Journal articles on the topic 'Multiple convictions'
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1
Garrett, Brandon, and Gregory Mitchell. "Error Aversions and Due Process." Michigan Law Review, no. 121.5 (2023): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.121.5.error.
Abstract:
William Blackstone famously expressed the view that convicting the innocent constitutes a much more serious error than acquitting the guilty. This view is the cornerstone of due process protections for those accused of crimes, giving rise to the presumption of innocence and the high burden of proof required for criminal convictions. While most legal elites share Blackstone’s view, the citizen jurors tasked with making due process protections a reality do not share the law’s preference for false acquittals over false convictions. Across multiple national surveys sampling more than 12,000 people, we find that a majority of Americans consider false acquittals and false convictions to be errors of equal magnitude. Contrary to Blackstone, most people are unwilling to err on the side of letting the guilty go free to avoid convicting the innocent. Indeed, a sizeable minority view false acquittals as worse than false convictions; this group is willing to convict multiple innocent persons to avoid letting one guilty person go free. These value differences translate into behavioral differences: we show in multiple studies that jury-eligible adults who reject Blackstone’s view are more accepting of prosecution evidence and are more conviction-prone than the minority of potential jurors who agree with Blackstone. These findings have important implications for our understanding of due process and criminal justice policy. Due process currently depends on jurors faithfully following instructions on the burden of proof, but many jurors are not inclined to hold the state to its high burden. Courts should do away with the fiction that the reasonable doubt standard guarantees due process and consider protections that do not depend on jurors honoring the law’s preference for false acquittals, such as more stringent pretrial screening of criminal cases and stricter limits on prosecution evidence. Further, the fact that many people place crime control on par with, or above, the need to avoid wrongful convictions helps explain divisions in public opinion on important policy questions like bail and sentencing reform. Criminal justice proposals that emphasize deontic concerns without addressing consequentialist concerns are unlikely to garner widespread support.
2
Palacios, Lena. "Challenging Convictions." Meridians 19, S1 (December 1, 2020): 522–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8566133.
Abstract:
Abstract This essay, with accompanying lesson plan, explores how race-radical Black and Indigenous feminists theorize and resist the carceral state violence of White settler nations of Canada and the United States. It focuses on the theoretical interventions driven by Indigenous and Black race-radical feminists and how this has placed these activists at the forefront of anti-violence movement-building. Such an intervention specifically upholds the tensions within and refuses to collapse political approaches of Indigenous movements for sovereignty and Black race-radical traditions. Its transnational, comparative focus helps us to not only identify but to create multiple strategies that dismantle the carceral state and the racialized gendered violence that it mobilizes and sustains. Proceeding from the argument that both prison abolitionist praxis and race-radical feminist praxis are inherently and primarily pedagogical, the lesson plan explores the ways we learn, teach, and organize in a manner that teaches against the grain of carceral common sense.
3
Ab Hamid, Zuraini, Rahmawati Mohd Yusoff, and Maizatun Mustafa. "Challenges in Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases: The Role of Expert Witness." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): e001356. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i3.1356.
Abstract:
To be ranked at Tier 1 in the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report, Section 108 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act requires the state parties to comply with its minimum standards in combating human trafficking. Unfortunately, some states parties, including Malaysia failed to meet the minimum standards in curbing the monstrous crime fully. Their failure to be in Tier 1 is contributed by a few reasons, including the lack of success in prosecution. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the low number of convictions of traffickers is due to the absence of anti-legislation, lack of trained law enforcers and prosecutors and corruption among the stakeholders. In 2021, the U.S State Department has downgraded Malaysia's ranking in TIP report from Tier 2 to Tier 3. The main reason for the decline was that the government did not adequately address credible allegations from multiple sources alleging labour trafficking involving refugees, migrants, and domestic workers. To be in Tier 1, Malaysia should consider having expert testimony to secure convictions. Using qualitative research method, this paper examines the relevance of expert witness in human trafficking cases from Islamic, Malaysia and international perspectives. This paper further recommends its use in court to secure conviction against traffickers and protect the victims.
4
Bender, Annah K., Kathleen K. Bucholz, Andrew C. Heath, and Vivia V. McCutcheon. "Comparison of Characteristics of Female Drivers with Single and Multiple DUI Convictions." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 42, no. 3 (February 13, 2018): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acer.13590.
5
HUANG, W. S. WILSON, MARY A. FINN, R. BARRY RUBACK, and ROBERT R. FRIEDMANN. "Individual and Contextual Influences on Sentence Lengths: Examining Political Conservatism." Prison Journal 76, no. 4 (December 1996): 398–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855596076004003.
Abstract:
This study examined the impact of legal, extralegal, and contextual variables on prison sentence lengths for violent felons sentenced in Georgia from 1981 to 1989. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all violent crimes and separately for four types of violent crime: murder and manslaughter, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Results indicated that the legally relevant factors—seriousness of the crime and number of convictions—had the strongest influence on sentence lengths. Across most violent crimes, male, older, and better-educated offenders received longer sentences than those without such characteristics. Political conservatism had a positive effect on sentence lengths for overall violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. Interaction effects for political conservatism and the number of convictions were significant, indicating that sentence length increased disproportionately as a court's conservatism and the felon's number of convictions increased. Findings suggest that political conservatism is an important contextual feature affecting prison sentence length.
6
Witt, Katrina, Paul Lichtenstein, and Seena Fazel. "Improving risk assessment in schizophrenia: epidemiological investigation of criminal history factors." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 5 (May 2015): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144485.
Abstract:
BackgroundViolence risk assessment in schizophrenia relies heavily on criminal history factors.AimsTo investigate which criminal history factors are most strongly associated with violent crime in schizophrenia.MethodA total of 13 806 individuals (8891 men and 4915 women) with two or more hospital admissions for schizophrenia were followed up for violent convictions. Multivariate hazard ratios for 15 criminal history factors included in different risk assessment tools were calculated. The incremental predictive validity of these factors was estimated using tests of discrimination, calibration and reclassification.ResultsOver a mean follow-up of 12.0 years, 17.3% of men (n=1535) and 5.7% of women (n=281) were convicted of a violent offence. Criminal history factors most strongly associated with subsequent violence for both men and women were a previous conviction for a violent offence; for assault, illegal threats and/or intimidation; and imprisonment. However, only a previous conviction for a violent offence was associated with incremental predictive validity in both genders following adjustment for young age and comorbid substance use disorder.ConclusionsClinical and actuarial approaches to assess violence risk can be improved if included risk factors are tested using multiple measures of performance.
7
Routon, P. Wesley, and Jay K. Walker. "Are You There God? It’s Me, a College Student: Religious Beliefs and Higher Education." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 2111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0024.
Abstract:
Abstract Drawing data from a longitudinal survey of college students from 514 institutions of higher education, we add to the discussion on the education–religion puzzle by providing information on specifically which college students experience the most religiosity change, investigating multiple change measures (conviction strength, service attendance, and religious identity), and estimating which programs of study and collegiate experiences cause the most change. We also provide an analysis of students who seek or initially sought an occupation within the clergy. Among our findings, 56% of students report changes in the strength of their religious convictions during college, while 45% report changes in religious service attendance frequency. Of those who matriculate as religious, about 9% lose their religion by graduation. Of those who matriculate with no religious identity, an impressive 33% graduate with one. Choice of institution, major of study, academic success, and many other collegiate experiences are shown to be determinants of these changes.
