Books on the topic 'Multiple response analysis'
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1
Thissen, David. Multilog user's guide: Multiple, categorical item analysis and test scoring using item response theory. 6th ed. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, 1991.
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2
Kraushaar, Sabine. Soil Erosion and Sediment Flux in Northern Jordan: Analysis, Quantification and the Respective Qualitative Impacts on a Reservoir Using a Multiple Response Approach. Springer, 2016.
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Kraushaar, Sabine. Soil Erosion and Sediment Flux in Northern Jordan: Analysis, Quantification and the Respective Qualitative Impacts on a Reservoir Using a Multiple Response Approach. Springer International Publishing AG, 2018.
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Kraushaar, Sabine. Soil Erosion and Sediment Flux in Northern Jordan: Analysis, Quantification and the Respective Qualitative Impacts on a Reservoir Using a Multiple Response Approach. Springer London, Limited, 2016.
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Freedman, Mark S., and Mohammad Abdoli. The Importance and Utility of Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Central Demyelinating Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0008.
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This chapter aims to highlight the diagnostic and prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in multiple sclerosis with a special consideration of distinguishing it from neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorder. Interpretation of CSF findings in daily clinical practice in patients with MS is thoroughly explained. New advances in CSF analysis and recently identified biomarkers may be helpful for diagnosis, help elucidate disease subtype and activity, or aid in prognosis and monitoring of the response to treatment. Characteristics of CSF changes in different subtypes of multiple sclerosis, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) are discussed. CSF findings in NMO spectrum disease as a diagnostic and differentiating marker are explained separately.
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Mackey, Brendan, David Lindenmayer, Malcolm Gill, Michael McCarthy, and Janette Lindesay, eds. Wildlife, Fire and Future Climate. CSIRO Publishing, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643090040.
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The conservation of Earth's forest ecosystems is one of the great environmental challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. All of Earth's ecosystems now face the spectre of the accelerated greenhouse effect and rates of change in climatic regimes that have hitherto been unknown. In addition, multiple use forestry – where forests are managed to provide for both a supply of wood and the conservation of biodiversity – can change the floristic composition and vegetation structure of forests with significant implications for wildlife habitat.
Wildlife, fire and future climate: a forest ecosystem analysis explores these themes through a landscape-wide study of refugia and future climate in the tall, wet forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. It represents a model case study for the kind of integrated investigation needed throughout the world in order to deal with the potential response of terrestrial ecological systems to global change. The analyses presented in this book represent one of the few ecosystem studies ever undertaken that has attempted such a complex synthesis of fire, wildlife, vegetation, and climate.
Wildlife, fire and future climate: a forest ecosystem analysis is written by an experienced team of leading world experts in fire ecology, modelling, terrain and climate analysis, vegetation and wildlife habitat. Their collaboration on this book represents a unique and exemplary, multi-disciplinary venture.
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Landau, Ruth, and Clemens Ortner. Genetics. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0052.
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Phenotyping is key in all genetic association studies and designing clinical studies to assess the genetic contribution to pain and analgesic response in general, and in the context of obstetric pain is even more challenging. In addition, interpreting results, particularly when multiple genes are evaluated, requires large sample sizes and appropriate statistical analysis to avoid misconstrued finding. The genetic contribution to labour pain or even that of pharmacogenetics to explain differences in analgesic response is probably not simple and straightforward and we are at the beginning of our explorations. Firm recommendations to tailor opioid regimens based on patients’ individual genetic profile are not available and are unlikely to become available in the near future other than for the prescription of codeine. To help explore genetic variants that influence the progress of labour and other various obstetric outcomes, the concept of mathematical modelling of labour progress is extremely promising and may in the future allow identification of some important genetic contributions and will perhaps one day predict labour outcome and labour pain perception.
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Lapierre, Laurent M., and Alicia D. McMullan. A Review of Methodological and Measurement Approaches to the Study of Work and Family. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.4.
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This chapter provides a review of research methods reported in work–family (WF) articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2004 and 2013. Methodological issues addressed include sampling (sampling methods, identification of target and source populations, response rate, and comparison of sample to source population), research designs (time horizon, laboratory vs. field setting, and level of control), data collection methods, levels of analysis, use of multiple data sources, triangulation, and the use of objective outcome measures. When possible, statistical comparisons were made between the results of this review and those reported in an earlier review by Casper, Eby, Bordeaux, Lockwood, and Lambert (2007). Results show that multiwave as well as qualitative research designs have been used more frequently since the period reviewed by Casper and colleagues. Still, there is room for improvement in the methodological rigor with which WF research is undertaken. In particular, WF scholars are encouraged to give more attention to sampling-related considerations, and to more strongly consider the use of experimental research designs, data/measurement triangulation, and the collection of data beyond the individual level of analysis.
