimentally evaluating both the cross-talk and the spectral shape influence of one sensor on another. We show that the multiplexing approach is highly efficient and that a sensing network with an arbitrary number of ball resonators can be designed with reasonable penalties for the sensing capabilities. Furthermore, we validate this concept in a four-sensor multiplexing configuration, for the simultaneous detection of two different cancer biomarkers across a widespread range of concentrations.
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Turk, Nina, Hans Demol, Andre Skirtach, Roel Baets, and Kris Gevaert. "Towards SERS-based multiplexed monitoring of protease activity using non-natural aromatic amino acids." EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023804001.

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Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) allows sensitive and selective detection of protease activity by monitoring the cleavage of specific peptide substrates. Furthermore, it offers the possibility for multiplexing, during which the activity of two (or more) proteases with different specificities is detected simultaneously. To distinguish between the contributions of different proteases, different aromatic amino acids with non-overlapping SERS peaks need to be used as Raman reporters. As the three natural aromatic amino acids only offer limited possibilities for multiplexing, we examined several non-natural aromatic amino acids with the aim of expanding multiplexing possibilities. We recorded their SERS spectra for the Raman shifts of 300-1700 cm–1 and identified their characteristic SERS peaks. Of the examined nonnatural aromatic amino acids, 3-nitro-tyrosine and two phenylalanines containing stable heavy isotopes seem particularly promising for multiplexing applications. Besides exhibiting characteristic SERS peaks in the spectral region of interest, these non-natural aromatics provide strong SERS peaks compared to natural aromatic amino acids, consequently improving detection sensitivity.
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Mokany, Elisa, Yee Lee Tan, Simon M. Bone, Caroline J. Fuery, and Alison V. Todd. "MNAzyme qPCR with Superior Multiplexing Capacity." Clinical Chemistry 59, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2012.192930.

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BACKGROUND MNAzymes (nucleic acid enzymes formed from multiple partial enzymes) can be linked to PCR to provide a highly specific method for target detection and quantification. We investigated the feasibility of multiplexing MNAzyme quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods. METHODS We combined MNAzyme components with PCR primers and standard qPCR reagents to perform MNAzyme qPCR and reverse-transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) assays with a set of universal reporter probes. Assays were performed on single targets and in multiplex formats that combined up to 5 different targets in a single reaction. RESULTS A comparison of 3 targets amplified in single and triplex formats showed no significant differences with respect to detection limit or amplification efficiency. Likewise, we successfully converted single-target assays for 11 transcripts of interest to triplex assays containing 2 reference transcripts without having to optimize or modify the conditions. A quintuplex RT-qPCR that simultaneously quantified 5 transcripts with 5 universal probes produced high amplification efficiencies and r2 values for all transcripts. Despite the large numbers of oligonucleotides in the reactions, we observed no false-positive signals, owing to the requirement of 4 target-specific binding events to produce a signal. A quadruplex assay that combined MNAzymes with methylation-specific PCR to measure epigenetic biomarkers of prostate cancer was capable of detecting a single methylated DNA allele in a BACKGROUND of 1000–10 000 unmethylated alleles. The MNAzyme qPCR was compatible with a rapid-cycling protocol. CONCLUSIONS MNAzymes offer a flexible and unique approach to qPCR that is specific, sensitive, and easily multiplexed. The universal nature of MNAzyme reporter probes removes the need for target-specific probes, thereby making the development of new assays easier and cheaper.
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15

LAI, Kuei-Chiang, and Chi-Jen CHEN. "Detection Algorithms for FBMC/OQAM Spatial Multiplexing Systems." IEICE Transactions on Communications E104.B, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2020ebp3165.

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16

Lai, Yuming, Shuqing Sun, Tao He, Sebastian Schlücker, and Yuling Wang. "Raman-encoded microbeads for spectral multiplexing with SERS detection." RSC Advances 5, no. 18 (2015): 13762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra16163g.

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17

Civelli, Stella, Enrico Forestieri, and Marco Secondini. "Mitigating the Impact of Noise on Nonlinear Frequency Division Multiplexing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249099.

