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Gorton, Delvina, Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Mei-hua Chen, and Robyn Dixon. "Nutrition labels: a survey of use, understanding and preferences among ethnically diverse shoppers in New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 9 (September 2009): 1359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008004059.
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AbstractObjectiveEffective nutrition labels are part of a supportive environment that encourages healthier food choices. The present study examined the use, understanding and preferences regarding nutrition labels among ethnically diverse shoppers in New Zealand.Design and settingA survey was carried out at twenty-five supermarkets in Auckland, New Zealand, between February and April 2007. Recruitment was stratified by ethnicity. Questions assessed nutrition label use, understanding of the mandatory Nutrition Information Panel (NIP), and preference for and understanding of four nutrition label formats: multiple traffic light (MTL), simple traffic light (STL), NIP and percentage of daily intake (%DI).SubjectsIn total 1525 shoppers completed the survey: 401 Maori, 347 Pacific, 372 Asian and 395 New Zealand European and Other ethnicities (ten did not state ethnicity).ResultsReported use of nutrition labels (always, regularly, sometimes) ranged from 66 % to 87 % by ethnicity. There was little difference in ability to obtain information from the NIP according to ethnicity or income. However, there were marked ethnic differences in ability to use the NIP to determine if a food was healthy, with lesser differences by income. Of the four label formats tested, STL and MTL labels were best understood across all ethnic and income groups, and MTL labels were most frequently preferred.ConclusionsThere are clear ethnic and income disparities in ability to use the current mandatory food labels in New Zealand (NIP) to determine if foods are healthy. Conversely, MTL and STL label formats demonstrated high levels of understanding and acceptance across ethnic and income groups.
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Finkelstein, Eric A., Felicia Jia Ler Ang, Brett Doble, Wei Han Melvin Wong, and Rob M. van Dam. "A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Relative Effectiveness of the Multiple Traffic Light and Nutri-Score Front of Package Nutrition Labels." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2019): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092236.
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The objective of this trial was to test two promising front-of-pack nutrition labels, 1) the United Kingdom’s Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL) label and 2) France’s Nutri-Score (NS), relative to a no-label control. We hypothesized that both labels would improve diet quality but NS would be more effective due to its greater simplicity. We tested this hypothesis via an online grocery store using a 3 × 3 crossover (within-person) design with 154 participants. Outcomes assessed via within person regression models include a modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010 (primary), average Nutri-Score, calories purchased, and singular measures of diet quality of purchase orders. Results show that both labels significantly improve modified AHEI scores relative to Control but neither is statistically superior using this measure. NS performed statistically better than MTL and Control based on average Nutri-Score, yet, unlike MTL it did not statistically reduce calories or sugar from beverages. This suggest that NS may be preferred if the goal is to improve overall diet quality but, because calories are clearly displayed on the label, MTL may perform better if the goal is to reduce total energy intake.
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Babio, Nancy, Paloma Vicent, Leonor López, Anna Benito, Julio Basulto, and Jordi Salas-Salvadó. "Adolescents’ ability to select healthy food using two different front-of-pack food labels: a cross-over study." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 6 (May 17, 2013): 1403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013001274.
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AbstractObjectiveTo compare, in adolescents, two models of front-of-pack Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA) labels in terms of (i) friendliness and acceptance and (ii) the ability to choose a diet that closely follows the nutritional recommendations.DesignA randomized cross-over study was designed to compare two simplified front-of-pack GDA nutrition labels.SettingA Spanish secondary school.SubjectsEighty-one healthy adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years were recruited. Participants were randomly exposed to two experimental non-real food-choice conditions using multiple-traffic-light or monochrome nutritional labels. Participants had to choose options from a closed menu for 5 d on the basis of the experimental front-of-pack labelling. For each meal, three food options with different nutritional compositions were given to the participants. The contents of total energy and fat, saturated fat, sugar and salt of the chosen options were calculated.ResultsThere were no significant differences in baseline sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics between participants regardless of the experimental condition in which they started. There were no carry-over effects between the experimental sequences. It was observed that when participants used the multiple-traffic-light GDA system they chose significantly less total energy (mean –123·1 (sd 211·0) kJ (−29·4 (sd 50·4) kcal), P < 0·001), sugar (−4·5 (sd 4·6) g, P < 0·001), fat (−2·1 (sd 4·5) g, P = 0·006), saturated fat (−1·0 (sd 1·9) g, P = 0·002) and salt (−0·4 (sd 0·5) g, P < 0·001) than when they used the monochrome GDA system.ConclusionsCompared with the monochrome GDA front-of-pack nutritional label, the multiple-traffic-light system helped adolescents to differentiate between healthier and less healthy food, theoretically making it possible for them to choose a diet closer to dietary recommendations.
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Talati, Zenobia, Simone Pettigrew, Bridget Kelly, Kylie Ball, Bruce Neal, Helen Dixon, Trevor Shilton, and Caroline Miller. "Can front-of-pack labels influence portion size judgements for unhealthy foods?" Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 15 (July 18, 2018): 2776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001702.
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AbstractObjectiveBy clearly conveying the healthiness of a food, front-of-pack (FOP) labels have the potential to influence the portion size considered appropriate for consumption. The present study examined the how the Daily Intake Guide (DIG), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL) and Health Star Rating (HSR) FOP labels affect judgements of appropriate portion sizes of unhealthy foods compared with when no FOP label is present.DesignRespondents viewed mock packages of unhealthy variations of pizzas, cookies, yoghurts and cornflakes featuring the DIG, MTL, HSR or no FOP label, and indicated the portion size they believed should be eaten of each food on a single occasion.SettingThe survey was completed on the respondent’s personal computer.SubjectsA total of 1505 Australian adults provided 4166 ratings across 192 mock packages relating to four product categories: pizza, yoghurt, cornflakes and cookies.ResultsCompared with no FOP label, the HSR resulted in a small but significant reduction in the portion size selected as appropriate for consumption of pizzas and cornflakes (P<0·05). The MTL resulted in smaller portions of cornflakes being selected compared with no FOP label (P<0·05).ConclusionsRespondents perceived smaller portion sizes as appropriate for some, but not all, of the foods tested when FOP labels with more interpretative formats (HSR, MTL) appeared on-pack compared with no FOP label. No effect was found for the less interpretive FOP label (the DIG). Interpretive FOP labels may have the potential to influence portion size judgements, albeit at modest levels.
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Talati, Zenobia, Manon Egnell, Serge Hercberg, Chantal Julia, and Simone Pettigrew. "Consumers’ Perceptions of Five Front-of-Package Nutrition Labels: An Experimental Study Across 12 Countries." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081934.
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Consumers’ perceptions of five front-of-pack nutrition label formats (health star rating (HSR), multiple traffic lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, reference intakes (RI) and warning label) were assessed across 12 countries (Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico, Singapore, Spain, the UK and the USA). Perceptions assessed included liking, trust, comprehensibility, salience and desire for the label to be mandatory. A sample of 12,015 respondents completed an online survey in which they rated one of the five (randomly allocated) front-of-pack labels (FoPLs) along the perception dimensions described above. Respondents viewing the MTL provided the most favourable ratings. Perceptions of the other FoPLs were mixed or neutral. No meaningful or consistent patterns were observed in the interactions between country and FoPL type, indicating that culture was not a strong predictor of general perceptions. The overall ranking of the FoPLs differed somewhat from previous research assessing their objective performance in terms of enhancing understanding of product healthiness, in which the Nutri-Score was the clear front-runner. Respondents showed a strong preference for mandatory labelling, regardless of label condition, which is consistent with past research showing that the application of labels across all products leads to healthier choices.
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Vanderlee, Lana, Beatriz Franco-Arellano, Mavra Ahmed, Angela Oh, Wendy Lou, and Mary R. L’Abbé. "The efficacy of ‘high in’ warning labels, health star and traffic light front-of-package labelling: an online randomised control trial." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020003213.
