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Journal articles on the topic 'Multilevel states'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Caponio, Tiziana, and Michael Jones-Correa. "Theorising migration policy in multilevel states: the multilevel governance perspective." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44, no. 12 (August 2, 2017): 1995–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2017.1341705.

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Zlatanov, Kaloyan, and Nikolay Vitanov. "Multilevel Laser Induced Continuum Structure." Entropy 23, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070891.

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Laser-induced-continuum-structure (LICS) allows for coherent control techniques to be applied in a Raman type system with an intermediate continuum state. The standard LICS problem involves two bound states coupled to one or more continua. In this paper, we discuss the simplest non-trivial multistate generalization of LICS which couples two bound levels, each composed of two degenerate states through a common continuum state. We reduce the complexity of the system by switching to a rotated basis of the bound states, in which different sub-systems of lower dimension evolve independently. We derive the trapping condition and explore the dynamics of the sub-systems under different initial conditions.

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Chang-qi, Cao, and Fritz Haake. "Coherent states and holomorphic representations for multilevel atoms." Physical Review A 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 4203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.4203.

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Fang, Xu-Dong, Yu-Hua Tang, and Jun-Jie Wu. "SPICE modeling of memristors with multilevel resistance states." Chinese Physics B 21, no. 9 (September 2012): 098901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/21/9/098901.

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Jia-Qian, Qin, Kuang Ye, and Shu Xiao-Qin. "Creation of Coherent Superposition States in Multilevel Systems." Communications in Theoretical Physics 48, no. 5 (November 2007): 908–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/48/5/030.

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Schakel, Arjan H. "Multi-level governance in a ‘Europe with the regions’." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 22, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148120937982.

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The concept of multilevel governance was introduced to reveal the impact of regions on European Union (EU) policy making in Brussels. In this contribution, I show that multilevel governance also exposes regional involvement in EU affairs within the member states. In contrast to perspectives that focus on formal decision-making by central governments, multilevel governance uncovers significant sharing of authority between governmental actors within and beyond national states even in cases where the formal right to make a decision lies with national governments or the EU legislator. I argue that the concept of multilevel governance is key for understanding developments within a three-tiered EU polity because it directs scholarly attention to the incentives for regions to be involved in EU affairs and for national governments and EU institutions to share their authority with regions.

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Deswal, Sweety, Rupali R. Malode, Ashok Kumar, and Ajeet Kumar. "Controlled inter-state switching between quantized conductance states in resistive devices for multilevel memory." RSC Advances 9, no. 17 (2019): 9494–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00726a.

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Camargo, Renner Sartório, Daniel Santamargarita Mayor, Alvar Mayor Miguel, Emilio José Bueno, and Lucas Frizera Encarnação. "A Novel Cascaded Multilevel Converter Topology Based on Three-Phase Cells—CHB-SDC." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184789.

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This paper proposes a new cascaded multilevel converter topology based on three-phase H bridge cells with a common DC-link structure. The proposed multilevel converter topology main advantages, compared with literature renowned multilevel converters topologies, are discussed in the paper, such as modularity, construction, implementation cost, and DC voltage ripple mitigation. Despite presenting an elementary structure and easy implementation, the use of classic PWM switching strategies is not feasible for this topology, causing the appearance of several short-circuit states between its capacitors. Thus, a graph theory algorithm combined with a model predictive control is also proposed in this work to identify and avoid the new cascaded multilevel converter short-circuit switching states and, concomitantly, guaranteeing the converter output power quality. In order to validate the presented topology applicability, a low voltage synchronous static compensators (STATCOM) with an optimal switching vector model predictive control (OSV-MPC) is implemented in a hardware-in-the-loop platform. The real-time experimental results prove the proposed multilevel topology and the OSV-MPC control strategy effectiveness.

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Kulagin, A. V., and Yu I. Ozhigov. "Optical Selection of Dark States of Multilevel Atomic Ensembles." Computational Mathematics and Modeling 31, no. 4 (October 2020): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10598-021-09504-3.

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W. Keep, William, and Peter J. Vander Nat. "Multilevel marketing and pyramid schemes in the United States." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-01-2014-0002.

