Relevant bibliographies by topics / Multiple Active Spatial Modulation

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Multiple Active Spatial Modulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Anto., Nicy. "MULTIPLE ACTIVE SPATIAL MODULATION IN MIMO SYSTEMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1516.

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Solanki, KS, and Abhilasha Singh. "MULTIPLE ACTIVE SPATIAL MODULATION IN MIMO SYSTEMS." International Journal of Advanced Research 5, no. 9 (September 30, 2017): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/5340.

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v. Nair, Karthika, and Poorna R. Prabhu. "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation in MIMO Systems." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 10, no. 10 (April 25, 2014): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v10p295.

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Irfan, Mohammad, and Sonia Aissa. "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation: A Possibility of More Than Spatial Multiplexing." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 9, no. 3 (March 2020): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2019.2953028.

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Iqbal, Zahid, Fei Ji, and Yun Liu. "Virtual Spatial Channel Number and Index Modulation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (September 11, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2982226.

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This paper proposes a novel precoding-aided and efficient data transmission scheme called virtual spatial channel number and index modulation (VS-CNIM), which conveys extra data by changing both the number and index of active virtual parallel channels of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, obtained through the singular value decomposition (SVD) in each time slot. Unlike the conventional virtual spatial modulation (VSM), where extra data bits are transmitted only using index of active virtual parallel channels, the VS-CNIM scheme, depending on incoming information bits, transmits extra bits utilizing both the number and indices of active parallel channels along the bits carried by M -ary constellation symbols. Therefore, VS-CNIM provides significantly superior spectral efficiency (SE) compared to VSM. Considering the influence of imperfect channel estimation, a closed-form upper bound is derived on average bit error probability (ABEP). The asymptotic performance is also analyzed, which gives the coding gain and diversity order and describes error floor under the consideration of perfect and imperfect channel estimation, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations exhibit that the VS-CNIM scheme achieves considerably better error performance and high SE than precoding-aided SM (PSM) and VSM schemes.
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Abdulhamid, Mohanad, and Mwaniki Muchai. "Performance of Multiple Rank Modulation Based on SM-MIMO." Land Forces Academy Review 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2019-0007.

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Abstract A multiple rank modulation (MRM) scheme is proposed that provides better error performance, enhances the data rate and reduces the system demodulation complexity. Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme is a technique that uses several antennas at the transmitter and receiver to minimize error and optimize data speed. MRM is a novel technique that borrows from spatial modulation-MIMO (SM-MIMO) scheme. The basic idea of this scheme involves the transmitter receiving a group of bits and subdividing them into two blocks; rank index block and signal modulation block. The rank index bit block is used to select the rank to be activated and the rank selected contains at least one active transmit antenna (TA). The signal modulation bit block is encoded in a given modulation scheme for transmission. It is then transmitted through the activated rank that contains at least one active TA. The transmitted encoded signal modulation bit block is received through the receive antenna and a receiver. The receiver estimates a rank index and the transmitted symbol from the signal received. The signal modulation bit block is finally decoded. This paper addresses the performance of MRM scheme based on error performance to run cellular fifth generation (5G). We perform and present simulation results of MIMO systems employing MRM scheme to generate bit error rate (BER) of this system.
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Murtala, Sheriff, Tasnim Holoubi, Nishal Muchena, Manar Mohaisen, and Kang-Sun Choi. "On the Performance of the Multiple Active Antenna Spatial Modulation with 3-Dimensional Constellation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113718.

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In spatial modulation (SM), a single signal symbol is transmitted from a given physical antenna, where both the signal symbol and the antenna index carry information. SM with multiple active antennas (MA-SM) transmits several signal symbols from a combination of antennas at each channel use, thereby increasing the spectral efficiency. MA-SM is proposed in combination with a new 3-dimensional constellation, where signal symbols transmitted from a given antenna combination are rotated before transmission. In this paper, we derived an upper-bound on the error probability of the MA-SM as a function of the rotation angles. The search for the optimal rotation angles is modeled as a multi-objective optimization problem. We concluded based on both analytical and simulation results that the 3-dimensional constellation with the optimal angles achieved negligible improvement. Therefore, we do not recommend using the 3-dimensional constellation with the MA-SM system.
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Akuon, Peter Odero, and Hongjun Xu. "Performance of multiple active-spatial modulation: information theoretic criteria over correlated Rayleigh fading channels." IET Communications 10, no. 9 (June 9, 2016): 1071–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2015.0822.