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Kalmanofsky, Amy. Postmodern Engagements of the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.31.
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This chapter offers a postmodern analysis of the representation of the body in the biblical prophets, focusing on the rhetorical and literary representation of bodies in the prophetic books. The multiple ways the prophets use the body suggest that they recognize its rhetorical power as well as its subtlety. The body can be a blunt rhetorical tool that demands a powerful emotional response, and a narrative device that requires interpretation and conveys theological meaning. The body can also be a subtle means of communication that conveys the prophets’ experience of personal vulnerability and their burden of having to communicate God’s word. Used in these ways, the image of the body is oriented to the reader and reflects postmodern interest in examining the ways a text engages its audience, as well as the ways it communicates subjective human experience.
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Compston, Alastair. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0871.
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The oligodendrocyte–myelin unit subserves saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse in the healthy central nervous system. At one time, many disease processes were thought exclusively to target the structure and function of myelin. Therefore, they were designated ‘demyelinating diseases’. But recent analyses, based mainly on pathological and imaging studies, (re)emphasize that axons are also directly involved in these disorders during both the acute and chronic phases. Another ambiguity is the extent to which these are inflammatory conditions. Here, distinctions should be made between inflammation, as a generic process, and autoimmunity in which rather a specific set of aetiological and mechanistic conditions pertain. And there are differences between disorders that are driven primarily by immune processes and those in which inflammation occurs in response to pre-existing tissue damage.With these provisos, the pathological processes of demyelination and associated axonal dysfunction often account for episodic neurological symptoms and signs referable to white matter tracts of the brain, optic nerves, or spinal cord when these occur in young people. This is the clinical context in which the possibility of ‘demyelinating disease’ is usually considered by physicians and, increasingly, the informed patient. Neurologists will, with appropriate cautions, also be prepared to diagnose demyelinating disease in older patients presenting with progressive symptoms implicating these same pathways even when there is no suggestive past history. Both in its typical and atypical forms multiple sclerosis remains by far the commonest demyelinating disease. But acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, the leucodystrophies, and central pontine myelinolysis also need to be considered in particular circumstances; and multiple sclerosis itself has a differential diagnosis in which the relapsing-remitting course is mimicked by conditions not associated with direct injury to the axon–glial unit. Since our understanding of the cause, pathogenesis and features of demyelinating disease remains incomplete, classification combines aspects of the aetiology, clinical features, pathology, and laboratory components. Whether the designation ‘multiple sclerosis’ encapsulates one or more conditions is now much debated. We anticipate that a major part of future studies in demyelinating disease will be further to resolve this question of disease heterogeneity leading to a new taxonomy based on mechanisms rather than clinical empiricism. But, for now, the variable ages of onset, unpredictable clinical course, protean clinical manifestations, and non-specific laboratory investigations continue to make demyelinating disease one of the more challenging diagnostic areas in clinical neurology.
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Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Assessing and Testing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0004.
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A cross-cultural comparison can be misleading for two reasons: (1) comparison is made using different attributes and (2) comparison is made using different scale units. This chapter illustrates multiple statistical approaches to evaluating the cross-cultural equivalence of the research instruments: data distribution of the items of the research instrument, the patterns of responses of each item, the corrected item–total correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability analysis using the parallel test and tau-equivalence test. Equivalence is the fundamental issue in cross-cultural research and evaluation.
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Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.
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This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous (fecundity potential, growth rate, mortality risk, maturation probability) and discrete states (maturation status). The results from plant population demography analysis demonstrate the utility of hierarchical modelling as a mechanism for the synthesis of complex information and interactions.
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Nozière, Pierre. INRA feeding system for ruminants. Edited by Daniel Sauvant and Luc Delaby. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-872-8.
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The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
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MacGeorge, Erina L., and Lyn M. Van Swol, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Advice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630188.001.0001.
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Advice, defined as a recommendation for action in response to a problem, is a common form of interpersonal support and influence. Indeed, the advice we give and receive from others can be highly consequential, not only affecting us as recipients and advisors but also shaping outcomes for relationships, groups, and organizations. Some of those consequences are positive, as when advice promotes individual problem solving or enhances workgroup productivity. Yet advice can also hide ulterior motives, threaten identity, damage relationships, and promote inappropriate action. The Oxford Handbook of Advice provides a broad perspective on how advice succeeds and fails, systematically reviewing and synthesizing theory and research on advice from multiple disciplines, such as communication, psychology, applied linguistics, business, law, and medicine. Some chapters examine advice at different levels of analysis, focusing on advisor and recipient roles, advising interactions and relationships, and advice as a resource and connection in groups and networks. Other chapters address advice in particular types of personal relationships (e.g., romantic and family) and professional contexts (e.g., workplace, health, education, and therapy). Authors also consider cultural differences, advice online, and the ethics of advising. For scholars concerned with supportive communication, interpersonal influence, decision making, social networks, and related communication processes at work, at home, and in society at large, the Handbook offers historical perspective, contemporary theoretical framing, methodological recommendations, and directions for future research. The authors also emphasize practical application, offering clear, concise, and relevant “advice for advising” based on theory and research.