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Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the evolution of direct selling – a retail channel that successfully sold products ranging from cosmetics to radios to automobiles – to multilevel marketing (MLM), an industry now apparently heavily reliant on selling to itself. As the courts have found some MLM companies to be pyramid schemes, the analysis includes the overlap between the legal MLM model and an illegal pyramid scheme. Design/methodology/approach – The development of direct selling in the USA was examined, followed by the factors contributing to the design and growth of the MLM model and its non-commission-based compensation structure. Then, the key legal decisions regarding illegal pyramid schemes operating under the guise of MLM, the relative stagnation of direct selling and the state of the MLM industry were examined. Findings – As the MLM model operates on the dual premise of retailing through a network of distributors and recruiting new distributors to do the same, it was found that federal regulators and the courts consistently focus on the “retail question” – the existence and extent of sales to consumers external to the distributor network. The authors argue that without a significant external customer base, internal consumption by an ever-churning base of participants resembles neither employee purchases nor a buying club. Social implications – As the MLM model facilitated the growth of pyramid scheme fraud, creating victims rather than customers, this research highlights successful efforts to regulate this type of consumer fraud. Originality/value – Few papers have been written on MLM and pyramids schemes, and none thus far has taken an historical perspective.

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Marzlin, Karl-Peter, and Jürgen Audretsch. "States insensitive to the Unruh effect in multilevel detectors." Physical Review D 57, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 1045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.57.1045.

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12

Scharpf, Fritz W. "Legitimacy in the multilevel European polity." European Political Science Review 1, no. 2 (July 2009): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773909000204.

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To be at the same time effective and liberal, governments must normally be able to count on voluntary compliance – which, in turn, depends on the support of socially shared legitimacy beliefs. In Western constitutional democracies, such beliefs are derived from the distinct, but coexistent traditions of ‘republican’ and ‘liberal’ political philosophy. Judged by these criteria, the European Union – when considered by itself – appears as a thoroughly liberal polity which, however, lacks all republican credentials. But this view (which seems to structure the debates about the ‘European democratic deficit’) ignores the multilevel nature of the European polity, where the compliance of citizens is requested, and needs to be legitimated, by member states, whereas the Union appears as a ‘government of governments’, which is entirely dependent on the voluntary compliance of its member states. What matters primarily, therefore, is the compliance–legitimacy relationship between the Union and its member states – which, however, is normatively constrained by the basic compliance–legitimacy relationship between member governments and their constituents. Given the high consensus requirements of European legislation, member governments could, and should, be able to assume political responsibility for European policies in which they had a voice, and to justify them in ‘communicative discourses’ in the national public space. That is not necessarily so for ‘non-political’ policy choices imposed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ). By enforcing its ‘liberal’ programme of liberalization and deregulation, the ECJ may presently be undermining the ‘republican’ bases of member-state legitimacy. Where that is the case, open non-compliance is a present danger, and political controls of judicial legislation may be called for.

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Liang, Junhao, and Changsong Zhou. "Criticality enhances the multilevel reliability of stimulus responses in cortical neural networks." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e1009848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009848.

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Cortical neural networks exhibit high internal variability in spontaneous dynamic activities and they can robustly and reliably respond to external stimuli with multilevel features–from microscopic irregular spiking of neurons to macroscopic oscillatory local field potential. A comprehensive study integrating these multilevel features in spontaneous and stimulus–evoked dynamics with seemingly distinct mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we study the stimulus–response dynamics of biologically plausible excitation–inhibition (E–I) balanced networks. We confirm that networks around critical synchronous transition states can maintain strong internal variability but are sensitive to external stimuli. In this dynamical region, applying a stimulus to the network can reduce the trial-to-trial variability and shift the network oscillatory frequency while preserving the dynamical criticality. These multilevel features widely observed in different experiments cannot simultaneously occur in non-critical dynamical states. Furthermore, the dynamical mechanisms underlying these multilevel features are revealed using a semi-analytical mean-field theory that derives the macroscopic network field equations from the microscopic neuronal networks, enabling the analysis by nonlinear dynamics theory and linear noise approximation. The generic dynamical principle revealed here contributes to a more integrative understanding of neural systems and brain functions and incorporates multimodal and multilevel experimental observations. The E–I balanced neural network in combination with the effective mean-field theory can serve as a mechanistic modeling framework to study the multilevel neural dynamics underlying neural information and cognitive processes.

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Knight, P. L., and B. W. Shore. "Schrödinger-cat states of the electromagnetic field and multilevel atoms." Physical Review A 48, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.642.