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Wang, Jintao, Shuyun Jia, and Jian Song. "Generalised Spatial Modulation System with Multiple Active Transmit Antennas and Low Complexity Detection Scheme." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 11, no. 4 (April 2012): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2012.030512.111635.

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Junejo, Naveed Ur Rehman, Hamada Esmaiel, Haixin Sun, Zeyad A. H. Qasem, and Junfeng Wang. "Pilot-Based Adaptive Channel Estimation for Underwater Spatial Modulation Technologies." Symmetry 11, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11050711.

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Spatial Modulation Technologies (SMTs) are schemes that reduce inter-carrier interference (ICI), inter-channel interference, inter-antenna synchronization (IAS), and system complexity for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems. Moreover, high spectral and energy efficiency have rendered SMTs attractive to underwater acoustic (UWA) MIMO communication systems. Consequently, this paper focuses on SMTs such as spatial modulation (SM), generalized spatial modulation (GSM), and fully generalized spatial modulation (FGSM) in which one constant number and one multiple number of antennas are active to transmit data symbols in any time interval for underwater acoustic communication (UWAC). In SMTs, the receiver requires perfect channel state information (P-CSI) for accurate data detection. However, it is impractical that the perfect channel knowledge is available at the receiver. Therefore, channel estimation is of critical importance to obtain the CSI. This paper proposes the pilot-based recursive least-square (RLS) adaptive channel estimation method over the underwater time-varying MIMO channel. Furthermore, maximum likelihood (ML) decoder is used to detect the transmitted data and antennas indices from the received signal and the estimated UWA-MIMO channel. The numerical computation of mean square error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) performance are computed for different SMTs like SM, GSM and FSGM using Monte Carlo iterations. Simulation results demonstrate that the RLS channel estimation method achieves the nearly same BER performance as P-CSI.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Younis, Abdelhamid. "Spatial modulation : theory to practice." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8990.

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Spatial modulation (SM) is a transmission technique proposed for multiple–input multiple– output (MIMO) systems, where only one transmit antenna is active at a time, offering an increase in the spectral efficiency equal to the base–two logarithm of the number of transmit antennas. The activation of only one antenna at each time instance enhances the average bit error ratio (ABER) as inter–channel interference (ICI) is avoided, and reduces hardware complexity, algorithmic complexity and power consumption. Thus, SM is an ideal candidate for large scale MIMO (tens and hundreds of antennas). The analytical ABER performance of SM is studied and different frameworks are proposed in other works. However, these frameworks have various limitations. Therefore, a closed–form analytical bound for the ABER performance of SM over correlated and uncorrelated, Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami–m channels is proposed in this work. Furthermore, in spite of the low–complexity implementation of SM, there is still potential for further reductions, by limiting the number of possible combinations by exploiting the sphere decoder (SD) principle. However, existing SD algorithms do not consider the basic and fundamental principle of SM, that at any given time, only one antenna is active. Therefore, two modified SD algorithms tailored to SM are proposed. It is shown that the proposed sphere decoder algorithms offer an optimal performance, with a significant reduction of the computational complexity. Finally, the logarithmic increase in spectral efficiency offered by SM and the requirement that the number of antennas must be a power of two would require a large number of antennas. To overcome this limitation, two new MIMO modulation systems generalised spatial modulation (GNSM) and variable generalised spatial modulation (VGSM) are proposed, where the same symbol is transmitted simultaneously from more than one transmit antenna at a time. Transmitting the same data symbol from more than one antenna reduces the number of transmit antennas needed and retains the key advantages of SM. In initial development simple channel models can be used, however, as the system develops it should be tested on more realistic channels, which include the interactions between the environment and antennas. Therefore, a full analysis of the ABER performance of SM over urban channel measurements is carried out. The results using the urban measured channels confirm the theoretical work done in the field of SM. Finally, for the first time, the performance of SM is tested in a practical testbed, whereby the SM principle is validated.
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Stavridis, Athanasios. "On the energy efficiency of spatial modulation concepts." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15951.

