Academic literature on the topic 'Multimaterial 3 D printing process'
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Journal articles on the topic "Multimaterial 3 D printing process"
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Giddens, Henry, and Yang Hao. "Multibeam Graded Dielectric Lens Antenna From Multimaterial 3-D Printing." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 9 (September 2020): 6832–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2020.2978949.
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Konarova, Muxina, Waqas Aslam, Lei Ge, Qing Ma, Fengqiu Tang, Victor Rudolph, and Jorge Norberto Beltramini. "Enabling Process Intensification by 3 D Printing of Catalytic Structures." ChemCatChem 9, no. 21 (September 25, 2017): 4132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700829.
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Hogade, Prof Hemant. "Investment Casting Using FDM 3-D Printing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45967.
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Abstract: The earliest casting method is investment casting, which dates back to roughly 3500 BC. Precision casting and near net form are two applications. Product demand is increasing in India and around the world. The use of simulation and rapid prototyping techniques in the investment casting process improves quality while reducing lead time and cost. However, as complexity increases, the traditional sand casting technique has limits, one of which is the expensive expense of equipment to make moulds and cores. These limitations can be solved by using a 3D printer, which offers the distinct advantage of geometric freedom. A polycast design is created in the precise shape of the item to be cast in this project. A refractory ceramic substance has been applied to this pattern. The metal is flown through a mould that is linked to the tree. The accuracy and surface finish of the models and castings were also assessed in order to provide a comparison. It has a significant impact on part quality (surface finish, dimensional correctness, strength, and longevity), as well as lead time and cost. In terms of remote pattern manufacture, it offers a lot of potential
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Merkle, Thomas, Reiner Gotzen, Joo-Young Choi, and Stefan Koch. "Polymer Multichip Module Process Using 3-D Printing Technologies for D-Band Applications." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 63, no. 2 (February 2015): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2014.2387823.
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Garg, A., Jasmine Siu Lee Lam, and M. M. Savalani. "Laser power based surface characteristics models for 3-D printing process." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 29, no. 6 (November 28, 2015): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-015-1167-9.
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Haidar, Nataliia, Ganna Zavolodko, and Pavlo Pustovoitov. "PROCESS OF 3D PRINTING IN ONLINE EDUCATION." Advanced Information Systems 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2022.1.18.
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The subject of the review is methodology of the subsystem verification and printing 3 D -model online learning system mixed type. To do this, a review of analogues, technologies, stages of printing were identified. Due to the development of technology, the educational process is being transformed. Education uses blended learning, part of which is distance learning. The object of research is use of additive technologies, which can make the learning process more motivating. Thus, if in distance education there is an opportunity to develop a 3D model online, check it for fidelity, send the model to print, it optimizes the learning process. The aim is to design with IP topics that uses the additive technologies in the educational process. Methods used: IDEF- diagram describing the function of the system; authentication rules, verification of 3 D models, sending the model to print, selecting a device online, and basic screen forms. Conclusions. The development of innovative thinking in higher education students should become a priority of modern higher education, and the introduction of new elements in modern education is inevitable. And given the development of 3D printing technologies, additive technologies are the most promising for the use of visualization in online and mixed teaching.
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Gräbner, Daniel, Simon Dödtmann, Gerrit Dumstorff, and Frieder Lucklum. "3-D-printed smart screw: functionalization during additive fabrication." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-143-2018.
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Abstract. Integrating sensors into machine parts is a necessary step for the development of smart or intelligent components. Sensors integrated into materials such as concrete, fiber compounds, or metals are already used to measure strain, temperature, or corrosion. The integration is mostly done during fabrication, where the sensor is recast in the material during processing. However, approaches to integrate sensors into parts fabricated by additive manufacturing are still rarely found. Especially in the case of rapid prototyping, additive techniques are already substituting the machining of parts using classical technologies like cutting, drilling and milling. To characterize such 3-D-printed machine parts the direct integration of sensing elements is the next logical step. This can be done in multi-material printing by using insulating, magnetic, and conductive materials. In the case of single material printing, our idea is to integrate a sensing element during the printing process itself. As proof-of-concept, we present the functionalization of 3-D-printed screws. Strain gauges screen-printed on a 6 µm thick foil are interposed into the 3-D part during microstereolithography printing. We measure the torsional strain in the screw head to calculate the prestressing force in screws made from different plastic materials. We also analyze the defect effect by comparing it to screws without integrated elements.
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Garg, A., and Jasmine Siu Lee Lam. "Measurement of environmental aspect of 3-D printing process using soft computing methods." Measurement 75 (November 2015): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.04.016.
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zhao, Che, Luquan Ren, Zhengyi Song, Linhong Deng, and Qingping Liu. "Structure-driven biomimetic self-morphing composites fabricated by multi-process 3-D printing." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 123 (August 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.04.030.
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Nilsiam, Yuenyong, Paul Sanders, and Joshua M. Pearce. "Slicer and process improvements for open-source GMAW-based metal 3-D printing." Additive Manufacturing 18 (December 2017): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.007.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Multimaterial 3 D printing process"
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Broggio, Jorge A. (Jorge Antonio) 1975. "Fluid damping with elastic medium in 3-D printing process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9569.
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Wendling-Hivet, Audrey. "Simulation à l'échelle mésoscopique de la mise en forme de renforts de composites tissés." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0079.