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Jin, Feng, Qiyuan Feng, Zhuang Guo, Da Lan, Binbin Chen, Haoran Xu, Ze Wang, et al. "Multilevel control of the metastable states in a manganite film." Journal of Applied Physics 121, no. 24 (June 28, 2017): 245304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4989974.

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Zhu, Yifu, Shijun Wang, and Neil M. Mulchan. "Multilevel dark states in an inhomogeneously broadened open atomic system." Physical Review A 59, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 4005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.59.4005.

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17

Alves, Jorge Antonio, and Christopher L. Gibson. "States and Capitals of Health: Multilevel Health Governance in Brazil." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.59.

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AbstractScholars of Brazil’s public health system commonly note the intertwined roles that federal, state, and municipal governments play in delivering care, yet few studies systematically examine varying service performance in areas with overlapping mandates, such as state capitals. This study addresses that gap by developing and analyzing a novel measure of municipal primary care provision that accounts for the proportion of the population without access to private services in 11 large capital cities, then comparing them to the noncapital municipalities in their states. The study finds that capitals generally underperform the noncapital municipalities in primary service delivery. It then draws on a comparative case study in two major capitals, Salvador and Belo Horizonte, and their encompassing states to explore how a history of cooperative or adversarial relations between state and local governments conditions the impact of partisanship, participatory institutions, and public health activists on primary care delivery.

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Huang, Kuo-Feng, Ding-Shuo Wang, Ming-Han Tsai, Hsiu-Hau Lin, and Chih-Huang Lai. "Initialization-Free Multilevel States Driven by Spin-Orbit Torque Switching." Advanced Materials 29, no. 8 (January 18, 2017): 1601575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601575.

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Dolinar, Mojca Kucler. "Multilevel governance within the European Union." European View 9, no. 1 (June 2010): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-010-0119-1.

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In the current economic and social crisis affecting Europe, dialogue is of great importance. The reaction of the EU to the present situation is evident from various discussions and documents. Following the ambitious Lisbon Strategy, a document created during a period of economic growth for most of the Member States, we now have before us the Europe 2020 Strategy. In this article, the author explores the contents of this strategy in light of the implementation of its goals of multilevel governance.

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20

Shumsky, N. "Commonwealth of Independent States: The First 20 Years." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 20, 2011): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-12-90-101.

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The article assesses the effectiveness and outcomes of cooperation of the Commonwealth participating states over the past 20 years. It reviews perspectives and directions for further development of the CIS taking into account the conditions and characteristics of integration processes of the post-Soviet states, implementation of the principles of multilevel and multispeed integration of the Commonwealth participating states.

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Xu, Zhemi, Peiyuan Guan, Adnan Younis, Dewei Chu, and Sean Li. "Manipulating resistive states in oxide based resistive memories through defective layers design." RSC Advances 7, no. 89 (2017): 56390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11681k.

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Costa, Patrícia Lopes, Ana Margarida Passos, and M. Clara Barata. "Multilevel influences of team viability perceptions." Team Performance Management 21, no. 1/2 (March 9, 2015): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-03-2014-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this article was to examine how individual positive emotions and team work engagement (TWE) relate to the perceptions of team viability. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 254 teams (N = 1,154 individuals) participated in this study, and a multilevel analysis was conducted of the effects of individual and team-level factors. Findings – The multilevel analysis results suggest a partial compensatory effect. High levels of individual positive emotions and high TWE are associated with a positive effect on the perceptions of team viability. Simultaneously, being part of a highly engaged team has a protective effect on perceptions of team viability, when individuals experience low levels of positive emotions. Research limitations/implications – As the study was conducted with teams involved in a management simulation, generalizing the results to “real world” teams must be done with caution. Practical implications – Nonetheless, these findings have important implications for managers of work groups. They highlight the need to consider collective states of work groups as relevant for their effectiveness, and suggest that promoting positive interactions between team members may result in gains in team viability perceptions, mostly when individual emotions are less positive. Originality/value – We consider both individual and collective affective experiences at work, and focus on a less studied outcome, team viability. Additionally, we empirically demonstrate the relevance of collective states of teams for team members’ individual perceptions, as a top-down influence mechanism.

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Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. "“FRAGMENTATION” OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A STRATEGY FOR REFORMING INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 23, no. 1 (November 17, 2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90230037.