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Spatial Modulation (SM) is a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission technique which realizes low complexity implementations in wireless communication systems. Due the transmission principle of SM, only one Radio Frequency (RF) chain is required in the transmitter. Therefore, the complexity of the transmitter is lower compared to the complexity of traditional MIMO schemes, such as Spatial MultipleXing (SMX). In addition, because of the single RF chain configuration of SM, only one Power Amplifier (PA) is required in the transmitter. Hence, SM has the potential to exhibit significant Energy Efficiency (EE) benefits. At the receiver side, due to the SM transmission mechanism, detection is conducted using a low complexity (single stream) Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector. However, despite the use of a single stream detector, SM achieves a multiplexing gain. A point-to-point closed-loop variant of SM is receive space modulation. In receive space modulation, the concept of SMis extended at the receiver side, using linear precoding with Channel State Information at the Transmitter (CSIT). Even though receive space modulation does not preserve the single RF chain configuration of SM, due to the deployed linear precoding, it can be efficiently incorporated in a Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) or in a Virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (VMIMO) architecture. Inspired by the potentials of SM, the objectives of this thesis are the evaluation of the EE of SM and its extension in different forms of MIMO communication. In particular, a realistic power model for the power consumption of a Base Station (BS) is deployed in order to assess the EE of SM in terms of Mbps/J. By taking into account the whole power supply of a BS and considering a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) multiple access scheme, it is shown that SM is significantly more energy efficient compared to the traditional MIMO techniques. In the considered system setup, it is shown that SM is up to 67% more energy efficient compared to the benchmark systems. In addition, the concept of space modulation is researched at the receiver side. Specifically, based on the union bound technique, a framework for the evaluation of the Average Bit Error Probability (ABEP), diversity order, and coding gain of receive space modulation is developed. Because receive space modulation deploys linear precoding with CSIT, two new precoding methods which utilize imperfect CSIT are proposed. Furthermore, in this thesis, receive space modulation is incorporated in the broadcast channel. The derivation of the theoretical ABEP, diversity order, and coding gain of the new broadcast scheme is provided. It is concluded that receive space modulation is able to outperform the corresponding traditional MIMO scheme. Finally, SM, receive space modulation, and relaying are combined in order to form a novel virtual MIMO architecture. It is shown that the new architecture practically eliminates or reduces the problem of the inefficient relaying of the uncoordinated virtual MIMO space modulation architectures. This is undertaken by using precoding in a novel fashion. The evaluation of the new architecture is conducted using simulation and theoretical results.
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Uhl, Brecken. "Direct Spatial Antenna Modulation for Wideband Phase Control." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/604278.

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ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Direct spatial antenna modulation (DSAM) is a new approach to phased array control that opens up new "smart antenna" architecture possibilities. The DSAM technique leverages the inherent spatial differences of excitation in an antenna in a novel way to achieve the equivalent of conventional modulation and beam control effects. Smart antenna techniques are of potentially increasing importance to test range operations given a trend toward more flexible, internetworked, and autonomous test activities. The DSAM technique has been demonstrated through several generations of analysis, simulation, and prototyping, but has previously only been applied to narrowband antenna designs. Furthermore, the IQ DSAM approach in particular has not been previously implemented in hardware. This paper details the application of IQ DSAM to achieve wideband phase control using a commercial off the shelf (COTS) antenna. The phase control performance of IQ DSAM over a range of 1.5 GHz to 4 GHz is measured across relative field control angles of +/- 45 degrees. The measured IQ DSAM performance is compared to what could be expected from a conventional phased array element control architecture.
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Saglam, Halil Derya. "Simulation performance of multiple-input multiple-output systems employing single-carrier modulation and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Dec%5FSaglam.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Murali Tummala, Roberto Cristi. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available online.
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Abu-alhiga, Rami. "Novel feedback and signalling mechanisms for interference management and efficient modulation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4632.

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In order to meet the ever-growing demand for mobile data, a number of different technologies have been adopted by the fourth generation standardization bodies. These include multiple access schemes such as spatial division multiple access (SDMA), and efficient modulation techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based modulation. The specific objectives of this theses are to develop an effective feedback method for interference management in smart antenna SDMA systems and to design an efficient OFDM-based modulation technique, where an additional dimension is added to the conventional two-dimensional modulation techniques such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In SDMA time division duplex (TDD) systems, where channel reciprocity is maintained, uplink (UL) channel sounding method is considered as one of the most promising feedback methods due to its bandwidth and delay efficiency. Conventional channel sounding (CCS) only conveys the channel state information (CSI) of each active user to the base station (BS). Due to the limitation in system performance because of co-channel interference (CCI) from adjacent cells in interference-limited scenarios, CSI is only a suboptimal metric for multiuser spatial multiplexing optimization. The first major contribution of this theses is a novel interference feedback method proposed to provide the BS with implicit knowledge about the interference level received by each mobile station (MS). More specifically, it is proposed to weight the conventional channel sounding pilots by the level of the experienced interference at the user’s side. Interference-weighted channel sounding (IWCS) acts as a spectrally efficient feedback technique that provides the BS with implicit knowledge about CCI experienced by each MS, and significantly improves the downlink (DL) sum capacity for both greedy and fair scheduling policies. For the sake of completeness, a novel procedure is developed to make the IWCS pilots usable for UL optimization. It is proposed to divide the optimization metric obtained from the IWCS pilots by the interference experienced at the BS’s antennas. The resultant new metric, the channel gain divided by the multiplication of DL and UL interference, provides link-protection awareness and is used to optimize both UL and DL. Using maximum capacity scheduling criterion, the link-protection aware metric results in a gain in the median system sum capacity of 26.7% and 12.5% in DL and UL respectively compared to the case when conventional channel sounding techniques are used. Moreover, heuristic algorithm has been proposed in order to facilitate a practical optimization and to reduce the computational complexity. The second major contribution of this theses is an innovative transmission approach, referred to as subcarrier-index modulation (SIM), which is proposed to be integrated with OFDM. The key idea of SIM is to employ the subcarrier-index to convey information to the receiver. Furthermore, a closed-form analytical bit error ratio (BER) of SIM OFDM in Rayleigh channel is derived. Simulation results show BER performance gain of 4 dB over 4-QAM OFDM for both coded and uncoded data without power saving policy. Alternatively, power saving policy maintains an average gain of 1 dB while only using half OFDM symbol transmit power.
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Gunde, Kiran. "Spectral Efficiency Improvement in Spatial Modulation Systems." Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4724.

