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1
Kominato, Kentaro. "Multilevel avoided crossings in high Rydberg states of 85Rb." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147803.
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SZAFLARSKI, MAGDALENA. "THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF SELF-REPORTED HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES AND POLAND: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1006877244.
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Halliburton, Amanda E. "Adolescent Inhalant Use in the United States: Examining Long-Term Trends and Evaluating the Applicability of Self-Determination Theory." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78174.
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Inhalants are a critical, under-studied substance used by young adolescents in the United States (U.S.). Despite the serious negative consequences that can accompany use (most notably neuropsychological damage) the topic of inhalants has been neglected by clinicians and prevention scientists, particularly in comparison to other drugs. The present research focused on the etiology of U.S. adolescent inhalant use in two ways, both of which utilized large, nationally representative data sets for secondary data analysis. Study I examined long-terms trends in inhalant use prevalence rates and changing proportions of gender and ethnic groups among lifetime inhalant users. Study I also evaluated the effects of policies aimed at other drugs, including regional "three strikes laws" and national methamphetamine laws, on changing inhalant use prevalence rates among twelfth graders. Inhalant use increased during the early-1990s but has declined from the mid-1990s to the present day; lifetime inhalant users have increasingly become female and non-White. Importantly, "three strikes laws" and a national methamphetamine law were related to increases in annual inhalant use rates for twelfth graders. Study II evaluated the applicability of Self-Determination Theory (SDT)-related constructs, namely self-perceived autonomy, competence and parental relatedness, to concurrent and prospective inhalant use. Competence was consistently related to inhalant use and inhalant use severity; parental relatedness was related to concurrent but not prospective use and use severity. The findings from both studies are discussed in terms of their commonalities and differences, implications for clinicians and prevention scientists, overall strengths and limitations, and directions for future inhalant use research.Master of Science
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Ceresola, Ryan Guy. "POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND POLITICAL ENGAGMENT: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION PROSECUTIONS ON VOTING AND GOVERNMENT TRUST IN THE UNITED STATES." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1266.
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Past research has confirmed the importance of structural and individual-level factors in predicting voter turnout and citizen trust in the government. In international research particularly, political corruption has been shown to negatively affect citizen trust, though the effect of corruption on voter turnout is mixed. To date, no research has examined the effect of corruption on voting and government trust in the United States over a relatively long period of time. In this dissertation, I aim to answer two primary research questions: how U.S. corruption affects voting and how it affects citizen trust in the government. Using many sources of data for state-level variables, and the American National Election Study (NES) for individual-level variables, I investigate these relationships using multilevel modeling (MLM) of forty-six states and approximately 22,000 individuals in my analysis of voting and forty-one states and about 7,000 individuals in my analysis of political trust. I find that corruption has a small, but significant, negative effect on voting. Surprisingly, I find no effect of corruption on a citizen’s political trust, even after assessing the impact of corruption on four other specifications of trust. I also investigate cross-level interaction effects for each analysis, and find no significant results. I conclude with a discussion of possible explanations for these findings, make policy recommendations with the knowledge gained from this research, and offer suggestions for future investigations.
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Meyer, Marc K. "A CyberCIEGE scenario illustrating multilevel secrecy issues in an air operations center environment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FMeyer.pdf.
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Bartels, Brandon L. "Heterogeneity in Supreme Court decision making how situational factors shape preference-based behavior /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148557321.
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Steible, Bettina. "The participation of the EU and its member states in the development of the law of non-international armed conflicts-the French and Spanish cases." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457737.