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De nos jours, l’intégration de pièces composites dans les produits intéresse de plus en plus les industriels, particulièrement dans le domaine des transports. En effet, ces matériaux présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment celui de permettre une diminution de la masse des pièces lorsqu’ils sont correctement exploités. Pour concevoir ces pièces, plusieurs procédés peuvent être utilisés, parmi lesquels le RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) qui consiste en la mise en forme d’un renfort sec (préformage) avant une étape d’injection de résine. Cette étude concerne la première étape du procédé RTM, celle de préformage. L’objectif est de mettre en œuvre une stratégie efficace conduisant à la simulation par éléments finis de la mise en forme des renforts à l’échelle mésoscopique. A cette échelle, le renfort fibreux est modélisé par un enchevêtrement de mèches supposées homogènes. Plusieurs étapes sont alors nécessaires et donc étudiées ici pour atteindre cet objectif. La première consiste à créer un modèle géométrique 3D le plus réaliste possible des cellules élémentaires des renforts considérés. Elle est réalisée grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie itérative basée sur deux propriétés. D’une part, la cohérence, qui permet d’assurer une bonne description du contact entre les mèches, c'est-à-dire, que le modèle ne contient ni vides ni interpénétrations au niveau de la zone de contact. D’autre part, la variation de la forme des sections de la mèche le long de sa trajectoire qui permet de coller au mieux à la géométrie évolutive des mèches dans le renfort. Grâce à ce modèle et à une définition libre par l’utilisateur de l’architecture tissée, un modèle représentatif de tout type de renfort (2D, interlock) peut être obtenu. La seconde étape consiste à créer un maillage hexaédrique 3D cohérant de ces cellules élémentaires. Basé sur la géométrie obtenue à la première étape. L’outil de maillage créé permet de mailler automatiquement tout type de mèche, quelle que soit sa trajectoire et la forme de ses sections. La troisième étape à franchir consiste, à partir du comportement mécanique du matériau constitutif des fibres et de la structure de la mèche, à mettre en place une loi de comportement du matériau homogène équivalent à un matériau fibreux. Basé sur les récents développements expérimentaux et numériques en matière de loi de comportement de structures fibreuses, un nouveau modèle de comportement est présenté et implémenté. Enfin, une étude des différents paramètres intervenant dans les calculs en dynamique explicite est réalisée. Ces deux derniers points permettent à la fois de faire converger rapidement les calculs et de se rapprocher de la réalité de la déformation des renforts. L’ensemble de la chaîne de modélisation/simulation des renforts fibreux à l’échelle mésoscopique ainsi créée est validée par comparaison d’essais numériques et expérimentaux de renforts sous sollicitations simplesNowadays, manufacturers, especially in transport, are increasingly interested in integrating composite parts into their products. These materials have, indeed, many benefits, among which allowing parts mass reduction when properly operated. In order to manufacture these parts, several methods can be used, including the RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) process which consists in forming a dry reinforcement (preform) before a resin being injected. This study deals with the first stage of the RTM process, which is the preforming step. It aims to implement an efficient strategy leading to the finite element simulation of fibrous reinforcements at mesoscopic scale. At this scale, the fibrous reinforcement is modeled by an interlacement of yarns assumed to be homogeneous and continuous. Several steps are then necessary and therefore considered here to achieve this goal. The first consists in creating a 3D geometrical model of unit cells as realistic as possible. It is achieved through the implementation of an iterative strategy based on two main properties. On the one hand, consistency, which ensures a good description of the contact between the yarns, that is to say, the model does not contain spurious spaces or interpenetrations at the contact area. On the other hand, the variation of the yarn section shape along its trajectory that enables to stick as much as possible to the evolutive shape of the yarn inside the reinforcement. Using this tool and a woven architecture freely implementable by the user, a model representative of any type of reinforcement (2D, interlock) can be obtained. The second step consists in creating a 3D consistent hexahedral mesh of these unit cells. Based on the geometrical model obtained in the first step, the meshing tool enables to mesh any type of yarn, whatever its trajectory or section shape. The third step consists in establishing a constitutive equation of the homogeneous material equivalent to a fibrous material from the mechanical behavior of the constituent material of fibers and the structure of the yarn. Based on recent experimental and numerical developments in the mechanical behavior of fibrous structures, a new constitutive law is presented and implemented. Finally, a study of the different parameters involved in the dynamic/explicit scheme is performed. These last two points allow both to a quick convergence of the calculations and approach the reality of the deformation of reinforcements. The entire chain modeling/simulation of fibrous reinforcements at mesoscopic scale created is validated by numerical and experimental comparison tests of reinforcements under simple loadings
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Wendling, Audrey. "Simulation à l'échelle mésoscopique de la mise en forme de renforts de composites tissés." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961196.