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International economic law (IEL) continues to evolve through dialectic processes of unilateral, bilateral, regional and worldwide regulation aimed at protecting cosmopolitan rights and transnational rule of law in mutually beneficial economic cooperation among citizens in a globalizing economy (section 1). The more transnational protection of cosmopolitan rights (e.g., human rights, trading, investor and social rights) depends on multilevel cooperation among national and international courts, the stronger becomes the need for justifying “multilevel judicial governance” by conceptions of “cosmopolitan” and “constitutional justice” rather than only by “Westphalian justice” and “commutative justice”, as reciprocally agreed in treaties among States (section 2). “Fragmentation” of “IEL among States” through multilevel economic regulation and adjudication (e.g., inside free trade areas and economic communities) is a necessary strategy for reforming international law for the benefit of citizens. In order to remain legitimate and reconcile the rational self-interests of citizens with their reasonable common interests, investment arbitration must remain embedded into multilevel human rights law and respect for legitimate “constitutional pluralism” protecting cosmopolitan rights, transnational “participatory” and “deliberative democracy” and rule of law through “consistent interpretations” and “judicial comity” among national and international courts of justice (section 3).

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Yamamoto, Masahiro, and Seungahn Nah. "A Multilevel Examination of Local Newspaper Credibility." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 95, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699017721486.

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This study adopts a multilevel framework to test whether perceived credibility of local newspapers is explained by individual- and community-level factors. Data from a community survey in the United States show that structural pluralism is negatively related to local newspaper credibility. Data also reveal that conservative ideology, newspaper use, social trust, and political trust are significantly related to local newspaper credibility.

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Bolleyer, Nicole, and Tanja A. Börzel. "Non-hierarchical policy coordination in multilevel systems." European Political Science Review 2, no. 2 (July 2010): 157–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577391000007x.

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In theory, lower-level governments (provinces, regional governments, or member states) operating in multilevel systems within and beyond the nation-state can choose from a wide repertoire of modes of policy coordination to solve collective problems non-hierarchically. These modes range from unilateral policy emulation over informal intergovernmental agreements to binding interstate law. The modes that governments are willing and capable to use, however, vary considerably across multilevel systems which affects governments’ collective problem-solving capacity. This paper argues that the nature of executive–legislative relations in lower-level governments is crucial to account for this variation. The presence (or absence) of power sharing shapes the willingness of lower-level governments to enter agreements that greatly constrain individual government autonomy. Power-concentrating governments, as opposed to power-sharing ones, tend to avoid such agreements. The type of power sharing affects the capacity to enter agreements that require legislative approval. Compulsory power-sharing governments, as opposed to voluntary power-sharing governments, should find it difficult to enter such agreements, since this type of power sharing invites inter-branch divides. To substantiate these arguments, we apply them to Canada, Switzerland, the United States, and the European Union.

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Nezlek, John B. "A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 6 (October 2007): 789–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.640.

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A conceptual and analytic framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations, and behaviours is presented. The framework assumes that such relationships can be understood in terms of four questions. (1) What are the relationships between trait and state level constructs, which include psychological states, the situations people experience and behaviour? (2) What are the relationships between psychological states, between states and situations and between states and behaviours? (3) How do such state level relationships vary as a function of trait level individual differences? (4) How do the relationships that are the focus of questions 1, 2, and 3 change across time? This article describes how to use multilevel random coefficient modelling (MRCM) to examine such relationships. The framework can accommodate different definitions of traits and dispositions (Allportian, processing styles, profiles, etc.) and different ways of conceptualising relationships between states and traits (aggregationist, interactionist, etc.). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Krinkin, Kirill, Alexander Vodyaho, Igor Kulikov, and Nataly Zhukova. "Method of Multilevel Adaptive Synthesis of Monitoring Object Knowledge Graphs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146251.

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The paper introduces a method for adaptive deductive synthesis of state models, of complex objects, with multilevel variable structures. The method makes it possible to predict the state of objects using the data coming from them. The data from the objects are collected with sensors installed on them. Multilevel knowledge graphs (KG) are used to describe the observed objects. The new adaptive synthesis method develops previously proposed inductive and deductive synthesis methods, allowing the context to be taken into account when predicting the states of the monitored objects based on the data obtained from them. The article proposes the algorithm for the suggested method and presents its computational complexity analysis. The software system, based on the proposed method, and the algorithm for multilevel adaptive synthesis of the object models developed, are described in the article. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown in the results from modeling the states of telecommunication networks of cable television operators.

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Khoroshilov, Alexey Vladimirovich. "Verification of Compliance for Multilevel Models in Individual Trace Semantics." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 32, no. 6 (2020): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2020-32(6)-2.