8
RICH, BEN A. "The Tyranny of Judicial Formalism: Oral Directives and the Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 11, no. 3 (May 17, 2002): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180102113119.
Abstract:
A decision by the Supreme Court of California in the case Conservatorship of Wendland, issued in August 2001, forces us once again to confront the all-too-common situation in which an individual has, on multiple occasions, expressed strongly held personal convictions about life-sustaining interventions but failed to incorporate those convictions into a formal advance directive. Many courts have recognized that lay citizens do not consistently resort to written legal formalities in their day-to-day lives, and reasonable accommodation must be made to this fundamental fact about human nature. However, a small but apparently growing minority of courts adamantly insist on either formal written directives or prescience and prophetic precision on the part of the patient before a surrogate can direct the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. The chronology of cases that comprise this minority position in American medical jurisprudence raise important ethical issues.
9
GÖTZ, M. J., E. C. JOHNSTONE, and S. G. RATCLIFFE. "Criminality and antisocial behaviour in unselected men with sex chromosome abnormalities." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 4 (July 1999): 953–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008594.
Abstract:
Background. Previous studies on male patients with sex chromosome abnormalities (SCA), namely XYY and XXY, suggest that such patients commit criminal acts more frequently than expected. Most of these studies are affected by ascertainment bias.Methods. Using a population-based sample of men with SCA, identified by screening 34380 infants at birth between 1967 and 1979, comparison between 16 XYY men, 13 XXY men and 45 controls were made in terms of frequency of antisocial personality disorder (APD) using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia lifetime version. Rates of criminal convictions were examined in 17 XYY men, 17 XXY men and 60 controls.Results. XYY males showed a significantly higher frequency of antisocial behaviour in adolescence and adulthood and of criminal convictions than the controls, but multiple regression analysis showed this to be mediated mainly through lowered intelligence. Property offences constituted the majority of offences in all groups. The XXY men did not show an increased rate of criminal convictions. It is possible that this apparently negative result relates to the relatively small numbers of cases and hence low power of this study.Conclusions. The findings of this study carry the advantage of not being affected by ascertainment bias and the disadvantage of having low power. It provides evidence for a slightly increased liability to antisocial behaviour in XYY men.
10
Andersson, Tommy, Lars R. Bergman, and David Magnusson. "Patterns of adjustment problems and alcohol abuse in early adulthood: A prospective longitudinal study." Development and Psychopathology 1, no. 2 (April 1989): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400000304.
Abstract:
AbstractThis study focuses on the importance of patterns of adjustment problems in early adolescence and convictions for alcohol abuse in the mid-teens for the development of alcohol abuse manifested in early adulthood. The study was performed on a large and representative cohort of Swedish males, prospectively followed from age 13 to age 25. A person approach was applied in which the individuals and individual patterns of adjustment problems were the objects of interest, not single variables per se. The results showed that patterns of multiple adjustment problems in early adolescence, as well as convictions for alcohol abuse in the mid-teens, significantly increased the risk for later alcohol abuse. Among multiproblem boys also convicted for alcohol abuse in their mid-teens, 72% were registered for alcohol abuse at ages 18–24. However, early single adjustment problems did not significantly increase the risk for later alcohol abuse. The importance of studying the background of alcohol abuse from a developmental and interactionistic perspective was emphasized.
11
McCutcheon, Vivia V., Kathleen K. Bucholz, Alexandra N. Houston‐Ludlam, and Andrew C. Heath. "Elevated maternal and child mortality among women with multiple DUI convictions compared with socio‐demographically matched controls." Addiction 114, no. 11 (August 22, 2019): 1981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14762.
12
Fergusson, David M., Joseph M. Boden, L. John Horwood, Allison Miller, and Martin A. Kennedy. "Moderating role of the MAOA genotype in antisocial behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 2 (February 2012): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093328.
Abstract:
BackgroundRecent studies have examined gene×environment (G×E) interactions involving the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in moderating the associations between exposure to adversity and antisocial behaviour. The present study examined a novel method for assessing interactions between a single gene and multiple risk factors related to environmental and personal adversity.AimsTo test the hypothesis that the presence of the low-activity MAOA genotype was associated with an increased response to a series of risk factors.MethodParticipants were 399 males from the Christchurch Health and Development Study who had complete data on: (a) MAOA promoter region variable number tandem repeat genotype; (b) antisocial behaviour (criminal offending) to age 30 and convictions to age 21; and (c) maternal smoking during pregnancy, IQ, childhood maltreatment and school failure.ResultsPoisson regression models were fitted to three antisocial behaviour outcomes (property/violent offending ages 15–30; and convictions ages 17–21), using measures of exposure to adverse childhood circumstances. The analyses revealed consistent evidence of G x E interactions, such that those with the low-activity MAOA variant who were exposed to adversity in childhood were significantly more likely to report offending in late adolescence and early adulthood.ConclusionsThe present findings add to the evidence suggesting that there is a stable G x E interaction involving MAOA, a range of adverse environmental and personal factors, and antisocial behaviour across the life course. These analyses also demonstrate the utility of using multiple environmental/personal exposures to test G×E interactions.
13
Masalitina, Irina V. "A CRIMINAL RECORD FOR CRIMES COMMITTED IN THE AGE UP TO EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/5.
Abstract:
The legal consequence of convicting a person for a crime and criminal punishment is a criminal record. A person has a number of adverse consequences if his criminal record is not withdrawn or repaid in accordance with the law. However, not all adverse effects of criminal records apply to perpetrators under the age of eighteen. Thus, convictions for crimes committed before the age of eighteen are not taken into account in the recurrence of crimes, the most dangerous form of multiple crimes, which has a number of adverse legal consequences for the person whose acts constitute a legal recidivism. This legislative work is in line with international standards for the treatment of minors. It takes into account the age specifics of those under the age of majority, the peculiarities of their socio-psychological development. In this regard, the author criticizes the proposal expressed in the scientific literature to expand legal recidivism due to crimes committed by persons under the age of 18, by excluding from part four of Article 18 of the Criminal Code paragraph «b». Currently, the commission of a crime by a person previously convicted of similar or homogeneous crimes, in a number of offences, the legislator is provided as a qualifying feature, strengthening criminal responsibility (v. 5 p. 131, p. 5 p. 132 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, etc.). In this case, the qualification of crimes takes into account the criminal record for these crimes committed by a person under the age of eighteen. It would be logical if there was no criminal record in other offences as a qualifying feature, to take into account its presence in the commission of a new offence as an aggravating circumstance, in sentencing, including those who had committed crimes under the age of eighteen. At the same time, criminal convictions should be taken into account only for intentional serious and especially serious crimes. It would be appropriate to supplement the list of aggravating circumstances under article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with the fact that a person who has an outstanding (not withdrawn) conviction for a serious or particularly serious premeditated crime, in the absence of signs of recidivism, would be appropriate. In view of the high level of criminological recidivism among minors, this would be a means of individualizing their criminal responsibility. According to the author, the rule relating to this aggravating circum-stance should be designed as discretionary. This would enable the court to decide whether to recognize (or not) the aggravating penalty, depending on the nature and degree of public danger of the crimes committed by the person and the identity of the perpetrator, which is particularly important in deciding whether to punish minors.
14
Brensike Primus, Eve. "Federal Review of State Criminal Convictions: A Structural Approach to Adequacy Doctrine." Michigan Law Review, no. 116.1 (2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.116.1.federal.
