Books on the topic 'Multiple constraints'
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1
Jayaswal, Sachin. Capacitated multiple allocation hub location with service level constraints for multiple consignment. Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management, 2013.
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2
Tofallis, Chris. Model building with multiple dependent variables and constraints. Hertford: University of Hertforshire Business School, 1998.
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Chattopadhyay, Aditi. Minimum design of rotorcraft blades with multiple frequency and stress constraints. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1988.
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The development of the grammatical system in early second language acquisition: The multiple constraints hypothesis. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2013.
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1975-, Peng Yi, ed. Multiple criteria and multiple constraint levels linear programming: Concepts, techniques and applications. Singapore: World Scientific, 2001.
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Bertsekas, Dimitri P. Constrained optimization and Lagrange multiplier methods. Belmont, Mass: Athena Scientific, 1996.
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Fonseca, Carlos M. Multiobjective optimization and multiple constraint handling with evolutionary algorithms II: Application example. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, 1995.
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Fonseca, Carlos M. Multiobjective optimization and multiple constraint handling with evolutionary algorithms I: A unified formulation. Sheffield: University of Sheffield, Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, 1995.
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Kasser, Susan L. Constraints on functional competence in persons with multiple sclerosis. 1997.
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10
James, Kai. Optimal structural topology design for multiple load cases with stress constraints. 2006.
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11
L, Walsh Joanne, and Langley Research Center, eds. Minimum design of rotorcraft blades with multiple frequency and stress constraints. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1988.
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12
Decision-Making under Ambiguity and Time Constraints: Assessing the Multiple-Streams Framework. ECPR Press, 2016.
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Solving the Multidimensional Multiple Knapsack Problem with Packing constraints using Tabu Search. Storming Media, 1999.
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Rüb, Friedbert, and Reimut Zohlnhӧfer. Decision-Making under Ambiguity and Time Constraints: Assessing the Multiple-Streams Framework. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2016.
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15
Ryberg, Jesper. Retributivism, Multiple Offending, and Overall Proportionality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the retributivist approach to the sentencing of multiple offenders, with particular emphasis on the argument that retributive justice implies overall proportionality constraints—that is, proportionality prescriptions with regard to classes of offenses. It first presents a few initial conceptual considerations concerning the notion of overall proportionality and its implications in multiple-offense cases before discussing possible ways of justifying overall proportionality. It then explores the role that harm and culpability play in the determination of the seriousness of a crime and goes on to explain Chris Bennett’s theory of interpersonal assessment of wrongdoing. It also challenges the alleged underlying intuition in favor of overall proportionality and contends that the idea of overall proportionality as an ingredient in the retributivist approach to multiple offending does not stand on firm ground.
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The Effects of Budgetary Constraints, Multiple Strategy Selection, and Rationality on Equilibrium Attainment in an Information Warfare Simulation. Storming Media, 2001.
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Hunt, Luke William. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0008.
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The epilogue pulls together the arguments from the prior chapters by analyzing a scenario involving an informant who engages in “otherwise illegal activity” on behalf of the police. The epilogue then revisits the overlapping conceptions of human dignity that were introduced earlier, reaching the following conclusion: a broadly defined ideal theory of justice in the liberal tradition provides constraints regarding how the state (especially the police) may fulfill its reciprocal duties in society; one of those constraints is a commitment to a conception of persons that includes human dignity. By concluding the book in this way, the goal is to emphasize liberalism’s commitment to a conception of persons that is based upon multiple foundational stances. This helps show how liberal personhood likewise constrains the police’s power from multiple foundational stances. The hope is that, by following this path, there has been something of a retrieval of dignity in policing.
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Speyer, Augustin, and Helmut Weiß. The prefield after the Old High German period. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0005.
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The filling of the prefield in Modern German is determined by information-structural constraints such as scene-setting, contrastiveness, and topichood. While OHG does not yet show competition between these constraints, competition arises from MHG onward. This has to do with the generalization of the V2 constraint (i.e. the one-constituent property of the prefield) for declarative clauses, in which context the information-structural constraints are loosened. The syntactic change whose result eventually was the loss of multiple XP fronting comprised a change of the feature endowment of C because the fronting of expletive thô (roughly in the OHG of the ninth century) led to the reanalysis of XP fronting as a semantically vacuous movement whose only function is to check the EPP feature of C. Data from doubly filled prefields in ENHG and post-initial connectives indicate that an articulated split CP-structure, as proposed within the cartographic approach, is also at play in German.