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A novel energy efficient Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technique is called Spatial Mod- ulation (SM). It uses only one radio frequency (RF) chain that reduces the hardware complexity and cost of the system. The concept of SM is to transmit the data information using modulation constellation and spatial constellation. It increases the spectral efficiency by keeping only one an- tenna active per every symbol period. Spatial Multiplexing (SMX) uses equal number of RF chains with transmit antennas that increases the hardware complexity and cost of the system. SM is free from Inter Channel Interference (ICI) and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Generalised Spatial Modulation (GSM) and Multiple Active Spatial Modulation (MASM) techniques were developed to increase the spectral efficiency of SM by increasing the number of RF chains. In GSM, the same modulation symbol transmits on different antennas hence, it avoids ISI. In MASM, multiple symbols are transmitted on different antenna con guration. A modi ed version of SM technique called Quadrature Spatial Modulation (QSM) uses both in-phase and quadrature dimensions to transmit the data symbol in one time instant. Hence, QSM enhance the spectral efficiency over SM. Recently, Generalised QSM (GQSM) scheme was developed to increase spectral efficiency by grouping the transmit antennas according to QSM principle. We propose a modi ed Generalised QSM (mGQSM) scheme without antenna grouping and we use multiple RF chains to enhance the spectral efficiency. The proposed scheme provides ex- tra one bit per channel use (bpcu) spectral efficiency over GQSM scheme with the constraint of flog2 Nt Nrf g 0:5, where f g denotes the fractional part of the decimal value, Nt denotes number of transmit antennas, and Nrf denotes number of RF chains. In mGQSM system, multiple data symbols are divided into real and imaginary parts and these parts are transmitted as in-phase and quadrature components by selecting any possible antenna activation patterns available in mGQSM, resulting in the choice of antenna activation patterns being doubled in mGQSM compared to GQSM which yields the extra one bpcu spectral efficiency over GQSM. Using the ML detection algorithm, we study the performance via numerical simulations using half code rate convolutional encoder at the transmitter and Viterbi decoding algorithm at the receiver to estimate the transmitted bits. We compute the computational complexity of ML- decoding in terms of real valued multiplications and introduce a variant of mGQSM called Reduced Codebook mGQSM (RC-mGQSM) to reduce the complexity by decreasing the spectral efficiency. In summary, a novel scheme mGQSM is proposed which improves the spectral efficiency of known scheme, GQSM by one bpcu.
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HUANG, PIN-TSUNG, and 黃品璁. "Hardware Design and Implementation of the Low Complexity List Detection Algorithm for the Spatial Modulation MIMO system with Multiple Active Transmit Antennas." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48g7jj.

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碩士
國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
105
In the spatial modulation multiple input multiple output (SM-MIMO) system, the best detector is the maximum likelihood detector (MLD). But MLD has the problem of high computational complexity and is not easily implemented by hardware architecture. Therefore many detection algorithms that are of low computational complexity and error rate performance close to theMLD are studied. Extension of the conventional SM-MIMO system to use multiple active transmit antenna for transmitting different symbols is called multiple active-spatial modulation (MA-SM). Low complexity linear detection algorithm of MA-SM signals are comprised of two steps. In the first step, estimation of the L groups of active antennas is performed; and, detection of the transmit symbols from the estimated groups of active antennas is performed in the second step. Unlike the joint detection, such separate detection of the active antennas and transmit symbols is of low complexity at the expense of performance degradation. For the hardware implementation, a 4-by-4 MIMO system with two active antennas transmitting 16-QAM signals is considered. The number of groups L is set to 2. The fixed point simulation results suggest that word length of the proposed architecture is 13 bits. The proposed design is described by Verilog HDL and synthesized by Synoposis Design Compiler.
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Lee, Ming-Chun, and 李明峻. "Precoder design for spatial modulation in multiple-input multiple-output systems." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84667542065250245893.