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Según los términos del Artículo 1 Común a los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, los Estados partes quedan sujetos a una obligación de respetar y de hacer respetar el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH). En este contexto, el objetivo de esta tesis es el de analizar si la Unión Europea (UE) y dos de sus Estados Miembros – Francia y España – ejecutan su obligación de hacer respetar el DIH. Concretamente, se trata de analizar cómo dos corpuses jurídicos originalmente indiferentes el uno al otro, el DIH y el Derecho de la Unión, llegaron a converger y entrelazarse. Se sostiene que la aplicación del DIH ha de ser analizada desde una perspectiva multinivel. Mientras el DIH depende de los Estados para asegurar su efectividad, el proceso de integración europea obliga a añadir el nivel supranacional: la UE. Esta configuración genera un círculo virtuoso de cumplimiento del DIH según el cual la autoridad jurídica del Artículo 1 Común queda reforzada, lo cual conlleva una mejor implementación del DIH. Asimismo, la UE proyecta sus valores en la escena internacional y se ve reforzada en su calidad de líder en materia de derechos humanos. Además, la UE constituye un nivel adicional tanto de garantía como de actuación para sus Estados Miembros, que la usan para dar efecto a sus obligaciones derivadas del DIH. Se sostiene pues, que la UE se ha establecido como un actor esencial del DIH en la escena internacional. La UE – un autoproclamado líder en materia de derechos humanos – y sus Estados Miembros no solamente quedan vinculados por el Artículo 1 Común, sino que han aceptado de ejecutar su mandato de manera efectiva en la escena internacional.Pursuant to Common Article 1 to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, the State parties have the obligation to respect and to ensure respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL). In this context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze whether the European Union (EU) and two of its Member States – France and Spain – have enforced their obligation to ensure respect for IHL. It seeks to scrutinize how two juris corpuses, namely IHL and EU law, which used to follow separate paths, appeared to converge and be interlinked. This thesis takes the view that the enforcement of IHL must must be analyzed from a multilevel perspective. While IHL rely on national law to be truly effective, the process of European integration makes it imperative to add the supranational level: the EU. This configuration generates a virtuous circle of compliance whereby the legal authority of Common Article 1 is reinforced, thus leading to the improved enforcement of IHL. In turn, the EU projects its values on the international scene and is ‘confortée’ as a leader in human rights. Likewise, the EU constitutes an additional level of guarantee and action for its Member States in the enforcement of their obligation arising under IHL. It is argued that the EU has established itself as an essential actor of IHL on the international scene. The EU – a self-proclaimed leader in human rights matters – and its Member States are not only bound by Common Article 1, but they also have accepted their mandate to effectively enforce it on the international scene.
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Högberg, Björn. "Ageing, health inequalities and welfare state regimes – a multilevel analysis." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100401.
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The paper studies class inequalities in health over the ageing process in a comparative perspective. It investigates if health inequalities among the elderly vary between European welfare state regimes, and if this variation is age-dependent. Previous comparative research on health inequalities have largely failed to take age and ageing into account, and have not investigated whether cross-country variation in health inequalities might differ for different age categories. Since the elderly belong to the demographic category most dependent on welfare policies, an ageing perspective is warranted. The study combines fives data rounds (2002 to 2010) from the European Social Survey. Multilevel techniques are used, and the analysis is stratified by age, comparing the 50-64 year olds with those aged 65-80 years. Health is measured by self-assessed general health and disability status. Two results stand out. First, class differences in health are strongly reduced or vanish completely for the 65-80 year olds in the Social democratic welfare states, while they remain stable or are in some cases even intensified in almost all other welfare states. Second, the cross-country variation in health inequalities is much larger for the oldest (aged 65-80 years) than is the case for the 50-64 year olds. It is concluded that welfare policies seem to influence the magnitude of health inequalities, and that the importance of welfare state context is greater for the elderly, who are more fragile and more reliant on welfare policies such as public pensions and elderly care.
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De, le Court Alexandre. "De-commodifying social rights : welfare state policies in a multilevel perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283752.
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Over the last 30 years, European Welfare States have been subjected to a process of transformation within the context of globalization, political and societal changes. This work centers on the legal evolution of the systems of protection against unemployment in Spain, The Netherlands and Germany, three Welfare States which the litterature has classified as originally pertaining to the Conservative model, and analyses those changes from the point of view of de-commodification, within the context of the Europeanization of social policy and the idea of flexicurity. It is argued that those evolutions involve the re-commodification of social rights related to protection against unemployment. The multilevel perspective is reinforced by a study of regional and international social rights instruments as possible basis for the development of legal de-commodification strategies rooted in the understanding of human rights as indivisible rights, which involve the obligation of the States to guarantee sufficient protection of their citizens against the risk of unemployment, along the lines of the idea of “decent unemployment”.