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AbstractObjective:To examine the impact of front-of-package (FOP) labels on perceived healthfulness, purchasing intentions and understanding of common FOP systems.DesignA parallel, open-label design randomised participants to different FOP labelling conditions: ‘high in’ warning labels (WL), multiple traffic light labelling (TLL), health star ratings (HSR) (all displayed per serving) or control with no interpretive FOP labelling. Participants completed a brief educational session via a smartphone application and two experimental tasks. In Task 1, participants viewed healthy or unhealthy versions of four products and rated healthiness and purchasing intention on a seven-point Likert-type scale. In Task 2, participants ranked three sets of five products from healthiest to least healthy.SettingOnline commercial panel.ParticipantsCanadian residents ≥ 18 years who were involved in household grocery shopping, owned a smartphone and met minimum screen requirements.ResultsData from 1997 participants (n 500/condition) were analysed. Task 1: across most product categories, the TLL and HSR increased perceived healthiness of healthier products. All FOP systems decreased perceived healthiness of less healthy products. Similar, albeit dampened, effects were seen regarding purchasing intentions. Task 2: participants performed best in the HSR, followed by the TLL, WL and control conditions. Lower health literacy was associated with higher perceived healthiness and purchasing intentions and poorer ranking task performance across all conditions.ConclusionsAll FOP labelling systems, after a brief educational session, improved task performance across a wide spectrum of foods. This effect differed depending on the nutritional quality of the products and the information communicated on labels.Trial Registration: NCT03290118.
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Egnell, Talati, Gombaud, Galan, Hercberg, Pettigrew, and Julia. "Consumers’ Responses to Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling: Results from a Sample from The Netherlands." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2019): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081817.
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Front-of-pack labels (FoPLs) are efficient tools for helping consumers identify healthier food products. Although discussions on nutritional labelling are currently ongoing in Europe, few studies have compared the effectiveness of FoPLs in European countries, including the Netherlands. This study aimed to compare five FoPLs among Dutch participants (the Health Star Rating (HSR) system, Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes (RIs), and Warning symbols) in terms of perception and understanding of the labels and food choices. In 2019, 1032 Dutch consumers were recruited and asked to select one product from among a set of three foods with different nutritional profiles, and then rank the products within the sets according to their nutritional quality. These tasks were performed with no label and then with one of the five FoPLs on the package, depending on the randomization arm. Finally, participants were questioned on their perceptions regarding the label to which they were exposed. Regarding perceptions, all FoPLs were favorably perceived but with only marginal differences between FoPLs. While no significant difference across labels was observed for food choices, the Nutri-Score demonstrated the highest overall performance in helping consumers rank the products according to their nutritional quality.
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Packer, Jessica, Simon J. Russell, Deborah Ridout, Anne Conolly, Curtis Jessop, Russell M. Viner, and Helen Croker. "Secondary Outcomes of a Front-of-Pack-Labelling Randomised Controlled Experiment in a Representative British Sample: Understanding, Ranking Speed and Perceptions." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112188.
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Front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) provide simplified nutritional information that aims to inform consumer choice and encourage reformulation. We conducted an online randomised controlled experiment on a representative British sample to test the effectiveness of FOPLs across a range of outcomes. The primary outcomes have been published; here, we present the secondary outcomes: the ability to rank the healthiest product and the time to complete the rankings by comparing the FOPL groups and a no-label control, as well as a descriptive analysis of the perceptions. Participants from the NatCen panel were randomised to one of five experimental groups (Multiple Traffic Lights; Nutri-Score; Warning Label; Positive Choice tick; no-label control). Six food/drink categories were selected (pizza, drinks, cakes, crisps, yoghurts, breakfast cereals), and three products were created with varying healthiness. The participants (analytic sample = 4530) were asked to rank the products in order of healthiness twice (baseline: no label; follow-up: experimental group label). Compared to the control, the probability of correctly ranking the healthiest product at follow-up was significantly greater for the N-S, MTL and WL across all products. The time to correctly complete the ranking was fastest for the N-S, PC and no-label control. The descriptive analysis showed that the FOPLs were perceived favourably, and especially N-S and MTL. The findings were supportive of the primary analyses, with those results suggesting that N-S performed the best, and then MTL.
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Fialon, Morgane, Manon Egnell, Zenobia Talati, Pilar Galan, Louise Dréano-Trécant, Mathilde Touvier, Simone Pettigrew, Serge Hercberg, and Chantal Julia. "Effectiveness of Different Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels among Italian Consumers: Results from an Online Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082307.
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In Italy, discussions are currently ongoing to implement a front-of-pack nutrition label (FoPL) while a growing number of European countries are adopting the Nutri-Score. The effectiveness of the Nutri-Score among Italian consumers requires further investigation. This study compared five FoPLs among Italian participants (Health Star Rating system, multiple traffic lights, Nutri-Score, reference intakes, warning symbol) in terms of food choices and understanding of the labels by consumers. In 2019, 1032 Italian consumers completed an online survey in which they were asked to select one product they would likely purchase from a set of three foods with different nutrient profiles and then classify the products within the set according to their nutritional quality, first with no label and then with one of the five FoPLs on the pack. While no significant difference across labels was observed for food choices, the Nutri-Score demonstrated the highest overall performance in helping consumers to correctly rank the products according to their nutritional quality compared to the reference intakes (OR = 2.18 (1.50–3.17), p-value < 0.0001). Our results provide new insights on the effectiveness of the Nutri-Score, which would be a relevant tool to inform Italian consumers on the nutritional quality of food products.
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Kontopoulou, Lamprini, George Karpetas, Εvangelos C. Fradelos, Ioanna V. Papathanasiou, Foteini Malli, Dimitrios Papagiannis, Dimitrios Mantzaris, Morgane Fialon, Chantal Julia, and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis. "Online Consumer Survey Comparing Different Front-of-Pack Labels in Greece." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010046.
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According to the WHO, front-of-pack nutrition labeling provides simplified nutrition information in the form of symbols, colors or words that can help consumers understand the nutritional quality of food, thus leading them to healthier food choices. It is considered of the utmost importance to explore the knowledge and understanding of consumers about this form of nutrition labeling. The aim of this study was to investigate the understanding and perceptions of Greek consumers in response to five different front-of-pack nutrition labels (FoPLs): the Multiple Traffic Lights, Health Star Rating System, Guideline Daily Amounts, Warning Symbols and Nutri-Score. From April 2021 to June 2021, 1278 participants from Greece took part in an online survey where they were asked to rank three products according to their nutritional quality. The classification process was performed first without FoPLs and then with FoPLs. The ability to classify products according to their nutritional quality was evaluated with multinomial logistic regression models, and the Nutri-Score label presented greater improvements when compared to the GDA label for Greek consumers. The Nutri-Score seemed to better help the Greek consumers rank foods according to their nutritional value.
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Hawley, Kristy L., Christina A. Roberto, Marie A. Bragg, Peggy J. Liu, Marlene B. Schwartz, and Kelly D. Brownell. "The science on front-of-package food labels." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2012): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000754.
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AbstractObjectiveThe US Food and Drug Administration and Institute of Medicine are currently investigating front-of-package (FOP) food labelling systems to provide science-based guidance to the food industry. The present paper reviews the literature on FOP labelling and supermarket shelf-labelling systems published or under review by February 2011 to inform current investigations and identify areas of future research.DesignA structured search was undertaken of research studies on consumer use, understanding of, preference for, perception of and behaviours relating to FOP/shelf labelling published between January 2004 and February 2011.ResultsTwenty-eight studies from a structured search met inclusion criteria. Reviewed studies examined consumer preferences, understanding and use of different labelling systems as well as label impact on purchasing patterns and industry product reformulation.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that the Multiple Traffic Light system has most consistently helped consumers identify healthier products; however, additional research on different labelling systems’ abilities to influence consumer behaviour is needed.
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Emrich, Teri E., Ying Qi, Julio E. Mendoza, Wendy Lou, Joanna E. Cohen, and Mary R. L’Abbé. "Consumer perceptions of the Nutrition Facts table and front-of-pack nutrition rating systems." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 4 (April 2014): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0304.