Abstract:
Modern state postconviction review systems feature procedural labyrinths so complicated and confusing that indigent defendants have no realistic prospect of complying with the rules. When defendants predictably fail to navigate these mazes, state and federal courts deem their claims procedurally defaulted and refuse to consider those claims on their merits. As a result, systemic violations of criminal procedure rights—like the right to effective counsel—persist without judicial correction. But the law contains a tool that, if properly adapted, could bring these systemic problems to the attention of federal courts: procedural adequacy. Procedural adequacy doctrine gives federal courts the power to ignore procedural defaults and declare state procedural rules inadequate when those rules unduly burden defendants’ abilities to assert violations of their federal rights. And unlike the more commonly invoked cause and prejudice doctrine, which excuses default on the theory that a defendant’s unusual circumstances justify an exception to the rules, procedural adequacy doctrine allows courts to question the legitimacy of the state procedural regimes themselves. Procedural adequacy doctrine can therefore catalyze reform in a way that cause and prejudice cannot. For procedural adequacy litigation to catalyze reform, however, it must be adapted to modern circumstances in one crucial respect. Historically, procedural adequacy doctrine focused on cases involving the deliberate manipulation of individual rules. Today, what is needed is a structural approach to adequacy, one that would consider how the interaction of multiple procedural rules unfairly burdens federal rights. Such a structural approach to adequacy is consistent with the doctrine’s original purposes and is the most sensible way to apply procedural adequacy under current conditions. Litigants should accordingly deploy a structural approach to procedural adequacy doctrine and use it to stop states from burying systemic constitutional violations in complicated procedural labyrinths.
15
Villavicencio-Pulido, José Geiser, Daniel Olmos-Liceaga, and Lidia Ivonne Blásquez-Martínez. "A simple model with peer pressure: the antisocial behavior case." Revista de Matemática: Teoría y Aplicaciones 28, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rmta.v28i2.44746.
Abstract:
Antisocial behaviors such as consumption of addictive substances and eating disorders are modeled using a SIR model. We propose a function l(y(t)) that describes the relapse-recovery-recycling rate. l(y(t)) describes either strengthening or weakening of convictions of recovered individuals to relapse in antisocial behaviors. We show that a wide variety of functions can induce the existence of multiple equilibria points for R0 < 1 which is a catastrophic scenario for the susceptible population. Finally, conditions for avoiding a sudden and catastrophic jump in the number of individuals with antisocial behaviors are given.
16
Herf, Jeffrey. "Multiple Restorations: German Political Traditions and the Interpretation of Nazism, 1945–1946." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 21–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019956.
Abstract:
In the longer continuity of German history, the year 1945 will always, in part, represent the “Stunde Null” (zero hour), of catastrophic military defeat and complete moral disgrace and bankruptcy following Nazism and the Holocaust.1 The term “Stunde Null” evokes the need for a new beginning, a moral and political break with disastrous and ultimately criminal national traditions. Yet, because the Third Reich lasted only twelve years, and because there were non- and anti-Nazi traditions and leaders that survived in inner and external emigration, the postwar rejection of Nazism took the form of multiple restorations of these still extant German political traditions. In the first postwar years, the turn away from Nazism in both Germanies, as well as the break with totalitarian dictatorship in general in Western Germany, was taken by political leaders who had been active in Weimar politics and who returned to take center stage in German politics after 1945.2 To be sure, they were all deeply affected in their lives and thinking by the Third Reich. But what changes it did bring about in their political views amounted to rearrangements and different emphases of long-held convictions rather than to wholly new beginnings.
17
D'Onofrio, B. M., C. A. Van Hulle, J. A. Goodnight, P. J. Rathouz, and B. B. Lahey. "Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a causal environmental risk factor for adolescent antisocial behavior? Testing etiological theories and assumptions." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 7 (November 16, 2011): 1535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002443.
Abstract:
BackgroundAlthough many studies indicate that maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) is correlated with later offspring antisocial behavior (ASB), recent quasi-experimental studies suggest that background familial factors confound the association. The present study sought to test alternative etiological hypotheses using multiple indices of adolescent ASB, comparing differentially exposed siblings, and testing assumptions in the sibling-comparison design.MethodThe study examined the association between maternal SDP and adolescent-reported ASB, criminal convictions and membership in a group of individuals with early-starting and chronic ASB among 6066 offspring of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a representative sample of women in the USA. The analyses controlled for statistical covariates and examined associations while comparing differentially exposed siblings.ResultsAt the population level, each additional pack of cigarettes per day predicted greater mean adolescent-reported ASB symptoms [ratio of means 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.22], odds of being in the top 10% of ASB [odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.10–1.65], hazard of a criminal conviction [hazard ratio (HR) 1.51, 95% CI 1.34–1.68] and odds of chronic ASB (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.99). SDP robustly predicted most assessments of ASB while controlling for measured covariates. When siblings exposed to differing levels of SDP were compared, however, all of the associations were attenuated and were not statistically significant: adolescent-reported mean ASB (ratio of means 0.86, 95% CI 0.74–1.01), high ASB (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.41–1.12), criminal conviction (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.66–1.44) and chronic ASB (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.46–1.38).ConclusionsThe results strongly suggest that familial factors account for the correlation between SDP and offspring adolescent ASB, rather than a putative causal environmental influence of SDP.
18
Sangild, Per T. "Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants." Nutrients 16, no. 11 (May 29, 2024): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16111676.
Abstract:
Milk bioactivity refers to the specific health effects of milk components beyond nutrition. The science of milk bioactivity involves the systematic study of these components and their health effects, as verified by empirical data, controlled experiments, and logical arguments. Conversely, ’faith in milk bioactivity’ can be defined as personal opinion, meaning, value, trust, and hope for health effects that are beyond investigation by natural, social, or human sciences. Faith can be strictly secular, but also influenced by spirituality or religion. The aim of this paper is to show that scientific knowledge is frequently supplemented with faith convictions to establish personal and public understanding of milk bioactivity. Mammalian milk is an immensely complex fluid containing myriad proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and micronutrients with multiple functions across species, genetics, ages, environments, and cultures. Human health includes not only physical health, but also social, mental, and spiritual health, requiring widely different fields of science to prove the relevance, safety, and efficacy of milk interventions. These complex relationships between milk feeding and health outcomes prevent firm conclusions based on science and logic alone. Current beliefs in and understanding of the value of breast milk, colostrum, infant formula, or isolated milk proteins (e.g., immunoglobulins, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, and growth factors) show that both science and faith contribute to understand, stimulate, or restrict the use of milk bioactivity. The benefits of breastfeeding for infants are beyond doubt, but the strong beliefs in its health effects rely not only on science, and mechanisms are unclear. Likewise, fear of, or trust in, infant formula may rely on both science and faith. Knowledge from science safeguards individuals and society against ‘milk bioactivity superstition’. Conversely, wisdom from faith-based convictions may protect science from unrealistic ‘milk bioactivity scientism’. Honesty and transparency about the potentials and limitations of both scientific knowledge and faith convictions are important when informing individuals and society about the nutritious and bioactive qualities of milk.
19
Piquero, Alex R., David P. Farrington, and Wesley G. Jennings. "Money Now, Money Later: Linking Time Discounting and Criminal Convictions in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 5 (May 5, 2017): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x16678938.