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Li, Chen. "State Space Modeling and Power Flow Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71811.
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For the future of sustainable energy, renewable energy will need to significantly penetrate existing utility grids. While various renewable energy sources are networked with high-voltage DC grids, integration between these high-voltage DC grids and the existing AC grids is a significant technical challenge. Among the limited choices available, the modular multi-level converter (MMC) is the most prominent interface converter used between the DC and AC grids. This subject has been widely pursued in recent years. One of the important design challenges when using an MMC is to reduce the capacitor size associated with each module. Currently, a rather large capacitor bank is required to store a certain amount of line-frequency related circulating energy. Several control strategies have been introduced to reduce the capacitor voltage ripples by injecting certain harmonic current. Most of these strategies were developed using trial and error and there is a lack of a systematic means to address this issue. Most recently, Yadong Lyu has proposed to control the modulation index in order to reduce capacitor ripples. The total elimination of the unwanted circulating power associated with both the fundamental line frequency and the second-order harmonic was demonstrated, and this resulted in a dramatic reduction in capacitor size. To gain a better understanding of the intricate operation of the MMC, this thesis proposes a state-space analysis technique in the present paper. Combining the power flow analysis with the state trajectory portrayed on a set of two-dimensional state plans, it clearly delineates the desired power transfer from the unwanted circulating energy, thus leading to an ultimate reduction in the circulation energy and therefore the required capacitor volume.Master of Science
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Tijerina, Sepulveda Walid. "Industrialisation beyond Mexico's centre : a multilevel approach to state-led industrialisation." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16580/.
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The present research project aims to contribute to the developmental literature on Mexico’s industrialisation. In pursuing this, it will deviate from previous studies of Mexico’s industrialisation where the state’s federal level is generally the main focus. In contrast, this thesis highlights multilevel characteristics with the objective of providing a new perspective regarding state-led industrialisation. The research questions for this project will thus be as follows: to what extent have subnational actors contributed to industrial transformation in Mexico? Then, as a following objective, this thesis will examine how these industrialising efforts have been consolidated at a subnational level. To address these objectives, two subnational case studies will be compared. The states of Nuevo Leon – Mexico’s early industrialiser and one of its bigger Northern states— and Queretaro –a catching-up state located in the centre, which is among the smallest in terms of territory and population. Using these case studies, it will be argued that in the case of Mexico, the state-society alliances necessary for industrial transformation have been formulated at the subnational, rather than national, level. As a result, these alliances have given way to parallel patterns of industrial policy and state-society relations enabling both subnational states to achieve rapid industrialisation. Overall, this thesis aims to make two main contributions to the existing literature on state-led industrialisation. First, by undertaking more of a long term approach, it aims to examine the institutional origins and evolution of industrial policy in Mexico. Secondly, due to Mexico’s more diffuse industrialisation, this research hopes to provide a testimony of the more multileveled characteristics that successful industrialisation has had in the Mexican case. Having undertaken this examination, the thesis also contributes to an agenda to broaden the explanatory scope of the literature on state-led industrialisation.
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Li, Jin-Kai Godfrey. "The influence of women??s status on fertility behavior between Taiwan and China---a multilevel analysis." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2392.
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Since 1949 Taiwan and China have been governed by different political regimes. Nevertheless, after more than fifty years, research shows that women in both societies now enjoy significantly higher social status and have lower fertility rates. Despite well-documented literature on the relationship between fertility and women??s status in Taiwan and China, no systematic empirical research has compared the two. This dissertation was designed to investigate the effects of women??s status on fertility and sterilization behaviors in China and Taiwan by means of multi-level analysis focusing on women??s education levels and employment status as predictors at both the individual and aggregate levels. To examine the influence of enforced policy, in China??s models, variables were added about whether the participants had a government-issued one-child certificate or had complied with the childbirth quota set by local authorities.
