Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple convictions'

William Blackstone famously expressed the view that convicting the innocent constitutes a much more serious error than acquitting the guilty. This view is the cornerstone of due process protections for those accused of crimes, giving rise to the presumption of innocence and the high burden of proof required for criminal convictions. While most legal elites share Blackstone’s view, the citizen jurors tasked with making due process protections a reality do not share the law’s preference for false acquittals over false convictions. Across multiple national surveys sampling more than 12,000 people, we find that a majority of Americans consider false acquittals and false convictions to be errors of equal magnitude. Contrary to Blackstone, most people are unwilling to err on the side of letting the guilty go free to avoid convicting the innocent. Indeed, a sizeable minority view false acquittals as worse than false convictions; this group is willing to convict multiple innocent persons to avoid letting one guilty person go free. These value differences translate into behavioral differences: we show in multiple studies that jury-eligible adults who reject Blackstone’s view are more accepting of prosecution evidence and are more conviction-prone than the minority of potential jurors who agree with Blackstone. These findings have important implications for our understanding of due process and criminal justice policy. Due process currently depends on jurors faithfully following instructions on the burden of proof, but many jurors are not inclined to hold the state to its high burden. Courts should do away with the fiction that the reasonable doubt standard guarantees due process and consider protections that do not depend on jurors honoring the law’s preference for false acquittals, such as more stringent pretrial screening of criminal cases and stricter limits on prosecution evidence. Further, the fact that many people place crime control on par with, or above, the need to avoid wrongful convictions helps explain divisions in public opinion on important policy questions like bail and sentencing reform. Criminal justice proposals that emphasize deontic concerns without addressing consequentialist concerns are unlikely to garner widespread support.

Abstract This essay, with accompanying lesson plan, explores how race-radical Black and Indigenous feminists theorize and resist the carceral state violence of White settler nations of Canada and the United States. It focuses on the theoretical interventions driven by Indigenous and Black race-radical feminists and how this has placed these activists at the forefront of anti-violence movement-building. Such an intervention specifically upholds the tensions within and refuses to collapse political approaches of Indigenous movements for sovereignty and Black race-radical traditions. Its transnational, comparative focus helps us to not only identify but to create multiple strategies that dismantle the carceral state and the racialized gendered violence that it mobilizes and sustains. Proceeding from the argument that both prison abolitionist praxis and race-radical feminist praxis are inherently and primarily pedagogical, the lesson plan explores the ways we learn, teach, and organize in a manner that teaches against the grain of carceral common sense.

To be ranked at Tier 1 in the Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report, Section 108 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act requires the state parties to comply with its minimum standards in combating human trafficking. Unfortunately, some states parties, including Malaysia failed to meet the minimum standards in curbing the monstrous crime fully. Their failure to be in Tier 1 is contributed by a few reasons, including the lack of success in prosecution. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the low number of convictions of traffickers is due to the absence of anti-legislation, lack of trained law enforcers and prosecutors and corruption among the stakeholders. In 2021, the U.S State Department has downgraded Malaysia's ranking in TIP report from Tier 2 to Tier 3. The main reason for the decline was that the government did not adequately address credible allegations from multiple sources alleging labour trafficking involving refugees, migrants, and domestic workers. To be in Tier 1, Malaysia should consider having expert testimony to secure convictions. Using qualitative research method, this paper examines the relevance of expert witness in human trafficking cases from Islamic, Malaysia and international perspectives. This paper further recommends its use in court to secure conviction against traffickers and protect the victims.

This study examined the impact of legal, extralegal, and contextual variables on prison sentence lengths for violent felons sentenced in Georgia from 1981 to 1989. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all violent crimes and separately for four types of violent crime: murder and manslaughter, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Results indicated that the legally relevant factors—seriousness of the crime and number of convictions—had the strongest influence on sentence lengths. Across most violent crimes, male, older, and better-educated offenders received longer sentences than those without such characteristics. Political conservatism had a positive effect on sentence lengths for overall violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. Interaction effects for political conservatism and the number of convictions were significant, indicating that sentence length increased disproportionately as a court's conservatism and the felon's number of convictions increased. Findings suggest that political conservatism is an important contextual feature affecting prison sentence length.