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In the past years, nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) has been investigated as a potentially revolutionary technique for nonlinear optical fiber communication. However, while NFDM is able to exploit the Kerr nonlinearity, its performance lags behind that of conventional systems. In this work, we first highlight that current implementations of NFDM are strongly suboptimal, and, consequently, oversensitive to noise: the modulation does not ensure a large minimum distance between waveforms, while the detection is not tailored to the statistics of noise. Next, we discuss improved detections strategies and modulation techniques, proposing some effective approaches able to improve NFDM. Different flavors of NFDM are compared through simulations, showing that (i) the NFDM performance can be significantly improved by employing more effective detection strategies, with a 5.6 dB gain in Q-factor obtained with the best strategy compared to the standard strategy; (ii) an additional gain of 2.7 dB is obtained by means of a simple power-tilt modulation strategy, bringing the total gain with respect to standard NFDM to 8.3 dB; and (iii) under some parameters range (rate efficiency η≤30%), the combination of improved modulation and detection allows NFDM to outperform conventional systems using electronic dispersion compensation.
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Qinglan, Shi, Shi Yujiao, Liu Xiaochen, Mei Shuli, and Feng Lei. "A high-sensitivity multilayer soil moisture monitoring sensor based on a double high-frequency tuning detection circuit." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 2 (February 2020): 155014772090782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720907826.

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The multilayer soil moisture Internet of things sensor is designed to monitor the moisture of multiple soil profiles in real time. Its sensitivity and accuracy are of great concern to improve the performance of sensors. This article introduces the system composition of the end-cloud integrated multilayer soil moisture Internet of things sensor and then focuses on the design of key technologies, such as the moisture detection circuit, the time division multiplexing detection technology, and the deredundancy circuit in the analog–digital integrated design. The performance of the soil moisture detection circuit is directly related to the measurement accuracy of the sensor. A detection method is proposed using a high-frequency double-resonance circuit, which can detect small changes in moisture by changing the circuit detuning voltage. The maximum root mean square error of the calibration is less than 1.35% for five typical soils from different places. Compared with that of an independent detection method, the output consistency of the time division multiplexing detection is significantly improved by using the time division multiplexing detection method, which has a root mean square error of only 0.12%. In order to reduce errors caused by inconsistency in each burial, the gravimetric analysis is used in the sensitivity monitoring test, which shows that small changes in soil moisture can be detected by the circuit.
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19

Pu, Yue, Rui Lin, and Tao Wang. "A novel method for enrichment and detection of the six major subtypes of EGFR exon 19 deletions simultaneously by capturing mutant-alleles." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e15539-e15539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15539.

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e15539 Background: EGFR exon 19 deletions (19DELs) are important precision therapy targets for NSCLC patients. Due to over twenty subtypes of 19DEL mutations, it is usually challenging for detecting different deletion forms in one assay using limited DNA preparation from plasma sample. Methods: Previously we had developed a high sensitivity detection method, namely PEAC, to detect single somatic mutation in one assay. The method used locked¨Cnucleic acid modified short DNA probe to capture mutant fragment under an optimized temperature. In the present study, we have established a multiplexing PEAC approach for simultaneous enrichment and high sensitivity detection of six major subtypes of EGFR 19DELs.The six subtypes overall account for >86% EGFR exon 19 deletions in the patient population. Results: Genomic DNA of EGFR wild-type was mixed with DNA samples of known EGFR 19DEL mutations. The mutation allele fractions of 5%, 1%, and 0.1% for the six 19del subtypes were constructed, which included c.2235-2249del15 p.E746_A750del, c.2236-2250del15 p.E746_A750del, c.2237-2255delinsT p.E746_A752delinsV, c.2235-2249delinsC p.L747_A750delinsP, c.2240-2254del15 p.L747_T751del, and c.2240-2257del18 p.L747_P753delinsS. The mixed DNA samples were sonicated to mimic the fragment distribution of circulating-free DNA (cfDNA) and PCR amplified for exon 19 regions. Multiplexing enrichment using the six specific probes targeted to the 19DEL subtypes were performed to the amplified DNA fragments under the optimal binding conditions. Sanger sequencing all showed detectable variants in the enriched samples starting with 5%, 1%, or 0.1% mutants, which indicated the capacity and high sensitivity of multiplexing PEAC technology. To explore the potential of multiplexing with other EGFR mutants, the 0.1% mixed mutants of 19DEL were PCR amplified for EGFR exon 20 and exon 21 in addition to exon 19, and followed with enrichment and detection of the six 19DEL variants. Sanger sequencing can detect all the six subtypes of 19DELs. Our method is superior to ddPCR in some aspects such as high throughput and low starting DNA amounts. Conclusions: Multiplexing PEAC technology can simultaneously enrich and detect the six major subtypes of EGFR 19 deletions with high sensitivity. It also has potential to multiplex with other EGFR driver mutations such as in exons 18-21. The technology may serve as an attractive method for detecting mutations in liquid biopsies in clinical practice.
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Jet, Thomas, Guillaume Gines, Yannick Rondelez, and Valérie Taly. "Advances in multiplexed techniques for the detection and quantification of microRNAs." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 6 (2021): 4141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00609b.