Most results are consistent with our hypotheses. At the macro level, female college graduation rate is significant in Taiwan but not in China. One-child certificate rate is significantly correlated with provincial-level number of Child Ever Born (CEB). At the
micro level of Poisson and logistic models, women with status are significantly more likely to have smaller numbers of CEB and lower sterilization usage. Survival analysis that simultaneously analyzed time duration and event occurrence showed dynamic effects of women??s status on the probability of a first, second and third childbirth.
The Hierarchical Generalized Linear Models (HGLM) method shows both some direct and some interactive effects of contextual variables on fertility and contraceptive behaviors. In both countries, wives?? educational levels showed the greatest numbers of significant correlations with the dependent variables. Both Western socioeconomically based demographic transition theory and Asian planned demographic transition theory in China receive empirical support in the findings.
Methodological and policy implications for future studies are discussed. The findings of this dissertation, particularly the micro-macro linkages, contribute to an explanation of how higher women??s status and lower fertility rates across the two regimes emerged from both common and disparate processes. This dissertation also illustrates how multi-level investigations of fertility and women??s status could be implemented in other parts of the world.
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Ogorek, Benjamin Alexander. "Orthology-Based Multilevel Modeling of Differentially Expressed Mouse and Human Gene Pairs." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08132008-130441/.
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There is great interest in finding human genes expressed through pharmaceutical intervention, thus opening a genomic window into benefit and side-effect profiles of a drug. Human insight gained from FDA-required animal experiments has historically been limited, but in the case of gene expression measurements, proposed biological orthologies between mouse and human genes provide a foothold for animal-to-human extrapolation. We have investigated a five-component, multilevel, bivariate normal mixture model that incorporates mouse, as well as human, gene expression data. The goal is two-fold: to increase human differential gene-finding power; and to find a subclass of gene pairs for which there is a direct exploitable relationship between animal and human genes. In simulation studies, the dual-species model boasted impressive gains in differential gene-finding power over a related marginal model using only human data. Bias in parameter estimation was problematic, however, and occasionally led to failures in control of the false discovery rate. Though it was considerably more difficult to find species-extrapolative gene-pairs (than differentially expressed human genes), simulation experiments deemed it to be possible, especially when traditional FDR controls are relaxed and under hypothetical parameter configurations.
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Khalid, Muhammad Umer. "Multilevel Gain Cell Arrays for Fault-Tolerant VLSI Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniksystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71653.
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Embedded memories dominate area, power and cost of modern very large scale integrated circuits system on chips ( VLSI SoCs). Furthermore, due to process variations, it becomes challenging to design reliable energy efficient systems. Therefore, fault-tolerant designs will be area efficient, cost effective and have low power consumption. The idea of this project is to design embedded memories where reliability is intentionally compromised to increase storage density. Gain cell memories are smaller than SRAM and unlike DRAM they are logic compatible. In multilevel DRAM storage density is increased by storing two bits per cell without reducing feature size. This thesis targets multilevel read and write schemes that provide short access time, small area overhead and are highly reliable. First, timing analysis of reference design is performed for read and write operation. An analytical model of write bit line (WBL) is developed to have an estimate of write delay. Replica technique is designed to generate the delay and track variations of storage array. Design of replica technique is accomplished by designing replica column, read and write control circuits. A memory controller is designed to control the read and write operation in multilevel DRAM. A multilevel DRAM is with storage capacity of eight kilobits is designed in UMC 90 nm technology. Simulations are performed for testing and results are reported for energy and access time. Monte Carlo analysis is done for variation tolerance of replica technique. Finally, multilevel DRAM with replica technique is compared with reference design to check the improvement in access times.
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Rhew, Sung Han. "Spatially-Weighted Ethnic Density and Residential Segregation: Effects on Health Status among Older Mexican Americans." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5568.