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Preferences for, and consumer friendliness of, front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition rating systems have not been studied in a Canadian population, and studies comparing systems that are accompanied by mandatory labelling, such as Canada’s Nutrition Facts table (NFt), are lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 4 FOP systems relative to the NFt with respect to consumer friendliness and their influence on perceptions of the healthiness and nutrient content of food. Canadian consumers (n = 3029) participating in an online survey were randomized to score the consumer friendliness of 1 of 5 FOP conditions with or without an NFt and to score the healthiness and nutrient content of 2 foods using the provided label(s). The mean differences in scores were evaluated with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for age, gender, and education, with Tukey–Kramer adjustments for multiple comparisons. The NFt received the highest scores of consumer friendliness with respect to liking, helpfulness, credibility, and influence on purchase decisions (p < 0.05); however, consumers still supported the implementation of a single, standardized FOP system, with the nutrient-specific systems (a “Traffic Light” and a Nutrition Facts FOP system) being preferred and scored as more consumer friendly than the summary indicator systems. Without the NFt, consumer ratings of the healthiness and calorie and nutrient content differed by FOP system. With the NFt present, consumers rated the healthiness and calorie and nutrient content similarly, except for those who saw the Traffic Light; their ratings were influenced by the Traffic Light’s colours. The introduction of a single, standard, nutrient-specific FOP system to supplement the mandatory NFt should be considered by Canadian policy makers.
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Egnell, Manon, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Pilar Galan, Mathilde Touvier, Mike Rayner, Jo Jewell, João Breda, Serge Hercberg, and Chantal Julia. "Impact of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels on Portion Size Selection: An Experimental Study in a French Cohort." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091268.
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In the European Union (EU) three coloured graded Front-of-Pack labels (FoPLs), two endorsed by governments (Nutri-Score and Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL)) and one designed by industry (Evolved Nutrition Label (ENL)) are currently being discussed. This study aimed to investigate the impact of these FoPLs on portion size selection, specifically for less healthy products. In 2018, participants from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study (N = 25,772) were exposed through a web-based self-administered questionnaire to products from three food categories (sweet biscuits, cheeses, and sweet spreads), with or without FoPLs, and were invited to select the portion they would consume (in size and number). Kruskall-Wallis tests, and mixed ordinal logistic regression models, were used to investigate the effects of FoPLs on portion size selection. Compared to no label, Nutri-Score consistently lowered portion sizes (OR = 0.76 (0.74–0.76)), followed by MTL (OR = 0.83 (0.82–0.84)). For ENL, the effects differed depending on the food group: It lowered portion size selection for cheeses (OR = 0.84 (0.83–0.87)), and increased it for spreads (OR = 1.19 (1.15–1.22)). Nutri-Score followed by MTL appear efficient tools to encourage consumers to decrease their portion size for less healthy products, while ENL appears to have inconsistent effects depending on the food category.
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Cui, Jia, Ruijie Yan, Thomas Astell-Burt, Enying Gong, Lutong Zheng, Xinxuan Li, Jingwen Zhang, et al. "Types and Aspects of Front-of-Package Labeling Preferred by Parents: Insights for Policy Making in China." Nutrients 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040800.
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The WHO recommends front-of-package labeling (FOPL) to help parents make healthier food choices for their children. But which type of FOPL resonates with parents in China? We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate parental preferences for five widely used formats of FOPL. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied to selected parents of students in primary and secondary schools in six provinces and municipalities from July 2020 to March 2021. A close-ended questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, parents’ preferences for five FOPL in three dimensions, perceptions of the importance of nutrients labeled on FOPL, and prepackaged foods that need FOPL most. Chi-square tests were used to examine the characteristics among five groups. The results showed that multiple traffic lights (MTL) was preferred by parents, followed by warning labels. Parents thought the most needed nutrients to label were sugar, salt, and total fat. The top three prepackaged foods to label were “baked food”, “milk and dairy products” and “sugar-sweetened beverages”. Our findings indicate that nutrient-specific FOPL formats with interpretive aids were preferred by Chinese parents. These new findings can help inform the planning and implementation of FOPL in China and help Chinese parents make healthier food choices.
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Andreeva, Valentina A., Manon Egnell, Katarzyna Stoś, Beata Przygoda, Zenobia Talati, Mathilde Touvier, Pilar Galan, Serge Hercberg, Simone Pettigrew, and Chantal Julia. "Polish Consumers’ Understanding of Different Front-of-Package Food Labels: A Randomized Experiment." Foods 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010134.
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Dietary practices are a key behavioral factor in chronic disease prevention; one strategy for improving such practices population-wise involves front-of-package labels (FoPL). This online randomized study, conducted in a quota-based sample of 1159 Polish adults (mean age = 40.9 ± 15.4 years), assessed the objective understanding of five FoPL: Health Star Rating, Multiple Traffic Lights, NutriScore, Reference Intakes (RI) and Warning Label. Objective understanding was evaluated by comparing results of two nutritional quality ranking tasks (without/with FoPL) using three food categories (breakfast cereals, cakes, pizza). Associations between FoPL exposure and objective understanding were assessed via multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Compared to RI and across food categories, significant improvement in objective understanding was seen for NutriScore (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.41–2.91) and Warning Label (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12–2.32). In age-stratified analyses, significant improvement in objective understanding compared to RI emerged mainly among adults aged 18–30 years randomized to NutriScore (all food categories: OR = 3.88; 95% CI: 2.04–7.36; cakes: OR = 6.88; 95% CI: 3.05–15.51). Relative to RI, NutriScore was associated with some improvement in objective understanding of FoPL across and within food categories, especially among young adults. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate about an EU-wide FoPL model.
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Packer, Jessica, Simon J. Russell, Deborah Ridout, Steven Hope, Anne Conolly, Curtis Jessop, Oliver J. Robinson, Sandro T. Stoffel, Russell M. Viner, and Helen Croker. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Front of Pack Labels: Findings from an Online Randomised-Controlled Experiment in a Representative British Sample." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030900.
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Front of pack food labels (FOPLs) provide accessible nutritional information to guide consumer choice. Using an online experiment with a large representative British sample, we aimed to examine whether FOPLs improve participants’ ability to identify the healthiness of foods and drinks. The primary aim was to compare ability to rank between FOPL groups and a no label control. Adults (≥18 years), recruited from the NatCen panel, were randomised to one of five experimental groups (Multiple Traffic Light, MTL; Nutri-Score, N-S; Warning Label, WL; Positive Choice tick, PC; no label control). Stratification variables were year of recruitment to panel, sex, age, government office region, and household income. Packaging images were created for three versions, varying in healthiness, of six food and drink products (pizza, drinks, cakes, crisps, yoghurts, breakfast cereals). Participants were asked to rank the three product images in order of healthiness. Ranking was completed on a single occasion and comprised a baseline measure (with no FOPL), and a follow-up measure including the FOPL as per each participant’s experimental group. The primary outcome was the ability to accurately rank product healthiness (all products ranked correctly vs. any incorrect). In 2020, 4504 participants had complete data and were included in the analysis. The probability of correct ranking at follow-up, and improving between baseline and follow-up, was significantly greater across all products for the N-S, MTL and WL groups, compared to control. This was seen for only some of the products for the PC group. The largest effects were seen for N-S, followed by MTL. These analyses were adjusted for stratification variables, ethnicity, education, household composition, food shopping responsibility, and current FOPL use. Exploratory analyses showed a tendency for participants with higher compared to lower education to rank products more accurately. Conclusions: All FOPLs were effective at improving participants’ ability to correctly rank products according to healthiness in this large representative British sample, with the largest effects seen for N-S, followed by MTL.
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Jáuregui, Alejandra, Christine M. White, Lana Vanderlee, Marissa G. Hall, Alejandra Contreras-Manzano, Claudia Nieto, Gary Sacks, James F. Thrasher, David Hammond, and Simón Barquera. "Impact of front-of-pack labels on the perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink: a randomised experiment in five countries." Public Health Nutrition 25, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 1094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021004535.
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AbstractObjective:Front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling is a globally recommended strategy to encourage healthier food choices. We evaluated the effect of FOP labels on the perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink in an international sample of adult consumers.Design:Six-arm randomised controlled experiment to examine the impact of FOP labels (no label control, Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA), Multiple Traffic Lights, the Health Star Ratings (HSR), Health Warning Labels, and ‘High-in’ Warning Labels (HIWL)) on the perceived healthfulness of the drink. Linear regression models by country examined healthfulness perceptions on FOP nutrition labels, testing for interactions by demographic characteristics.Setting:Online survey in 2018 among participants from Australia, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom (UK) and United States.Participants:Adults (≥18 years, n 22 140).Results:Compared with control, HIWL had the greatest impact in lowering perceived healthfulness (β from −0·62 to −1·71) across all countries. The HIWL and the HSR had a similar effect in Australia. Other labels were effective in decreasing the perceived healthfulness of the drink within some countries only, but to a lower extent. The GDA did not reduce perceived healthfulness in most countries. In the UK, the effect of HIWL differed by age group, with greater impact among older participants (> 40 years). There were no other variations across key demographic characteristics.Conclusions:HIWL, which communicates clear, non-quantitative messages about high levels of nutrients of concern, demonstrated the greatest efficacy to decrease the perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink across countries. This effect was similar across demographic characteristics.