BackgroundViolence risk assessment in schizophrenia relies heavily on criminal history factors.AimsTo investigate which criminal history factors are most strongly associated with violent crime in schizophrenia.MethodA total of 13 806 individuals (8891 men and 4915 women) with two or more hospital admissions for schizophrenia were followed up for violent convictions. Multivariate hazard ratios for 15 criminal history factors included in different risk assessment tools were calculated. The incremental predictive validity of these factors was estimated using tests of discrimination, calibration and reclassification.ResultsOver a mean follow-up of 12.0 years, 17.3% of men (n=1535) and 5.7% of women (n=281) were convicted of a violent offence. Criminal history factors most strongly associated with subsequent violence for both men and women were a previous conviction for a violent offence; for assault, illegal threats and/or intimidation; and imprisonment. However, only a previous conviction for a violent offence was associated with incremental predictive validity in both genders following adjustment for young age and comorbid substance use disorder.ConclusionsClinical and actuarial approaches to assess violence risk can be improved if included risk factors are tested using multiple measures of performance.

Abstract Drawing data from a longitudinal survey of college students from 514 institutions of higher education, we add to the discussion on the education–religion puzzle by providing information on specifically which college students experience the most religiosity change, investigating multiple change measures (conviction strength, service attendance, and religious identity), and estimating which programs of study and collegiate experiences cause the most change. We also provide an analysis of students who seek or initially sought an occupation within the clergy. Among our findings, 56% of students report changes in the strength of their religious convictions during college, while 45% report changes in religious service attendance frequency. Of those who matriculate as religious, about 9% lose their religion by graduation. Of those who matriculate with no religious identity, an impressive 33% graduate with one. Choice of institution, major of study, academic success, and many other collegiate experiences are shown to be determinants of these changes.

A decision by the Supreme Court of California in the case Conservatorship of Wendland, issued in August 2001, forces us once again to confront the all-too-common situation in which an individual has, on multiple occasions, expressed strongly held personal convictions about life-sustaining interventions but failed to incorporate those convictions into a formal advance directive. Many courts have recognized that lay citizens do not consistently resort to written legal formalities in their day-to-day lives, and reasonable accommodation must be made to this fundamental fact about human nature. However, a small but apparently growing minority of courts adamantly insist on either formal written directives or prescience and prophetic precision on the part of the patient before a surrogate can direct the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. The chronology of cases that comprise this minority position in American medical jurisprudence raise important ethical issues.

Background. Previous studies on male patients with sex chromosome abnormalities (SCA), namely XYY and XXY, suggest that such patients commit criminal acts more frequently than expected. Most of these studies are affected by ascertainment bias.Methods. Using a population-based sample of men with SCA, identified by screening 34380 infants at birth between 1967 and 1979, comparison between 16 XYY men, 13 XXY men and 45 controls were made in terms of frequency of antisocial personality disorder (APD) using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia lifetime version. Rates of criminal convictions were examined in 17 XYY men, 17 XXY men and 60 controls.Results. XYY males showed a significantly higher frequency of antisocial behaviour in adolescence and adulthood and of criminal convictions than the controls, but multiple regression analysis showed this to be mediated mainly through lowered intelligence. Property offences constituted the majority of offences in all groups. The XXY men did not show an increased rate of criminal convictions. It is possible that this apparently negative result relates to the relatively small numbers of cases and hence low power of this study.Conclusions. The findings of this study carry the advantage of not being affected by ascertainment bias and the disadvantage of having low power. It provides evidence for a slightly increased liability to antisocial behaviour in XYY men.

AbstractThis study focuses on the importance of patterns of adjustment problems in early adolescence and convictions for alcohol abuse in the mid-teens for the development of alcohol abuse manifested in early adulthood. The study was performed on a large and representative cohort of Swedish males, prospectively followed from age 13 to age 25. A person approach was applied in which the individuals and individual patterns of adjustment problems were the objects of interest, not single variables per se. The results showed that patterns of multiple adjustment problems in early adolescence, as well as convictions for alcohol abuse in the mid-teens, significantly increased the risk for later alcohol abuse. Among multiproblem boys also convicted for alcohol abuse in their mid-teens, 72% were registered for alcohol abuse at ages 18–24. However, early single adjustment problems did not significantly increase the risk for later alcohol abuse. The importance of studying the background of alcohol abuse from a developmental and interactionistic perspective was emphasized.