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Research suggests that living in communities with high densities of persons from their own ethnic group improves the overall health of older Mexican Americans. One hypothesis is that residing in high ethnic density areas allows characteristics of Mexican culture such as strong social ties and social cohesion, to have a beneficial effect. The majority of investigations focused on ethnic density effects, however, have utilized relatively loose interpretations of what constitutes the appropriate social-geographic area to be studied. Moreover it is not clear how certain dimensions of residential segregation are protective or harmful toward health, particularly when measuring ethnic residential segregation from a geographic information systems (GIS) perspective. The effects of ethnic density and segregation have not been directly or quantitatively tested using the kind of multi-level methodology that can effectively capture data from both personal and environmental characteristics. The present study assessed how multiple geographic/neighborhood factors including ethnic density, neighborhood social cohesion, and social ties may serve as resources for health and health service use of older Mexican Americans.
The study had three objectives:
1. To examine whether protective/deleterious effects of ethnic density exist when we use the more commonly used approach to measuring ethnic density (proportion of ethnic group within a specific census unit), and whether the ethnic density effect is increased when an alternative measurement approach (proximity weighted density) is used that relies on more than a single, specific census unit .
2. To examine how different dimensions of ethnic segregation are related to perceived social support, number of social ties, and perception of social cohesion in their neighborhood.
3. To examine whether or not social cohesion mediate the relationship between ethnic density or segregation and health status/health service use.
The study represents a secondary analysis of data from the fifth interview wave of the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study (H-EPESE; PI: Markides). Using geographic information systems (GIS), proximity weighted ethnic density and residential segregation indices were calculated, as well as more standard measures of density based on composition of the census tract in which participant lived. Since the H-EPESE dataset has a clustered structure where individuals are nested within neighborhoods, multilevel modeling techniques were employed.
Results suggest that the several approaches here employed to measure ethnic composition of the local environment are complementary. First, the proportion of Hispanics in the neighborhood as defined by the use of census tracts, is both simple and the data easily accessible to researchers. This proportion, or what is often called density, was found to associate with several outcome measures in much the same way, and with similar proportions of variance as the more complex ways of method. The latter, however, made significant contributions that often were relatively independent of the census tract based proportions and thus add significantly to our understanding of the role of the ethnic neighborhood. These more complex measures, moreover, may potentially contribute even more: analyses using these newer approaches were limited by the lack of street address or census block data. Access to such data was not possible due to confidentiality issues surrounding the use of highly specific geographic information that could potentially identify the participant. Results did strongly suggest the value of a residential segregation index as a means of demonstrating that the ethnic environment and urban-rural composition of the residential environment contributes to our understanding of the importance of social coherence and social ties. It was found for example that older Mexican Americans who lived in neighborhoods with higher exposure segregation (i.e., neighborhoods where an individual from one particular racial/ethnic group has a higher probability of encountering members of another group, rather than from their own group) have higher depressive symptoms, as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. This relationship was mediated by individual level data on perception of social cohesion. While in all cases causal interpretations were limited by the lack of a true experimental design the results generally do demonstrate the value of the newer, complementary, approaches to assessment of racial/ethnic density.
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Krey, Kathy W. Tolbert Charles M. "The significance of place a multilevel analysis situating trust in a community context /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5160.
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Ward, Stephen James. "Variations in Student Development Trajectories in Reading and Mathematics: A Multilevel Growth Mixture Model Approach." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03132007-100523/.
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Lack of student achievement has long been a cause of national concern. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act of 2001 represents the latest attempt to both correct past educational inequities and to improve the competitiveness of American education. NCLB mandates that all students must meet proficiency standards by the 2013-14 school year. To determine whether students are on track to meet this goal, NCLB uses the metric of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). Presently, AYP appears to be set in terms of what is required to meet the 2013-14 goal with no consideration of how student growth and development actually occurs. Moreover, this type of goal assumes that all students can develop or progress at the same rate, in other word, ?one size fits all.? This study sought to examine this ?one size fits all? assumption through the examination of unobserved heterogeneity in student growth trajectories. Specifically, this study sought to determine whether student growth trajectories in reading and mathematics between grade 3 and grade 8 could be adequately described by either single or multiple classes of growth using a multi-level growth mixture modeling approach. Further, the study examined the effects of gender, socio-economic status, ethnicity, parental education, and Local Educational Area (LEA) funding upon these growth trajectories. In terms of classes of growth trajectories, the results clearly suggest the existence of multiple classes of growth for both reading and mathematics. All individual level covariates influenced either membership in a growth class or the latent growth factors or both class membership and growth factors. In contrast, LEA level funding covariates effects were in general not supported. Relationships, for the most part, were consistent across primary and replication samples. Lastly, implications for educational practice, educational policy, Industrial/Organization psychology, and research are discussed along with the limitations of the present study.