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Sun, Xueping, Rui Ma, Xinxin Pu, Shaobo Ge, Jin Cheng, Xiangyang Li, Quan Wang, Shun Zhou, and Weiguo Liu. "High-Efficiency Polarization Multiplexing Metalenses." Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12091500.

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The polarization multiplexing technique is a well-established method that improves the communication capacity of an optical system. In this paper, we designed orthogonal linear and circular polarization multiplexing metalens using a library of rectangle TiO2 nanostructures. The former can independently focus x- and y-linearly polarized incident lights to designed positions with a focusing efficiency of 53.81% and 51.56%, respectively, whereas the latter with two preset focal points can independently control left and right circularly polarized incident lights with a focusing efficiency of 42.45% and 42.46%, respectively. We also show that both metalenses can produce diffraction-limited focal spots for four polarization states with no obvious distortion, which opens up new applications in polarization imaging and polarization detection.
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Dehnaw, Amare Mulatie, Yibeltal Chanie Manie, Ya Yu Chen, Po Han Chiu, Hung Wei Huang, Guan Wei Chen, and Peng Chun Peng. "Design Reliable Bus Structure Distributed Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network Using Gated Recurrent Unit Network." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 7355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247355.

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The focus of this paper was designing and demonstrating bus structure FBG sensor networks using intensity wavelength division multiplexing (IWDM) techniques and a gated recurrent unit (GRU) algorithm to increase the capability of multiplexing and the ability to detect Bragg wavelengths with greater accuracy. Several Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are coupled with power ratios of 90:10 and 80:10, respectively in the suggested experimental setup. We used the latest IWDM multiplexing technique for the proposed scheme, as the IWDM system increases the number of sensors and allows us to alleviate the limited operational region drawback of conventional wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). However, IWDM has a crosstalk problem that causes high-sensor signal measurement errors. Thus, we proposed the GRU model to overcome this crosstalk or overlapping problem by converting the spectral detection problem into a regression problem and considered the sequence of spectral features as input. By feeding this sequential spectrum dataset into the GRU model, we trained the GRU system until we achieved optimal efficiency. Consequently, the well-trained GRU model quickly and accurately identifies the Bragg wavelength of each FBG from the overlapping spectra. The Bragg wavelength detection performance of our proposed GRU model is tested or validated using different numbers of FBG sensors, such as 3-FBG, 5-FBG, 7-FBG, and 10-FBG, separately. As a result, the experiment result proves that the well-trained GRU model accurately identifies each FBG Bragg wavelength, and even the number of FBG sensors increase, as well as the spectra of FBGs, which are partially or fully overlapped. Therefore, to boost the detection efficiency, reliability, and to increase the multiplexing capabilities of FBG sensor networks, the proposed sensor system is better than the other previously proposed methods.
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Li, Jia, and Joanne Macdonald. "Multiplex lateral flow detection and binary encoding enables a molecular colorimetric 7-segment display." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 2 (2016): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc01323b.

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Bakulin, М. G., V. V. Vityazev, V. B. Kreyndelin, and А. P. Shumov. "EFFECTIVE SIGNAL DETECTION FOR THE SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING MIMO SYSTEMS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 77, no. 13 (2018): 1141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v77.i13.30.

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Lim, Sung-Ho, Kyungsoo Kim, and Ji-Woong Choi. "Detection Techniques for High Dimensional Spatial Multiplexing MIMO System." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 39A, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2014.39a.7.413.

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Xu, Shaoyi, Wei Li, Fangfang Xing, and Yuqiao Wang. "Polarimetric current sensor based on polarization division multiplexing detection." Optics Express 22, no. 10 (May 9, 2014): 11985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.011985.

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Fujimura, R., T. Shimura, and K. Kuroda. "Multiplexing capability in polychromatic reconstruction with selective detection method." Optics Express 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2010): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.001091.

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Magarini, M., and A. Spalvieri. "Coset detection in MIMO systems based on spatial multiplexing." IEEE Communications Letters 10, no. 5 (May 2006): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2006.1633333.