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Egnell, Manon, Zenobia Talati, Serge Hercberg, Simone Pettigrew, and Chantal Julia. "Objective Understanding of Front-of-Package Nutrition Labels: An International Comparative Experimental Study across 12 Countries." Nutrients 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101542.
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Front-of-Package labels (FoPLs) are efficient tools for increasing consumers’ awareness of foods’ nutritional quality and encouraging healthier choices. A label’s design is likely to influence its effectiveness; however, few studies have compared the ability of different FoPLs to facilitate a consumer understanding of foods’ nutritional quality, especially across sociocultural contexts. This study aimed to assess consumers’ ability to understand five FoPLs [Health Star Rating system (HSR), Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes (RIs), and Warning symbol] in 12 different countries. In 2018, approximately 1000 participants per country were recruited and asked to rank three sets of label-free products (one set of three pizzas, one set of three cakes, and one set of three breakfast cereals) according to their nutritional quality, via an online survey. Participants were subsequently randomised to one of five FoPL conditions and were again asked to rank the same sets of products, this time with a FoPL displayed on pack. Changes in a participants’ ability to correctly rank products across the two tasks were assessed by FoPL using ordinal logistic regression. In all 12 countries and for all three food categories, the Nutri-Score performed best, followed by the MTL, HSR, Warning symbol, and RIs.
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Castronuovo, Luciana, Maria Victoria Tiscornia, Leila Guarnieri, Enrique Martins, Fabio S. Gomes, and Lorena Allemandi. "Efficacy of different front-of-package labeling systems in changing purchase intention and product healthfulness perception for food products in Argentina." Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 46 (September 26, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2022.137.
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Objectives. To identify the front-of-package scheme—Multiple Traffic Light (MTL), Nutri-Score (NS), and black octagon Warning System (WS)—most effective in reducing purchase intention and perceived product healthfulness of drinking yogurts, cookies and cheese spreads, and to assess the joint influence of nutrient claims on the effects. Methods. Randomized-controlled experiment. A within-subjects factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of three independent factors on perceived product healthfulness and purchase intention. A total of 704 adults in Argentina were shown three mock-up products and asked to indicate which product they would buy choosing between pairs of products from different categories and to rate product healthfulness on a 7-point Likert scale. Results. The WS was the most effective in reducing purchase intention in drinking yogurts (OR:0.16, 95%CI: 0.09;0.28), cookies (OR:0.10, 95%CI: 0.05;0.18) and cheese spreads (OR:0.10, 95%CI: 0.05;0.18), and the perception of healthfulness (WS Mean score 3,63 vs No label 4,24, p<0.001), regardless of the participants’ gender, age, and level of education. NS was inefficacious in reducing product healthfulness perception, while MTL had significantly increased how healthful the product was perceived (p<0.001). Nutrient claims increased purchase intention and perception of healthfulness, thus reducing the effectiveness of front-of-package labels (p<0.001). Conclusions. In line with growing evidence, our findings support that WS perform better than NS and MTL in reducing purchase intention and healthfulness perception of products with excessive amounts of critical nutrients associated with the greatest burden of diseases. Front-of-package WS are expected to facilitate the population in Argentina to make healthier decisions.
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Hoge, Axelle, Mathilde Labeye, Anne-Françoise Donneau, Halehsadat Zahraei Nekoee, Eddy Husson, and Michèle Guillaume. "Health Literacy and Its Associations with Understanding and Perception of Front-of-Package Nutrition Labels among Higher Education Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 8751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148751.
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(1) Background: Nutrition labels on the front of food packages have increasingly become the focus of research. However, too few studies have placed special emphasis on nutritionally at-risk subpopulations, such as young adults or those with low literacy/numeracy skills. The present study aimed to assess both the perception and objective understanding of three front-of-package labeling (FOPL) formats currently in use on the Belgian market, i.e., the Nutri-Score, Reference Intakes, and Multiple Traffic Lights, among students of varying health literacy (HL) levels. (2) Methods: A web-based survey was carried out among 2295 students of tertiary education in the province of Liège, Belgium. The questionnaire included questions related to general characteristics, objective understanding, and perception in response to the assigned FOPL format and level of HL. (3) Results: With respect to objective understanding, the Nutri-Score outperformed all other labels across all HL levels, and it was similarly understood in students of varying HL levels. Several students’ characteristics appeared to be associated with each cluster of perception, with the Nutri-Score cluster having the highest percentages of disadvantaged students, i.e., those with inadequate HL, from non-university institutions, with low self-estimated nutrition knowledge, and with low self-estimated diet quality. (4) Conclusion: Overall, the findings supported the Nutri-Score as particularly effective in guiding students in their food choices. Of particular importance is the fact that the summarized and graded color-coded nutritional label would be a useful strategy for those disadvantaged by limited HL.
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Itu, Razvan, and Radu Danescu. "Part-Based Obstacle Detection Using a Multiple Output Neural Network." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124312.
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Detecting the objects surrounding a moving vehicle is essential for autonomous driving and for any kind of advanced driving assistance system; such a system can also be used for analyzing the surrounding traffic as the vehicle moves. The most popular techniques for object detection are based on image processing; in recent years, they have become increasingly focused on artificial intelligence. Systems using monocular vision are increasingly popular for driving assistance, as they do not require complex calibration and setup. The lack of three-dimensional data is compensated for by the efficient and accurate classification of the input image pixels. The detected objects are usually identified as cuboids in the 3D space, or as rectangles in the image space. Recently, instance segmentation techniques have been developed that are able to identify the freeform set of pixels that form an individual object, using complex convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This paper presents an alternative to these instance segmentation networks, combining much simpler semantic segmentation networks with light, geometrical post-processing techniques, to achieve instance segmentation results. The semantic segmentation network produces four semantic labels that identify the quarters of the individual objects: top left, top right, bottom left, and bottom right. These pixels are grouped into connected regions, based on their proximity and their position with respect to the whole object. Each quarter is used to generate a complete object hypothesis, which is then scored according to object pixel fitness. The individual homogeneous regions extracted from the labeled pixels are then assigned to the best-fitted rectangles, leading to complete and freeform identification of the pixels of individual objects. The accuracy is similar to instance segmentation-based methods but with reduced complexity in terms of trainable parameters, which leads to a reduced demand for computational resources.
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Graham, Dan J., Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson, Megan P. Mueller, Melanie Jaeb, and Lisa Harnack. "Impact of explained v. unexplained front-of-package nutrition labels on parent and child food choices: a randomized trial." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 5 (October 17, 2016): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002676.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigated whether parent/child pairs would select more healthful foods when: (i) products were labelled with front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels relative to packages without labels; (ii) products were labelled with colour-coded Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) FOP labels relative to monochromatic Facts up Front (FuF) FOP labels; and (iii) FOP labels were explained via in-aisle signage v. unexplained.DesignParticipants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (i) FuF labels with in-aisle signs explaining the labels; (ii) FuF labels, no signage; (iii) MTL labels with in-aisle signage; (iv) MTL labels, no signage; (v) control group, no labels/signage. Saturated fat, sodium, sugar and energy (calorie) content were compared across conditions.SettingThe study took place in a laboratory grocery aisle.SubjectsParent/child pairs (n 153) completed the study.ResultsResults did not support the hypothesis that MTL labels would lead to more healthful choices than FuF labels. The presence of FOP labels did little to improve the healthfulness of selected foods, with few exceptions (participants with v. without access to FOP labels selected lower-calorie cereals, participants with access to both FOP labels and in-aisle explanatory signage selected products with less saturated fat v. participants without explanatory signage).ConclusionsNeither MTL nor FuF FOP labels led to food choices with significantly lower saturated fat, sodium or sugar. In-aisle signs explaining the FOP labels were somewhat helpful to consumers in making more healthful dietary decisions. New FOP labelling programmes could benefit from campaigns to increase consumer awareness and understanding of the labels.