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Lidz, Jeffrey L. Quantification in Child Language. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.21.
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This chapter addresses role of cognitive, information processing and learning mechanisms underlying children’s acquisition of quantifiers in natural language. We discuss the cognitive mechanisms that provide content to quantificational expressions, constraints on possible quantifier meanings, and the role of syntax in identifying a novel word as quantificational. We also examine the syntax and semantics of quantifiers in development, examining interactions between multiple scope bearing expressions in a single sentence. We explore the grammatical and psycholinguistic constraints at play in shaping children’s acquisition and use of quantificational expressions, highlighting factors that can mask children’s competence in this domain.
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Bertsekas, Dimitri P., and Werner Rheinboldt. Constrained Optimization and Lagrange Multiplier Methods. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2014.
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Breyley, Gay. Sima’s Choices. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037245.003.0010.
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This chapter discusses the life and career of Iranian singer Sima Shokrani. She specializes in Mazanderani repertoire and language, and was profoundly influenced by the work songs of her grandmother. Demonstrating an engagement with political and ideological issues from childhood, Sima challenged linguistic constraints and participated in the revolution of 1979 as a university student of twenty-one. She has shaped her career as a woman singer within the well-known constraints in Iran, as restrictions are placed around women singers by law. Making choices to sing songs that articulate women's agency in romantic and other relationships, she negotiates her multiple identities in private and public singing contexts. Supported by her husband, and despite the migration of her daughters to Germany, Sima chooses to remain in Iran, where she fulfills a role as a senior woman.
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Its, Alexander R. Random matrix theory and integrable systems. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.10.
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This article discusses the interaction between random matrix theory (RMT) and integrable theory, leading to ordinary and partial differential equations (PDEs) for the eigenvalue distribution of random matrix models of size n and the transition probabilities of non-intersecting Brownian motion models, for finite n and for n → ∞. It first provides an overview of the connection between the theory of orthogonal polynomials and the KP-hierarchy in integrable systems before examining matrix models and the Virasoro constraints. It then considers multiple orthogonal polynomials, taking into account non-intersecting Brownian motions on ℝ (Dyson’s Brownian motions), a moment matrix for several weights, Virasoro constraints, and a PDE for non-intersecting Brownian motions. It also analyses critical diffusions, with particular emphasis on the Airy process, the Pearcey process, and Airy process with wanderers. Finally, it describes the Tacnode process, along with kernels and p-reduced KP-hierarchy.
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Garrett, Merrill F. Exploring the Limits of Modularity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0003.
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Psycholinguistic studies of language processing have revolved historically around “modular” and “interactive” accounts of language use. Experimental reports diverge in claims for the penetration of non-linguistic background information on processing for sentence comprehension. Syntactic processing effects can persist despite available contextual constraints that are sufficient to resolve temporary ambiguity or garden path errors. Nevertheless, there are multiple reports of interactive effects between basic sentence processing and both semantic and non-linguistic contextual information. The chapter suggests a rationalization of such conflicting findings in standard psycholinguistic and experimental pragmatic research, relying on interactions between language comprehension systems and language production systems. Production processes are designed to incorporate discourse and environmental constraints on linguistic formulation. These may be used to filter the products of comprehension mechanisms. A key feature of the argument for complementary roles of the two systems is a degree of modular processing for syntax to be found in both systems.
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Basu, Sanjay. Practicing Techniques in Context. Edited by Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0006.
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Four major types of modeling were detailed in the preceding chapters. (1) The problem of resource allocation, which was extended to deal with the allocation of multiple resources in the context of multiple constraints. (2) Value of information problems, which ask how much should be paid to get more information to help with decision-making. (3) Queuing problems, which ask how to minimize waiting times for a service when demand is higher than supply. And (4), extending the simple “one-box” queuing model to a multibox Markov model, which determines how to estimate the incidence and prevalence of disease in a population given complex probabilities of getting the disease or being treated for it, and compares the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of programs to address that disease. In this chapter, all four of these key modeling techniques will be examined in a common context: designing and evaluating a program to address a famine.
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Bobić, Marinko. Why Minor Powers Risk Wars with Major Powers. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205206.001.0001.