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The paper considers the problem of verification of compliance between models representing the same system on different level of abstraction. The existing approaches are mostly based on refinement relation. But the models representing industrial systems are quite big and complex, while semantics gap between the level is quite big. As a result, the existing methods became too complex and labour intensive. The paper presents new verification techniques that targets to prove multimodel compliance in terms of individual trace semantics. The techniques assume that each model is verified, i.e. it is proved that starting from initial states of labelled transition system is not possible to reach unsafe states by using valid transitions. The first proposed technique allows to prove that the detailed model satisfies to requirements of the abstract model, i.e. reachable states of detailed model do not include states corresponding to unsafe states of the abstract model. The second proposed technique allows to prove that the detailed model satisfies to behaviour specification of the abstract model, i.e. all reachable transitions of the detailed model do not include transitions corresponding to invalid transitions of the abstract model. For each technique the correspondence relation is defined in terms of the models, i.e. the relations are formally defined and they can be used for analysis with interactive or automated provers. At the same time, there are some requirements to that relations that are expressed in terms of low level events that exist hypothetically only and can be analyzed theoretically only. As a result, the proposed techniques provides a reasonable approach to prove compliance between mulilevel models in more approachable way for industrial settings.

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Beck, Nathaniel. "Multilevel Analyses of Comparative Data: A Comment." Political Analysis 13, no. 4 (2005): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpi023.

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The articles in this special issue all use multilevel methods to study comparative political behavior. This is obviously a good thing, for both methodology and comparative politics. Clearly comparative politics means comparing things and not just studying nations other than the United States. This is equally true of micropolitical studies. These articles all do a very nice job of showing how one can do comparative micropolitics (and tie together micro and macro variables).

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Min, Shin-Yi, and Won-Ju Cho. "Memristive Switching Characteristics in Biomaterial Chitosan-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Artificial Synapse." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020773.

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This study evaluated the memristive switching characteristics of a biomaterial solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) chitosan-based memristor and confirmed its artificial synaptic behavior with analog switching. Despite the potential advantages of organic memristors for high-end electronics, the unstable multilevel states and poor reliability of organic devices must be overcome. The fabricated Ti/SPE-chitosan/Pt-structured memristor has stable bipolar resistive switching (BRS) behavior due to a cation-based electrochemical reaction between a polymeric electrolyte and metal ions and exhibits excellent endurance in 5 × 102 DC cycles. In addition, we achieved multilevel per cell (MLC) BRS I-V characteristics by adjusting the set compliance current (Icc) for analog switching. The multilevel states demonstrated uniform resistance distributions and nonvolatile retention characteristics over 104 s. These stable MLC properties are explained by the laterally intensified conductive filaments in SPE-chitosan, based on the linear relationship between operating voltage margin (ΔVswitching) and Icc. In addition, the multilevel resistance dependence on Icc suggests the capability of continuous analog resistance switching. Chitosan-based SPE artificial synapses ensure the emulation of short- and long-term plasticity of biological synapses, including excitatory postsynaptic current, inhibitory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and paired-pulse depression. Furthermore, the gradual conductance modulations upon repeated stimulation by 104 electric pulses were evaluated in high stability.

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Khan, Shoeb Ahmad, Adil Sarwar, Mohd Tariq, Shabana Urooj, and Md Alamgir Hossain. "Open Circuit Fault Mitigation in a Nine-Level Modified Packed E-Cell Inverter." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 7976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217976.

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Reliability of the multilevel inverters (MLIs) is one of the most important concerns in industrial applications, mainly due to the semiconductor devices. Whenever a fault occurs in one of the switches of the inverter, it leads to abnormal conditions and can also cause serious damage to the equipment connected to the multilevel inverter. In this paper, a recently proposed nine-level Packed-E-Cell (PEC) multilevel inverter topology is investigated for its fault-tolerant capability and improved reliability. The analysis is carried out for a reduced device multilevel inverter topology that, due to a lack of redundant states, cannot tolerate switch failures. The fault-tolerant (FT) topology provides additional redundant states in the switching sequence of the existing topology. The work in this paper presents Packed-E-Cell MLI modified for fault tolerance against single-switch open-circuit faults. The modified FT topology inherently achieves self-voltage balance in the DC-link capacitors. Nearest Level Control(NLC) is used as the modulation strategy for generating the desired switching pulses. Simulation results are obtained in MATLAB/Simulink for the conditions prior to the fault, during the fault and post fault, and results are discussed. Experimental verification of the modified FT topology is also performed, in order to validate its effectiveness.