La question du cumul de déclarations de culpabilité se pose dans le cas où une personne paraît avoir commis plusieurs infractions s’inscrivant dans une même unité d’action, soit parce qu’elles sont constituées par des faits partiellement ou totalement identiques, soit parce qu’elles sont constituées par des faits totalement distincts mais consécutifs ou concomitants. Partant du constat que cette question se pose dans les mêmes termes et avec la même acuité en droit pénal interne et en droit international pénal, la présente étude propose une méthode générale de résolution de la question en se fondant sur une règle logique dont la validité n’est pas limitée à un ordre juridique en particulier : l’existence d’une pluralité d’infractions en concours constitue une condition absolument nécessaire du cumul de déclarations de culpabilité. Ainsi, la méthode proposée consiste dans un premier temps à distinguer clairement les situations d’infraction unique (infraction unique en vertu du droit pénal spécial ou en vertu d’une théorie générale : conflit d’incriminations ou infraction continuée) et les situations de concours (idéal ou réel) d’infractions. Dans un second temps, la méthode consiste à résoudre les concours en vertu d’un principe de type téléologique, autorisant le cumul lorsqu’il est nécessaire afin d’atteindre un ou plusieurs objectifs légitimes (rendre pleinement compte du comportement délictueux de l’auteur, peines principales et complémentaires, récidive spéciale, recevabilité de l’action civile), prohibant le cumul dans le cas contraire. À cette fin, l’étude propose une classification affinée des différents types de concours idéals et réels d’infractions
The question of multiple convictions arises in cases where a person appears to have committed several offences forming part of the same unit of action, either because they consist of partially or totally identical facts, or because they consist of totally distinct but consecutive or concomitant facts. Starting from the observation that this question arises in the same terms and with the same acuteness in domestic criminal law and in international criminal law, the present study proposes a general method of solving the question by basing itself on a logical rule whose validity is not limited to any particular legal system: the existence of a plurality of concurrent offences constitutes an absolutely necessary condition for the accumulation of convictions. Thus, the proposed method consists, in the first place, in making a clear distinction between situations of a single offence (a single offence under special criminal law or under a general theory: conflict of statutes or continuing offence) and situations of concurrent offences. Secondly, the method consists in resolving the concurrences by virtue of a teleological principle, authorizing cumulation when it is necessary in order to achieve one or more legitimate objectives (to take full account of the offender's criminal conduct, principal and complementary penalties, special recidivism, admissibility of civil action), prohibiting cumulation in the opposite case. To this end, the study proposes a refined classification of the different types of ideal and real concurrence of offences

This chapter examines the multiple-conviction paradox, in which punishments of people convicted of multiple offenses are often discounted if sentences are imposed at one time but enhanced if imposed at different times. A bulk discount characterizes sentencing for concurrent convictions. A recidivist premium attaches to successive convictions. The chapter first reviews empirical data to show that the multiple-conviction paradox is the central issue that normative accounts of punishment must adequately address. It then discusses efforts by theorists to justify the bulk discount before proposing a framework for addressing the multiple-offense paradox within just sentencing systems that integrates principled considerations with blameworthiness and crime prevention. This approach favors parsimonious and human capital–enhancing punishments.

This chapter examines the multiple roles that Philippine Protestant ethnic ministers such as Flaviano M. Santa Ana filled in Hawaiian plantation communities. Hawaiʻi's sugar plantations cut worker wages up to 20 percent due to the low value of sugar in 1921. Intracolonial Filipino laborers, who were already struggling to save enough of their salary to send monetary remittances to their loved ones in the Philippines, became upset at the change in wage scale and went on strike from 1924 to 1925. This labor stoppage, known as the Filipino Piecemeal Sugar Strike, was one of the largest Filipino labor strikes in Hawaiʻi, as well as one of the most legally aggressive reactions by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association during the first half of the twentieth century. This chapter considers how Filipino Protestant pastors at the Olaʻa plantation who were working for the Hawaiian Evangelical Association became middlemen for migrant laborers, sugar plantation management, and the Protestant church in the islands. It shows that these middlemen's positions of power were always tenuous and questioned by Filipinos.

In ICCs and tribunals, defendants are typically accused or convicted of the commission of multiple crimes based on the same conduct. Fifteen years after the first decisions of the ad hoc Tribunals on the admissibility of cumulative charges and cumulative convictions, a robust, albeit primitive, set of judge-made rules has emerged, but many questions remain open. This becomes apparent upon closer analysis, which allows the classification of all conceivable situations of concursus delictorum according to a simple theoretical matrix. This chapter argues that there are more issues in this area of the law to be addressed beyond ‘speciality’ to which the firmly established Čelebići test solely refers. Legal principles should be carefully revised and developed by the ICC.