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Major powers have immense resources at their disposal, while minor powers are assumed to avoid wars and power politics due to structural and material constraints. This provokes the question why do some minor powers nonetheless decide to militarily engage their vastly stronger opponents, particularly major powers? Inspired by several theoretical insights, this book proposes a more complex framework of minor powers in interstate asymmetric conflict. It analyses five conditions highlighted by previous studies: domestic crisis, foreign support, window of opportunity, anomalous beliefs, and regime stability. The theoretical framework works well with a mixed-methods approach, a medium-N research design (Qualitative Comparative Analysis), and three case studies: Iraq (1990), Moldova (1992), and Serbia (1999). The book finds that by looking through the lenses of multiple theories, one can observe a more nuanced relationship how different conditions interact in impacting minor powers’ decisions. Ultimately, minor powers militarily engage major powers when facing a more important domestic crisis and when they also believe that they have a window of opportunity or support from another major power in order to constrain major powers’ capability and resolve. Looking at the current conflict in Syria, there are important policy implications given the observation that minor powers do and will continue to challenge major powers in the future.
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Tomanek, Robert J., Adriana A. Silva Pires-Gomes, and José Maria Pérez-Pomares. The development of coronary vascularization. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0021.
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The coronary vascular system is a complex network of arteries, veins, and capillaries that supports myocardial performance, a topic previously reviewed by other authors. Disruption of coronary blood vessel form and/or function can underlie severe congenital and acquired cardiovascular conditions, from myocardial infarction to sudden death. Coronary blood vessels are an evolutionary innovation of vertebrates and form from multiple cell sources. Accordingly, the developmental complexity of coronary vessel morphogenesis is likely to reflect evolutionary constraints, as well as to explain the origins of coronary congenital anomalies (CCAs). In this chapter we summarize the current knowledge on coronary vascular development and identify the essential mechanistic cellular and molecular components of coronary morphogenesis. We will also provide plausible developmental explanations for some relevant CCAs.
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Harrod, Molly, Sanjay Saint, and Robert W. Stock. Teaching Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190671495.003.0001.
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Medical schools in the United States now graduate some 18,000 students a year, and most of them will continue their medical education at one of the more than 1,000 teaching hospitals. Time constraints, complex patients, and the involvement of multiple disciplines in the care of patients have necessitated changes in medical education on the units. Unlike prior research, this project focused on the context in which learning happens and designated the team as the focus of research. The authors spent time with 12 outstanding attendings and their teams in order to provide detailed descriptions of the specific strategies, methods, and even language that the attendings use to teach their learners not only about medicine but also about how to care for patients.
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McLaughlin, Robert L. Sondheim and Postmodernism. Edited by Robert Gordon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391374.013.0002.
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This chapter places the musical theater of Stephen Sondheim and his collaborators in two contexts: the late-1960s aesthetic exhaustion of the integrated musical play and the rise of postmodernism as a cultural dominant. Self-referentially unintegrated and self-consciously performative, Sondheim’s musicals move beyond the constraints of the musical play and participate in the postmodern critique of narrative as an aesthetic, epistemological, and ontological structure.Company(1970) andFollies(1971) use a formal critique of narrative to disconnect identity from the structure of the life story.Merrily We Roll Along(1981) employs a backward-moving narrative to problematize a structure-completing, progressive conception of time.Road Show(2008) replaces the exhausted master narrative of the American Dream with multiple temporary and contingent narratives.
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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Molecular dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces the classical equations of motion for a system of molecules, and describes their solution by stable, accurate, time-stepping algorithms. Simple atomic systems, rigid molecules, and flexible molecules with and without constraints, are treated, with examples of program code. Quaternions are introduced as useful parameters for solving the rigid-body equations of motion of molecules. A simple example of a multiple timestep algorithm is given, and there is a brief summary of event-driven (hard-particle) dynamics. Examples of constant-temperature molecular dynamics using stochastic and deterministic methods are presented, and the corresponding constant-pressure molecular dynamics methods for fixed and variable box-shape are described. The molecular dynamics method is extended to the treatment of polarizable systems, and dynamical simulation of the grand canonical ensemble is mentioned.
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Christman, John, ed. Positive Freedom. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108768276.