Abstract:
Two prominent criminological theories offer time discounting, or the preference for an immediate reward over a later one, as a central part of understanding involvement in criminal activity. Yet, there exist only a few studies investigating this issue, and they are limited in a few respects. The current study extends prior work in this area by using multiple measures of time discounting collected at three different periods of the life course to examine the link to criminal offending into late middle adulthood in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Results show that greater time discounting is positively related to a higher number of criminal convictions by late middle adulthood, and this effect remains after controlling for early life-course individual and environmental risk in a multivariate framework. Study limitations and implications are also discussed.
20
Fox, David. "ENFORCING A POSSESSORY TITLE TO A STOLEN CAR." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 7, 2002): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302301508.
Abstract:
JASON Costello, who made “something of a living” by doing up and selling cars, was found by the Police in possession of a turbo-charged Ford Escort. Although he was the car’s registered keeper, the Police (rightly) suspected that it was stolen. They seized it under section 19 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (“PACE”). In this they acted lawfully. They questioned Costello but never actually prosecuted him—despite the original vehicle identification and engine numbers’ having been ground off; Costello’s having acquired the car through a “friend” with multiple convictions for handling stolen cars; and his keeping a “car ringing kit” for forging registration numbers under the back seat.
21
Pineros Polo, Elena. "Primera condena de la Corte Penal Internacional por destrucción de patrimonio histórico en Tombuctú: el caso Al Mahdi = The first sentence delivered by the International Criminal Court for destruction of cultural heritage in Timbuktu: the Al Mahdi case." EUNOMÍA. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, no. 18 (April 1, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/eunomia.2020.5266.
Abstract:
Resumen: Este trabajo examina la primera condena de la Corte Penal Internacional por destrucción de patrimonio histórico. Tras analizar brevemente el conflicto interno en Mali, se estudia el desarrollo del proceso penal contra el Sr. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, desde la remisión de la situación por el ministro de justicia maliense a la Oficina del Fiscal de la Corte hasta la fase final de reparación del daño tras la sentencia de condena. La relevancia de este caso es mayúscula, no solo por el delito objeto de la condena sino por las dificultades a la hora de establecer la reparación del daño, atendiendo a la categorización diversa de las víctimas de tales crímenes internacionales.Palabras clave : Corte Penal Internacional, Mali, crímenes de guerra, destrucción patrimonio histórico, protección internacional del patrimonio histórico-cultural, condenas por destrucción de patrimonio cultural.Abstract: This paper analyses the first international conviction for destruction of cultural heritage delivered by the International Criminal Court. After a brief study of the situation in Mali, the development of the procedure is examined, from the beginning, the referral of the situation by the Malian Ministry of Justice, till the reparations phase. The relevance of this case is absolutely exceptional, not alone by the particular war crime subject to the judgment, but also by the innovative Reparations Order, regarding the categorization of the multiple types of victims. Keywords: International Criminal Court, Mali, war crime, destruction of cultural heritage, international protection of historic and cultural heritage, convictions for destruction of cultural heritage.
22
Gogia, Kriti, Alyssa Elman, Sunday Clark, Page Ulrey, Marie-Therese Connolly, Elizabeth Bloemen, Billie Johnsson, and Tony Rosen. "Prosecution of Elder Neglect: A Close Examination of Cases From King County, Washington." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.067.
Abstract:
Abstract Elder neglect is common and can have catastrophic consequences. Cases may benefit from integrated responses from multiple sectors. Little research exists describing prosecutorial involvement and its impact, but existing evidence suggests neglect is seldom criminally prosecuted. Our goal was to closely examine neglect prosecution in a jurisdiction that has been a leader in using prosecution to attempt to address it. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed legal case files of felony elder neglect prosecuted in King County, Washington from 2008-2011. 13 cases were prosecuted, with a total of 10 victims. 90% of victims were female, with a median age of 88. 90% were unable to ambulate, and 90% had dementia. Defendants were commonly the victim’s adult child (38%). 23% had previous criminal citations/convictions. 46% of cases occurred in an Adult Family Home. 15% of cases went to trial, and all trial cases ended in conviction of some charge. Themes identified included: (1) perpetrators were either professional caregivers receiving compensation or non-professional caregivers financially dependent on the victim, (2) victims were malnourished and severely injured at time of reporting, and (3) medical expert contribution is imperative given complexity of these cases. Victims were unable to participate in prosecution in any case. This research shows that these cases are seldom prosecuted, even in a jurisdiction focusing on this phenomenon, but highlights characteristics of cases and demonstrates they may be prosecuted without victim participation. Future research is needed to examine prosecution’s impact on elder neglect to better understand how it may be optimally used.
23
Overbeck, Maximilian. "Observers turning into participants: Shifting perspectives on religion and armed conflict in Western news coverage." Tocqueville Review 36, no. 2 (January 2015): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.36.2.95.
Abstract:
In this empirical contribution to the Tocqueville Review special issue on multiple collective identities, I explore how Western Europeans and US-Americans make sense of the mobilization of religious convictions and identities in armed conflicts and international terrorism in their respective news media. I analyze a total amount of 460,917 newspaper articles from the liberal and conservative quality press of five Western European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Ireland and Austria) and the United States, dealing with the issue of armed conflicts and terrorism by using innovative techniques of corpus linguistics, machine learning and in-depth content analysis. The results show that Western publics—for a long time mere observers of the mobilization of religious convictions and identities in international politics—become participants who begin to critically reflect about the way how to address and discuss the ‘‘self’ and the “other” in debates on religion in armed conflicts and terrorism. Speakers increasingly take stances vis-à-vis religion and conflict and pay attention on how to renegotiate their own identity and to talk about Islam in order not to threaten social cohesion at home or to give further reasons for a “Clash of Civilizations” abroad. The results challenge the negative picture of discursive construction of Islam by Western media and societies that is prevalent in scientific research and therefore provide first empirical evidence for a “post-secular” shift in Western collective self-understandings who become aware of the ongoing vitality of religion both nationally and internationally (Habermas, 2005, 2012).
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Fagan, John, Leena Naughton, and Bobby Smyth. "Opiate-dependent adolescents in Ireland: a descriptive study at treatment entry." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700010934.
Abstract:
AbstractObjectives: To describe the drug history and co-existing psycho-social problems among under-19 year olds accessing treatment for opiate dependency, including methadone maintenance, and examine for any gender differences.Method: A descriptive study of under-19 years assessed at the largest drug treatment clinic in Dublin, Ireland, between October 2000 and September 2006. Data was obtained through review of case notes, assessment questionnaires and urine drug screens.Results: Eighty-six young people were included. Their mean age was 16.8 years. Forty-six (54%) were female. Only 26 (30%) reported an intact family of origin. Twenty-three (27%) had been in care. Mean age for first use of any illicit drug was 12.4 years, and for heroin was 14.8 years. The mean age of leaving school was 14.4 years; 42 (49%) first tried heroin after leaving school. Forty-one (48%) had a history of homelessness. Forty-four (51%) had previously injected; 26 (30%) were currently injecting. Fifty-six (65%) had not been screened for blood-borne diseases; twenty-one (24%) subsequently tested positive for hepatitis C. Thirty-eight (48%) had previous convictions; 33 (38%) were facing charges. Forty-five (52%) had previously seen a psychiatrist; nine (11%) had received inpatient psychiatric treatment. Boys were more likely to leave school early, have a substance-abusing sibling, and to have a past conviction. Girls were more likely to have a partner, and have taken a deliberate overdose.Conclusions: This study highlights the multiple and complex needs of teenagers abusing opiates. Services seeking to meet their needs will require a broad range of interventions and excellent interagency co-operation.