This chapter focuses on the punishment of offenders sentenced for multiple offenses that have not been separated by independent prosecution and sentencing. Most scholars believe that the striking discrepancy between sentences imposed on multiple and repeat offenders cannot be justified in terms of retributivism. The existing solutions to the overpunishment of offenders convicted of multiple crimes invoke concurrent sentencing or the exercise of mercy by a sentencing court. Both approaches mitigate excessive punishment, but also create a number of problems. This chapter first considers the nature of the problem and the deficiencies of current approaches to multiple-offense sentencing before explaining how much of the gap between the repeat and the multiple offenders’ sentences can be accommodated within a retributive framework. It also describes culpability and harm as independent elements of deservedness and argues in favor of reduced sentences when the offenses are related to one another.

Philosophers and others characteristically give multiple arguments for their important controversial views. Why is one good argument not enough? Most philosophers would perhaps agree to this much: at their best, arguments are paths to understanding, pillars of conviction, providers of confirmation, and nourishment for the intellect. But how should we unpack these metaphors? This paper attempts to contribute to that task. It shows why a good cumulative case should not be identified with a conjunctive one (culminating in a single argument with all the relevant premises conjoined), and it brings out how propositional and non-propositional grounds differ significantly from one another but can be integrated into a unified case for what they mutually support.

The chapter’s starting point is Shelley’s conviction that poetry ‘marks the before unapprehended relations of things’ and his consequent way of using ‘words’ in his prose as ‘pictures of integral thoughts’, even as he worries that they may turn out to be merely ‘signs for portions and classes of thoughts’ (A Defence of Poetry). The chapter shows how Shelley’s prose thinks through its style in multiple ways: section 2 examines the ironies at work in ‘An Address to the People on the Death of the Princess Charlotte’; section 3 turns its attention to A Philosophical View of Reform and that work’s enactment of complicated rhetorical strategies; section 4 examines Shelley’s essays on religious matters, such as his essay ‘On Christianity’, and brings out their concern to dramatize and allow for tensions; and section 5 explores Shelley’s metaphysical prose before returning to questions of poetics with which the essay began.

The idea of American exceptionalism has made frequent appearances in discussions of criminal justice policies—as it has in many other areas—to help portray or explain problems that are especially acute in the United States, including mass incarceration, retention of the death penalty, racial and ethnic disparities in punishment, and the War on Drugs. While scholars do not universally agree that it is an apt or useful framework, there is no question that the United States is an outlier compared with other industrialized democracies in its punitive and exclusionary criminal justice policies. This book deepens the debate on American exceptionalism in crime and punishment through comparative political, economic, and historical analyses, working toward forward-looking prescriptions for American law, policy, and institutions of government. The chapters expand the existing American Exceptionalism literature to neglected areas such as community supervision, economic penalties, parole release, and collateral consequences of conviction; explore claims of causation, in particular that the history of slavery and racial inequality has been a primary driver of crime policy; examine arguments that the framework of multiple governments and localized crime control, populist style of democracy, and laissez-faire economy are implicated in problems of both crime and punishment; and assess theories that cultural values are the most salient predictors of penal severity and violent crime. The book asserts that the largest problems of crime and justice cannot be brought into focus from the perspective of a single jurisdiction and that comparative inquiries are necessary for an understanding of the current predicament in the United States.

AbstractThis chapter introduces the notion of ‘regimes of ethics’ to explore the diverse ways that ethics is articulated in corporate capitalism, particularly in industries that are involved in the extraction of natural resources such as oil and gas. I show how companies draw on corporate social responsibility frameworks as public-facing demonstrations of ethics for stakeholder engagement, while also generating greater company loyalty and pride among employees. While corporate social responsibility (CSR) provides an explicit corporate strategy, the professional codes of ethics that apply to engineering practices in the USA specifically anchor ethics in individual decision-making. Animated by a generally conservative, if not stultifying, ethos, engineering ethics sees practices such as whistleblowing and breaking ranks as epitomising individual ethical action. Co-existing with and sometimes challenging these two formal regimes of ethics are also industry actors’ own moral convictions. This third regime of ethics draws on my ethnographic research in the oil and gas industry in Colorado, USA. By discussing these various articulations of ethics, my aim is to take seriously formal rules and codes as well as industry actors’ own ethical sensibilities. I suggest that rather than existing as entrenched hardened moral worlds, these multiple and competing regimes of ethics indicate the underdetermined nature of ethical life.