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Macauley, Robert C. Overview of Ethical Approaches (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0002.
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While there exists significant disagreement among bioethicists as to the appropriate course of action in specific cases, there is actually general agreement about how to approach ethical dilemmas. This involves classifying the nature of the dilemma, reviewing existing information, acquiring additional information, analyzing the issue from multiple viewpoints, and formulating a response in light of potential criticisms. Potential analytic viewpoints include principlism, consequentialism, virtue ethics, casuistry, narrative ethics, and the ethics of care. When a clear resolution is not possible, ideally the situation can be temporized or clearly unacceptable options—including rationing at the bedside—eliminated, in the hopes of further resolution eventually occurring.
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Weiss, Harvey, ed. Megadrought and Collapse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.001.0001.
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This is the first book to treat the major examples of megadrought and societal collapse, from the late Pleistocene end of hunter–gatherer culture and origins of cultivation to the 15th century AD fall of the Khmer Empire capital at Angkor, and ranging from the Near East to South America. Previous enquiries have stressed the possible multiple and internal causes of collapse, such overpopulation, overexploitation of resources, warfare, and poor leadership and decision-making. In contrast, Megadrought and Collapse presents case studies of nine major episodes of societal collapse in which megadrought was the major and independent cause of societal collapse. In each case the most recent paleoclimatic evidence for megadroughts, multiple decades to multiple centuries in duration, is presented alongside the archaeological records for synchronous societal collapse. The megadrought data are derived from paleoclimate proxy sources (lake, marine, and glacial cores; speleothems, or cave stalagmites; and tree-rings) and are explained by researchers directly engaged in their analysis. Researchers directly responsible for them discuss the relevant current archaeological records. Two arguments are developed through these case studies. The first is that societal collapse in different time periods and regions and at levels of social complexity ranging from simple foragers to complex empires would not have occurred without megadrought. The second is that similar responses to megadrought extend across these historical episodes: societal collapse in the face of insurmountable climate change, abandonment of settlements and regions, and habitat tracking to sustainable agricultural landscapes. As we confront megadrought today, and in the likely future, Megadrought and Collapse brings together the latest contributions to our understanding of past societal responses to the crisis on an equally global and diverse scale.
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Woods, Angela, Ben Alderson-Day, and Charles Fernyhough, eds. Voices in Psychosis. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898388.001.0001.
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Abstract Voices in Psychosis: Interdisciplinary Perspectives deepens and extends the understanding of hearing voices in psychosis in a striking way. For the first time, this collection brings multiple disciplinary, clinical, and experiential perspectives to bear on an original and extraordinarily rich body of testimony: transcripts of forty in-depth phenomenological interviews conducted with people who hear voices and who have accessed Early Intervention in Psychosis services. Voice-hearing experiences associated with psychosis are highly varied, frequently distressing, poorly understood, and deeply stigmatized, even within mental health services. Voices in Psychosis responds to the urgent need for new ways of listening to, and making sense of, these experiences. The book addresses the social, clinical, and research contexts in which the interviews took place, thoroughly investigating the embodied, multisensory, affective, linguistic, spatial, and relational qualities of voice-hearing experiences. The nature, politics, and consequences of these analytic endeavours is a focus of critical reflection throughout. This volume presents a collection of essays by members and associates of the Hearing the Voice project that were written in response to the transcripts. Each chapter gives a multifaceted insight into the experiences of voice-hearers in the North East of England and to their wider resonance in contexts ranging from medieval mysticism to Amazonian shamanism, from the nineteenth-century novel to the twenty-first-century survivor movement.
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Bucy, Erik P., and Patrick Stewart. The Personalization of Campaigns: Nonverbal Cues in Presidential Debates. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.52.