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Hong, Kevin, Vera Nezgovorova, and Eric Hollander. "New perspectives in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder." F1000Research 7 (March 23, 2018): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13700.1.
Abstract:
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disabling illness with a high worldwide prevalence. Patients demonstrate a debilitating preoccupation with one or more perceived defects, often marked by poor insight or delusional convictions. Multiple studies have suggested that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and various cognitive behavioral therapy modalities are effective first-line treatments in decreasing BDD severity, relieving depressive symptoms, restoring insight, and increasing quality of life. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have also recently been shown to be effective for relapse prevention. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of BDD, including its clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, and current treatment modalities. Additional research is needed to fully elucidate the relationship between BDD and comorbid illnesses such as obsessive–compulsive-related disorders and depression and to develop therapies for refractory patients and those who have contraindications for pharmacological intervention.
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Rueda, Natalia. "Abortion and Reproductive Autonomy: Some Ideas About Differentiated Approaches." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 73, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 769–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.73.4.06.
Abstract:
In law, the debate on the voluntary termination of a pregnancy has not been exempt from the influence of extralegal matters: prejudices, moral and religious beliefs, and political and ideological convictions. Although the focus may be purely on legal aspects, it is subject to multiple subjective interpretations. Consequently, the various constitutional clauses relating to the protection of life (dependent or independent) also serve to support permissive and prohibitionist judicial and legal trends. These two contradictory positions prevent the consideration of the multiple facets of the problem; as a result, it is difficult to obtain a concerted response. Through qualitative research, this paper explores some of the problems related to the traditional approach to abortion. This article highlights some of the barriers to the exercise of abortion rights. It outlines some criteria and methodological tools that could help public officials make decisions and define public policy without stereotypes and guaranteeing women’s human rights. Although at some point access to abortion is recognized, this does not imply that it is an acquired right. On the contrary, it is a right that faces constant risk and threat owing to the influence of the ideological interests.
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Voss, Sarah. "Mathaphors and Faith Understandings of Consciousness." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 17, no. 1 (2005): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2005171/25.
Abstract:
This essay explores how contemporary metaphors drawn from mathematical language impact current faith understandings of consciousness. Complicated by a pervasive ambiguity in the way society defines consciousness, and widespread cultural blindness when it comes to recognizing metaphors that emerge from mathematics, this study is necessarily more speculative than conclusive. Nonetheless, even a brief examination of "conscious computers" shows the persuasive power of mathaphors to alter long-held convictions about humanity. The mathematics of holography, nonlinear dynamic systems, hyperspace, quantum theory, and the Internet give rise to other modem mathaphors. Taken together, these images suggest understandings of consciousness that accommodate more mystically-oriented faith interpretations, move Western religious sentiments closer to those of Eastern traditions, redefine the relationship between the animate and the inanimate, and between human and God, accept multiple realities as the norm, and, generally, offer profound implications for spiritual outlooks and choices.
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Addington, Donald E. N., and Heather L. Holley. "Pre-trial Assessment of Schizophrenics on Remand*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 9 (December 1987): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200908.
Abstract:
This paper examines the clinical and legal outcomes of a consecutive series of 52 schizophrenic patients remanded to a Forensic Assessment Unit. Typically patients were isolated single males who were unemployed, living on Social Security and had a history of multiple psychiatric hospitalizations. Less than half had previous convictions and about one-third had previous incarcerations. Nearly all were acutely ill on admission and received antipsychotic medication. Seventy-one percent were returned to court fit to stand trial and the remainder were diverted from the criminal justice system. None were found unfit to stand trial. This was achieved by discussions between crown and defence lawyer and psychiatrist near the end of the remand period. Court reports did not make recommendations about legal disposition but did outline the treatment available whatever the legal outcome. It is concluded that these people were treated in legally and medically appropriate ways.
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Scharen, Christian A. B. "Interviewing Interpreted as a Spiritual Exercise and Social Protest." Ecclesial Practices 4, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22144471-00402004.
Abstract:
In The Weight of the World, sociologist Pierre Bourdieu describes his work as a spiritual exercise. Not known for his religious convictions, his admission is worthy of exploration. In this paper, I build on the conclusion of my book, ‘Fieldwork in Theology’, by drawing on my own interviews with clergy in spaces of social marginality in the usa as a means for evaluating Bourdieu’s claims. I draw upon theologian Kathryn Tanner to claim how God might be present in and through such spiritual exercise. Exactly because of the work entailed to give up oneself for another, and to critically engage in learning about the other, even across multiple divides, this work acts simultaneously as spiritual exercise and social protest against the divisions – racial, economic, religious, and so on – which so often are the source of harm today. Such theological engagement with research method offers a new direction for theological researchers.
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Wibisono, Chablullah, Jon Kenedi, and Fitri Astriani. "The Contribution of Fanaticism, Isthiqomah and Radicalism to Maslahah through the Management of Religious Conflict in the Riau Island." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (July 2, 2023): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v11i1.2785.
Abstract:
Radicalism in some societies can arise for many reasons. One of them is because of the need for more understanding of religion. This radicalism is the right target for people who aim to distort religious teachings or teach misguided religious ideas. People who are weak in performance are usually easily tempted by material inducements to do things that deviate from spiritual teachings. This study used Mix Method with Analysis Tool using AMOS version 24. Respondents and sample using the census method consisted of Members of the Riau Island Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB), totaling 135 Respondents. The results: The determination of the Ithiqomah on the Management of Religious Conflict is significantly positive, the Fanatics m resolution on the Management of Religious Conflict is highly positive, the Radicalism determination on the Management of Religious Conflict is very positive, the Management of Religious Conflict determination on Maslahah is a positive sign, the decision of the fanaticism on the Maslahah is positive important, the determination Radicalism on the Maslahah is positive but not significant, the determination isthiqomah on the Maslahah is positively influential. Square Multiple Correlation for Management of Religious Conflict =89.5%, Maslahah = 99.0%. It is suggested that there is no bias in understanding Radical and Radicalism. It is necessary to enlighten the people in the Riau Island Province. Fanatical is to hold strong, unwavering convictions in the face of evidence to the contrary, whether those convictions are positive or bad. Istiqomah is like having constancy, victory, courage, and glory in the conflict between obedience. When religious texts are understood superficially, they can birth to radical ideas and movements. Radicalism was used by national revolutionaries in the Western world to seize political power, as well as the flow used by anti-colonial nationalists and later used by social activists to achieve social goals.
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Frenda, Steven J., Shari R. Berkowitz, Elizabeth F. Loftus, and Kimberly M. Fenn. "Sleep deprivation and false confessions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 8 (February 8, 2016): 2047–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521518113.
Abstract:
False confession is a major contributor to the problem of wrongful convictions in the United States. Here, we provide direct evidence linking sleep deprivation and false confessions. In a procedure adapted from Kassin and Kiechel [(1996) Psychol Sci 7(3):125–128], participants completed computer tasks across multiple sessions and repeatedly received warnings that pressing the “Escape” key on their keyboard would cause the loss of study data. In their final session, participants either slept all night in laboratory bedrooms or remained awake all night. In the morning, all participants were asked to sign a statement, which summarized their activities in the laboratory and falsely alleged that they pressed the Escape key during an earlier session. After a single request, the odds of signing were 4.5 times higher for the sleep-deprived participants than for the rested participants. These findings have important implications and highlight the need for further research on factors affecting true and false confessions.