Full textAbstract:
De nos jours, l'intégration de pièces composites dans les produits intéresse de plus en plus les industriels, particulièrement dans le domaine des transports. En effet, ces matériaux présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment celui de permettre une diminution de la masse des pièces lorsqu'ils sont correctement exploités. Pour concevoir ces pièces, plusieurs procédés peuvent être utilisés, parmi lesquels le RTM (Resin Transfer Molding) qui consiste en la mise en forme d'un renfort sec (préformage) avant une étape d'injection de résine. Cette étude concerne la première étape du procédé RTM, celle de préformage. L'objectif est de mettre en œuvre une stratégie efficace conduisant à la simulation par éléments finis de la mise en forme des renforts à l'échelle mésoscopique. A cette échelle, le renfort fibreux est modélisé par un enchevêtrement de mèches supposées homogènes. Plusieurs étapes sont alors nécessaires et donc étudiées ici pour atteindre cet objectif. La première consiste à créer un modèle géométrique 3D le plus réaliste possible des cellules élémentaires des renforts considérés. Elle est réalisée grâce à la mise en œuvre d'une stratégie itérative basée sur deux propriétés. D'une part, la cohérence, qui permet d'assurer une bonne description du contact entre les mèches, c'est-à-dire, que le modèle ne contient ni vides ni interpénétrations au niveau de la zone de contact. D'autre part, la variation de la forme des sections de la mèche le long de sa trajectoire qui permet de coller au mieux à la géométrie évolutive des mèches dans le renfort. Grâce à ce modèle et à une définition libre par l'utilisateur de l'architecture tissée, un modèle représentatif de tout type de renfort (2D, interlock) peut être obtenu. La seconde étape consiste à créer un maillage hexaédrique 3D cohérant de ces cellules élémentaires. Basé sur la géométrie obtenue à la première étape. L'outil de maillage créé permet de mailler automatiquement tout type de mèche, quelle que soit sa trajectoire et la forme de ses sections. La troisième étape à franchir consiste, à partir du comportement mécanique du matériau constitutif des fibres et de la structure de la mèche, à mettre en place une loi de comportement du matériau homogène équivalent à un matériau fibreux. Basé sur les récents développements expérimentaux et numériques en matière de loi de comportement de structures fibreuses, un nouveau modèle de comportement est présenté et implémenté. Enfin, une étude des différents paramètres intervenant dans les calculs en dynamique explicite est réalisée. Ces deux derniers points permettent à la fois de faire converger rapidement les calculs et de se rapprocher de la réalité de la déformation des renforts. L'ensemble de la chaîne de modélisation/simulation des renforts fibreux à l'échelle mésoscopique ainsi créée est validée par comparaison d'essais numériques et expérimentaux de renforts sous sollicitations simples.
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Fenollosa, Artés Felip. "Contribució a l'estudi de la impressió 3D per a la fabricació de models per facilitar l'assaig d'operacions quirúrgiques de tumors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667421.
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La present tesi doctoral s’ha centrat en el repte d’aconseguir, mitjançant Fabricació Additiva (FA), models per a assaig quirúrgic, sota la premissa que els equips per fer-los haurien de ser accessibles a l’àmbit hospitalari. L’objectiu és facilitar l’extensió de l’ús dels prototips com a eina de preparació d’operacions quirúrgiques, transformant la pràctica mèdica actual de la mateixa manera que en el seu moment ho van fer tecnologies com les que van facilitar l’ús de radiografies. El motiu d’utilitzar FA, en lloc de tecnologies més tradicionals, és la seva capacitat de materialitzar de forma directa les dades digitals obtingudes de l’anatomia del pacient mitjançant sistemes d’escanejat tridimensional, fent possible l’obtenció de models personalitzats. Els resultats es centren en la generació de nou coneixement sobre com aconseguir equipaments d’impressió 3D multimaterials accessibles que permetin l’obtenció de models mimètics respecte als teixits vius. Per facilitar aquesta buscada extensió de la tecnologia, s’ha focalitzat en les tecnologies de codi obert com la Fabricació per Filament Fos (FFF) i similars basades en líquids catalitzables. La recerca s’alinea dins l’activitat de desenvolupament de la FA al CIM UPC, i en aquest àmbit concret amb la col·laboració amb l’Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloc de la tesi inclou la descripció de l’estat de l’art, detallant les tecnologies existents i la seva aplicació a l’entorn mèdic. S’han establert per primer cop unes bases de caracterització dels teixits vius -sobretot tous- per donar suport a la selecció de materials que els puguin mimetitzar en un procés de FA, a efectes de millorar l’experiència d’assaig dels cirurgians. El caràcter rígid dels materials majoritàriament usats en impressió 3D els fa poc útils per simular tumors i altres referències anatòmiques. De forma successiva, es tracten paràmetres com la densitat, la viscoelasticitat, la caracterització dels materials tous a la indústria, l’estudi del mòdul elàstic de teixits tous i vasos, la duresa d’aquests, i requeriments com l’esterilització dels models. El segon bloc comença explorant la impressió 3D mitjançant FFF. Es classifiquen les variants del procés des del punt de vista de la multimaterialitat, essencial per fer models d’assaig quirúrgic, diferenciant entre solucions multibroquet i de barreja al capçal. S’ha inclòs l’estudi de materials (filaments i líquids) que serien més útils per mimetitzar teixits tous. Es constata com en els líquids, en comparació amb els filaments, la complexitat del treball en processos de FA és més elevada, i es determinen formes d’imprimir materials molt tous. Per acabar, s’exposen sis casos reals de col·laboració amb l’HJSD, una selecció d’aquells en els que el doctorand ha intervingut en els darrers anys. L’origen es troba en la dificultat de l’abordatge d’operacions de resecció de tumors infantils com el neuroblastoma, i a la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalment, el Bloc 3 té per objecte explorar nombrosos conceptes (fins a 8), activitat completada al llarg dels darrers cinc anys amb el suport dels mitjans del CIM UPC i de l’activitat associada a treballs finals d’estudis d’estudiants de la UPC, arribant-se a materialitzar equipaments experimentals per validar-los. La recerca ampla i sistemàtica al respecte fa que s’estigui més a prop de disposar d’una solució d’impressió 3D multimaterial de sobretaula. Es determina que la millor via de progrés és la de disposar d’una pluralitat de capçals independents a fi de