AbstractNothing is wrong with simplifying an event if (on the condition that) you and I know to be engaging in a simplification. Even this condition, the ‘if’, can be temporarily dropped to facilitate communication and technology. That is simplification. However, once the condition can no longer be retrieved, the simplication becomes a simplex. Globalization has exacerbated the tendency to simplicate for complexity-reduction.This chapter illustrates the process in various social domains that resulted in the proliferation of simplexes. The domains range from the spheres of politics, the streets and the classroom, to the informational binary of ICT hardware and software. A new context of depleted mediation and lost agency has arisen for stereotyping, scapegoating, racism and slimmed civil rights. The simplex, a unidimensional signal, addictively combines locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary forces. It conflates age-old premises to generate convenient convictions such as the one that technology liberates and that those with better technology duly paid for it. The chapter revisits Luhmann’s subsystems through Gluckman’s multiplex.

Little has been written about the sizable majority of defendants who are convicted of several offenses at the same time or have previously been convicted of others. That is not a small oversight. Efforts to address it expose fundamental conceptual problems. The biggest is the multiple offense paradox. Efforts to offer principled accounts of the sentencing of multiple offenses founder on it. In Western legal systems, individuals sentenced following multiple convictions receive a bulk discount that results in a lesser total punishment than if each conviction had resulted in the punishment normally imposed on a first offender convicted of a single offense. By contrast, sentences of people convicted of separate offenses in successive proceedings usually include recidivist premiums that result in harsher punishments, often much harsher, than first offenders receive for the same offense.

Abstract This section considers a series of cases in England concerning cot death, otherwise known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). In families that had experienced more than one such death, the mothers were charged with murder on that basis alone. The heart of the reasoning was that the probability of such a death is low, and, using independence, the probability of multiple such deaths minuscule. Hence the conclusion of murder. Later evidence shows a genetic component to SIDS, which means that there is positive correlation between the events of multiple such deaths, which invalidates the assumption of independence.

One way of reasoning with uncertainties in the context of law is to use probabilities. However, methods for reasoning about the probability of guilt in a court case requires us to specify a prior probability of guilt, which is the probability of guilt before any evidence is known. There is no accepted approach for specifying the prior probability of guilt but multiple solutions have been proposed. In this paper, we consider three approaches: a prior that is based on the population, a prior based on the number of agents that have similar opportunity as the suspect and a prior that represents a legal norm. For comparing and evaluating the approaches, we use an agent-based model as a ground truth in which all probabilities are known. With the data generated in the ground truth model, we investigate how the choice of prior influences the posterior probability of guilt for both guilty and innocent agents. Using a decision threshold, we can determine the effect of the three approaches on the rates of correct and incorrect convictions and acquittals. We find that the opportunity prior results in higher rates of both correct convictions and false convictions and requires more assumptions and access to data and knowledge than the legal prior and population prior.

This chapter describes the degree to which people are willing to endorse compromise in specific settings. In reviewing evidence from multiple surveys, people prefer politicians who are willing to compromise to those who stand firm to their convictions. While we might worry that people dislike compromises on issues that they care about, people endorse compromises across a wide range of policy domains. This suggests that citizens want more from politics than just ideological representation. Because citizens are strongly supportive of compromise in politics, it creates electoral incentives for elected officials to seek out legislative compromises.

This chapter, co-authored by an undergraduate student and a faculty member, uses the concept of rhizomatic development—the spreading of an interconnected, subterranean array of influences—to describe our growth through engaging in and facilitating pedagogical partnerships. We present both co-authored explanations and alternating, individual narratives to map the multiple, always spreading rhizomes that link across contexts and times, creating a largely invisible but deeply connected network of meanings and practices. Eschewing linear-sequential causes, we write in associative, roaming ways about the increased confidence, greater clarity, and stronger convictions that develop in different directions and at different rates through partnership.

This chapter delves into the relatively new DNA technique of probabilistic genotyping, which aims to a more precise determination of complex DNA profiles of multiple contributors. It explains the forensic value of this methodology compared to traditional DNA techniques such as Combined Probability of Inclusion (CPI). In particular, this forensic value is demonstrated in light of the reversal of several wrongful convictions in the USA and Europe. Apart from having a potential exculpatory effect, the advance of probabilistic genotyping can also contribute to discerning the real perpetrator of a crime. As a result, this chapter emphasizes the relevance of probabilistic genotyping for both defense lawyers and prosecutors in criminal cases.