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Richardson, T., R. McInnes, and S. Davies. "Probation Orders with Conditions of Psychiatric Treatment: A descriptive study." Medicine, Science and the Law 43, no. 1 (January 2003): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.43.1.80.
Abstract:
Although probation orders with conditions for psychiatric treatment (POPTs) have been in existence for many years there is very little literature relating to their use and almost none from a psychiatric perspective. All patients who were subject to, or had recently completed, a POPT in Leicestershire were identified and information on them collected from psychiatric and probation records. Of 33 POPTs identified, psychiatric information was found for 31 and probation for 23. The most striking feature of the sample was its great heterogeneity in terms of psychiatric diagnoses and index offences. Worryingly, a number of serious offences did not lead to charges or convictions and there was evidence of poor communication between and within agencies, particularly psychiatric services. Our recommendations for improvement mirror those of other studies in the area, namely, better training of the staff from the multiple agencies involved, improved communication, better documentation and ongoing audit to prevent the situation continuing.
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Amanat, Mehrdad. "SET IN STONE: HOMELESS CORPSES AND DESECRATED GRAVES IN MODERN IRAN." International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no. 2 (April 16, 2012): 257–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000049.
Abstract:
AbstractViolence toward corpses and graves, especially the unusual practice of exhuming and burning remains, persisted sporadically through the 20th century in Iran but found new dimensions in the form of mass graves and a systematic desecration of cemeteries in the period following the 1979 Islamic Revolution. This paper seeks to explore the roots of cemetery violence by examining the dynamics of apostasy and the experiences and challenges Babi and Bahaʾi converts faced in their interment practices in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This period witnessed a significant change in communal identities. Unconventional self-definitions expressed in religious conversions and in fluid or multiple communal affiliations and religious convictions defied traditional boundaries and led to tension between nonconformists and religious authorities. One way for Shiʿi ʿulamaʾ and Jewish rabbis to reassert a conventional center was through the control of cemeteries, including by not allowing converts to be buried in these semisacred spaces.
34
Globerman, Judith. "Treating Older Patients: Who Treats and Why?" Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 10, no. 3 (1991): 232–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800005316.
Abstract:
RÉSUMÉA la lumière de la proportion croissante de personnes âgées recourant aux services de médecins, cette recherche tente de déterminer dans quelle mesure les médecins qui traitent les personnes âgées sont différents de leurs collègues qui ne le font pas. Des études précédentes ont porté sur certaines facettes de cette problématique, notamment en ce qui concerne les caractéristiques des médecins, leurs comportements dans la pratique, leurs attitudes et leurs convictions générales. Cette étude examine à nouveau et de façon systématique ces différentes catégories, à partir d'un groupe de médecins, en utilisant une procédure de régression multiple. Les résultats laissent entendre que les médecins qui suivent des patients âgés dans les domaines de la chirurgie orthopédique, de la chirurgie générale et de l'ophthalmologie, ne sont pas vraiment différents de leurs collègues qui traitent des patients plusjeunes. On explore également dans cette étude d'autres explications concernant le choix des patients âgés. On se demande aussi quelles seraient les implications pour les patients âgés de choisir un médecin doté d'une expertise dans les soins gériatriques.
35
Binka, Charity, Samuel H. Nyarko, Kofi Awusabo-Asare, and David T. Doku. "Barriers to the Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment among Rural Women in Ghana." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6320938.
Abstract:
Background. This study sought to explore the barriers to the uptake of cervical cancer screening and treatment in the North Tongu district of Ghana. Methods. Twenty-five in-depth interviews were conducted, while three focus group discussions were held among respondents. The data were analysed with the R package for qualitative data analysis using a thematic analytical approach. Results. Low level of knowledge about the disease and screening services, personal or psychological convictions, and cost of screening and treatment coupled with a low level of income were the barriers at the individual level. Perceived health personnel attitude, perceived lack of privacy, and misdiagnosis were the barriers at the institutional level while the sociocultural belief system of the communities about the etiology of the disease was the barrier at the community level. Inadequate education about the disease, lack of funding and access to screening facilities also constrained screening and treatment at the policy level. Conclusions. Cervical cancer screening and treatment are constrained at multiple levels in rural Ghana. This study underscores the need to address the low uptake of cervical cancer screening and treatment at the individual, community, institutional, and policy levels simultaneously.
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Schleef, Debra. "Empty Ethics and Reasonable Responsibility: Vocabularies of Motive among Law and Business Students." Law & Social Inquiry 22, no. 03 (1997): 619–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1997.tb01083.x.
Abstract:
Despite professional norms of being socially responsible and providing service to the underprivileged, the attitudes of law students toward ethical duties and public service bear similarities to those of business students. Using data from multiple interviews with law and business school students at one university, I find that these attitudes develop in response to the expectations of peers and professors during school experiences. Ethics courses are marginalized by the schools, and courses focus on such pragmatic issues as the professional code of conduct (law school) or how the appearance of social responsibility affects the bottom line (business school). Provided with little guidance on what they might do when they encounter real ethical dilemmas, students larn vocabularies of motive concerning how lawyers and managers should balance profits, carry out responsibilities to various stakeholders, and weigh ethical concerns, and they then moderate their own expressions of extreme self-interest or self-sacrifice. Both groups learn to maintain social responsibilities only within reason, emphasizing the separation of work from personal convictions. These elements have implications for the performance of public service in their future careers, as well as for a scholarly understanding of professionalism.
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Matthews, Ben, and Jon Minton. "Rethinking one of criminology’s ‘brute facts’: The age–crime curve and the crime drop in Scotland." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 3 (November 24, 2017): 296–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370817731706.
Abstract:
Examining annual variation in the age–crime curve as a way to better understand the recent crime drop, this paper explores how the age distribution of convicted offending changed for men and women in Scotland between 1989 and 2011. This analysis employs shaded contour plots as a method of visualizing annual change in the age–crime curve. Similar to recent findings from the USA, we observed falling rates of convicted offending for young people, primarily owing to lower rates of convicted offending for young men. In contrast to the US literature we also find increases in the rate of convicted offending for those in their mid-twenties to mid-forties, which are relatively greater for women than men. Analysis of annual change shows different phases in the progression of these trends, with falls in prevalence during the 1990s reflecting lower rates of convictions for acquisitive crime, but falls between 2007 and 2011 being spread across multiple crime types. Explanations of the crime drop in Scotland and elsewhere must be able to account for different patterns of change across age, sex, crime type and time.
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Pechatnov, Val V., and V. O. Pechatnov. "Holy Martyr Ioann Kochurov: Years in America." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 44 (2023): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2023.44.62.
Abstract:
The article explores the American period in life and service of Holy Martyr Ioann Kochurov (1895–1907). This formative period for Fa. Kochurov when he grew up as a priest, missionary and a church leader remains relatively unexplored due to a lack of sources originating from the man himself (except for a couple of his writings in “American Orthodox Messenger” and few letters written to relatives at home). The newly available documents from the Library of Congress Manuscript Division (Alaskan Russian Church Archive) fill this void. They consist mostly of Kochurov’s own regular reports to his superiors (bishops Nickolay and Tikhon, as well as a dean of New York deanary Nedzel’nitsky) and provide a vivid picture of his multiple activities: missionary, parish life, church building and diocese responsibilities. These documents shed a new light on Fa. Kochurov’s relationships with his superiors as well as his overall contribution to the development of Alaskan and Aleutian diocese which reached its peak under Bishop Tikhon’s guidance. The new documentary evidence also reveals Holy Martyr’s personal traits – his deep devotion to the Orthodox mission in America, his integrity and courage of Christian convictions which ultimately led to his martyrdom in 1917.