capacitar la impressora 3D per integrar diversos conceptes estudiats, materialitzant-se una possible solució. Cloent la tesi, es planteja com seria un equipament d’impressió 3D per a models d’assaig quirúrgic, a fi de servir de base per a futurs desenvolupaments.La presente tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el reto de conseguir, mediante Fabricación Aditiva (FA), modelos para ensayo quirúrgico, bajo la premisa que los equipos para obtenerlos tendrían que ser accesibles al ámbito hospitalario. El objetivo es facilitar la extensión del uso de modelos como herramienta de preparación de operaciones quirúrgicas, transformando la práctica médica actual de la misma manera que, en su momento, lo hicieron tecnologías como las que facilitaron el uso de radiografías. El motivo de utilizar FA, en lugar de tecnologías más tradicionales, es su capacidad de materializar de forma directa los datos digitales obtenidos de la anatomía del paciente mediante sistemas de escaneado tridimensional, haciendo posible la obtención de modelos personalizados. Los resultados se centran en la generación de nuevo conocimiento para conseguir equipamientos de impresión 3D multimateriales accesibles que permitan la obtención de modelos miméticos respecto a los tejidos vivos. Para facilitar la buscada extensión de la tecnología, se ha focalizado en las tecnologías de código abierto como la Fabricación por Hilo Fundido (FFF) y similares basadas en líquidos catalizables. Esta investigación se alinea dentro de la actividad de desarrollo de la FA en el CIM UPC, y en este ámbito concreto con la colaboración con el Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (HSJD). El primer bloque de la tesis incluye la descripción del estado del arte, detallando las tecnologías existentes y su aplicación al entorno médico. Se han establecido por primera vez unas bases de caracterización de los tejidos vivos – principalmente blandos – para dar apoyo a la selección de materiales que los puedan mimetizar en un proceso de FA, a efectos de mejorar la experiencia de ensayo de los cirujanos. El carácter rígido de los materiales mayoritariamente usados en impresión 3D los hace poco útiles para simular tumores y otras referencias anatómicas. De forma sucesiva, se tratan parámetros como la densidad, la viscoelasticidad, la caracterización de materiales blandos en la industria, el estudio del módulo elástico de tejidos blandos y vasos, la dureza de los mismos, y requerimientos como la esterilización de los modelos. El segundo bloque empieza explorando la impresión 3D mediante FFF. Se clasifican las variantes del proceso desde el punto de vista de la multimaterialidad, esencial para hacer modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, diferenciando entre soluciones multiboquilla y de mezcla en el cabezal. Se ha incluido el estudio de materiales (filamentos y líquidos) que serían más útiles para mimetizar tejidos blandos. Se constata como en los líquidos, en comparación con los filamentos, la complejidad del trabajo en procesos de FA es más elevada, y se determinan formas de imprimir materiales muy blandos. Para acabar, se exponen seis casos reales de colaboración con el HJSD, una selección de aquellos en los que el doctorando ha intervenido en los últimos años. El origen se encuentra en la dificultad del abordaje de operaciones de resección de tumores infantiles como el neuroblastoma, y en la iniciativa del Dr. Lucas Krauel. Finalmente, el Bloque 3 desarrolla numerosos conceptos (hasta 8), actividad completada a lo largo de los últimos cinco años con el apoyo de los medios del CIM UPC y de la actividad asociada a trabajos finales de estudios de estudiantes de la UPC, llegándose a materializar equipamientos experimentales para validarlos. La investigación amplia y sistemática al respecto hace que se esté más cerca de disponer de una solución de impresión 3D multimaterial de sobremesa. Se determina que la mejor vía de progreso es la de disponer de una pluralidad de cabezales independientes, a fin de capacitar la impresora 3D para integrar diversos conceptos estudiados, materializándose una posible solución. Para cerrar la tesis, se plantea cómo sería un equipamiento de impresión 3D para modelos de ensayo quirúrgico, a fin de servir de base para futuros desarrollos.
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Attoye, Samuel Osekafore. "A Study of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3-D Printing Using Mechanical Testing and Thermography." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/17670.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Fused deposition modeling (FDM) represents one of the most common techniques for rapid proto-typing in additive manufacturing (AM). This work applies image based thermography to monitor the FDM process in-situ. The nozzle temperature, print speed and print orientation were adjusted during the fabrication process of each specimen. Experimental and numerical analysis were performed on the fabricated specimens. The combination of the layer wise temperature profile plot and temporal plot provide insights for specimens fabricated in x, y and z-axis orientation. For the x-axis orientation build possessing 35 layers, Specimens B16 and B7 printed with nozzle temperature of 225 C and 235 C respectively, and at printing speed of 60 mm/s and 100 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. For the y-axis orientation build possessing 59 layers, Specimens B23, B14 and B8 printed with nozzle temperature of 215 C, 225 C and 235 C respectively, and at printing speed of 80 mm/s, 80 mm/s and 60 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus and yield strength, while the latter the highest ultimate tensile strength. For the z-axis orientation build possessing 1256 layers, Specimens B6, B24 and B9 printed with nozzle temperature of 235 C, 235 C and 235 ➦C respectively, and at printing speed of 80 mm/s, 80 mm/s and 60 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus and ultimate tensile strength, while B24 had the highest yield strength and B9 the lowest modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The results show that the prints oriented in the y-axis orientation perform relatively better than prints in the x-axis and z-axis orientation.
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(5931008), Samuel Attoye. "A Study of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3-D Printing using Mechanical Testing and Thermography." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) represents one of the most common techniques for rapid proto-typing in additive manufacturing (AM). This work applies image based thermography to monitor the FDM process in-situ. The nozzle temperature, print speed and print orientation were adjusted during the fabrication process of each specimen.