Resumen: En 1966 Robert Venturi publica Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. Este libro representa uno de los alegatos más severos contra las limitaciones de la arquitectura moderna. Concebido como un ensayo visual, mediante una colección de ejemplos de épocas y lugares muy heterogéneos, las tesis de Venturi denotan una fuerte animadversión hacia las posiciones funcionalistas de la ortodoxia moderna. De entre todas las obras que lo ilustran, Le Corbusier aparece paradójicamente como el arquitecto al que más se alude y la Villa Savoye, por sorpresa, como la obra de referencia. Frente a la lectura establecida y canónica de la arquitectura de Le Corbusier, el análisis de Venturi supone una mirada fresca y alternativa de sus posiciones teóricas. A través de sus estrategias basadas en la fenomenología de la complejidad y la contradicción, Venturi descubre la arquitectura tensa y vibrante de Le Corbusier que, sin renunciar nunca a sus convicciones modernas, tampoco sucumbió ante ellas. Abstract: In 1966 Robert Venturi publishes Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. This book represents one of the most serious allegations against the limitations of the modern architecture. Conceived as a visual essay, with a collection of examples from different times and places, the text of Venturi denotes a strong hostility against the functionalist positions of the orthodox Modern architecture. Paradoxically, in the book of Venturi, Le Corbusier appears as the most mentioned architect and the Villa Savoye -by surprise- as the most quoted work. In opposition of the classical view of Le Corbusier’s work, the analysis of Venturi represents a new fresh look and alternative view of his theoretical positions. Through his multiple strategies based on the phenomenology of complexity and contradiction, Venturi discovered the intense and vibrant architecture of Le Corbusier who, without ever renouncing his modern convictions, he didn’t succumb to them. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, Venturi, Complejidad y contradicción, Norma y transgresión. Keywords: Le Corbusier, Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction, Norm and Transgression. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.827

Abstract This paper presents data from a preliminary study designed to test the hypothesis that narrative is the primary decisionmaking tool employed in engineering design. We also look for evidence that analysis and optimization provide anchor points that drive the narrative forward, even in the presence of unresolvable uncertainties. The data in this paper comes from student engineers who are engaged in an 8-month, NASA-sponsored design competition. We code 46 statements from our interviews, spanning 10 different narrative elements as defined by Fenton-O’Creevy and Tuckett [1]. We find that engineers use multiple narrative elements to develop conviction when reaching action readiness, and that of the 46 coded statements, only 14 corresponded to quantitative analysis in the form of models and calculations. We find that in engineering design the decision-making journey involves a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative engineering judgment that is evaluated to develop conviction and reach a state of action.

Eye-tracking technology was used to analyze the participants’ visual attention while solving a multiple-choice science problem. The research encompassed 103 people of varying levels of knowledge, from pupils to scientists. The respondents in general devoted more time to analyze the chosen fields. However, the trend is reversed for people with high scientific expertise and criticism and with extreme motivation to solve a problem. The trend depends also on the strategies of solving a problem and conviction about the correctness of the answer. Key words: eye-tracking, mathematics and physics education, problem solving, new technology in didactics of science.

Abstract The calibration of shaly-sand reservoir is challenging since the nature of geological complexity of the reservoir. This complex structure involves multiple scales that should be acknowledged during geologic and reservoir modeling activities. This paper is intended to show multi-scale response of shaly-sand reservoir, by integrating well, sector, and reservoir data. Reservvoir modeling is used as a tool to understand the concept and behaviour of shaly sand reservoir under multiple scenarios of shale geological setting and shale configuration. The research is based on day-to-day findings in PHE ONWJ working area where drilling activities often encounter zones with very low water saturation or high pressure, even though the infill drilling is performed nearby depleted zones. This work demonstrates the needs of multiscale integration to analyze shaly-sand reservoir response. The geology of shaly-sand reservoir indicates "compartment" behavior. The interbedded shale layers disconnect the continuity of several layers. The global scale data, e.g. average reservoir pressure, cannot accurately capture the local responses and discontinuities. Therefore, huge amount of oil reserves becomes undetected and undeveloped. Reservoir characterization based on Field X in PHE ONWJ area is used as a benchmark in modeling a generic reservoir model. The model utilizes several shale configuration and shale characteristics in order to mimic shaly sand reservoir behavior during a single primary production cycle. Whilst general production resultsis not the main concern of the current publication, The main goal of the publication is to observe pressure behaviour after several years of primary production. The research provides a new insight on how field development plan should be prepared accordingly should there be a conviction of shaly sand reservoir from test data. Developing shaly sand reservoir should require multiple plans for higher number of infill well as well as its placement and economic aspects.