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Freedom is widely regarded as a basic social and political value that is deeply connected to the ideals of democracy, equality, liberation, and social recognition. Many insist that freedom must include conditions that go beyond simple “negative” liberty understood as the absence of constraints; only if freedom includes other conditions such as the capability to act, mental and physical control of oneself, and social recognition by others will it deserve its place in the pantheon of basic social values. Positive Freedom is the first volume to examine the idea of positive liberty in detail and from multiple perspectives. With contributions from leading scholars in ethics and political theory, this collection includes both historical studies of the idea of positive freedom and discussions of its connection to important contemporary issues in social and political philosophy.
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Oakes, Lisa M., and David H. Rakison. Developmental Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391893.001.0001.
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Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another point in time. The authors argue that these developmental cascades are influenced by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation: They may originate from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body, the physical or social environment, or knowledge and experience. These constraints occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, and both contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of them. The book presents an overview of this developmental cascade perspective as a general framework for understanding change throughout the lifespan, although it is applied primarily to cognitive development in infancy. The book also addresses how a cascade approach obviates the dichotomy between domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms. The framework is applied in detail to three domains within infant cognitive development—namely, looking behavior, object representations, and concepts for animacy—as well as two domains unrelated to infant cognition (gender and attachment).
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Schultze-Berndt, Eva. Interaction of Ergativity and Information Structure in Jaminjung (Australia). Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.44.
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This chapter presents a survey of ergativity in Jaminjung, a Mindi language of northern Australia. Jaminjung is morphologically ergative but displays nominative-accusative traits in several syntactic constructions. It also exhibits differential (“optional”) agent marking since in most environments, ergative case may be present or absent, depending on multiple factors. These include factors which are known to trigger splits in split ergative systems – animacy, degree of impingement on the patient, and aspect – but also information structure: the presence of ergative marking strongly correlates with focus. A further interesting phenomenon is the occasional use of the ablative case as an alternative to the ergative case in marking agents, also related to information structure, verb class and animacy. Taking a construction-based perspective, it is argued that agent marking in Jaminjung is neither purely lexically nor purely structurally determined, but can be accounted for by a number of violable constraints, without strict ranking.
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Epstein, Richard A. The Basic Structure of Intellectual Property Law. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.7.
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This chapter puts forward a comprehensive framework for evaluating property regimes for both physical and intellectual property resources. It starts with an account of the trade-off between common and private property regimes, noting that the former is appropriate, as a first approximation for resources that facilitate communication and transportation, where holdout problems dominate externality constraints. But where high levels of investment are needed, and coordination problems are low, private property, as bounded by laws of trespass, nuisance and infringement now tend to dominate. There are no rules of acquisition for an open-access regime. But for private property in all its forms, the common and civil law rules of occupation avoid virtually all the complications that stem from Locke’s erroneous labor theory of acquisition. The chapter then explores the rules governing duration, exclusion, remedies, and alienation in multiple private property interests, including the major forms of intellectual property.
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Piechowski, Lisa Drago. Preparation for the Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195341096.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on preparation for the evaluation of disability that helps the evaluator to avoid inappropriate referrals, to ensure that relevant and sufficient data are efficiently collected during the evaluation, and to facilitate compliance with ethical and legal requirements. It first considers the contact between the potential evaluator and the referral source, which may be a disability insurance company, an attorney representing the claimant or the company, or an independent vendor. It then looks at practical concerns in disability evaluations, including conflict of interest and multiple relationship, time constraints and scheduling availability, competence/expertise, access to necessary psychometric instruments, and financial arrangements. The chapter also explains how the scope of the disability evaluation should be defined and discusses the evaluator's contact with referral sources, attorneys, and claimants; logistics and schedules of disability evaluations; authorization and consent; documentation of the evaluation; and adjudication versus litigation of disability claims.
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Fischer, Manuel. Institutions and Policy Networks in Europe. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.36.
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This chapter reviews the European literature on institutions and policy networks. Institutions provide actors with opportunities and constraints for negotiation and cooperation and thus influence the structure of policy networks. The chapter first presents studies on the influence of country- and sector-level institutions on the structure of policy networks. The respective literature deals with the influence of consensual democracy versus majoritarian democracy, corporatist systems of interest intermediation, multiple levels of governance, degrees of European Union integration, processes of liberalization and democratization, and policy-process-specific venues on policy networks. The chapter then discusses the positions and roles of state actors in policy networks. Due to their formal decision-making power, state actors are either networking targets or play a key role in terms of network integration, brokerage, or network management. The review concludes with a short discussion of commonalities and directions for future research.