Experimental and numerical analysis were performed on the fabricated specimens. The combination of the layer wise temperature profile plot and temporal plot provide insights
for specimens fabricated in x, y and z-axis orientation. For the x-axis orientation build possessing 35 layers, Specimens B16 and B7 printed with nozzle temperature of 225 ➦C and
235 ➦C respectively, and at printing speed of 60 mm/s and 100 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. For the y-axis orientation build possessing 59 layers, Specimens B23, B14 and B8 printed with nozzle temperature of 215°C, 225°C and 235°C respectively, and at printing speed of 80 mm/s, 80 mm/s and 60 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus and yield strength, while the latter the highest ultimate tensile strength. For the z-axis orientation build possessing 1256 layers, Specimens B6, B24 and B9 printed with nozzle temperature of 235°C, 235°C and 235°C respectively, and at printing speed of 80 mm/s, 80 mm/s and 60 mm/s respectively with the former possessing the highest modulus and ultimate tensile strength, while B24 had the highest yield strength and B9 the lowest modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The results show that the prints oriented in the y-axis orientation perform relatively better than prints in the x-axis and z-axis orientation.
Book chapters on the topic "Multimaterial 3 D printing process"
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Pandey, Praneet, and Mohammad Taufik. "A Review on PolyJet 3-D Printing Process and Its Applications." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 401–10. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2188-9_37.
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Tang Dan, Bobby, Daniel Robert Khodos, Oliver Khairallah, Richi Ramlal, and Yougashwar Budhoo. "The Effect of the 3-D Printing Process on the Mechanical Properties of Materials." In Mechanics of Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Volume 9, 91–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62834-9_13.
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Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Esther T. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, and Sisa Pityana. "Improving Surface Integrity Using Laser Metal Deposition Process." In Additive Manufacturing, 220–44. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9624-0.ch009.
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Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an additive manufacturing process (also known as 3-D printing) and a non-traditional fabrication process used for improving the surface integrity of components is presented in this chapter. In LMD, parts are manufactured directly from the 3-D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model data. Complex parts can be produced in a single step, which is impossible with the traditional manufacturing methods such as casting, cutting, and turning operations. The major steps required in the production of parts using the laser metal deposition process are highlighted. The flexibility offered by the LMD technique makes it an important surface engineering technique. Composite parts or parts whose surfaces are made of composite materials can also be produced in a single step because two or more dissimilar materials can be handled simultaneously in the LMD process to produce parts. This is because the building of parts in LMD is achieved by the LMD machine following the detail described by the CAD model of the part being made. The processing parameters affecting the properties of laser metal deposited parts are described in detail. This chapter establishes the ability of the LMD in the production of complex and one of its kind parts, its ability to improve surface properties, repair high-valued parts, and reduce the buy-to-fly ratio in the production of aerospace parts. It also highlights the use of non-traditional finishing techniques on laser deposited parts to further improve the surface integrity of components. The chapter is concluded by presenting a laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite. The laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite was characterized through the microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance, and it was found that the resulting deposits were fully dense and of improved surface properties when compared to the parent materials.
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Mahamood, Rasheedat M., Esther T. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, and Sisa Pityana. "Improving Surface Integrity Using Laser Metal Deposition Process." In Surface Engineering Techniques and Applications, 146–76. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5141-8.ch005.
Full textAbstract:
Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), an additive manufacturing process (also known as 3-D printing) and a non-traditional fabrication process used for improving the surface integrity of components is presented in this chapter. In LMD, parts are manufactured directly from the 3-D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model data. Complex parts can be produced in a single step, which is impossible with the traditional manufacturing methods such as casting, cutting, and turning operations. The major steps required in the production of parts using the laser metal deposition process are highlighted. The flexibility offered by the LMD technique makes it an important surface engineering technique. Composite parts or parts whose surfaces are made of composite materials can also be produced in a single step because two or more dissimilar materials can be handled simultaneously in the LMD process to produce parts. This is because the building of parts in LMD is achieved by the LMD machine following the detail described by the CAD model of the part being made. The processing parameters affecting the properties of laser metal deposited parts are described in detail. This chapter establishes the ability of the LMD in the production of complex and one of its kind parts, its ability to improve surface properties, repair high-valued parts, and reduce the buy-to-fly ratio in the production of aerospace parts. It also highlights the use of non-traditional finishing techniques on laser deposited parts to further improve the surface integrity of components. The chapter is concluded by presenting a laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite. The laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/TiC composite was characterized through the microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance, and it was found that the resulting deposits were fully dense and of improved surface properties when compared to the parent materials.
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Humphrey Jr., William F., Debra A. Laverie, and Alison B. Shields. "Building the Force." In Global Branding, 922–42. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9282-2.ch044.
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This chapter examines the Star Wars fan community who creates screen accurate BB-8 replicas is explored in depth. Builders undertake the creation of characters through emergent technology such as 3-D printing. The members work together to create these replica characters and immerse completely in the process of the character's formation. We studied online fan community forums and social media groups where participants engage with and support one another as they build full-sized Star Wars characters. Second, this chapter applies the BB-8 builder community to an established framework for brand community, which is extended to include the passionate and committed communities formed by fans around entertainment franchises. Brand (or franchise) characteristics are related to community characteristics, which are then in turn related to fan brand community. Finally, conclusions for the academy and practitioners are discussed based on the examination of this community in relation to the theoretical framework.
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Humphrey Jr., William F., Debra A. Laverie, and Alison B. Shields. "Building the Force." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 126–46. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3220-0.ch007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the Star Wars fan community who creates screen accurate BB-8 replicas is explored in depth. Builders undertake the creation of characters through emergent technology such as 3-D printing. The members work together to create these replica characters and immerse completely in the process of the character's formation. We studied online fan community forums and social media groups where participants engage with and support one another as they build full-sized Star Wars characters. Second, this chapter applies the BB-8 builder community to an established framework for brand community, which is extended to include the passionate and committed communities formed by fans around entertainment franchises. Brand (or franchise) characteristics are related to community characteristics, which are then in turn related to fan brand community. Finally, conclusions for the academy and practitioners are discussed based on the examination of this community in relation to the theoretical framework.