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Nonverbal cues are important elements of persuasive communication whose influence in political debates are receiving renewed attention. Recent advances in political debate research have been driven by biologically grounded explanations of behavior that draw on evolutionary theory and view televised debates as contests for social dominance. The application of biobehavioral coding to televised presidential debates opens new vistas for investigating this time-honored campaign tradition by introducing a systematic and readily replicated analytical framework for documenting the unspoken signals that are a continuous feature of competitive candidate encounters. As research utilizing biobehavioral measures of presidential debates and other political communication progresses, studies are becoming increasingly characterized by the use of multiple methodologies and merging of disparate data into combined systems of coding that support predictive modeling.Key elements of nonverbal persuasion include candidate appearance, communication style and behavior, as well as gender dynamics that regulate candidate interactions. Together, the use of facial expressions, voice tone, and bodily gestures form uniquely identifiable display repertoires that candidates perform within televised debate settings. Also at play are social and political norms that govern candidate encounters. From an evaluative standpoint, the visual equivalent of a verbal gaffe is the commission of a nonverbal expectancy violation, which draws viewer attention and interferes with information intake. Through second screens, viewers are able to register their reactions to candidate behavior in real time, and merging biobehavioral and social media approaches to debate effects is showing how such activity can be used as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of candidate nonverbal communication during televised presidential debates.Methodological approaches employed to investigate nonverbal cues in presidential debates have expanded well beyond the time-honored technique of content analysis to include lab experiments, focus groups, continuous response measurement, eye tracking, vocalic analysis, biobehavioral coding, and use of the Facial Action Coding System to document the muscle movements that comprise leader expressions. Given the tradeoffs and myriad considerations involved in analyzing nonverbal cues, critical issues in measurement and methodology must be addressed when conducting research in this evolving area. With automated coding of nonverbal behavior just around the corner, future research should be designed to take advantage of the growing number of methodological advances in this rapidly evolving area of political communication research.
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Williams, Elizabeth A., and Tyler J. Carrier, eds. An -omics Perspective on Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0019.
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The diverse phenotypes exhibited by marine invertebrate larvae are the result of complex gene-environment interactions. Recently, technological advances in molecular biology have enabled large-scale -omics approaches, which can provide a global overview of the molecular mechanisms that shape the larval genotype-phenotype landscape. -omics approaches are facilitating our understanding of larval development and life history evolution, larval response to environmental stress, the larval microbiome, larval physiology and feeding, and larval behavior. These large-scale molecular approaches are even more effective when combined with large-scale environmental monitoring and phenotypic measurements. Current -omics approaches to studying larvae can be improved by the addition of functional genetic analyses and the reporting of natural variation in gene expression between individuals and populations. Systems-level approaches that combine multiple -omics techniques will allow us to explore in fine detail the interactions of environmental and genotypic influences on larval phenotype.
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Meranze, Michael. Histories of the Modern Prison. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.35.
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This essay examines the history of the prison since late the eighteenth century. Following a discussion of the origins of the reformative prison, the essay analyzes its global expansion as a tool for disciplining populations, expanding imperial control, and establishing national legitimacy. In particular, it emphasizes the dialectic between colonial and national projects and the multiple uses that the prison has come to play in states around the globe. From its origins as a local response to particular issues of crime and disruption, during the nineteenth century the prison became a sign of modernity itself. Its twentieth-century history, in the United States and across the globe, only tightened its relationship with systems of racial domination and the continuing legacy of colonial violence. The prison now marks the collapse of Enlightenment hopes for a more humane system of punishment.
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Gond, Jean-Pascal, Christiane Demers, and Valérie Michaud. Managing Normative Tensions within and across Organizations. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.13.
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What can the Economies of Worth (EW) and paradox frameworks learn from each other? Organizational paradoxes often present a moral dimension that has rarely been accounted for empirically or theorized by paradox scholars. The EW scholars, on the other hand, have developed a sophisticated analysis to explain how ordinary actors engage with multiple moral dimensions yet have barely theorized the full set of responses that actors can mobilize to deal with such tensions. This chapter addresses this double blind spot by cross-fertilizing paradox thinking and the EW framework with the aim of discussing the normative dimensions of paradox management and providing a conceptualization of how organizational actors can deal with tensions involving moral values. The EW framework is introduced, its assumptions with paradox approaches clarified and compared and then what each framework can learn from the other is analyzed. A research agenda is offered based on a new integrative framework.
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Iovane, Massimo, Fulvio M. Palombino, Daniele Amoroso, and Giovanni Zarra, eds. The Protection of General Interests in Contemporary International Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846501.001.0001.