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碩士
國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
102
Spatial modulation in MIMO system (SM-MIMO) is a promising approach due to its low complexity and high energy efficiency properties. To enhance the SM-MIMO system performance, precoding at transmitter is shown to be effective. In this thesis, we investigate the precoder design techniques. With channel state information at transmitter, we propose two general precoder designs, including the problem formulations and its iterative algorithm, by manipulating the distance between codewords using optimization techniques. The designs can be virtually used in any type of SM-MIMO system. For practical concerns, codebook-based precoding is then introduced for SM-MIMO systems with limited feedback. To construct the effective codebook, we investigate the design criterion and propose three codebook design algorithms with different design considerations through exploiting the vector quantization techniques to maximize the average distance among codewords. Finally, the simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed designs in improving system performance, and confirm their superiority to existing works. Moreover, their feasibility in general SM-MIMO systems is verified as well. Furthermore, the proposed designs can indeed outperform other existing works.
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Fang, Chieh-wei, and 方捷暐. "Precoder Design for Generalized Spatial Modulation in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39518152209902577691.

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碩士
國立中山大學
通訊工程研究所
103
The generalized spatial modulation (GSM) is developed as a promising modulation scheme which effectively compromises the hardware complexity and the spectral efficiency in the multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we further propose a precoding design for improving the performance of GSM-MIMO systems. We first formulate precoding design as an optimization of which the worst-case minimum free-distance can be maximized. As well know, the free-distance is the critical metric in evaluating the performance of the maximum likelihood (ML) detection. To facilitate the derivation, we then decompose the precoder design into the power allocation times a structured precoder for each antenna group. With the decomposition, we can easily derive a closed-form solution for the precoder design, which can greatly reduce the computational complexity and is suitable for the real-time implementation. Simulation results show the superiority of our design measured by both the BER and computational complexity compared with the existing methods.
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Li, Jiong-Yi, and 李炯毅. "A Study of Detection Methods for Single-Carrier Spatial Modulation Based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68164937937865825737.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
電機工程學系
104
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique. Since its high-speed transmission and robustness against frequency selective channel fading, it is widely adopted in modern wireless communications. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is disadvantage of OFDM. This leads to design problem of power amplifier. In the physical-layer of long Term Evolution (LTE), single-carrier is used for the uplink transmission, and this efficiently lessens the effect of high PAPR. In this thesis, we propose a frequency domain equalization technique for the single-carrier spatial modulation based multiple-input multiple-output system. We employ matrix inverse lemma for sub-block matrices to reduce the computational complexity of the involved matrix inverse in the minimum mean-squared error detection. Also, we apply the M-algorithm for use with the maximum-likelihood approach for selecting the candidates of decision. Results show that better error-rate performance can be obtained.
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Books on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.

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The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.
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Book chapters on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Humadi, Khaled M., Ahmed Iyanda Sulyman, and Abdulhameed Alsanie. "Experimental Results for Generalized Spatial Modulation Scheme with Variable Active Transmit Antennas." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 260–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24540-9_21.

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Lunawat, Raj Rajeshwari, Debashis Adhikari, and Priyanka Tupe Waghmare. "Microstrip Antenna Array Design for Generalized Spatial Modulation—Multiple Input Multiple Output (GSM-MIMO) Applications." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 83–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8198-9_9.

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Tripathi, Dhirendra Kumar, S. Saravanan, and HarNarayan Upadhyay. "Low Power Spatial Modulation Scheme for Wide Band Multiple Input and Multiple Output Wireless Communication Systems." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 631–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27299-8_66.

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Pyke, David A., and Chad S. Boyd. "Manipulation of Rangeland Wildlife Habitats." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 107–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_5.