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Chen, Wu, Fei Yao, and Airong Jiang. "Technology Innovations in Academic Libraries in China." In Library Science and Administration, 144–64. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3914-8.ch007.
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This chapter summarizes the application of new technologies to promote development and innovation in academic libraries in China. It is composed of four parts: 1) an introduction to the system platforms used to realize the new services; 2) an introduction to the progress made in constructing digital library (D-Lib) systems in recent years; 3) a summary showing how library space management and self-service burgeoned in recent years, such as with entrance guard and access systems, self-help circulation systems, RFID application, self-help printing and payment services, and library space and facility management; and 4) an example of the application of mobile technologies, including SMS (short message service), mobile library websites, etc., in libraries. Through analyzing the wide range of the application of information technology in library resources management, user services, and the library business process, the authors reveal that libraries have been advancing and how they keep pursuing innovative development to meet user demands in the new information environment.
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Taber, Douglass F. "Flow Chemistry: The Direct Production of Drug Metabolites." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646165.003.0016.
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Several overviews of flow chemistry appeared recently. Katherine S. Elvira and Andrew J. deMello of ETH Zürich wrote (Nature Chem. 2013, 5, 905) on microfluidic reactor technology. D. Tyler McQuade of Florida State University and the Max Planck Institute Mühlenberg reviewed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 6384) applications and equipment. Jun-ichi Yoshida of Kyoto University focused (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 9896) on transformations that cannot be effected under batch conditions. Detlev Belder of the Universität Leipzig reported (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 11644) flow reactions coupled to subsequent micropreparative separations. Leroy Cronin of the University of Glasgow described (Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 3099) combining 3D printing of an apparatus and liquid handling for convenient chemical synthesis and purification. Many of the reactions of organic synthesis have now been adapted to flow conditions. We will highlight those transformations that incorporate particularly useful features. One of those is convenient handling of gaseous reagents. C. Oliver Kappe of the Karl-Franzens-University Graz generated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 10241) diimide in situ to reduce 1 to 2. David J. Cole-Hamilton immobilized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9805) Ru DuPHOS on a heteropoly acid support, allowing the flow hydrogenation of neat 3 to 4 in high ee. Steven V. Ley of the University of Cambridge added (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 1183) ammonia to 5 to give the thiourea 6. Alain Favre-Réguillon of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers used (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5978) oxygen to directly oxidize the aldehyde 7 to the carboxylic acid 8. Professor Kappe showed (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 10567) that supercritical acetonitrile directly converted an acid 9 to the nitrile 10. Hisao Yoshida of Nagoya University added (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 3793) acetonitrile to nitrobenzene 11 to give the para isomer 12 with high regioselectively. Kristin E. Price of Pfizer Groton coupled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4342) 13 to 14 to give 15 with very low loading of the Pd catalyst. Andrew Livingston of Imperial College demonstrated (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2013, 17, 967) the utility of nanofiltration under flow conditions to minimize Pd levels in a Heck product.
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Swierzowicz, Janusz. "Multimedia Data Mining Concept." In Data Warehousing and Mining, 3611–20. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-951-9.ch225.
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The development of information technology is particularly noticeable in the methods and techniques of data acquisition, high-performance computing, and bandwidth frequency. According to a newly observed phenomenon, called a storage low (Fayyad & Uthurusamy, 2002), the capacity of digital data storage is doubled every 9 months with respect to the price. Data can be stored in many forms of digital media, for example, still images taken by a digital camera, MP3 songs, or MPEG videos from desktops, cell phones, or video cameras. Such data exceeds the total cumulative handwriting and printing during all of recorded human history (Fayyad, 2001). According to current analysis carried out by IBM Almaden Research (Swierzowicz, 2002), data volumes are growing at different speeds. The fastest one is Internet-resource growth: It will achieve the digital online threshold of exabytes within a few years (Liautaud, 2001). In these fast-growing volumes of data environments, restrictions are connected with a human’s low data-complexity and dimensionality analysis. Investigations on combining different media data, multimedia, into one application have begun as early as the 1960s, when text and images were combined in a document. During the research and development process, audio, video, and animation were synchronized using a time line to specify when they should be played (Rowe & Jain, 2004). Since the middle 1990s, the problems of multimedia data capture, storage, transmission, and presentation have extensively been investigated. Over the past few years, research on multimedia standards (e.g., MPEG-4, X3D, MPEG-7) has continued to grow. These standards are adapted to represent very complex multimedia data sets; can transparently handle sound, images, videos, and 3-D (three-dimensional) objects combined with events, synchronization, and scripting languages; and can describe the content of any multimedia object. Different algorithms need to be used in multimedia distribution and multimedia database applications. An example is an image database that stores pictures of birds and a sound database that stores recordings of birds (Kossmann, 2000). The distributed query that asks for “top ten different kinds of birds that have black feathers and a high voice” is described there by Kossmann (2000, p.436).
Conference papers on the topic "Multimaterial 3 D printing process"
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Song, Xuan, and Yong Chen. "Joint Design for 3-D Printing Non-Assembly Mechanisms." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71528.