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Han, Daehoon, Jinkee Hong, Hyun Cheol Kim, Jong Hwan Sung, and Jong Bum Lee. "Multiplexing Enhancement for the Detection of Multiple Pathogen DNA." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 7295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2013.8096.

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Cui, Tao, and Chintha Tellambura. "Generalized feedback detection for spatial multiplexing multi-antenna systems." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7, no. 2 (February 2008): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2008.060513.

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Civelli, Stella, Enrico Forestieri, and Marco Secondini. "Decision-feedback detection strategy for nonlinear frequency-division multiplexing." Optics Express 26, no. 9 (April 26, 2018): 12057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.012057.

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Waseda, Atsushi, Masahiro Takeoka, Masahide Sasaki, Mikio Fujiwara, and Hidema Tanaka. "Quantum detection of wavelength-division-multiplexing optical coherent signals." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 27, no. 2 (January 19, 2010): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.27.000259.

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Del Bonis-O'Donnell, Jackson Travis, Deborah K. Fygenson, and Sumita Pennathur. "Fluorescent silver nanocluster DNA probes for multiplexed detection using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis." Analyst 140, no. 5 (2015): 1609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01735h.

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Anfossi, Laura, Fabio Di Nardo, Simone Cavalera, Cristina Giovannoli, and Claudio Baggiani. "Multiplex Lateral Flow Immunoassay: An Overview of Strategies towards High-throughput Point-of-Need Testing." Biosensors 9, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9010002.

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Simultaneous measurement of different substances from a single sample is an emerging issue for achieving efficient and high-throughput detection in several fields of application. Although immunoanalytical techniques have well-established and prevailing advantages over alternative screening analytical platforms, one of the incoming challenges for immunoassay is exact multiplexing. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a leading immunoanalytical technique for onsite analysis, thanks to its simplicity, rapidity, and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, LFIA architecture is adaptable to multiplexing, and is therefore a possible answer to the pressing demand of multiplexing point-of-need analysis. This review presents an overview of diverse approaches for multiplex LFIA, with a special focus on strategies based on new types of magnetic, fluorescent, and colored labels.
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Fazea, Yousef, Mustafa Muwafak Alobaedy, and Zeyid T. Ibraheem. "Performance of a Direct-Detection Spot Mode Division Multiplexing in Multimode Fiber." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0135.

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Abstract Multimode fiber (MMF) regarded as an excellent choice for providing large capacity and high-speed for applications such as data centers due to its adaptability and unwavering quality. The ceaseless development and the increase of Internet users that emphasis on increasing data capacity have promoted mode division multiplexing (MDM) as a promising contender for providing further level of multiplexing freedom by propagating several and dissimilar channels in different mode stream. This paper investigates and analyzes the effects of launching MDM spot mode with various vortex order using vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array in conjunction with equalization scheme. A capacity of 40 Gbit/s transmitted over MMF long distance of 1500 m has been achieved at a wavelength of 1550.12 nm.
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Ahmadivand, Arash, Burak Gerislioglu, and Zeinab Ramezani. "Generation of magnetoelectric photocurrents using toroidal resonances: a new class of infrared plasmonic photodetectors." Nanoscale 11, no. 27 (2019): 13108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04312h.

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The detection of photons by plasmonic subwavelength devices underpins spectroscopy, low-power wavelength division multiplexing for short-distance optical communication, imaging, and time-gated distance measurements.
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Guillen Bonilla, Guillen Bonilla, Rodríguez Betancourtt, Casillas Zamora, Sánchez Morales, Gildo Ortiz, and Guillen Bonilla. "Signal Analysis, Signal Demodulation and Numerical Simulation of a Quasi-Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor Based on FDM/WDM Techniques and Fabry-Pérot Interferometers." Sensors 19, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081759.