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Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. The Political Economy of Italy's Decline. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.001.0001.
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This book offers an interpretation of Italy’s decline, which began two decades before the Great Recession. It argues that its deeper roots lie in the political economy of growth. This interpretation is illustrated through a discussion of Italy’s political and economic history since its unification, in 1861. The emphasis is placed on the country’s convergence to the productivity frontier and TFP performance, and on the evolution of its social order and institutions. The lens through which its history is reviewed, to illuminate the origins and evolution of the current constraints to growth, is drawn from institutional economics and Schumpeterian growth theory. It is exemplified by analysing two alternative reactions to the insufficient provision of public goods: an opportunistic one—employing tax evasion, corruption, or clientelism as means to appropriate private goods—and one based on enforcing political accountability. From the perspective of ordinary citizens and firms such social dilemmas can typically be modelled as coordination games, which have multiple equilibria. Self-interested rationality can thus lead to a spiral, in which several mutually reinforcing vicious circles lead society onto an inefficient equilibrium characterized by low political accountability and weak rule of law. The book follows the gradual setting in of this spiral, despite an ambitious attempt at institutional reform, in 1962–4, and its resumption after a severe endogenous shock, in 1992–4. It concludes that innovative ideas can overcome the constraints posed by that spiral, and ease the country’s shift onto a fairer and more efficient equilibrium.
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Berg, Christopher. The Classical Guitar Companion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051105.001.0001.
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The Classical Guitar Companion is an anthology of exercises, études, and pieces organized according to technique or musical texture. Students are encouraged to work in multiple chapters, simultaneously depending on advice from a teacher or their own assessment of what they need. The author’s dual perspective, as an active performing artist and as a teacher who has trained hundreds of guitarists, results in a combination of pedagogical thoroughness and artistic insight. The book opens with a large section devoted to establishing a thorough knowledge of the guitar fingerboard through a systematic and rigorous study of scales and fingerboard harmony, which will lead to ease and fluency in sight-reading and reduce the time needed to learn a repertoire piece. The chapters cover scales exercises and studies, repeated notes, slurs, harmony, arpeggios, melody with accompaniment, counterpoint, and florid/virtuoso studies. Each section contains text and examples that connect material to fingering practices of composers and practice strategies to open a path to interpretive freedom in performance. Exploring advice found in the standard pedagogical literature for guitar that effectively places constraints on a student’s long-term development, the book offers information designed to help students recognize and overcome these constraints. When the book presents the simple version of a technique, it does so through consideration of the technique’s advanced version. Many guitar composers are represented but there are also transcriptions of relevant lute music that expand the scope of the book. The book is designed to serve as a companion for years of guitar study.
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Steigmann, David J. Stress response in the presence of local constraints on the deformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567783.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 develops the structure of the stress response in the presence of material constraints on the basis of the Lagrange-multiplier rule. Examples given include incompressibility and inextensibility. Further applications are examined in Problems. The concepts are presented in more detail than one usually finds in the text and monograph literatures.
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Musser, Amber Jamilla. Sensual Excess. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479807031.001.0001.
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This book offers multiple inroads into thinking with and through the dominant tropes of sexuality. By analyzing particular works of art, each chapter draws our attention to specific aspects of pornotropic (violent and exoticizing) capture that black and brown people must negotiate. These technologies differ, but together, they add to our understanding of the ways that structures of domination produce violence and work to contain bodies and pleasures within certain legible parameters. In addition, the book identifies and analyzes moments that exceed these constraints—the sensual excess that is theorized as brown jouissance. Brown jouissance is a political and philosophical intervention into what constitutes selfhood, knowledge, and fleshiness. The book works through several examples of brown jouissance in the work of Lyle Ashton Harris, Kara Walker, Mickalene Thomas, Xandra Ibarra, Amber Hawk Swanson, Cheryl Dunye, Carrie Mae Weems, Nao Bustamante, Patty Chang, and Maureen Catbagan by dwelling on the analytic possibilities opened by the artwork’s entanglement with the sensual. The sensual, in turn, leads us to imagine possibilities for orienting relationality around queer femininity.
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Hill, Juniper. Incorporating improvisation into classical music performance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199346677.003.0015.