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AbstractRangeland manipulations have occurred for centuries. Those manipulations may have positive or negative effects on multiple wildlife species and their habitats. Some of these manipulations may result in landscape changes that fragment wildlife habitat and isolate populations. Habitat degradation and subsequent restoration may range from simple problems that are easy to restore to complex problems that require multiple interventions at multiple scales to solve. In all cases, knowledge of the wildlife species’ habitat needs throughout their life history, of their population dynamics and habitat-related sensitivities, and of their temporal and spatial scale for home ranges and genetic exchange will assist in determining appropriate restoration options. Habitat restoration will begin with an understanding of the vegetation’s successional recovery options and their time scales relative to wildlife population declines. We discuss passive and active manipulations and their application options. Passive manipulations focus on changes to current management. Active manipulations may include removal of undesirable vegetation using manual harvesting, mechanical, chemical, or biological methods while desirable vegetation is enhanced through the reintroduction of desirable wildlife habitat structure and function. These techniques will require monitoring of wildlife and their habitat at both the landscape and site level in an adaptive management framework to learn from our past and improve our future management.
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Edelstein-Keshet, Leah. "Pattern Formation Inside Living Cells." In SEMA SIMAI Springer Series, 79–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86236-7_5.

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AbstractWhile most of our tissues appear static, in fact, cell motion comprises an important facet of all life forms, whether in single or multicellular organisms. Amoeboid cells navigate their environment seeking nutrients, whereas collectively, streams of cells move past and through evolving tissue in the development of complex organisms. Cell motion is powered by dynamic changes in the structural proteins (actin) that make up the cytoskeleton, and regulated by a circuit of signaling proteins (GTPases) that control the cytoskeleton growth, disassembly, and active contraction. Interesting mathematical questions we have explored include (1) How do GTPases spontaneously redistribute inside a cell? How does this determine the emergent polarization and directed motion of a cell? (2) How does feedback between actin and these regulatory proteins create dynamic spatial patterns (such as waves) in the cell? (3) How do properties of single cells scale up to cell populations and multicellular tissues given interactions (adhesive, mechanical) between cells? Here I survey mathematical models studied in my group to address such questions. We use reaction-diffusion systems to model GTPase spatiotemporal phenomena in both detailed and toy models (for analytic clarity). We simulate single and multiple cells to visualize model predictions and study emergent patterns of behavior. Finally, we work with experimental biologists to address data-driven questions about specific cell types and conditions.
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Dakyaga, Francis. "Translating Globalised Ideals into Local Settings: The Actors and Complexities of Post-settlement Water Infrastructure Planning in Urban Ghana." In The Urban Book Series, 217–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06550-7_11.

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AbstractFollowing the principles of the networked city and urban planning, pro-active planning of water infrastructure is pertinent for attaining universal water access. Ironically, in cities of the Global South, water infrastructure provision takes the form of post-settlement networks—where human settlements evolve to steer the provision of the large-scale water network. However, little is known about the complexities, the processes and motives, the actors involved and how they navigate towards universalising water access. I investigate this kind of infrastructure planning ideal, drawing inspiration from technological translations from the Global North to the Global South, using the case of Wa, a secondary city of Ghana. The study revealed that off-grid water systems initially served water in secondary cities. The large-scale water network later evolved as a “reactive measure” driven by the rise in population, and the failure of the off-grid water infrastructure to attain universal water access. Despite that, resistance from residents, spatial disorder and sprawling growth, utility policies and in capabilities challenged the efforts of the state utility towards attaining a universal water supply. Through creativity, the utility providers negotiated and invented multiple models of water supply contradictory to the “mono-modal” principles of the networked city. This produced and segregated water access across the urban zones of the city. The findings suggest that though the post-settlement water network provision represents an attempted translation of the networked city ideal, in practice, it does not conform with the hegemonic premise of a networked city to foster universal water supply in the cities of the Global South.
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Anand, Vijayakumar, Soon Hock Ng, Tomas Katkus, Daniel Smith, Vinoth Balasubramani, Denver P. Linklater, Pierre J. Magistretti, Christian Depeursinge, Elena P. Ivanova, and Saulius Juodkazis. "Compact Incoherent Multidimensional Imaging Systems Using Static Diffractive Coded Apertures." In Holography - Recent Advances and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105864.