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Braesco, Véronique, and Adam Drewnowski. "Are Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels Influencing Food Choices and Purchases, Diet Quality, and Modeled Health Outcomes? A Narrative Review of Four Systems." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010205.
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Front-of-Pack Nutrition labels (FOPNLs) aim to improve consumers’ food purchases and prompt product reformulation by the food and beverage industry. Despite their widespread use, the effectiveness of FOPNL in achieving these goals is still a matter of debate. This review has gathered 65 original studies exploring the performances of four widely used FOPNLs (Multiple Traffic Light, Warning signs, Nutri-Score and Health Star Rating). Although FOPNLs have been associated with healthier food purchases, the magnitude of improvements was small and dependent on study settings. Any associated health effects were modeled rather than observed. None of the four FOPNLs clearly outperformed the other ones on any outcome. Few studies dealt with the impact of FOPNL on product reformulation. Some of those studies, but not all, found small reductions in energy, sodium, sugar and saturated fat content of foods in some food categories. Although global trends point to a small favorable effect of FOPNL, this conclusion is subject to caution since the evidence is inconsistent and comes from a wide variety of contexts and study designs. There remain numerous research gaps, notably with regard to the optimal characteristics of FOPNLs, the durability of FOPNL effects on consumer behaviors, and any possible unexpected consequences.
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MOTUZKA, Iuliia, and Elisabeth EUGSTER. "Front-of-pack labelling of food products: international practices and perspectives." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL JOURNAL "COMMODITIES AND MARKETS" 44, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/2.2022(44)06.
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Introduction. A prerequisite for the development of the food market is to provide consumers with accessible and necessary information about properties of food products. Food products labeling on the front of the package is aimed at facilitating consumers’ understanding of information about their usefulness. Problem. A wide range of symbols, schemes and formats have been developed which would provide information about the properties of food products to the consumer in the most convenient and accessible form. However, it is important to analyze the existing options and the effectiveness of this method of informing consumers about the usefulness of food products. The aim of the work is to analyze different approaches to food products labeling on the front of the package in terms of their informativeness and usefulness for consumers. Methods. The methods of comparative analysis and synthesis, selection and generalization, legislative and regulatory documents were used. Results. Many front-of-pack labeling systems are known today, including Multiple Traffic Lights, Reference Intakes, Health Star Rating system, Nutri-Score, etc. Each of these systems has its own peculiarities regarding the content and way of presenting information about the components of the product, in terms of their usefulness for the human body and the presence / absence of components that may have a negative impact on health. However, the current labeling systems make it possible to compare food products without taking into account other aspects of health impact (degree of processing, added additives that make them unhealthy), which does not allow to provide a complete profile of the health benefits of the food product. Conclusions. The analysis of different front-of-pack nutrition labels systems proved that thanks to such information, consumers have the opportunity to choose more healthy food products. The adoption and implementation of a single label on the front of the package can be useful for consumers and reduce the number of cases associated with the negative impact of food products on health.
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Goffe, Louis, Nadege S. Uwamahoro, Christopher J. Dixon, Alasdair P. Blain, Jona Danielsen, David Kirk, and Ashley J. Adamson. "Supporting a Healthier Takeaway Meal Choice: Creating a Universal Health Rating for Online Takeaway Fast-Food Outlets." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 9260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249260.
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Digital food ordering platforms are used by millions across the world and provide easy access to takeaway fast-food that is broadly, though not exclusively, characterised as energy dense and nutrient poor. Outlets are routinely rated for hygiene, but not for their healthiness. Nutritional information is mandatory in pre-packaged foods, with many companies voluntarily using traffic light labels to support making healthier choices. We wanted to identify a feasible universal method to objectively score takeaway fast-food outlets listed on Just Eat that could provide users with an accessible rating that can infer an outlet’s ‘healthiness’. Using a sample of takeaway outlets listed on Just Eat, we obtained four complete assessments by nutrition researchers of each outlet’s healthiness to create a cumulative score that ranged from 4 to 12. We then identified and manually extracted nutritional attributes from each outlet’s digital menu, e.g., number of vegetables that have the potential to be numerated. Using generalized linear modelling we identified which attributes were linear predictors of an outlet’s healthiness assessment from nutritional researchers. The availability of water, salad, and the diversity of vegetables were positively associated with academic researchers’ assessment of an outlet’s healthiness, whereas the availability of chips, desserts, and multiple meal sizes were negatively associated. This study shows promise for the feasibility of an objective measure of healthiness that could be applied to all outlet listings on Just Eat and other digital food outlet aggregation platforms. However, further research is required to assess the metric’s validity, its desirability and value to users, and ultimately its potential influence on food choice behaviour.
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Zhang, Xuemeng, Yong Liu, Yan Gu, Shaorui Wang, and Hong Chen. "Red for “Stop”: “Traffic-Light” Nutrition Labels Decrease Unhealthy Food Choices by Increasing Activity and Connectivity in the Frontal Lobe." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010128.
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Food labels comprise a national health-intervention policy that informs consumers of food-product nutritional value. Previous evidence has indicated that, compared to a purely numeric guideline-daily-amount label, a traffic-light-inspired, color-coded label more effectively conveys the nutritional level and increases the selection of healthier products. Therefore, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the mechanism whereby traffic-light and guideline-daily-amount labels influence food-related decision-making. Forty-four female dieters (age, mean = 20.0, standard deviation = 1.45 years) were recruited to participate in a food-choice task; healthy or unhealthy food options were presented with color-coded traffic-light or purely numeric guideline-daily-amount labels, and the participants were asked to state their preference. We found that, compared with the guideline-daily-amount label, a salient, red traffic-light label potentially reduced unhealthy food-related decision-making and activated the superior medial frontal gyrus and the supplementary motor area, which are implicated in the execution of responses and motor inhibition. For the same stimulus contrast, we also found increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is associated with salient information monitoring. Finally, we found stronger functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and inhibitory regions (inferior and middle frontal gyri) under red-traffic-light than under guideline-daily-amount label conditions. These results suggest that traffic-light-inspired labels may be a more effective means of public-policy intervention than are numeric labels conveying guideline daily amounts.
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Morales-Avilez, Diana, Carlos Cruz-Casarrubias, Lizbeth Tolentino-Mayo, Lorena Encalada-Torres, and Victoria Abril-Ulloa. "Evaluation of the Accurateness of the Nutritional Labels of Processed and Ultra-Processed Products Available in Supermarkets of Ecuador." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113481.
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Nutrition labeling is a public health tool that allows consumers to choose healthier foods and beverages. For this reason, there are protocols in place to monitor the food environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consistency of nutrition labeling on packages for processed and ultra-processed products (UPPs) found at the main supermarkets in Cuenca, Ecuador. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in which we identified label components on the packages of 1725 foods and beverages—including the nutrition table, statement on sweeteners, ingredient list, and the traffic light (TL) label—and determined the degree of consistency between the indicators reported on the traffic light label and those obtained from the information in the nutrition table. We found that 24% of products had inconsistencies in the traffic light label, and 10.9% of products had inconsistencies in the indicator for sugar specifically. The majority of inconsistencies were in the medium indicators for sugar (K = 0.68) and fat (0.75). The products with a medium indicator for sugar had a 1.98 (p < 0.05, 95% CI 1.15, 3.39) times higher chance of having inconsistencies in comparison with the low indicator. Health authorities must create new guidelines to allow for continued monitoring of the nutrition and traffic light labels on products accessible to consumers.
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Jones, Gary, and Miles Richardson. "An objective examination of consumer perception of nutrition information based on healthiness ratings and eye movements." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 3 (March 2007): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007258513.
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AbstractObjectivePrevious research on nutrition labelling has mainly used subjective measures. This study examines the effectiveness of two types of nutrition label using two objective measures: eye movements and healthiness ratings.DesignEye movements were recorded while participants made healthiness ratings for two types of nutrition label: standard and standard plus the Food Standards Agency's ‘traffic light’ concept.SettingUniversity of Derby, UK.SubjectsA total of 92 participants (mean age 31.5 years) were paid for their participation. None of the participants worked in the areas of food or nutrition.ResultsFor the standard nutrition label, participant eye movements lacked focus and their healthiness ratings lacked accuracy. The traffic light system helped to guide the attention of the consumer to the important nutrients and improved the accuracy of the healthiness ratings of nutrition labels.ConclusionsConsumers have a lack of knowledge regarding how to interpret nutrition information for standard labels. The traffic light concept helps to ameliorate this problem by indicating important nutrients to which to pay attention.