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Salem, A., and Mohamed A. Abido. "Fast and Efficient MPC Approaches for Multilevel Drives Considering Cost Function Terms Dependency." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.449.

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—Model predictive control (MPC) for multilevel converter has a multi-term cost function that requires high computation burden. In this paper, the deviation terms considered are classified into two categories according to their dependency on the voltage vector or the switching states of the multilevel converter. Subsequently, two approaches to reduce the computation burden are proposed. Mathematical models for the proposed MPC approaches are discussed and analyzed. An experimental platform for a fivelevel T-type multilevel induction drive is used to validate the proposed study. The experimental results show that the proposed approaches have substantially reduced the MPC computation burden compared to the conventional MPC techniques.

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Aggestam, Karin, and Jacqui True. "Political leadership and gendered multilevel games in foreign policy." International Affairs 97, no. 2 (March 2021): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa222.

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Abstract Gender intersects as a major fault-line in increasingly polarized, contemporary global politics. Many democratic states in the global North and South have adopted pro-gender norms in their foreign policies, while other states and populist regimes have resisted the promotion of gender equality and women's rights. This article analyses how political leaders harness gender dynamics to further their power, status and authority to act in foreign policy. While scholarship on foreign policy analysis has emphasized the role of individuals, political leaders and their followers, and of two-level games balancing domestic and international pressures, we advance a novel theoretical concept: ‘gendered multilevel games’. This new concept highlights the gendered dynamics of the problem of agency and structure in foreign policy, which are generated from the interactions between the domestic, international and transnational levels, and reach within and across states. To illustrate the utility of this concept, we analyse foreign policy leadership and the variation in gendered multilevel games in four vignettes: (1) hyper-masculinity and revisionist leadership; (2) normative leadership and gendered nation-branding; (3) compassionate leadership and gendered transnational symbolism; and (4) contested leadership on pro- and anti-gender norms in foreign policy. Importantly, these empirical illustrations show how adept political leaders navigate pro- and anti-gender norms to achieve core and often divergent foreign policy goals.

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Milner, Valery, and Yehiam Prior. "Multilevel Dark States: Coherent Population Trapping with Elliptically Polarized Incoherent Light." Physical Review Letters 80, no. 5 (February 2, 1998): 940–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.940.

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Vanlangenakker, Ine, Bart Maddens, and Gert-Jan Put. "Career Patterns in Multilevel States: An Analysis of the Belgian Regions." Regional Studies 47, no. 3 (March 2013): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.753144.

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Rai, Jagdish, C. L. Mehta, and N. Mukunda. "Correlated states and collective transition operators for multilevel atomic systems. I." Journal of Mathematical Physics 29, no. 2 (February 1988): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.528042.

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Papillon, Martin. "Adapting Federalism: Indigenous Multilevel Governance in Canada and the United States." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2011): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjr032.

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Shi, Peng, Li-Bo Chen, Yong-Jian Gu, and Wen-Dong Li. "Generation of multilevel maximally entangled states under large atom-cavity detuning." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 30, no. 4 (March 12, 2013): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.30.000889.

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Kim, Kyo-seong, Yongwoo Lee, and Yu-jeong Lee. "A Multilevel Analysis of Factors Related to Poverty in Welfare States." Social Indicators Research 99, no. 3 (March 13, 2010): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9592-9.

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Shang, Dashan, Lidong Chen, Qun Wang, Zihua Wu, Wenqing Zhang, and Xiaomin Li. "Reversible multilevel resistance switching of Ag–La0.7Ca0.3MnO3–Pt heterostructures." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 2 (February 2008): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0072.

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The electric-pulse–induced resistance switching of the Ag–La0.7Ca03MnO3(LCMO)–Pt heterostructures was studied. The multilevel resistance switching (MLRS), in which several resistance states can be obtained, was observed in the switching from high to low resistance state (HRS → LRS) by applying electric pulse with various pulse voltages. The threshold pulse voltages of MLRS are related to the initial resistance values as well as the switching directions. On the other hand, the resistance switching behavior from low to high resistance states (LRS → HRS) shows unobvious MLRS. According to the resistance switching behavior in serial and parallel modes, MLRS was explained by the parallel effect of multifilament forming/rupture in the Ag–LCMO interface layer. The present results suggest a possible application of Ag–LCMO–Pt heterostructures as multilevel memory devices.