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Desclaux-Salachas, Jasmine. "The Treasure Map of the citizen childhood." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-27-2021.
Abstract:
Abstract. We are cartographers, trained and dedicated to our respective institutions around the world. Our cartographic works are gradually being developed, combining our multiple professional scientific and artistic skills, in the service of citizen information through the production of our maps. The performance of our works, submitted to the confidentiality of informations and data bases we process, remains invisible to public. In our complex job, confidentiality is a rule we first respect. We don’t usually explain our sophisticated manufacturing processes. Only our final result counts: THE MAP, completed, faithful to its project, editable, interpretable and memorizable at a first glance of its users.Among the Ecomuseum scientific team that was created in Battir, Palestine, after 2003, there was no cartographer. The team of young Palestinian professionals in architecture and civil engineering, just graduated, was armed with the rigour of their newly acquired knowledge, armed with their human freedom and citizen convictions. Isolated from everything they produced their collections of topographic maps from their own local survey.After the recall of its exceptional frame, this presentation aims to demonstrate how, through mapping-workshops open to everyone at the Public Library of their village, the children of Battir created their “Treasure Map” from their local proprietary geospatialized data they extend to neighbouring villages.
40
White, David, P. Jonathon Phillips, Carina A. Hahn, Matthew Hill, and Alice J. O'Toole. "Perceptual expertise in forensic facial image comparison." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1292.
Abstract:
Forensic facial identification examiners are required to match the identity of faces in images that vary substantially, owing to changes in viewing conditions and in a person's appearance. These identifications affect the course and outcome of criminal investigations and convictions. Despite calls for research on sources of human error in forensic examination, existing scientific knowledge of face matching accuracy is based, almost exclusively, on people without formal training. Here, we administered three challenging face matching tests to a group of forensic examiners with many years' experience of comparing face images for law enforcement and government agencies. Examiners outperformed untrained participants and computer algorithms, thereby providing the first evidence that these examiners are experts at this task. Notably, computationally fusing responses of multiple experts produced near-perfect performance. Results also revealed qualitative differences between expert and non-expert performance. First, examiners' superiority was greatest at longer exposure durations, suggestive of more entailed comparison in forensic examiners. Second, experts were less impaired by image inversion than non-expert students, contrasting with face memory studies that show larger face inversion effects in high performers. We conclude that expertise in matching identity across unfamiliar face images is supported by processes that differ qualitatively from those supporting memory for individual faces.
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RUSSELL, GREG. "Theodore Roosevelt, geopolitics, and cosmopolitan ideals." Review of International Studies 32, no. 3 (July 2006): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210506007157.
Abstract:
The central argument of this article is that Theodore Roosevelt’s worldview was formed at the intersection of geopolitics and cosmopolitan morality. The intellectual roots of his political and foreign policy convictions contributed to a diplomatic style for which the conventional labels of realism or idealism are both inadequate and misleading. Contrary to the stereotypical caricature of Roosevelt as an American architect of realpolitik, or ruthless man on horseback, he held a complex set of beliefs about international relations that transcends familiar academic theorising about either power politics or universal principles of morality. Neither the vision of international anarchy, nor the calculation of state capabilities, do justice to Roosevelt’s sense of the interplay between values and power in foreign policy conduct. Moral principles, Roosevelt claimed, help make clear the inescapable tension between ideals and reality. The moral problem persists, he thought, because foreign policy involves political choices obscured by faulty perception, controlled by national interests, and complicated by multiple purposes and goals. Roosevelt’s more nuanced worldview underscores the need for a revised historiography of international relations, one that builds upon the recognition that realists and idealists were never divided into clearly-identifiable camps either before or after the First World War.
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Kuja-Halkola, Ralf, Yudi Pawitan, Brian M. D'Onofrio, Niklas Långström, and Paul Lichtenstein. "Advancing paternal age and offspring violent offending: A sibling-comparison study." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 3 (July 2, 2012): 739–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941200034x.
Abstract:
AbstractChildren born to older fathers are at higher risk to develop severe psychopathology (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder), possibly because of increased de novo mutations during spermatogenesis with older paternal age. Because severe psychopathology is correlated with antisocial behavior, we examined possible associations between advancing paternal age and offspring violent offending. Interlinked Swedish national registers provided information on fathers' age at childbirth and violent criminal convictions in all offspring born from 1958 to 1979 (N= 2,359,921). We used ever committing a violent crime and number of violent crimes as indices of violent offending. The data included information on multiple levels; we compared differentially exposed siblings in within-family analyses to rigorously test causal influences. In the entire population, advancing paternal age predicted offspring violent crime according to both indices. Congruent with a causal effect, this association remained for rates of violent crime in within-family analyses. However, in within-family analyses, we found no association with ever committing a violent crime, suggesting that factors shared by siblings (genes and environment) confounded this association. Life-course persistent criminality has been proposed to have a partly biological etiology; our results agree with a stronger biological effect (i.e., de novo mutations) on persistent violent offending.
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Chen, Ted Yu Shen. "Habitat for Humanity's Post-Tsunami Housing Reconstruction Approaches in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701503300106.
Abstract:
This paper investigates the housing reconstruction approaches of Habitat for Humanity, a Christian international NGO, in Sri Lanka following the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It analyses how Habitat's housing approaches are informed by their religious values, principles of internationally-recognised best practice, and reactions to the broader ‘Buddhist’ and anti-Christian proselytisation politics of Sri Lanka. While much of Habitat's work in housing reconstruction saw it essentially operate as a housing contractor for the government of Sri Lanka and other donors, the projects that lay closer to its philosophical core sought to engage with processes of owner-driven reconstruction, currently recognized as reconstruction best practice. Owner-driven reconstruction informs Habitat's approach to and endorsement of homeowner participation in their housing reconstruction projects. However, Habitat's version of participation differs from international standards as Habitat's reconstruction approaches rework best practice principles for religious ends. This combination has the effect of reducing suspicion of proselytisation, which was a major concern in Sri Lanka during the reconstruction process, while at the same time allowing Habitat to enact its Christian values. As a religious NGO, Habitat therefore adopts multiple reconstruction approaches in order to practice its Christian convictions within a hostile religious-political environment.
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Monteiro, Thomas. "Multicultural Curriculum in India." Anthropos 118, no. 2 (2023): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2023-2-471.
Abstract:
By applying the concept of a multicultural curriculum and approaches to it as advocated by James Banks, this paper critically analyses the presence and absence of a multicultural curriculum in Indian text books after NCF 2005 through the case study of the “Vasant Part II” (Hindi text book for 7th Std). A multicultural curriculum is the need of the hour in contemporary India to create a learning environment for people from diverse cultures and backgrounds so that they can access education free from all insecure feelings and have fair chances of learning. NCF 2005 calls for an epistemological shift in the curriculum that accommodates multiple ways of imagining the Indian nation. The analysis of the case study clearly presents a different picture away from this call. The majority of the units propagate mainstream Hindu culture instead of taking along multicultural perspectives. The non-transformative and uncritical representations of women, minorities, and differently abled people often lead to a reinforcement of stereotypes and misconceptions. In this gloomy picture a couple of units send rays of hope for a multicultural curriculum in the future, so that our future generation may be a generation with transformed attitude and convictions to form a better citizenry.