"This case engages with the journey of Community Development Centre (CDC), a small non-profit organization operating in the Mahakaushal region of Madhya Pradesh for over two decades. The case demonstrates how CDC has created a resilient and responsive organizational culture in a remote and resource-starved environment to address multiple developmental challenges of the region and in particular, of the most marginalized Baiga tribe within it. It underscores the importance of a firm conviction in the cause as a precondition of talent which works in such a context. It draws attention to the persistence and skill required to develop lasting relations of trust with the community and the challenges involved in balancing constructive contestation as well as support for the local and state administration. This case represents many similar small organizations that carry out credible and often pivotal work in their own contexts. Through the example of CDC, this case aims to build an appreciation of how nurturing such organizations is critical to give due share to those who remain invisible to the mainstream developmental discourse."

Introduction u cours des deux derniers millénaires, il y a eu plusieurs façons de conserver, transmettre et même créer la connaissance ; la tradition orale, l’écrit manuscrit, l’écrit imprimé et l’écrit numérisé. La tradition orale et le manuscrit ont dominé pendant plus de 1400 ans, et ce, jusqu’à l’apparition du livre imprimé en 1451, résultant de l’invention mécanique de Gutenberg. Il faudra attendre un peu plus de 550 ans, avant que l’invention du support électronique déloge à son tour le livre imprimé, prenant une ampleur sans précédent grâce à la révolution numérique contemporaine, résultat du maillage des technologies de l’informatique, de la robotique et de la science des données. Les premières universités qui sont nées en Occident, au Moyen Âge, ont développé cette tradition orale de la connaissance tout en multipliant l’usage du manuscrit créant ainsi de véritables communautés de maîtres et d’étudiants ; la venue de l’imprimerie permettra la multiplication des universités où l’oral et l’écrit continueront de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la création et la transmission des connaissances même si le « support » a évolué du manuscrit à l’imprimé puis vers le numérique. Au cours de toutes ces années, le modèle de l’université s’est raffiné et perfectionné sur une trajectoire somme toute assez linéaire en élargissant son rôle dans l’éducation à celui-ci de la recherche et de l’innovation, en multipliant les disciplines offertes et les clientèles desservies. L’université de chaque ville universitaire est devenue une institution florissante et indispensable à son rayonnement international, à un point tel que l’on mesure souvent sa contribution par la taille de sa clientèle étudiante, l’empreinte de ses campus, la grandeur de ses bibliothèques spécialisées ; c’est toutefois la renommée de ses chercheurs qui consacre la réputation de chaque université au cours de cette longue trajectoire pendant laquelle a pu s’établir la liberté universitaire. « Les libertés universitaires empruntèrent beaucoup aux libertés ecclésiastiques » : Étudiants et maîtres, qu'ils furent, ou non, hommes d'Église, furent assimilés à des clercs relevant de la seule justice ecclésiastique, réputée plus équitable. Mais ils échappèrent aussi largement à la justice ecclésiastique locale, n'étant justiciables que devant leur propre institution les professeurs et le recteur, chef élu de l’université - ou devant le pape ou ses délégués. Les libertés académiques marquèrent donc l’émergence d'un droit propre, qui ménageait aux maîtres et aux étudiants une place à part dans la société. Ce droit était le même, à travers l'Occident, pour tous ceux qui appartenaient à ces institutions supranationales que furent, par essence, les premières universités. À la fin du Moyen Âge, l'affirmation des États nationaux obligea les libertés académiques à s'inscrire dans ce nouveau cadre politique, comme de simples pratiques dérogatoires au droit commun et toujours sujettes à révision. Vestige vénérable de l’antique indépendance et privilège octroyé par le prince, elles eurent donc désormais un statut ambigu » . La révolution numérique viendra fragiliser ce statut. En effet, la révolution numérique vient bouleverser cette longue trajectoire linéaire de l’université en lui enlevant son quasi monopole dans la conservation et le partage du savoir parce qu’elle rend plus facile et somme toute, moins coûteux l’accès à l’information, au savoir et aux données. Le numérique est révolutionnaire comme l’était l’imprimé et son influence sur l’université, sera tout aussi considérable, car cette révolution impacte radicalement tous les secteurs de l’économie en accélérant la robotisation et la numérisation des processus de création, de fabrication et de distribution des biens et des services. Ces innovations utilisent la radio-identification (RFID) qui permet de mémoriser et de récupérer à distance des