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Incoherent holographic imaging technologies, in general, involve multiple optical components for beam splitting—combining and shaping—and in most cases, require an active optical device such as a spatial light modulator (SLM) for generating multiple phase-shifted holograms in time. The above requirements made the realization of holography-based products expensive, heavy, large, and slow. To successfully transfer the holography capabilities discussed in research articles to products, it is necessary to find methods to simplify holography architectures. In this book chapter, two important incoherent holography techniques, namely interference-based Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) and interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH), have been successfully simplified in space and time using advanced manufacturing methods and nonlinear reconstruction, respectively. Both techniques have been realized in compact optical architectures using a single static diffractive optical element manufactured using lithography technologies. Randomly multiplexed diffractive lenses were manufactured using electron beam lithography for FINCH. A quasi-random lens and a mask containing a quasi-random array of pinholes were manufactured using electron beam lithography and photolithography, respectively, for I-COACH. In both cases, the compactification has been achieved without sacrificing the performances. The design, fabrication, and experiments of FINCH and I-COACH with static diffractive optical elements are presented in details.
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Mehenni, Tahar. "Geographic Knowledge Discovery in Multiple Spatial Databases." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 344–66. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0937-0.ch013.

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Voluminous geographic data have been, and continue to be, collected from various Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and high-resolution remote sensing. For these applications, huge amount of data is maintained in multiple disparate databases and different in spatial data type, file formats, data schema, access mechanism, etc. Spatial data mining and knowledge discovery has emerged as an active research field that focuses on the development of theory, methodology, and practice for the extraction of useful information and knowledge from massive and complex spatial databases. This chapter highlights recent theoretical and applied research in geographic knowledge discovery and spatial data mining in a distributed environment where spatial data are dispersed in multiple sites. The author will present in this chapter, an overall picture of how spatial multi-database mining is achieved through several common spatial data-mining tasks, including spatial cluster analysis, spatial association rule and spatial classification.
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Mehenni, Tahar. "Geographic Knowledge Discovery in Multiple Spatial Databases." In Information Retrieval and Management, 121–43. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5191-1.ch008.

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Voluminous geographic data have been, and continue to be, collected from various Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and high-resolution remote sensing. For these applications, huge amount of data is maintained in multiple disparate databases and different in spatial data type, file formats, data schema, access mechanism, etc. Spatial data mining and knowledge discovery has emerged as an active research field that focuses on the development of theory, methodology, and practice for the extraction of useful information and knowledge from massive and complex spatial databases. This chapter highlights recent theoretical and applied research in geographic knowledge discovery and spatial data mining in a distributed environment where spatial data are dispersed in multiple sites. The author will present in this chapter, an overall picture of how spatial multi-database mining is achieved through several common spatial data-mining tasks, including spatial cluster analysis, spatial association rule and spatial classification.
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He, Guang S. "Stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg Scattering." In Laser Stimulated Scattering and Multiphoton Excitation, 215–50. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895615.003.0007.

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In a two- or three-photon active liquid or solution, the input pump beam may interfere with the initial backward Rayleigh scattering beam to form a standing-wave field with a spatially periodic intensity modulation, which leads to the formation of an induced stationary Bragg grating through the intensity-dependent and multiphoton-resonance-enhanced refractive-index change of the scattering medium. The nonlinear reflection from the induced stationary Bragg grating provides the necessary gain to the backward Rayleigh scattering beam and may lead to a stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg scattering generation without any frequency shift. It has been shown that the primary contribution to the induced refractive index change is from the spatial redistribution of the multiphoton active solute molecules driven by the gradient force imposed by the standing-wave field.
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Conference papers on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Fu, Jinlin, Chunping Hou, Wei Xiang, Lei Yan, and Yonghong Hou. "Generalised spatial modulation with multiple active transmit antennas." In 2010 Ieee Globecom Workshops. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocomw.2010.5700442.

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Cheng, Chien-Chun, Hikmet Sari, Serdar Sezginer, and Yu T. Su. "Enhanced spatial modulation with multiple constellations and two active antennas." In 2014 6th IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications (LATINCOM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/latincom.2014.7041864.

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Nair, Karthika V., and Poorna R. Prabhu. "A comparative study on multiple active spatial modulation in MIMO systems." In 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccicct.2014.6993005.

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Wilkinson, L. C., S. M. Prince, M. P. Y. Desmulliez, and C. R. Stanley. "Fabrication and Testing of a Multiple Quantum Well Binary Phase Modulator." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.stue.5.

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Diffractive Optical Elements (DOEs) are used to manipulate the phase of a light beam in order to perform functions such as beam-steering, fan-out, wavelength discrimination and focusing. Typically, DOEs are fabricated by etching a structure into a piece of glass which generates a static phase profile being added to the input light beam. Dynamic diffractive optical elements which modulate the phase pattern of a beam can also be generated through the interaction of a liquid crystal with an electric field [1]. We report a more recent innovation [2] that uses an electrically addressed Multiple Quantum Well (MQW) structure incorporated into an asymmetric Fabry-Perot cavity to produce π phase modulation without any change in device reflectivity. The device relies on the change in absorption within the cavity to switch the dominance of the role played by one of the two Fabry-Perot mirrors thereby achieving the π phase change. Phase modulation is therefore obtained by electro-absorption modulation induced by the Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE) which is acting in the MQW regions of the structure.
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Obeidat, Amjad, Jacob Khurgin, and Shaozhong Li. "Active Anti-Reflection Coating Electro-Optic Modulator." In Spatial Light Modulators and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slma.1993.swb.5.