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Seward, Michael W., Jason P. Block, and Avik Chatterjee. "A Traffic-Light Label Intervention and Dietary Choices in College Cafeterias." American Journal of Public Health 106, no. 10 (October 2016): 1808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303301.
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Freire, Wilma B., William F. Waters, Gabriela Rivas-Mariño, Tien Nguyen, and Patricio Rivas. "A qualitative study of consumer perceptions and use of traffic light food labelling in Ecuador." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 5 (September 13, 2016): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002457.
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AbstractObjectiveTo analyse patterns of knowledge, comprehension, attitudes and practices regarding the traffic light label placed on processed food packages to inform Ecuadorian consumers about levels of added fat, sugar and salt.DesignTwenty-one focus group discussions organized by age group, sex and place of residence. Interviews with representatives of companies that manufacture or market processed foods. Analysis of regulations and structured observations of processed food labels.SettingCities and towns in Ecuador’s coastal, highland and eastern lowland regions.SubjectsOne hundred and seventy-eight participants in twenty-one focus group discussions and nine key informants.ResultsFocus group participants knew about the traffic light label and understood the information it conveys, but not all changed their attitudes and practices related to the purchase and consumption of processed foods. Children, adolescents and adult males reported using the information infrequently; adolescents interested in health and adult women used the label the most to select products. Representatives of companies that manufacture or market processed foods generally opposed the policy, stating that the information is misleading. Nevertheless, some companies have reduced levels of added fat, sugar or salt in their products.ConclusionsThe traffic light label is an effective tool for conveying complex information. Its potential contribution to reduce consumption of products with high levels of fat, sugar and salt could be enhanced by promoting healthy diets among consumers who have not changed purchasing and consumption behaviour, by placing the label on front panels and by monitoring the production and marketing of processed foods.
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Li, Xiaoyan, Qi Wang, and Chun-Qing Zhang. "Do Individuals Use Nutrition Labels on Food Packages to Make Healthy Choices? Testing the Dual-Process Model in Two Laboratory-Based Experiments." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2022): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183732.
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Nutrition labels on food packages are designed to assist consumers in making healthy decisions. Based on the model of a dual-process system, the current study examined how people might be affected by nutrition labels and consuming contexts when making choices about healthy foods. Using four types of nutrition labels (i.e., the NuVal label, 5-Color nutrition label, traffic light label, and daily value label), participants were instructed to choose the healthier foods with or without time constraints in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with pairs of foods accompanied by the same type of nutrition labels to measure the efficiency of their health evaluation. In Experiment 2, two types of labels with inconsistent nutritional information were presented to participants simultaneously to measure their preference regarding the nutrition labels. Findings of the current study support the notion that the traffic light label is advantageous in terms of both the efficiency of, and preferences regarding, nutrition judgment, especially with time constraints. When there was only one type of nutrition label, participants made decisions fastest and most accurately when observing the NuVal label, regardless of time constraints. Overall, the reliable interactions between the time constraints and patterns of nutrition labels have theoretical implications for the appeal-based heuristics and rational-based processing when making health-related food decisions.
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Orozco, Fadya, Diana Ochoa, Maria Muquinche, Manuel Padro, and Christopher L. Melby. "Awareness, Comprehension, and Use of Newly-Mandated Nutrition Labels Among Mestiza and Indigenous Ecuadorian Women in the Central Andes Region of Ecuador." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572116684730.
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Background: In 2014, Ecuador became the first country in Latin America to adopt the nutritional traffic light labeling system as a public policy aimed at guiding informed food choices. Objective: To describe the differences in comprehension and use of the new nutrition label in 2 different ethnic populations residing in a limited resource area of central Ecuador. Methods: A total of 394 women (18-75 years, 54.8% indigenous and 45.2% mixed-race mestizas) were randomly selected in the Chimborazo Province and were requested by a questionnaire to provide information regarding their awareness and comprehension of the traffic light nutritional labeling system and personal use of the food label in food selection. Results: Indigenous women had a high percentage who lacked any formal education (43.5%) and a greater proportion were not aware of the labeling system when compared with the mestizas (84.3% vs 46%; P = .001). In both groups, the main reason for not reading labels was lack of understanding of its meaning (50% indigenous vs 32.7% mestiza; P < .05). The reported use of the labeling system for food choices was low—on average, 32% of the mestizas and 5% of the indigenous women reported using nutrition label information to guide their purchase and consumption of packaged food items. Conclusion: The use of nutritional labeling is low in both mestiza and indigenous Ecuadorians, although higher among the mestizas. Among the indigenous women, mostly likely owing to less education, limited nutrition-related health knowledge, and higher risk for food insecurity, the utility of the new traffic light food label is limited.
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McLean, Rachael, Janet Hoek, and Duncan Hedderley. "Effects of alternative label formats on choice of high- and low-sodium products in a New Zealand population sample." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 5 (January 27, 2012): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011003508.
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AbstractObjectiveDietary sodium reduction is a cost-effective public health intervention to reduce chronic disease. In response to calls for further research into front-of-pack labelling systems, we examined how alternative sodium nutrition label formats and nutrition claims influenced consumers’ choice behaviour and whether consumers with or without a diagnosis of hypertension differed in their choice patterns.DesignAn anonymous online experiment in which participants viewed ten choice sets featuring three fictitious brands of baked beans with varied label formats and nutritional profiles (high and low sodium) and indicated which brand in each set they would purchase if shopping for this product.SettingParticipants were recruited from New Zealand's largest online nationwide research panel.SubjectsFive hundred people with self-reported hypertension and 191 people without hypertension aged 18 to 79 years.ResultsThe addition of a front-of-pack label increased both groups’ ability to discriminate between products with high and low sodium, while the Traffic Light label enabled better identification of the high-sodium product. Both front-of-pack formats enhanced discrimination in the presence of a reduced salt claim, but the Traffic Light label also performed better than the Percentage Daily Intake label in moderating the effect of the claim for the high-sodium product.ConclusionsFront-of-pack labels, particularly those with simple visual cues, enhance consumers’ ability to discriminate between high- and low-sodium products, even when those products feature nutrition claims.
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Hamlin, Robert, and Benjamin Hamlin. "An Experimental Comparison of the Impact of ‘Warning’ and ‘Health Star Rating’ FoP Labels on Adolescents’ Choice of Breakfast Cereals in New Zealand." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061545.
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This research investigated the performance of the red, octagonal Vienna Convention traffic ‘STOP’ sign as a front of pack (FoP) warning nutritional label. While the Vienna Convention traffic light system is an established FoP label, the potential of the ‘STOP’ sign in the role has not been investigated. The performance of the ‘STOP’ label was compared with that of a single star (low nutritional value) Australasian Health Star Rating (HSR) label using a fractionally replicated Latin square design. The labels were presented on choice diads of cold breakfast cereal packets. The sample of 240 adolescents aged 16–18 was drawn from a secondary school in the South Island of New Zealand. A large and significant main effect was observed at the p < 0.01 level for the difference between the ’STOP’ sign and the control condition (no nutritional FoP label), and at p < 0.05 for the difference between the HSR and the ‘STOP’ label. There was no significant difference between the HSR FoP and the control condition. A significant non-additivity (interaction) (p < 0.01) was also observed via the fractional replication. The results indicate that the Vienna Convention ‘STOP’ sign is worthy of further research with regard to its potential as an FoP nutritional label.
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Singh, S. K., Lindsey Smith Taillie, Ashish Gupta, Maxime Bercholz, Barry Popkin, and Nandita Murukutla. "Front-of-Package Labels on Unhealthy Packaged Foods in India: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153128.