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In civil engineering quasi-distributed optical fiber sensors are used for reinforced concrete monitoring, precast concrete monitoring, temperature monitoring, strain monitoring and temperature/strain monitoring. These quasi-distributed sensors necessarily apply some multiplexing technique. However, on many occasions, two or more multiplexing techniques are combined to increase the number of local sensors and then the cost of each sensing point is reduced. In this work, a signal analysis and a new signal demodulation algorithm are reported for a quasi-distributed optic fiber sensor system based on Frequency Division Multiplexing/Wavelength Division Multiplexing (FDM/WDM) and low-precision Fabry-Pérot interferometers. The mathematical analysis and the new algorithm optimize its design, its implementation, improve its functionality and reduce the cost per sensing point. The analysis was corroborated by simulating a quasi-distributed sensor in operation. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are in concordance. The optimization considers multiplexing techniques, signal demodulation, physical parameters, system noise, instrumentation, and detection technique. Based on our analysis and previous results reported, the optical sensing system can have more than 4000 local sensors and it has practical applications in civil engineering.
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38

Costanzo, S., F. Spadafora, O. H. Moreno, F. Scarcella, and G. Di Massa. "Multiband Software Defined Radar for Soil Discontinuities Detection." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/379832.

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A multiband Software Defined Radar based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing technique is proposed in this work for an accurate soil discontinuities detection, taking into account also the dispersive behavior of media. A multilayer soil structure is assumed as a validation test to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, by accurately retrieving the unknown thicknesses and permittivities of the soil layers.
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39

Fisser, Maximilian, Xiyong Huang, Dominic A. Moseley, Chris Bumby, and Rodney A. Badcock. "Evaluation of continuous fiber Bragg grating and signal processing method for hotspot detection at cryogenic temperatures." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (April 5, 2022): 054005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac5d68.

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Abstract The recent adoption of high-T c superconductor (HTS) wires for ultra-high field magnet windings provide great promise for future applications, such as high-power generators and Tokamak fusion reactors. However, an open issue with the use of HTS is the challenge of rapidly detecting a hot spot which could lead to a quench. Optical fiber sensors have been shown to be promising alternatives to the voltage-based quench detection method. In this paper, we report on ultra-long fiber Bragg gratings (ULFBG) for hotspot detection at cryogenic temperatures using a new detection algorithm. This novel sensing system is suitable for applications in which solely the occurrence of a hotspot but not its precise location is of importance. This is the case e.g. for quench detection in HTS. The developed system provides the advantages of cost reduction and faster response time compared to conventional FBGs with wavelength-division multiplexing and continuous FBGs with time-division multiplexing, respectively. We demonstrate the functionality of the system for the ULFBG with a grating length of 100 mm and 500 mm at 77 K and 90 K respectively. The ULFBG is shown to respond as fast as conventional FBG, to a hot spot as small as 1 K temperature rise. Furthermore, using the proposed signal processing algorithm, ULFBG exhibits much higher signal to noise ratio than that from the conventional FBG. It is believed that artificial intelligence based technique can assist the signal processing algorithm in detecting a small hot spot more rapidly from the big spectral data in real-time.
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40

Song, Jinzhao, Changchun Liu, Michael G. Mauk, Shelley C. Rankin, James B. Lok, Robert M. Greenberg, and Haim H. Bau. "Two-Stage Isothermal Enzymatic Amplification for Concurrent Multiplex Molecular Detection." Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.263665.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The wide array of pathogens responsible for infectious diseases makes it difficult to identify causative pathogens with single-plex tests. Although multiplex PCR detects multiple targets, it is restricted to centralized laboratories, which delays test results or makes multiplexing unavailable, depriving healthcare providers of critical, real-time information. METHODS To address the need for point-of-care (POC) highly multiplexed tests, we propose the 2-stage, nested-like, rapid (<40 min) isothermal amplification assay, dubbed rapid amplification (RAMP). RAMP's first-stage uses outer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers to amplify all targets with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). First-stage amplicons are aliquoted to second stage reactors, each specialized for a specific target, to undergo LAMP. The assay is implemented in a microfluidic chip. LAMP amplicons are detected in situ with colorimetric dye or with a fluorescent dye and a smartphone. RESULTS In experiments on a benchtop and in a microfluidic format, RAMP demonstrated high level of multiplexing (≥16); high sensitivity (i.e., 1 plaque-forming unit of Zika virus) and specificity (no false positives or negatives); speed (<40 min); ease of use; and ability to cope with minimally processed samples. CONCLUSIONS RAMP is a hybrid, 2-stage, rapid, and highly sensitive and specific assay with extensive multiplexing capabilities, combining the advantages of RPA and LAMP, while circumventing their respective shortcomings. RAMP can be used in the lab, but one of its distinct advantages is amenability to simple implementation in a microfluidic format for use at the POC, providing healthcare personnel with an inexpensive, highly sensitive tool to detect multiple pathogens in a single sample, on site.
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41

SHANKARANARAYANAN, N. K., and KAM Y. LAU. "ELECTRICAL SUBCARRIER-MULTIPLE-ACCESS FOR LIGHTWAVE NETWORKS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1992): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156492000096.