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This book is aimed at analysing the notions of global public goods, global commons, and fundamental values as conceptual tools geared towards the protection of the general interests of the international community. After having provided the readers with a general overview of the abovementioned concepts, the book examines how international law has responded to what qualifies as global public goods, global commons, and fundamental values in a wide range of fields. Moreover, the work also investigates how global governance has improved (or worsened) this response. Authors have discussed which general interests have or have not been deemed to deserve the protection of international law in one or more of the categories under scrutiny, and why; they have also explored the legal foundation of such interests in international law. In addition, they have focused on whether and how it is appropriate that international law intervenes to regulate such interests, taking into account the interplay between the multiple actors of international law, ranging from states, international and regional organizations, and non-state actors. They have further explored how states and other actors have used international law to protect general interests, what lessons can be learned from these efforts, and what main challenges still need to be addressed. Looking at international law through the prism of global public goods, global commons, and fundamental values has also implied an in-depth examination of different substantive regimes, such as, e.g. those regulating human rights, the protection of the environment, and international economic law.
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Kay, Tamara, and R. L. Evans. Using Institutional Leverage to Influence the Side Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847432.003.0006.
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This chapter explores how activists used institutional channels to influence the side agreements. It reveals, through documented interactions, the cat-and-mouse game between activists and the state as they responded to each other’s maneuvering and changed their strategies in relationship to each other. It shows how activists and their legislative allies applied pressure on negotiators, who ultimately succumbed to pressure by strengthening environmental and labor protections at multiple points during negotiations. The chapter also analyzes the unexpected ability of environmentalists to push for and obtain stronger protections in the environmental side agreement than labor activists achieved in the labor side agreement. This is particularly surprising because unions were stronger and had substantially more political and financial resources to draw upon than did environmentalists.
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Schmandt, Jurgen, Aysegül Kibaroglu, Regina Buono, and Sephra Thomas, eds. Sustainability of Engineered Rivers In Arid Lands. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108261142.
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This interdisciplinary volume examines how nine arid or semi-arid river basins with thriving irrigated agriculture are doing now and how they may change between now and mid-century. The rivers studied are the Colorado, Euphrates-Tigris, Jucar, Limarí, Murray-Darling, Nile, Rio Grande, São Francisco, and Yellow. Engineered dams and distribution networks brought large benefits to farmers and cities, but now the water systems face multiple challenges, above all climate change, reservoir siltation, and decreased water flows. Unchecked, they will see reduced food production and endanger the economic livelihood of basin populations. The authors suggest how to respond to these challenges without loss of food production, drinking water, or environmental health. The analysis of the political, hydrological, and environmental conditions within each basin gives policymakers, engineers, and researchers interested in the water/sustainability nexus a better understanding of engineered rivers in arid lands.
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Danbury, Christopher, Christopher Newdick, Alex Ruck Keene, and Carl Waldmann, eds. Law and ethics in intensive care. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198817161.001.0001.
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The practice of intensive care medicine raises multiple legal and ethical issues on a daily basis, making it increasingly difficult to know whom to admit and when, at what stage invasive management should be withdrawn, and who, importantly, should decide? These profound dilemmas, already complicated in a setting of scarce resources, mandate an understanding of law and ethics for those working in intensive care medicine. Clinically focused, the book explains the relevance of landmark rulings to aid the day-to-day decision making of critical care professionals. A spectrum of ethical and legal controversies in critical care are addressed to demonstrate how law and ethics affect the care available to patients, and how patients’ responses to advances in treatment in turn influence legal and ethical concerns. Discussion of conflict resolution advises on the options that are open to doctors when agreement on treatment decisions or withdrawal cannot be reached. The literature and variations surrounding ‘Do not attempt resuscitation’ (DNAR) decisions are outlined. This edition also provides an up-to-date analysis of issues such as futility and deprivation of liberty.
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Major, Brenda, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Stigma, Discrimination, and Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.001.0001.
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Throughout the world, groups that are socially disadvantaged have poorer health compared to groups that are more advantaged. This book examines the role that stigma and discrimination play in creating and sustaining these group health disparities. Stigma is a social construction in which people who are distinguished by a “mark” are viewed as deviant, socially excluded, and devalued. Stigma and the discrimination it engenders negatively affect health through multiple mechanisms operating at several different levels of influence. Collectively, these shape both the orientations of people toward members of stigmatized groups and the experiences, and often the self-concepts, of members of groups targeted by stigma. Stigma affects individual-level affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses that increase stress in the lives of stigmatized groups. Stigma also restricts access to social and community-level resources relevant to good health and exposes individuals to more toxic environments. All act to erode the health of people who are stigmatized. This volume provides a cutting edge, multidisciplinary, multilevel analysis of health and health disparities through the integrative lens of stigma. It brings together the research of leading social and health psychologists, sociologists, public health scholars, and medical ethicists who study stigma and health. It integrates independent literatures on the health-related outcomes of stigma and discrimination and the diverse pathways and processes by which stigma and discrimination affect multiple health outcomes. The book is also forward-looking: It discusses the implications of these themes for policy, interventions, and health care, as well as identifies the most important directions for future research.