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Policies to require front-of-package labels (FOPLs) on packaged foods may help Indian consumers to better identify foods high in nutrients of concern, including sugar, saturated fat, and sodium, and discourage their consumption, which are outcomes that are critical for preventing rises in diet-related non-communicable disease. The objective was to test whether FOPLs helped Indian consumers identify “high-in” packaged foods and reduce intentions to purchase them. We conducted an in-person randomized experiment (n = 2869 adults between ages 18 and 60 years old) in six states of India in 2022. Participants were randomized to one of five FOPLs: a control label (barcode), warning label (octagon with “High in [nutrient]”), Health Star Rating (HSR), Guideline Daily Amount (GDA), or traffic light label. Participants then viewed a series of packaged foods high in sugar, saturated fat, or sodium with the assigned FOPL, and rated product perceptions and label reactions. Fewer than half of participants in the control group (39.1%) correctly identified all products high in nutrient(s) of concern. All FOPLs led to an increase in this outcome, with the biggest differences observed for the warning label (60.8%, p < 0.001), followed by the traffic light label (54.8%, p < 0.001), GDA (55.0%, p < 0.001), and HSR (45.0%, p < 0.01). While no FOPLs led to a reduction in intentions to purchase the packaged foods, the overall pattern of results suggested that warning labels are the most effective FOPL to help Indian consumers identify unhealthy foods.
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VanEpps, Eric M., Julie S. Downs, and George Loewenstein. "Calorie Label Formats: Using Numeric and Traffic Light Calorie Labels to Reduce Lunch Calories." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 35, no. 1 (April 2016): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.112.
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Banada, Padmapriya P., Karleigh Huff, Euiwon Bae, Bartek Rajwa, Amornrat Aroonnual, Bulent Bayraktar, Abrar Adil, J. Paul Robinson, E. Daniel Hirleman, and Arun K. Bhunia. "Label-free detection of multiple bacterial pathogens using light-scattering sensor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, no. 6 (February 2009): 1685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.053.
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Hosseinyalmdary, S., and A. Yilmaz. "TRAFFIC LIGHT DETECTION USING CONIC SECTION GEOMETRY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 2, 2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-1-191-2016.
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Traffic lights detection and their state recognition is a crucial task that autonomous vehicles must reliably fulfill. Despite scientific endeavors, it still is an open problem due to the variations of traffic lights and their perception in image form. Unlike previous studies, this paper investigates the use of inaccurate and publicly available GIS databases such as OpenStreetMap. In addition, we are the first to exploit conic section geometry to improve the shape cue of the traffic lights in images. Conic section also enables us to estimate the pose of the traffic lights with respect to the camera. Our approach can detect multiple traffic lights in the scene, it also is able to detect the traffic lights in the absence of prior knowledge, and detect the traffics lights as far as 70 meters. The proposed approach has been evaluated for different scenarios and the results show that the use of stereo cameras significantly improves the accuracy of the traffic lights detection and pose estimation.
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Hosseinyalmdary, S., and A. Yilmaz. "TRAFFIC LIGHT DETECTION USING CONIC SECTION GEOMETRY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-1 (June 2, 2016): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-1-191-2016.
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Traffic lights detection and their state recognition is a crucial task that autonomous vehicles must reliably fulfill. Despite scientific endeavors, it still is an open problem due to the variations of traffic lights and their perception in image form. Unlike previous studies, this paper investigates the use of inaccurate and publicly available GIS databases such as OpenStreetMap. In addition, we are the first to exploit conic section geometry to improve the shape cue of the traffic lights in images. Conic section also enables us to estimate the pose of the traffic lights with respect to the camera. Our approach can detect multiple traffic lights in the scene, it also is able to detect the traffic lights in the absence of prior knowledge, and detect the traffics lights as far as 70 meters. The proposed approach has been evaluated for different scenarios and the results show that the use of stereo cameras significantly improves the accuracy of the traffic lights detection and pose estimation.
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Yeh, Tien-Wen, Huei-Yung Lin, and Chin-Chen Chang. "Traffic Light and Arrow Signal Recognition Based on a Unified Network." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178066.
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We present a traffic light detection and recognition approach for traffic lights that utilizes convolutional neural networks. We also introduce a technique for identifying arrow signal lights in multiple urban traffic environments. For detection, we use map data and two different focal length cameras for traffic light detection at various distances. For recognition, we propose a new algorithm that combines object detection and classification to recognize the light state classes of traffic lights. Furthermore, we use a unified network by sharing features to decrease computation time. The results reveal that the proposed approach enables high-performance traffic light detection and recognition.
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Granato, Giuseppe, Alessio Martino, Andrea Baiocchi, and Antonello Rizzi. "Graph-Based Multi-Label Classification for WiFi Network Traffic Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 11303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111303.
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Network traffic analysis, and specifically anomaly and attack detection, call for sophisticated tools relying on a large number of features. Mathematical modeling is extremely difficult, given the ample variety of traffic patterns and the subtle and varied ways that malicious activity can be carried out in a network. We address this problem by exploiting data-driven modeling and computational intelligence techniques. Sequences of packets captured on the communication medium are considered, along with multi-label metadata. Graph-based modeling of the data are introduced, thus resorting to the powerful GRALG approach based on feature information granulation, identification of a representative alphabet, embedding and genetic optimization. The obtained classifier is evaluated both under accuracy and complexity for two different supervised problems and compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. We show that the proposed preprocessing strategy is able to describe higher level relations between data instances in the input domain, thus allowing the algorithms to suitably reconstruct the structure of the input domain itself. Furthermore, the considered Granular Computing approach is able to extract knowledge on multiple semantic levels, thus effectively describing anomalies as subgraphs-based symbols of the whole network graph, in a specific time interval. Interesting performances can thus be achieved in identifying network traffic patterns, in spite of the complexity of the considered traffic classes.
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SREEVARDHAN, V., V. SANTOSH, and E. RAHUL. "AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONISED FSM BASED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2022.v11i01.029.
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Traffic light controller is designed to show the behavior of the traffic lights system and also a kind of good sequential circuit. Xilinx vivado is a tool which is being used to Annalise the heavy traffic by analyzing it through the various tools such as NEXYS-4, ARTIX -7, FPGA Board. The approach can be success by allowing a proper access to the areas shared through the multiple intersections and allocating effective time between various users, on or off the peaking hours. Theoretically the waiting times for drivers during peak hours has been reduced further, therefore this is system is better than the one which is being used at the moment. Further improvements include addition of other function to the designed circuit which suits to the various upcoming traffic conditions at different location. Traffic is the one of the biggest problem in this modern world due to this problem so many people are suffering even ambulances are not getting out of traffic in cities. This is our small initiation to make easy flow and control of traffic.
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Fatmah, Retno D. ,. "The Impact of Front-of-Package Traffic Light (Foptl) in the Senior High School Students’ Nutrition Labels Comprehension." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 918–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.3.30.
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The study aimed to evaluate the impact of Front-of-Package Traffic Light (FoPTL) nutrition label on female teenagers’ comprehension of nutritional values. A quasi-experimental design employing the purposive sampling method. The intervention group was given FoPTL nutrition label while the control group was given nutrition facts labels within 3 weeks. Twenty-one subjects in a control group and twenty subjects in an intervention group. Both groups taken from the two selected senior high schools at East Jakarta. Our findings confirm the significant difference in the nutrition labels comprehension between the intervention group and control group (p < 0.05), with the intervention group having higher scores (39.17 points) than the control group (20.63 points). It can be concluded that FoPTL can improve the nutrition labels comprehension. To mitigate the low comprehension of nutrition labels, schools are encouraged to cooperate with related partners on educating students about nutrition labels. Future studies may wish to consider examining the issue using male teenagers as the research subjects. To that degree, research on both the reading behavior of FoPTL label and the purchasing behavior of packaged food products should be performed.
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Zhu, Shao Ping. "Nighttime Motion Vehicle Detection Based on Multiple Instance Learning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.370.
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In this paper, we propose an effective approach for detecting moving vehicles in nighttime traffic scenes. We use Multiple Instance Learning method to automatically detect vehicle from video sequences by constructing the Multiple Instance Learning model at nighttime. At first, we extract SIFT feature using SIFT feature extraction algorithm, which is used to characterize moving vehicles at nighttime. Then Multiple Instance Learning model is used for the on-road detection of vehicles at nighttime, in order to improve the detection accuracy, the class label information was used for the learning of the Multiple Instance Learning model. Final experiments were performed and evaluate the proposed method at nighttime under urban traffic condition, the experiment results show that the average detection accuracy is over 96.2%, which validates that the proposed vehicle detection approach is feasible and effective for the on-road detection of vehicles at nighttime and identification in various nighttime environments.