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The paucity of improvisation over the last 150 years of western art music is an anomaly. This chapter discusses why and how classical musicians today might incorporate more improvisation into their practice and performance. Examples from professional musicians demonstrate innovative approaches to classical improvisation as well as methods for renewing historical practices in modern contexts. As a developmental tool, improvisation can be used to deepen understanding of traditional repertoire, improve technique and aural skills, expand expressive possibilities, discover a personal voice, and lessen performance anxiety. Methods for increasing improvisation in public performance are also illustrated, including the preparation of improvised cadenzas in canonical repertoire, the exploration of multiple possible score interpretations, the practice of functional improvisation for church services, and the adventure of boundary-challenging creative acts. The chapter concludes by addressing challenges and constraints faced by potential improvisers in today’s classical music culture, especially in relation to education (when important enabling skill sets are left underdeveloped), career pressures (when deviations from convention are risky) and value systems (when improvisation is considered wrong and the creative capacity of performers is deemed inferior). Classical performers are encouraged to take some of their training into their own hands and assert their right for greater artistic autonomy.
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Kahn, Jeremy M. The Role of Long-Term Ventilator Hospitals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0004.
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Long-term ventilator facilities play an increasingly important role in the care of chronically critically ill patients in the recovery phase of their acute illness. These hospitals can take several forms, depending on the country and health system, including �step-down� units within acute care hospitals and dedicated centres that specialize in weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation. These hospitals may improve outcomes through increased clinical experience at applying protocolized weaning approaches and specialized, multidisciplinary, rehabilitation-focused care; they may also worsen outcomes by fragmenting the episode of acute care across multiple hospitals, leading to communication delays and hardship for families. Long-term ventilator facilities may also have important �spillover effects�, in that they free ICU beds in acute care hospitals to be filled with greater numbers of acute critically ill patients. Current evidence suggests that mortality of chronically critically ill patients is equivalent between acute care hospitals and specialized weaning centres; however, mechanical ventilation may be longer and cost of care higher in patients who remain in acute care hospitals. Given the rising incidence of prolonged mechanical ventilation and capacity constraints on acute care ICUs, long-term ventilator hospitals are likely to serve a key function in critical illness recovery.
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Allen, Colin, Peter M. Todd, and Jonathan M. Weinberg. Reasoning and Rationality. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0003.
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The article explores five parts of Cartesian thought that include individualism, internalism, rationalism, universalism, and human exceptionalism demonstrating the philosophical and psychological theories of rationality. Ecological rationality comes about through the coadaptation of minds and their environments. The internal bounds comprising the capacities of the cognitive system can be shaped by evolution, learning, or development to take advantage of the structure of the external environment. The external bounds, comprising the structure of information available in the environment, can be shaped by the effects of minds making decisions in the world, including most notably in humans the process of cultural evolution. The internal constraints on decision-making including limited computational power and limited memory in the organism and the external ones include limited time push toward simple cognitive mechanisms for making decisions quickly and without much information. Human exceptionalism is one of the strands of Residual Cartesianism that puts the greatest focus on language and symbolic reasoning as the basis for human rationality. The invention of symbolic systems exhibits how humans deliberately and creatively alter their environments to enhance learning and memory and to support reasoning. Nonhuman animals also alter their environments in ways that support adaptive behavior. Stigmergy, an important mechanism for swarm intelligence, is the product of interactions among multiple agents and their environments. It is enhanced through cumulative modification, of the environment by individuals.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Synchronization, Non-linear Dynamics and Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0015.
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This chapter is entirely devoted to characterizing non-linear dynamics on multilayer networks. Special attention is given to recent results on the stability of synchronization that extend the Master Stability Function approach to the multilayer networks scenario. Discontinous synchronization transitions on multiplex networks recently reported in the literature are also discussed, and their application discussed in the context of brain networks. This chapter also presents an overview of the major results regarding pattern formation in multilayer networks, and the proposed characterization of multivariate time series using multiplex visibility graphs. Finally, the chapter discusses several approaches for multiplex network control where the dynamical state of a multiplex network needs to be controlled by eternal signals placed on replica nodes satisfying some structural constraints.
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Dellmuth, Lisa, Jan Aart Scholte, Jonas Tallberg, and Soetkin Verhaegen. Citizens, Elites, and the Legitimacy of Global Governance. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856241.001.0001.