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Regional Status Report 2020: Preventing and Responding to Violence against Children in the Americas. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122938.
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Violence against children is widespread in the Region of the Americas and it takes many different, equally unacceptable forms. This report is a major milestone for the Region, because it is the first of its kind. It specifically builds on and is informed by the momentum of INSPIRE: Seven Strategies to End Violence Against Children, a technical package of seven strategies based on the best available evidence and with the highest potential to end violence against all children. The report provides a more in-depth analysis of strategies and approaches to prevent and respond to violence against children in the Americas. Being in line with the commitment made by Member States to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and multiple regional and global strategies, attention to this topic is timely. Its importance is further underlined by the fact that it is the first time that governments are self-reporting on their work to address violence against children in line with the evidence-based strategies of INSPIRE. The report comes at unprecedented times, as the COVID-19 pandemic has created a new urgency for action on violence against children. This report offers a baseline of effort in the Region to prevent and respond to violence against all children everywhere.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. The mating system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0012.
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Coalition formation in the cheetah is considered to enhance male reproductive success, although no evidence to support this was gleaned in this study. Females advertised oestrus by spray-urinating and often undertook extensive movements at this time. Additionally some evidence for mating rendezvous areas was obtained. Male cheetahs sometimes vocalized extensively when an oestrus female was in the vicinity, although females were not seen to respond. After coming together few copulations occur and often the female resented the presence of the male. Multiple paternities, but never from males of the same coalition, were found in 29% of litters. Interactions between males over oestrus females from different groups were often aggressive. DNA analyses of paternity revealed that successful mating was not skewed to a small number of males, and that single males sired relatively as many cubs as coalition males. Phylogenetic inertia may drive sociality in male cheetahs and other felids.
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Bermeo, Sarah. Targeted Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851828.001.0001.
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Industrialized states find it increasingly difficult to insulate themselves from spillovers associated with underdevelopment abroad. In a globalizing world many concerns caused or enhanced by underdevelopment—migration, political instability, violence, refugee flows, trafficking in persons and illicit substances, spread of disease, lawlessness and its ability to provide havens for terrorists and criminals, pollution, and others—are not confined within national borders. Industrialized states, unable to protect themselves from the impact of events in developing countries, have responded with a strategy of targeted development: pursuing development abroad when and where it serves their own self-interest. This book examines the emergence of targeted development as an important foreign policy goal of wealthy states. Through historical comparisons, the development of a formal model, and empirical analysis of foreign aid, trade agreements, and climate finance, the book demonstrates that targeted development has emerged as an important component of foreign policy across multiple issue areas linking industrialized and developing countries. These findings show a rising importance for development in foreign policy and have implications for understanding which countries are likely to be left behind by globalization, the role of international institutions in promoting development, and the study of effectiveness for development policies.
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Cawthon, Stephanie, and Carrie Lou Garberoglio, eds. Research in Deaf Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.001.0001.
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This edited volume, Research in Deaf Education: Contexts, Challenges, and Considerations, provides readers with critical foundational information with which to view contemporary research in deaf education. Deaf education as a field is experiencing a high degree of turnover in its researchers, as well as major shifts in how deaf individuals access information and engage with society as a whole. To conduct research in deaf education includes a need to be mindful of the influence of context as well as the challenges of conducting research with a low-incidence and diverse population. Together with a chapter on history, as well as how the population has changed in recent decades, chapters in this book seek to provide readers with important context and strategies for the implementation of a range of research methodologies. Deaf education research utilizes a great range of research methodologies, and while this volume does not address all possible approaches, it does cover diverse research perspectives, from action research to large-scale surveys to multi-level modeling. In addition, several chapters in this volume address issues that are related to research measures themselves, particularly those that incorporate multiple communication modalities in their content or design. The volume concludes with a thematic analysis of the volume as a whole, offering cross cutting perspectives on how deaf education as a field can move forward in a responsive, ethical, authentic, and rigorous manner.
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Wallace, Helen, Nikos Koutsiaras, and George Pagoulatos, eds. Europe's Transformations. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895820.001.0001.
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Europe’s transformations is the unifying theme for this collective work that brings together leading academics and policy makers from across Europe and beyond. When the geopolitical tectonic plates are shifting, the sustainability of the Western economic model is under serious challenge, and internal divisions in Europe are deep, we aim to look at the major issues in a ‘big picture’ perspective. We draw lessons from the way Europe has responded or not to changes both within and without in multiple crises in recent years, try to understand what is at stake, and consider alternative policy proposals. All our authors have long experience and widely recognized knowledge of a wide range of issues concerning European integration and Europe’s role in the world. They cross academic and professional boundaries and bring different perspectives as top analysts and policy makers, including two former prime ministers and a former US ambassador to the EU. They come together as friends, colleagues, and former students of Loukas Tsoukalis, celebrating his scholarship and overall contribution to the European public sphere. The volume is divided into three main parts. The first deals with issues of democracy and welfare. The second part deals with major changes in the European balance of power and the balance between institutions. The third part examines changes in the global system and Europe’s present and potential role within it.