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The layer-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes can directly fabricate sub-systems with multiple components during the building process. Novel applications in robotics and many others have been demonstrated by removing the need of component assembly. However, the AM processes also have inferior accuracy compared to the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining process. Hence the joint clearance that can be achieved in a 3D-printed mechanism is large. This would significantly limit the use of AM in directly building movable sub-systems without further assembly operations after the building process. To reduce the joint clearance, we present a novel joint design by considering the fabrication limitation of AM processes. A novel marker structure is developed for various types of joints including cylindrical pin joints. The relation of the marker design and the rotation performance of the 3D-printed joint is modeled. Test cases based on the Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) process have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the developed joint design. Compared to the traditional pin joint design, the new design can achieve a smaller clearance during rotation while still be able to be fabricated by the SLA process. Consequently its rotation performance can be improved.
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Jones, Casey. "Utilizing Measurement Tools to Develop a Shrink Rule for the 3-D Printing Process." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2016.18.
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Rapid prototyping, in particular 3-D printing, has quickly grown to be a critical part of the design, inspect, and evaluate process involved in product design. Parts of moderate size may be 3-D printed using various plastic materials like Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and nylon, which have quickly replaced the powder-based 3-D printers. These plastic processes utilize relatively inexpensive printers and materials and their popularity has soared as a result. The Purdue Polytechnic campus in Columbus, Indiana, now employs five 3-D printers to supplement its mechanical design, inspection, and validation instruction by also using the tools and resources of an environmentally-controlled metrology lab. The objective of this study is to design, print, and measure various part geometries to determine how closely the 3D printed part dimensions are to the original design. 3D printed parts do shrink as they cool following the printing process. In essence, this is very similar to shrinkage that occurs during the metal casting process and so the goal is identify and create a "shrink rule" for 3D printed plastic parts. There are multiple variables involved in the process including material, nozzle speed of the 3D printer, resolution of the printer, and size of the part among others. These different variables are explored in this study to determine the optimal process for accurate and repeatable 3D printing. A Zeiss Duramax coordinate measuring machine is utilized to perform the dimensional measurements of the parts. Various part orientations on the CMM are also investigated to determine any sensitivity to the measurement process. Results will demonstrate that parts need to be scaled up by 1.1% to 1.3% to accurately account for shrinkage of the material.
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KUMAR, DINESH, BALKISHAN PAL, BALWINDER KUMAR, and VIKAS BHARDWAJ. "A REVIEW OF FUTURE TRENDS IN 3-D PRINTING OF ARMAMENT AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36044.
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Advances in Computer aided design (CAD), modeling and Three-dimensional (3D) printing has led to paradigm shift in development of innovative and miniaturized explosive devices for armament applications. In conventional techniques, explosives are either pressed or casted and machined to required geometry. These conventional processes are mostly manual and monotonous; require high-cost tooling and the lead-time from concept to product is high. 3D printing is an automated additive manufacturing process in which the material is deposited layer-by-layer to build physical part with any intricate geometry and profile, from the CAD model of the part. 3D printing of explosive devices offers advantages of computer aided design techniques, automation, direct physical part fabrication, low lead-time, low cost and any geometrical shape can be printed. It also offers advantage of printing explosive parts in the battlefields. In this paper, along with the detailed review of future trends in 3D printing of armament and explosive devices, a case study of 3D printing of plastic bullets in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material is presented. The plastic bullets are used in low intensity conflicts and riot control. The experimental firing trials were conducted using standard AK- 47 gun firing on Gelatin target blocks placed at 30 m distance from the muzzle of the gun. The trials showed performance of ABS bullets in terms of lethality and velocity drop comparable to existing plastic bullets made of Nylon-66 manufactured by injection molding process. 3D printed ABS bullets have advantage of batch-to-batch repeatability, high accuracy. 3D printing is revolutionizing the way armament and explosive devices are manufactured, performance improvement and miniaturization.
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Shepard, Thomas G., John Wentz, Tucker Bender, Derek Olmschenk, and Alex Gutenberg. "Impact of Print Parameters on Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through 3-D Printed Pipes." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20252.
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Abstract Flow conduits made via additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3-D printing, are of increasing interest for a variety of industrial applications due to the ability to create unique and conformal flow paths that would not be possible with other fabrication techniques. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an additive manufacturing technique that is seeing new interest in the creation of internal flow channels with its ability to print high-temperature polymers and soluble supports. Printing parameter choices in the FFF printing process result in surfaces that can have significant profile differences that may significantly impact the flow characteristics within the conduits. In this study, two print parameters were experimentally studied for turbulent water flow through circular pipes created by fused filament fabrication out of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The print layer orientation relative to the flow was investigated for printing layers parallel, perpendicular, and at 45 degrees from the flow axis. Layer thickness were varied from 0.254 mm to 0.330 mm and all channels were created using soluble support structures. Pressure drops were measured for fully developed flow through pipes with an inside diameter of 5 mm and Reynolds numbers up to 62,000. Results are presented in terms of relative pressure drops as well as the wall surface roughness that would lead to such impacts. These flow-determined grain surface roughnesses are then compared against measurements of print surface roughness.
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Fuehne, Joseph P. "Utilizing A 3-D Printer to Improve Learning of Metrology and GD&T." In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2015.15.
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Three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping has had a significant impact on manufacturing and educational environments. Manufacturing organizations can now cheaply and quickly create prototypes to provide information on sizes, tolerances, tolerance stack-ups, and assembly. Educational institutions may utilize 3-D printers in much the same ways. Students enhance computer-aided design (CAD) learning by actually making the parts they design and checking assembly operations. From a metrology and GD&T perspective, 3-D printers are also employed to enhance the learning of these topics. Reverse engineering projects are conducted where students use metrology tools to measure a part or assembly, model the part on a computer using CAD, print the part using a 3-D printer, and then measuring the printed part for comparison to the original. As part of the process, students are asked to develop a measuring process that could be employed during an actual manufacturing process of the part including determining the critical dimensions and tools required to measure those dimensions. Additionally, students are required to create 5 GD&T specifications for the part and determine the best way to inspect those specifications.