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Electro-optical switches and modulators based on multiple quantum wells (MQW) have been receiving increasing attention due to their potential applications in optical logic, interconnects, and all optical signal processing [1], [2]
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Zhihua Yang, Leijun Wang, and Xiao Ma. "Low complexity list detection algorithm for Spatial Modulation with multiple active transmit antennas." In 2014 International Workshop on High Mobility Wireless Communications (HMWC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hmwc.2014.7000221.

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Mohaneesh, R., P. Revan Datta, N. Sai Krishna, P. Rohith Sai Kashyap, and Arpita Thakre. "Reduced complexity detection of under-determined single carrier spatial modulation systems with multiple active antennas." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ants.2017.8384090.

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Gudla, Vishnu Vardhan, and Vinoth Babu Kumaravelu. "Performance Analysis of OBMMSE Detection Scheme in Multiple Active-Spatial Modulation Over Correlated Fading Channel." In 2018 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp.2018.8524590.

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Yang, Weiguo, Lawrence L. Buhl, and Matthew R. Fetterman. "Experimental modulation response beyond the relaxation oscillation frequency in a multiple-spatial-mode laser diode based on active spatial mode coupling." In CLEO 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2007.4452797.

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Vinh, Tran Viet, Pham Thanh Hiep, and Nguyen Thu Phuong. "Combined Variable Active Antenna Spatial Modulation and NOMA to Enhance Spectral Efficiency for Multiple Users MIMO Systems." In 2022 International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/atc55345.2022.9943045.

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Reports on the topic "Multiple Active Spatial Modulation"

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Bingham, Sonia, and Craig Young. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: I. Ecological characterization and management insights, 2008–2018. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2296885.

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Sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park (NP) comprise a set of twenty important management areas and reference sites. These wetlands are monitored more closely than other wetlands in the wetlands monitoring program and are the focus of the volunteer monitoring program for water levels. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. A total of 37 long-term sample plots have been established within these wetlands to monitor biological condition over time using vegetation as an indicator. Vegetation is intensively surveyed using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species within the plot are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). Sample plots were surveyed twice from 2008 to 2018 and the vegetation data were evaluated using five metrics: VIBI, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. These metrics are discussed for each location. This report also highlights relevant land use histories, common native plant species, and invasive species of concern at each wetland. This is the first report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands in 2008–2018. Boston Mills, Virginia Kendall Lake, Stumpy Basin, Columbia, and Beaver Marsh are all in excellent condition at one or more plots. They have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scores very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. Metric scores across mitigation wetlands were low. Two of the three wetlands (Brookside and Rockside) are not meeting the benchmarks originally established by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Krejci is still a young mitigation site and success will be determined over time. Park-supported invasive species control efforts will be crucial for long-term success of these sites and future mitigation/restoration projects. The wetlands monitored because of proposed ecological restoration projects (Pleasant Valley, Stanford, and Fawn Pond) have extensive invasive plant communities. These restoration sites should be re-evaluated for their feasibility and potential success and given an order of prioritization relative to the newer list of restoration sites. Cuyahoga Valley NP has added many new areas to their list of potential wetland restoration sites after these areas were selected, and there may be better opportunities available based on restoration objectives. Restoration goals should be based on the park's desired future conditions, and mitigation goals of outside partners may not always be in line with those. The multiple VIBI plots dispersed throughout the large wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley NP detected and illuminated spatial patterns in condition. Many individual wetlands had a wide range of VIBI scores within their boundaries, sometimes reflecting localized disturbances, past modifications, and management actions. Most often, these large fluctuations in condition were linked to local invasive plant infestations. These infestations appear to be the most obvious and widespread threat to wetland ecosystems within the park, but also the most controllable threat. Some sensitive species are still present in some of the lowest scoring plots, which indicates that invasive plant species control efforts may pay off immediately with a resurgence of native communities. Invasive plant control at rare habitat sites would have large payoffs over time by protecting some of the park's most unique wetlands. Reference wetlands would also be good demonstration sites for park managers to try to maintain exemplary conditions through active management. Through this work, park managers can evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and scalability of management practices required to maintain wetland condition.
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