données sur les objets et l’Internet des objets qui permet aux objets d’être reliés automatiquement à des réseaux de communications .Ces innovations s’entrecroisent aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle, à celles des algorithmiques intelligentes et de l’intelligence artificielle et viennent littéralement inonder de données les institutions et les organisations qui doivent alors les analyser, les gérer et les protéger. Le monde numérique est né et avec lui, a surgi toute une série de compétences radicalement nouvelles que les étudiants, les enseignants et les chercheurs de nos universités doivent rapidement maîtriser pour évoluer dans ce Nouveau Monde, y travailler et contribuer à la rendre plus humain et plus équitable. En effet, tous les secteurs de l’activité commerciale, économique, culturelle ou sociale exigent déjà clairement des connaissances et des compétences numériques et technologiques de tous les participants au marché du travail. Dans cette nouvelle logique industrielle du monde numérique, les gagnants sont déjà bien identifiés. Ce sont les fameux GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft) suivis de près par les NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla et Uber) et par les géants chinois du numérique, les BATX (Baidu, Alibaba, Tenant et Xiaomi). Ces géants sont alimentés par les recherches, les innovations et les applications mobiles (APPs) créées par les partenaires de leurs écosystèmes regroupant, sur différents campus d’entreprises, plusieurs des cerveaux qui sont au cœur de cette révolution numérique. L’université voit donc remise en question sa capacité traditionnelle d’attirer, de retenir et de promouvoir les artisans du monde de demain. Son aptitude à former des esprits critiques et à contribuer à la transmission des valeurs universelles est également ébranlée par ce tsunami de changements. Il faut cependant reconnaître que les facultés de médecine, d’ingénierie et de sciences naturelles aux États-Unis qui ont développé des contacts étroits, abondants et suivis avec les hôpitaux, les grandes entreprises et l’administration publique et cela dès la fin du 19e siècle ont été plus en mesure que bien d’autres, de recruter et retenir les gens de talent. Elle ont énormément contribué à faire avancer les connaissances scientifiques et la scolarisation en sciences appliquées ..La concentration inouïe des Prix Nobel scientifiques aux États-Unis est à cet égard très convaincante . La révolution numérique contemporaine survient également au moment même où de grands bouleversements frappent la planète : l’urgence climatique, le vieillissement des populations, la « déglobalisation », les déplacements des populations, les guerres, les pandémies, la crise des inégalités, de l’éthique et des démocraties. Ces bouleversements interpellent les universitaires et c’est pourquoi leur communauté doit adopter une raison d’être et ainsi renouveler leur mission afin des mieux répondre à ces enjeux de la civilisation. Cette communauté doit non seulement se doter d’une vision et des modes de fonctionnement adaptés aux nouvelles réalités liées aux technologies numériques, mais elle doit aussi tenir compte de ces grands bouleversements. Tout ceci l’oblige à s’intégrer à des écosystèmes où les connaissances sont partagées et où de nouvelles compétences doivent être rapidement acquises. Le but de ce texte est de mieux cerner l’ampleur du défi que pose le monde numérique au milieu universitaire et de proposer quelques idées pouvant alimenter la réflexion des universitaires dans cette démarche d’adaptation au monde numérique. Or, ma conviction la plus profonde c’est que la révolution numérique aura des impacts sur nos sociétés et notre civilisation aussi grands que ceux provoqués par la découverte de l’imprimerie et son industrialisation au 15e siècle. C’est pourquoi la première section de ce document est consacrée à un rappel historique de la révolution de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg alors que la deuxième section illustrera comment les caractéristiques de la révolution numérique viennent soutenir cette conviction si profonde. Une troisième section fournira plus de détails sur le défi d’adaptation que le monde numérique pose aux universités alors que la quatrième section évoquera les contours du changement de paradigme que cette adaptation va imposer. La cinquième section servira à illustrer un scénario de rêves qui permettra de mieux illustrer l’ampleur de la gestion du changement qui guette les universitaires. La conclusion permettra de revenir sur quelques concepts et principes clefs pour guider la démarche vers l’action. L’université ne peut plus « être en haut et seule », elle doit être « au centre et avec » des écosystèmes de partenariats multiples, dans un modèle hybride physique/virtuel. C’est ainsi qu’elle pourra conserver son leadership historique de vigie du savoir et des connaissances d’un monde complexe, continuer d’établir l’authenticité des faits et imposer la nécessaire rigueur de la science et de l’objectivité.