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Villalón, Leonardo A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the African Sahel. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198816959.001.0001.
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Bringing together a wide diversity of authors based on three continents and from different disciplinary backgrounds, this book offers analyses of a wide range of factors that characterize and that are shaping the future of the African Sahel. In forty chapters, organized in nine sections, the book examines this complex and rapidly changing region on multiple dimensions. Collectively, the book attempts to offer an understanding of the specificity of the Sahel, and to examine its core characteristics as shaped by the geographic, cultural, and political parameters that define it. Following a series of chapters focused on the shaping of the Sahelian space as a region, six chapters explore the distinct national trajectories of the countries of the political Sahel: Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, and Chad. The extraordinary combination of environmental, economic, and political challenges, and the ways in which Sahelian states and societies have responded, are the primary focus of the three subsequent sections, while the various parameters of the lived realities of these societies in motion are explored in the four final sections of the book. Transversally throughout, the chapters aim to offer an interdisciplinary and holistic view of the challenges and the dynamics that are shaping a region at a historical crossroads, and an understanding of the many factors that feed and perpetuate its vulnerabilities and fragilities, as well as its sources of resilience.
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Atrey, Shreya. Intersectional Discrimination. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848950.001.0001.
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Why has intersectionality fallen by the wayside of discrimination law? Thirty years after Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term ‘intersectionality’, discrimination lawyers continue to be plagued by this question across a range of jurisdictions, including the US, UK, South Africa, India, Canada, as well as the UN treaty body jurisprudence and the jurisprudence of the EU and the ECHR. Claimants continue to struggle to establish intersectional claims based on more than one ground of discrimination. This book renews the bid for realizing intersectionality in comparative discrimination law. It presents a juridical account of intersectional discrimination as a category of discrimination inspired by intersectionality theory, and distinct from other categories of thinking about discrimination including strict, substantial, capacious, and contextual forms of single-axis discrimination, multiple discrimination, additive discrimination as in combination or compound discrimination, and embedded discrimination. Intersectional discrimination, defined in these theoretical and categorial terms, then needs to be translated into doctrine, recalibrating each of the central concepts and tools of discrimination law to respond to it—including the text of non-discrimination guarantees, the idea of grounds, the test for analogous grounds, the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination, the substantive meaning of discrimination, the use of comparators, the justification analysis and standard of review, the burden of proof between parties, and the range of remedies available. With this, the book presents a granular account of intersectional discrimination in theoretical, conceptual, and doctrinal terms, and aims to transform discrimination law in the process of realizing intersectionality within its discourse.
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Lambright, Anne. Andean Truths. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781382516.001.0001.
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Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru studies how literature, drama, film, and the visual arts contest the dominant narrative of national peace and reconciliation, as constructed by Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Established in 2001, the Commission aimed to ‘investigate and make public the truth’ of the country’s twenty-year civil war, drawing upon homologous predecessors that provided a highly scripted model of truth-gathering and national healing. In this model, a predetermined collective mourning, catharsis, and reconciliation would move the nation forward in a consensually-determined fashion. Andean Truths shows that the Peruvian case proves internationally-endorsed models insufficient for arriving at the ‘truth’ of a national trauma that primarily affected disenfranchised ethnic groups, namely, the Andean Quechua speaking populations that accounted for the overwhelming majority of victims of the violence. Even as scholars recognize the importance of bringing multiple voices to the table in discussing post-Shining Path Peru, the question remains of what a more Andean-oriented transitional justice process might entail. Drawing on theories of decoloniality, intercultural communication and epistemological diversity (following scholars such as Enrique Dussel, Aníbal Quijano and Boaventura de Sousa Santos), this book analyzes cultural products, from the theater of Yuyachkani to the narrative of Oscar Colchado Lucio, the art of Edilberto Jiménez, and other popular artistic responses, that highlight Andean understandings of the conflict and its aftermath. These cultural products challenge dominant understandings of the conflict and question Peru’s ability to overcome its collective trauma without seriously reconsidering prevailing cultural paradigms.
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Özpınar, Ceren, and Mary Kelly, eds. Under the Skin. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266748.001.0001.