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Țărnă, Alexandru. "ECtHR jurisprudence on the matter collection of personal data." International Relations Plus, no. 2(20) (December 2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52327/1857-4440.2021.2(20).25.
Abstract:
The protection and storage of personal data are clearly related to the right to respect for privacy, as guaranteed by art. 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The latter provision protects a whole range of rights, namely the right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondence. The principle is that art. 8 protects personal information in respect of which an individual can legitimately hope that it will not be published or used without his or her consent. The study aims to break into the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the main objective being to identify decisions that have a fundamental impact on the doctrine and practice of personal data collection. We are aware that multiple regulations in the field of personal data collection can be deduced from the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). However, given the direct impact of ECtHR decisions on the Republic of Moldova, we found it appropriate to summarize only this aspect. However, in subsequent studies we will address the issue of personal data protection by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The basic idea, derived from that study, is that the Moldovan authorities should adjust their legislation and practices to the standards set out by the ECtHR and thus avoid possible convictions by the European Court.
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Curtis, Ashlee, Keith R. McVilly, Andrew Day, William R. Lindsay, John L. Taylor, and Todd E. Hogue. "The characteristics and treatment needs of fire setters with intellectual disability: descriptive data and comparisons between offence type." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 10, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-10-2016-0019.
Abstract:
Purpose Fire setters who have an intellectual disability (ID) are often identified as posing a particular danger to the community although relatively little is known about their characteristics, treatment and support needs. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This study describes the characteristics of 134 residents of low, medium and high security ID facilities in the UK who have either an index offence of arson, a violent index offence or a sexual index offence. Findings Index arson offenders who had an ID had multiple prior convictions, a history of violent offending and a high likelihood of having a comorbid mental disorder. There were many shared characteristics across the three groups. Practical implications The current study suggests that offenders who have ID who set fires have treatment needs that are similar to those of violent and sex offenders. It follows that fire setters who have an ID may also benefit from participating in more established offending behaviour treatment programs, such as cognitive behaviour therapy programs, developed for other types of offender. Originality/value This study is one of the few which has investigated the characteristics and treatment needs of persons who have an ID who set fires. In particular, it is one of the first to compare the characteristics and treatment needs for persons with ID who set fires, to those who have committed violent and sexual offences.
47
Summers, Lucia, and D. Kim Rossmo. "Offender interviews: implications for intelligence-led policing." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-07-2018-0096.
Abstract:
PurposeIntelligence-led policing (ILP) involves the analysis of data to inform the development and implementation of strategic actions aimed at more efficiently reducing crime. The purpose of this paper is to examine how chronic acquisitive offenders – a focus of ILP – respond to police patrol, and how this knowledge can be turned into actionable strategies to reduce crime.Design/methodology/approachInterviews were conducted with 137 chronic offenders who had multiple convictions for burglary, robbery and/or vehicle crime. The interviews involved the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data, including responses to situational crime vignettes.FindingsWhen encountering police patrols, criminals were initially more likely to displace (e.g. committing crime elsewhere and/or later in the day) than to desist from offending. Some of the conditions under which police patrol was most effective were identified, including offenders’ fear of being recognized by officers. Repeated thwarted crime attempts appeared to be most impactful, with even the most chronic offenders becoming “worn down.”Practical implicationsThe profiles of top offenders should be systematically disseminated to front line officers to augment the effectiveness of police patrol and minimize the possibility of crime displacement.Originality/valueOffender interviews are a valuable source of information but they have been underutilized within an ILP framework. This research illustrates how offender interview research can inform and support the role of police in preventing crime.
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Batur, Pınar. "Author in the Classroom: An Interview with Orhan Pamuk." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 41, no. 1 (June 2007): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400051014.
Abstract:
While I was editing this interview with Orhan Pamuk in the Spring 2007, the media exploded with him: “Pamuk Wins the Nobel Prize!” It was not surprising, because for sometime now Orhan Pamuk has been known the world over as the “super hero” of Turkish literature. In Turkey, once again, the media turned its gaze away from Iraq, EU, unemployment, and questions of accountability in government, to contemplate why, how and what Pamuk had won, and the question of who is Orhan Pamuk? As the intensity of the debate increased, I began to wonder if Orhan Pamuk himself would be following it as if it was about somebody else. It certainly did not sound like the dissonance could be about one person, as the public contemplated him, unfolding multiple layers of his political convictions, his nationalism, his character, family, marriage, and private life. As the attention to his work disappeared, he was processed and reproduced by the media, with an effort that surpassed the media frenzy regarding his trial for his statements on genocide. Pamuk the author was replaced by Pamuk the image on the pages of tabloids. A year ago, when I asked if she had read Orhan Pamuk, a young woman in Istanbul had inquired, “Is he somebody?” Oh! Yes!, he is somebody, actually he has become more than that.
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Gazo, Dominique. "City councillors and the mission of public libraries." New Library World 112, no. 1/2 (January 11, 2011): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074801111100454.
Abstract:
PurposeIn Quebec, where a large majority of public libraries are municipal departments, the mission of the libraries must be defined in collaboration with city councillors and acknowledged by them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the views of city councillors in Quebec on the mission of public libraries, and to compare them to actual library practices.Design/methodology/approachThe research strategy adopted is a multiple case study. Interviews were conducted with 12 city councillors who represent their library on the city council. These interviews and the municipal cultural policies were subjected to a discourse analysis. The interviews with the directors of the public libraries and some documents were subjected to content analysis.FindingsA conceptual framework based on the theory of social construction of reality is proposed to study the discourses of city councillors in their textual dimension, to contextualise them and to analyse them in comparison with library practices.Originality/valueThere is no homogeneous view among city councillors in Quebec on the mission of public libraries. However, a model of the discourse of city councillors does emerge. It is less developed than current literature. It presents a passive image of the library in which the tradition continues, ignoring the Information Society. The analysis also revealed that the views of city councillors are based on their own convictions as individuals, on their role in the management of the municipality as elected officials, and on the image they have of the users of public libraries.
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Wilhite, David E. "Tertullian on the Afterlife: “Only Martyrs are in Heaven” and Other Misunderstandings." Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zac-2020-0051.
Abstract:
Abstract Perpetua only saw martyrs in heaven, according to Tertullian, De anima 55,4. This passage has perplexed scholars, since Tertullian seems to be referring to Saturus’s vision, not Perpetua’s (Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis 13,8). Additionally, Tertullian’s citation is part of his larger argument against the Valentinians, in which he makes the peculiar claim that the souls of the dead are “below” (inferi) with the exception of the martyrs who are in Paradise. I contend that Tertullian’s claim has been misunderstood in the last few decades of scholarship because of a failure to contextualize his remark within his rhetorical strategy. Disentangling Tertullian’s convictions from his rhetoric is notoriously difficult, and yet by reading Tertullian as fully immersed in the tactics from the Second Sophistic Movement recent scholars have made great advances in our understanding of this North African Christian writer. Several of Tertullian’s other works provide counter-evidence to the idea that only martyrs go to heaven: specifically, Tertullian further defines “heaven,” its location, and its occupants; additionally, Tertullian clarifies who is a “martyr” in his wider oeuvre. When Tertullian’s own teachings on the afterlife are retrieved, then one can re-read De anima to see how Tertullian has cloaked these with rhetorical devices meant to refute the Valentinian notion of the soul’s ascent through multiple heavens. This idea that Tertullian believed only martyrs gain immediate access to heaven—which has often been repeated in the most recent century’s secondary literature—is itself a misunderstanding of earlier modern scholarship.