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Lee, Kirsten, David Hammond, Miriam Price, Erin Hobin, Michael Wallace, Dana Olstad, Leia Minaker, and Sharon Kirkpatrick. "Numeric and Traffic Light Calorie Labels on Cafeteria Menus: Noticing, Use, and Perceptions Among Young Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa064_009.
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Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to examine the impact of numeric versus interpretive calorie labelling on consumer noticing, use, and perceptions of labels. We hypothesized that due to their at-a-glance format, interpretive labels would outperform numeric labels. Methods Using a pre-post quasi-experimental controlled trial design, three campus cafeterias were randomized to receive numeric calorie labelling, traffic light labelling (i.e., red, amber, or green symbol indicating the number of calories), or no labelling for two weeks. Exit surveys were conducted with cafeteria patrons prior to (n = 949) and following (n = 1110) implementation of labels. Surveys queried sociodemographic characteristics, the details of the most recent cafeteria purchase, and noticing, use, and perceptions of labels. Chi-squared tests and multinomial logistic regression were used to determine the impact of format on label noticing, use, and perceptions. Results Label noticing increased from 23% to 43% among those exposed to numeric labels and 28% to 63% among those exposed to traffic light labels, compared to no change in the control (15%) (P < 0.05). Among those who noticed labels, a higher proportion (66%) of those in the traffic light condition reported using the labels to inform their purchase compared to the numeric (50%) and control (50%) conditions (P < 0.05). Scores for perceived ease of use and understanding of the labels were high at both labelling sites. Compared to the pre-test period, there was a slight increase (6%) in the proportion of people who indicated traffic light labels were easy to use and understand versus no change in perceptions at the numeric and control sites (P > 0.05). Conclusions Cafeteria patrons exposed to calorie labels reported noticing and using them, with higher salience for traffic light labels. The implementation of such interpretive labels at the point-of-purchase may provide cues to enable consumers to make informed choices, consistent with front-of-pack labels on packaged foods under consideration in many jurisdictions. Funding Sources Kirsten Lee is funded by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. This study is funded by the Canadian Foundation for Dietetic Research and an Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation Early Researcher Award held by Sharon Kirkpatrick.
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Iqbal, Masab, Luis Velasco, Marc Ruiz, Nelson Costa, Antonio Napoli, Joao Pedro, and Jaume Comellas. "Supporting Heterogenous Traffic on Top of Point-to-Multipoint Light-Trees." Sensors 23, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 2500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052500.
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New 5 G and beyond services demand innovative solutions in optical transport to increase efficiency and flexibility and reduce capital (CAPEX) and operational (OPEX) expenditures to support heterogeneous and dynamic traffic. In this context, optical point-to-multipoint (P2MP) connectivity is seen as an alternative to provide connectivity to multiple sites from a single source, thus potentially both reducing CAPEX and OPEX. Digital subcarrier multiplexing (DSCM) has been shown as a feasible candidate for optical P2MP in view of its ability to generate multiple subcarriers (SC) in the frequency domain that can be used to serve several destinations. This paper proposes a different technology, named optical constellation slicing (OCS), that enables a source to communicate with multiple destinations by focusing on the time domain. OCS is described in detail and compared to DSCM by simulation, where the results show that both OCS and DSCM provide a good performance in terms of the bit error rate (BER) for access/metro applications. An exhaustive quantitative study is afterwards carried out to compare OCS and DSCM considering its support to dynamic packet layer P2P traffic only and mixed P2P and P2MP traffic; throughput, efficiency, and cost are used here as the metrics. As a baseline for comparison, the traditional optical P2P solution is also considered in this study. Numerical results show that OCS and DSCM provide a better efficiency and cost savings than traditional optical P2P connectivity. For P2P only traffic, OCS and DSCM are utmost 14.6% more efficient than the traditional lightpath solution, whereas for heterogeneous P2P + P2MP traffic, a 25% efficiency improvement is achieved, making OCS 12% more efficient than DSCM. Interestingly, the results show that for P2P only traffic, DSCM provides more savings of up to 12% than OCS, whereas for heterogeneous traffic, OCS can save up to 24.6% more than DSCM.
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Hedberg, Karen K., G. Bruce Birrell, Douglas L. Habliston, and O. Hayes Griffith. "Tunable Label Contrast on the Cell Surface: Photoelectron Imaging with Multiple Wavelength Excitation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 1, no. 6 (December 1995): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927695112532.
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Photoelectron imaging is a novel way of imaging the distribution of specific cell surface components. The basic principle is the photoelectric effect, in which electrons are ejected from the specimen by UV light. There are two primary forms of image contrast in photoelectron microscopy: material contrast and topographical contrast. Material contrast, provided by differences in photoelectron quantum yields, makes it possible to select labels that appear bright against the darker background of the cell surface. Topographical contrast ensures that label distribution can be interpreted in the context of cellular structures. By varying the wavelength of the exciting light, the contrast between label and cell surface can be controlled (tuned) to produce images ranging from a primarily topographical view of the surface to those showing only the label distribution. Being an emission-based technique, photoelectron imaging shares with fluorescence microscopy the ability to image label distributions at low magnification. However, unlike fluorescence microscopy the photoelectron image is formed by electrons, which generates a greater level of attainable resolution. Label contrast and wavelength-dependent tunability of contrast is illustrated with images of silver-enhanced immunogold-labeled cell surfaces, including selective labeling of cells in mixed-cell co-cultures, the cell surface CD44 adhesion protein on human glioma cells, fibronectin patterns on human fibroblasts, and the human transferrin receptor on MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells.
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Ellison, Brenna, Jayson L. Lusk, and David Davis. "The Effect of Calorie Labels on Caloric Intake and Restaurant Revenue: Evidence from Two Full-Service Restaurants." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 46, no. 2 (May 2014): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000729.
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Field experiment data were used to study the effect of numeric calorie labels in two full-service restaurants. Ultimately, both field experiments, despite using different experimental designs, reached the same conclusion: the numeric calorie label had no significant effect on total caloric intake. However, results revealed the addition of a traffic light symbol to the numeric label led to a 67.8-kcal reduction in average calories ordered. Furthermore, results showed restaurant revenue is unlikely to be affected by the addition of calorie labels on menus. The results have implications for restaurant labeling laws that are being considered around the world.
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Poythress, Vern. "A simple traffic-light semiotic model for tagmemic theory." Semiotica 2018, no. 225 (November 6, 2018): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0025.
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AbstractThe complexity and flexibility of tagmemic theory, as a semiotic theory developed by Kenneth L. Pike, can be better understood by examining how it applies to a simple semiotic system like traffic lights. We can then compare the result with how it functions in analyzing a piece of natural language. Tagmemic theory introduces three observer viewpoints – the particle view, the wave view, and the field view. Each view generates a suite of questions to answer. Any one of the views results in a “complete” description of traffic lights, from which the information about the other views can be inferred. And yet each view is distinct in texture from the others, and the existence of such multiple views – each with a claim to emic integrity and each serving as a perspective on the whole – has to be accounted for in a robust semiotic approach. The same phenomena occur when we apply the three views to the analysis of meaning in natural language. The chief illustration is to analyze the meaning of the word dog in multiple ways. The multi-dimensional potential for semiotic analysis highlights the limitations of Aristotelian logic and symbolic logic, both of which simplify for the sake of rigor.
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Jafari, Sadiqa, Zeinab Shahbazi, and Yung-Cheol Byun. "Improving the Road and Traffic Control Prediction Based on Fuzzy Logic Approach in Multiple Intersections." Mathematics 10, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10162832.
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Traffic congestion is a significant issue in many countries today. The suggested method is a novel control method based on multiple intersections considering the kind of traffic light and the duration of the green phase to determine the optimal balance at intersections by using fuzzy logic control, for which the balance should be adaptable to the unchanging behavior of time. It should reduce traffic volume in transport, average waits for each vehicle, and collisions between cars by controlling this balance in response to the typical behavior of time and randomness in traffic conditions. The proposed method is investigated at intersections using a sampling multi-agent system to set traffic light timings appropriately. The program is provided with many intersections, each of which is an independent entity exchanging information with the others. The stability per entity is proven separately. Simulation results show that Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy modeling performs better than Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fixed-time scheduling in decreasing the length of queueing times for vehicles.