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Koch, Julianna, and Danielle M. Thomsen. "Gender Equality Mood across States and over Time." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 17, no. 4 (June 13, 2017): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532440017712792.

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This article provides a new measure of state-level attitudes toward gender roles. Our series, gender equality mood, spans from 1972 to 2010 and is the first measure to capture variation in gender-role attitudes across states and over time. The series is created using two leading techniques for opinion estimation: multilevel regression and poststratification and survey aggregation. We conclude by discussing several research areas in which our measure of gender equality mood may be especially useful.

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Liu, Suyi, Yun Ma, Shujuan Liu, Kexin Chen, Wei Huang, and Qiang Zhao. "Achieving multiple emission states and controllable response behaviour in thermochromic luminescent materials for security applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 31 (2020): 10798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06627f.

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In this work, thermochromic luminescent materials with three emission states and controllable thermochromic transition temperatures were developed for multilevel anti-counterfeiting and high-security level information storage.

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Alvarez Conde, Enrique, and Rosario Tur Ausina. "Los derechos en el constitucionalismo: tipología y tutela «multilevel»." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 20 (July 1, 2007): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.20.2007.6783.

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The survey pretends an approach to the characteristic multilevel protection of rights throughly studied in the last times. Starting from previous considerations that should highlight the value of fundamental rights in constitutionalism, we reach today a globalized world in which the benefits that citizens receive, as well as the juridical status, are exceeded by different levels of acknowledgement and protection in search of a perfect fitting. Therefore, the survey tackles such a problem tacking into account, on the one hand, the complexity the new challewnges represent for the classical rights (biotechnology, collective rights, environment, etc.) and at the same time, on the other hand, noticing that the protection is «distributed» amongst many different and varied levels. If States and international organisms were until now the «natural» guarantors of rights, we must take into consideration, from this very moment, that the contribution of protection in the under state levels (regional autonomous, local), but as well the emphasis that appears in the private field. Definitely, the multileval protection of rights is one of the great challenges of the contemporary democracies.

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Ahmad Tarusan, Siti Azura, Auzani Jidin, Mohd Luqman Mohd Jamil‬, Kasrul Abdul Karim, and Tole Sutikno. "A review of direct torque control development in various multilevel inverter applications." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1675-1688.

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<span>Multilevel inverter (MLI) is commonly utilized in direct torque control (DTC) for medium and high power applications. The additional voltage vectors generated by MLI can be manipulated to achieve the optimal selection for the inverter switching states in the DTC control systems. Previously, a review of DTC which focused more on the two-level inverter for induction motor as well as a review of the multilevel converter in industrial applications had been implemented individually. However, a review on DTC development in MLI was insufficient in both papers. Therefore, this paper aims to give a comprehensive review of the improvement of DTC via various MLI applications. It is reviewed according to the applicable multilevel inverter topologies in the DTC system. The comparison of DTC by using conventional and multilevel inverter is synthesized. Thus, this review paper will hopefully lead researchers in further research activities actively.</span>

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Chakrabarti, Sudipto, and Amlan J. Pal. "Multilevel memristor effect in metal–semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles tested by scanning tunneling spectroscopy." Nanoscale 7, no. 21 (2015): 9886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr01161b.

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Scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments of Au–CZTS metal–semiconductor core–shell nanoparticles reveal a multilevel memristor effect. Voltage pulses of suitable magnitudes were applied to achieve two high-conducting states.

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Hinarejos Parga, Alicia. "Fiscal federalism in the European Union: Evolution and future choices for EMU." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 6 (December 1, 2013): 1621–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013161.

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In order to besustainable as a multilevel system of fiscal and economic governance, EMU faces certain challenges that are common to all federal, multilevel, or fiscally decentralized systems. This paper focuses on three such central challenges: (1) enforcing fiscal discipline; (2) addressing structural inequalities between different euro area economies; and (3) preventing and countering asymmetric shocks. The paper analyses the evolution of the EU's multilevel system of fiscal and economic governance in relation to these three challenges, showing that they have been only partially addressed. If it were to address these obstacles more fully, the EU would face a crucial choice between two ideal models of integration: The "surveillance model", where Member States maintain all taxing power and where the EU is an enforcer of discipline, and the "classic fiscal federalism" model, where the EU acquires an independent sphere of fiscal authority, and thus its own fiscal tools for macroeconomic stabilization. The paper analyses the implications of both models andargues that the surveillance model, when taken to its natural conclusion, poses as much of a threat to Member States' autonomy, and presents us with similar democratic legitimacy problems, as the classic fiscal federalism model.