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Abstract Contemporary society has witnessed major growth in global governance, yet the legitimacy of global governance remains deeply in question. This book offers the first full comparative investigation of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Empirically, it provides a comprehensive analysis of public and elite opinion toward global governance, building on two uniquely coordinated surveys covering multiple countries and international organizations. Theoretically, it develops an individual-level approach, exploring how a person’s characteristics in respect of socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust shape legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. The book’s central findings are threefold. First, there is a notable and general elite–citizen gap in legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. While elites on average hold moderately high levels of legitimacy toward international organizations, the general public is decidedly more skeptical. Second, individual-level differences in interests, values, identities, and trust dispositions provide significant drivers of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, as well as the gap between the two groups. Most important on the whole are differences in the extent to which citizens and elites trust domestic political institutions, which shape how these groups assess the legitimacy of international organizations. Third, both patterns and sources of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs vary across organizations and countries. These variations suggest that institutional and societal contexts condition attitudes toward global governance. The book’s findings shed light on future opportunities and constraints in international cooperation, suggesting that current levels of legitimacy point neither to a general crisis of global governance nor to a general readiness for its expansion.
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Chen, Xiao-Ping, and Kevin H. Steensma, eds. A Journey toward Influential Scholarship. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190070717.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Influential management research often entails multiple research studies that build on each other to demonstrate a significant organizational phenomenon, to reveal the reasons and mechanisms that can explain the phenomenon, and to identify boundary conditions that may amplify or constrain the phenomenon. Such research is neither niche nor narrow; it appeals broadly and can potentially influence the thinking of scholars that do not directly study the organizational phenomenon in question. The abilities to develop influential research are rare.
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Biewener, Andrew, and Sheila Patek. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001.
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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.
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Grinstead, John. Root Infinitives in Child Language and the Structure of the Clause. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.15.
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A central question in the development of the clause is the gradually developing nature of tense marking. This phenomenon has been documented across a wide variety of languages and language typologies. That children’s clauses are syntactically, and not just morpho-phonologically, nonfinite is attested by the wide range of syntactic patterns that vary as a function of finiteness that children follow, including verb-second in Germanic, non-nominative case marking in English, negation-verb order in French. Finiteness also appears sensitive to lexical semantics, as argued in work on the Eventiveness Constraint. Multiple theoretical accounts of the phenomenon are discussed, including generative, usage-based and middle-ground explanations. Nonfinite verbal phenomena in null subject languages and the methodological approaches most appropriate for their study are discussed.
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Emerson, Patrick M. On Quality Traps and Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the interdependence among the quality levels of government institutions. Citizens of democratic societies are consumers of institutional output and the quality they demand from individual institutions is posited to be a function of the joint quality of all institutional output. Specifically, the quality of institutions is hypothesized to enter into consumers’ preferences in a supermodular fashion. An implication of this is that citizens will tend to desire institutions of the same quality; thus resource constrained democratic governments will tend to match the quality level of their complementary institutions. The Nash equilibrium concept is employed to show that multiple equilibria will result, and that a stable equilibrium exists at a low level of quality.
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Nation, R. Craig. Noncompliance with the Geneva Conventions in the Wars of Yugoslav Secession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0009.
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The wars of Yugoslav secession were characterized by multiple violations of the law of war and armed conflict. Understanding why these violations occurred is an important foundation for determining how such outcomes might be tempered looking forward. This chapter addresses the sources of war crimes during the Yugoslav wars from various perspectives, including the deficiencies of professional military education, ethnic mobilization on the basis of hate narratives in a context of state failure, the role of paramilitary forces, leadership failures, and ineffective legal constraint. In future armed conflicts of a comparable nature one must be aware of the gap between the conventional interstate conflicts for which the Geneva Conventions were originally devised and the demands of contemporary new wars, where sovereign states are no longer primary actors, irregular forces play a greater role, and emotionally laden discourses of identity and cultural integrity replace classic geostrategic goals.
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Shoemaker, Pamela. The Gatekeeping of Political Messages. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.42.
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Simply put, gatekeeping involves deciding which messages to send to others and how to shape them. Billions of events occur each day, many with political ramifications, but there are more events than the news media can cover or even know about. Political information competes with all other topics to pass through source and media gates. Politicians create forces that constrain or facilitate this passage, but making it through one gate is usually not sufficient. Multiple gates in source, media, and audience channels winnow messages until we have those few that become television news stories or blog posts. To explain this process, gatekeeping theory was proposed in the late 1940s by Kurt Lewin; it is one of the older theories applied to the study of mass communication.