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Multiplexing of information on microwave carriers, whose frequencies are within the direct modulation and detection bandwidths of semiconductor lasers and photoreceivers, can be used to provide multiple concurrent channels for lightwave networks in multiaccess applications. This is in effect an electrical multiplexing scheme applied to optical systems which is referred to as “Subcarrier Frequency-Division Multiple Access” (SFDMA). This paper provides an introduction to this subject, which includes discussions on factors that determine the performance of such a network as well as network architecture issues.
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42

Sahbudin, R. K. Z., M. K. Abdullah, and M. Mokhtar. "Performance improvement of hybrid subcarrier multiplexing optical spectrum code division multiplexing system using spectral direct decoding detection technique." Optical Fiber Technology 15, no. 3 (June 2009): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2008.12.003.

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43

Hasick, Nicole, Ryung Rae Kim, Yin Xu, Simon Bone, Andrea Lawrence, Claire Gibbs, Nathan Danckert, and Alison Todd. "PlexProbes enhance qPCR multiplexing by discriminating multiple targets in each fluorescent channel." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): e0263329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263329.

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The probe technology described in this paper facilitates detection and discrimination of multiple targets in a single fluorescent channel during PCR. This provides a strategy for doubling the number of targets that can be analysed simultaneously on existing PCR instruments. These probes are referred to as PlexProbes and produce fluorescence that can be switched ‘on’ or ‘off’ in the presence of target by manipulating the temperature. During PCR, fluorescence can be measured at multiple temperatures allowing discrimination of specific targets at defined temperatures. In a single fluorescent channel, a model duplex assay allowed either real-time or endpoint detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) at 52°C and end-point detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) at 74°C. Using this model system, as few as 40 copies of each specific target could be detected as single infection or co-infection, regardless of the presence or absence of the other target. A PlexProbe prototype assay for sexually transmitted infections (PP-STI) which simultaneously enables detection and differentiation of six targets using only three fluorescent channels was then constructed and evaluated. The PP-STI assay detects GC (2 gene targets), CT, Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and an internal control (IC). To evaluate assay performance, a panel of archived clinical samples (n = 337) were analysed using PP-STI and results compared to those obtained with a commercially available diagnostic assay. The overall agreement between results obtained with the PP-STI assay and the reference test was greater than 99.5%. PlexProbes offer a method of detecting more targets from a single diagnostic test, empowering physicians to make evidence-based treatment decisions while conserving time, labour, sample volume and reagent costs.
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JIA, Ziyan, Katsunobu YOSHII, Shiro HANDA, Fumihito SASAMORI, and Shinjiro OSHITA. "Noncoherent Maximum Likelihood Detection for Differential Spatial Multiplexing MIMO Systems." IEICE Transactions on Communications E93-B, no. 2 (2010): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e93.b.361.

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45

Fonseca, Ana Maria, Llorenç Quinto, Alfons Jiménez, Raquel González, Azucena Bardají, Sonia Maculuve, Carlota Dobaño, et al. "Multiplexing detection of IgG against Plasmodium falciparum pregnancy-specific antigens." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2017): e0181150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181150.

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46

Sfar, S., L. Dai, and K. B. Letaief. "Optimal Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff With Group Detection for MIMO Systems." IEEE Transactions on Communications 53, no. 7 (July 2005): 1178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2005.851596.

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47

Riera-Palou, Felip, and Guillem Femenias. "Improved linear group detection for combined spatial multiplexing/STBC systems." IEEE Transactions on Communications 57, no. 11 (November 2009): 3252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2009.11.080054.

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48

Deng, Duo, Yan Li, Yanhua Han, Jingfu Ye, Yi Liu, and Hua Zhao. "Detection of multiplexing orbital angular momentum states by single objective." Optics Communications 428 (December 2018): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.07.040.

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49

Tao Cui, C. Tellambura, and Yue Wu. "Constrained Detection for Spatial-Multiplexing Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 57, no. 3 (May 2008): 1537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2007.907291.

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Lai, Kuei-Chiang, Jiun-Jie Jia, and Li-Wei Lin. "Hybrid Tree Search Algorithms for Detection in Spatial Multiplexing Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 60, no. 7 (September 2011): 3503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2011.2160464.

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