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Under the Skin: Feminist Art and Art Histories from the Middle East and North Africa Today is set out to show what is beneath the surface, under the appearances of skin, body, colour and provenance, and not the cultural fixities or partial views detached from the realities of communities, cultures and practices from the area. Through 12 chapters, Under the Skin brings together artistic practices and complex histories informed by feminism from diverse cultural and geographical contexts: Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. The aim is not to represent all of the countries from the Middle East and North Africa, but to present a cross-section that reflects the variety of nations, cultures, languages and identities across the area—including those of Berber, Mizrahi Jews, Kurdish, Muslim, Christian, Arab, Persian and Armenian peoples. It thus considers art informed by feminism through translocal and transnational lenses of diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious groups not solely as a manifestation of multiple and complex social constructions, but also as a crucial subject of analysis in the project of decolonising art history and contemporary visual culture. The volume offers an understanding on how art responds to and shapes cultural attitudes towards gender and sexuality, ethnicity/race, religion, tradition, modernity and contemporaneity, and local and global politics. And it strives to strike a balance by connecting the studies of scholars based in the European-North American geography with those attached to the institutions in the Middle East and North Africa in order to stimulate different feminist and decolonial perspectives and debates on art and visual culture from the area.
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Howe, Justine. Suburban Islam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190258870.001.0001.
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Suburban Islam explores how American Muslims have created new kinds of religious communities, known as third spaces, to navigate political and social pressures after 9/11. This book examines how one Chicago community, the Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb Foundation (Webb), has responded to the demands of proving Islam’s compatibility with liberal democracy and embracing the commonalities of their Abrahamic faith. Through dynamic forms of ritual practice, such as leisure activities, devotional practices such as the mawlid, and communal reading of sacred texts, the Webb community offers an alternative vision of American Islam. Appealing to an overarching American culture, the Webb community celebrates religious pluralism and middle-class consumerism, opens up leadership roles for women, and reimagines the United States as an ideal location for the practice of “authentic” Islam. In the process, they also seek to rehabilitate the public image of Islam. Suburban Islam analyzes these efforts as one slice of American Muslims’ heterogeneous and contingent institutionalizing practices in the twenty-first century. Suburban Islam examines how some American Muslims have intentionally set out to enact an Islam recognizable to others as American. Even as Webb intends to build a more inclusive and welcoming space, it also produces its own exclusions, elisions of extant racial and gender hierarchies, and unresolved tensions over the contours of American Muslim citizenship. As a case study, the Webb community demonstrates the multiple possibilities of American Islam. Through evolving practices and overlapping sets of relationships, this group continues to work out what American Islam means to them during a time in which Muslim and American are repeatedly cast as incompatible categories.
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McGreavy, Bridie, and David Hart. Sustainability Science and Climate Change Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.563.
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Direct experience, scientific reports, and international media coverage make clear that the breadth, severity, and multiple consequences from climate change are far-reaching and increasing. Like many places globally, the northeastern United States is already experiencing climate change, including one of the world’s highest rates of ocean warming, reduced durations of winter ice cover on lakes, a marked increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation events, and climate-mediated ecological disruptions of invasive species. Given current and projected changes in ecosystems, communities, and economies, it is essential to find ways to anticipate and reduce vulnerabilities to change and, at the same time, promote sustainable economic development and human well-being.The emerging field of sustainability science offers a promising conceptual and analytic framework for accelerating progress towards sustainable development. Sustainability science aims to be use-inspired and to connect basic and applied knowledge with solutions for societal benefit. This approach draws from diverse disciplines, theories, and methods organized around the broad goal of maintaining and improving life support systems, ecosystem health, and human well-being. Partners in New England have been using sustainability science as a framework for stakeholder-engaged, interdisciplinary research that has generated use-inspired knowledge and multiple solutions for more than a decade. Sustainability science has helped produce a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation; emergency response plans for invasive species that threaten livelihoods and cultures; decision support tools for improved water quality management and public health for beach use and shellfish consumption; and the development of robust partnership networks across disciplines and institutions. Understanding and reducing vulnerability to climate change is a central motivating factor in this portfolio of projects because linking knowledge about social-ecological systems with effective policy action requires a holistic view that addresses complex intersecting stressors.One common theme in these varied efforts is the way that communication fundamentally shapes collaborative research and social, technical, and policy outcomes from sustainability science. Communication as a discipline has, for more than two thousand years, sought to understand how environments and symbols shape human life, forms of social organization, and collective decision making. The result is a body of scholarship and practical techniques that are diverse and well adapted to meet the complexity of contemporary sustainability challenges. The complexity of the issues that sustainability science aspires to solve requires diversity and flexibility to be able to adapt approaches to the specific needs of a situation. Long-term, cross-scale, and multi-institutional sustainability science collaborations show that communication research and practice can help build communities and networks, and advance technical and policy solutions to confront the challenges of climate change and promote sustainability now and in future.