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Vogtmann, Dana E., Satyandra K. Gupta, and Sarah Bergbreiter. "A Systematic Approach to Designing Multi-Material Miniature Compliant Mechanisms." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48410.
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A new process has been developed for realizing multimaterial miniature compliant hinges. This paper presents a systematic approach to the design of multi-material miniature compliant mechanisms based on the new process. A mechanism concept in the form of a skeleton diagram with force and motion constraints is provided as input, and the design results in a 3-D CAD model that incorporates all manufacturing constraints. The new fabrication process allows the utilization of multiple materials to realize compliant mechanisms. Therefore, material choice is an important component of the design approach in addition to shape selection, manufacturing constraints incorporation, and the final optimization. A sub-gram flapping mechanism used to characterize the performance of miniature wings is presented as a running example, illustrating the design process.
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Stanley, Nicholas, Ashley Ciero, William Timms, and Rodward L. Hewlin. "Development of 3-D Printed Optically Clear Rigid Anatomical Vessels for Particle Image Velocimetry Analysis in Cardiovascular Flow." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11649.
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Abstract In recent years, blood flow analysis of diseased arterial mock vessels using particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been hampered by the inability to fabricate optically clear anatomical vessel models that realistically replicate the complex morphology of arterial vessels and provide highly resolved flow images of flow tracer particles. The aim of the present work is to introduce an approach for producing optically clear rigid anatomical models that are suitable for PIV analysis using a common 3-D SLA inkjet printing process (using a Formlabs Form 2 3-D printer) and stock clear resin (RS-F2-GPCL-04). By matching the index of refraction (IOR) of the working fluid to the stock clear resin material, and by printing the part in a 45-degree print orientation, a clear anatomical model that allows clear visualization of flow tracer particles can be produced which yields highly resolved flow images for PIV analyses. However, a 45-degree print orientation increases the need for post processing due to an increased amount of printed support material. During post processing, the part must be wet sanded in several steps and surface finished with Novus Plastic Polish 3 Step System to achieve the final surface finish needed to yield high quality flow images. The fabrication methodology of the clear anatomical models is described in detail.
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Godbey, Brady B., and David C. Angstadt. "Improving Surface Finish Quality of Rapid Tooling via Surface Contact Infiltration of 3-D Printed Metal Parts." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14601.
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Solid freeform fabrication technology has shown a great deal of promise for the plastic injection molding industry due to its ability to produce complex geometry tooling relatively quickly. However, one shortcoming of metal-based SFF processes is that they have difficulty producing parts with acceptable surface quality. As such, secondary operations, such as machining, are frequently required thereby increasing fabrication time and cost. In addition, there is variation in the surface quality that is dependent upon the surface orientation during the build process. For example, parts produced using the metal-based 3-D printing process have vertical faces with a typical roughness 52% greater than the horizontal faces. This work investigates the effects on part surface quality resulting from the application of a contact surface "blank" to the part free surfaces during the infiltration stage of a powder metalbased rapid manufacturing process. Specifically, the effects of "blank" surface roughness and contact pressure are studied with respect to resultant surface roughness and uniformity of the infiltrated part. Application of a smooth contact surface on vertical faces resulted in Ra values at least 25% lower than that of vertical free surfaces. It was also revealed that there is a correlation between surface roughness of the blank and the surface roughness of the infiltrated part. Such blanks could be used to impart desired surface finish and texture to critical surfaces of a mold tool.
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Denizhan, Onur, and Meng-Sang Chew. "Incorporating 3D Printing to Bridge Two Introductory Courses in Mechanical Engineering." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23338.
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Abstract A course in Computer Graphics using SolidWorks™ is one of the very first courses that a Mechanical Engineering major would take within the department at Lehigh University. In this course, students learn the basics of engineering graphics with a view towards engineering design. Such a course gives students an overall view of not just the mechanics of creating engineering drawings using SolidWorks, but also one of understanding the consequences of their drawings as they affect tolerances, material selection, fabrication processes as well as the viability of their designs. The very next introductory mechanical engineering course is a laboratory dealing with engineering measurements, data acquisition and testing. This article reports on the use of a 3-D printing exercise to bridge these two somewhat very different courses with different objectives, thereby giving students an early start into understanding the process of design; from a concept to its design and fabrication, and finally, testing and analysis of data. Moreover, it gives a fundamental understanding of the use of 3-D printing that many students would end up using for their Senior Design course in their senior year.
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PHENISEE, SEAN E., ANTONIO A. DELEO, DANIELE PELESSONE, MARK FLORES, and MARCO SALVIATO. "DISCRETE, MESO-SCALE MODELING OF FIBER- REINFORCED COMPOSITES (DM4C): APPLICATION TO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING OF CONTINUOUS FIBER COMPOSITES." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36474.
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This study presents the application of a novel, discrete modeling framework for composite materials made via 3-D printing of continuous fibers. Fiber tows are explicitly modeled as Timoshenko beam elements, and the matrix is represented via tetrahedral elements derived from the set of beam nodes. The constitutive law of the matrix is defined at facets which are generated from the tessellation process in the mesh. Vectoral representation of stress and strain on facets provides clear and physics-based material descriptions. A computationally efficient, robust, and highly parallelized scheme is provided to generate the 3-D printed composite parts, which can attain the fiber volume fractions higher than 60 %. The calibration result of the model applied to the 3-D printing composite materials is presented, which demonstrates the capability of the model in capturing the main damage mechanisms of 3D printed composites.