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Baig, Muhammad Anas, Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif, Irfan Ahmad Khan, and Ghulam Abbas. "Quick Search Algorithm-Based Direct Model Predictive Control of Grid-Connected 289-Level Multilevel Inverter." Electronics 12, no. 15 (August 2, 2023): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12153312.

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Multilevel inverters, known for their low switching loss and suitability for medium- to high-power applications, often create a heavy computational overhead for the controller. This paper addresses the aforementioned limitation by presenting a novel approach to Direct Model Predictive Control (DMPC) for a grid-tied 289-level ladder multilevel inverter (LMLI). The primary objective is to achieve perfect inverter current control without enumeration. The proposed control method provides a single best solution without complete exploration of the search space. This generalized method can be applied to any multilevel inverter (MLI), enabling them to be used in the grid-tied mode without the computational burden due to a large number of switching states. The DMPC of LMLI with 289-level output and corresponding 289 control inputs, utilizes a discrete model to predict the future state of the state variable. In order to alleviate the enumeration burden, virtual sectors on a linear scale are introduced, and a general formula is provided to identify the single best state among the 289 states, reducing the time required to find the best optimal state per sampling period. Moreover, the proposed control scheme is independent of objective evaluation.

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Van de Vliert, Evert. "A Multilevel Approach to Investigating Cross-National Differences in Negotiation Processes." International Negotiation 9, no. 3 (2004): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806053498724.

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AbstractThe impact of the psychological states of the negotiators, the social conditions of negotiations, and the behavior of negotiators on the outcomes of negotiations differs from country to country. Various suboptimal, individual-level, and country-level solutions have been suggested to predict and explain such cross-national variations. Drawing inspiration from a series of cross-cultural studies on job satisfaction and motives for volunteer work that successfully employed multilevel modeling, we propose a multilevel research approach to more accurately examine the generalizability of negotiation models across countries.

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Trachtman, Samuel. "Building Climate Policy in the States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 685, no. 1 (September 2019): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219865173.

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Large-scale carbon emissions reductions in the United States likely require national-level policy, but political and institutional constraints restrict the scope of policy that can be enacted in Washington. State governments, on the other hand, have demonstrated a remarkable willingness to enact climate policies, despite the global nature of the problem. Although it is limited in directly reducing carbon emissions, state policy has the potential to make the terrain of U.S. climate politics more fertile for future policy. I discuss mechanisms by which climate policies enacted at the state level can influence climate politics across the states and at the national level. Finally, I make policy and political strategy recommendations that take these multilevel policy feedback dynamics into account.

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Thuany, Mabliny, Thayse Natacha Gomes, Lee Hill, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, and Marcos B. Almeida. "Running Performance Variability among Runners from Different Brazilian States: A Multilevel Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073781.

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The ecological model theory highlights that human development (or a given behavior) is the result of the interaction of variables derived from different levels, comprising those directly related to the subjects and those related to the environment. Given that, the purpose of this study is to establish whether runners’ performance may vary among different Brazilian states, as the factors associated with this difference. The sample comprised 1151 Brazilian runners (61.8% men) that completed an online questionnaire, providing information about biological (sex, age, height, and weight), training (running pace, frequency and volume/week, and motivation), sociodemographic (place of residence and wage) aspects, and perceptions about the environmental influences on the practice. Information about state variables was obtained from official institutes, and comprised the human development index (HDI), athletics events, and violence index. Multilevel analysis was conducted in HLM software. State-level characteristics explained ≈3% of the total variance in running performance. Of the total variance explained for the individual level, 56.4% was associated with male sex (β = −54.98; p < 0.001), age (β = 1.09; p < 0.001), body mass index (β = 6.86; p < 0.001), economic status (β = 6.23; p = 0.003), the perception of the natural environment (β = 7.58; p = 0.02), training frequency (β = −16.64; p < 0.001), and weekly volume (β = −0.30; p < 0.001). At the state level, only athletics events presented a positive and significant influence on performance. There is a significant role of the environment on the explanation of running performance variability, and given the diversity across states, environmental variables should not be neglected, as they are relevant to the exploration of other variables possibly related to running performance.

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