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Maslanik, Jeffrey D. "Refugees Welcome: a Multilevel Analysis of Refugee Labor Market Integration in the Swedish Welfare State." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3555.
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To explore the complexities of refugee labor market integration in Sweden, the research performed a multi-level analysis of refugee labor market integration: from the perspective of civil society (meso-level) and from that of the refugee (micro-level). Sweden was ideal for this task because historically, it has been Europe’s most generous welfare state and during the height of the crisis, received the highest number of refugees of any European Member State (163,000 or 1,600 per 100,000 people).
The research was guided by two primary research questions: First, how have the roles of the state and civil society adjusted over time in relation to the process of integrating refugees, especially since the founding of the first integration policy in 1975? Second, how are resources actually provided by each element of society, and accessed by the refugees themselves? Analytically, the research first performed a historical institutional breakdown, separating Sweden’s integration policy by sociopolitical and economically significant junctures: 1970-1990, 1990-2010, and 2010-present day. Subsequently, seventy first-person, semi-structured interviews were conducted with political-elites, civil society representatives, and refugees from different sending countries, who arrived no earlier than 2000. The findings suggest that while civil society is becoming more systematic in its operations, its utility remains under-utilized. Next, meeting human capital requirements (e.g., country specific and post-secondary education and training) does not guarantee employment. Instead, given the alteration of its labor market, it seems social capital may play a more significant role in determining employment outcomes for refugees. In other words, it seems difficulties in accessing employment for refugees are more attached to institutional constraints than they are human capital itself. Finally, given the visible segregation and low refugee labor market participation, the research supports the assumption that a highly accessible and comprehensive welfare state may not be the most efficient socioeconomic orientation for integrating refugees.
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Lyu, Yadong. "Modeling and Control Strategy for Capacitor Minimization of Modular Multilevel Converters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75111.
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The modular multi-level converter (MMC) is the most prominent interface converter used between the HVDC grid and the HVAC grid. One of the important design challenges in MMC is to reduce the capacitor size. In the current practice, a rather large capacitor bank is required to store line-frequency related circulating energy, even though a number of control strategies have been introduced to reduce the capacitor voltage ripples. In the present paper, a novel control strategy is proposed by means of harmonic injections in conjunction with gain control to completely eliminate both the line frequency and the second-order harmonic of the capacitor voltage ripple. Ideally, the proposed method works with the full bridge topology. However, the concept also works with half bridge topology with a significant reduction of line frequency related ripple. To gain a better understanding of the nature of circulating energy and the means of reducing it, the method of state plane analysis is employed to offer visual support. In addition, the design trade-off between full bridge MMC and half bridge MMC is presented and a novel control strategy for a hybrid MMC is proposed. Finally, the work is supported with a scaled down hardware demonstration.Master of Science
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Collins, Justin A. Valentine Jerry. "Higher-order thinking in the high-stakes accountability era linking student engagement and test performance /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6769.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 25, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Jerry W. Valentine. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Johansson, Sevä Ingemar. "Welfare state attitudes in context : local contexts and attitude formation in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-21046.
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Welfare state attitudes are often studied from the perspective of the individual's characteristics and/or national or regime-type contexts. This thesis instead seeks explanations for individuals' varying attitudes towards the welfare state at the level of local contexts (municipalities). Sweden is used as a case for testing whether there are such contextual effects. The general aim is to find out whether social, political, and institutional aspects of local context influence the attitudes of individuals. Since the general aim of this thesis is to examine how background characteristics of individuals and characteristics of local contexts simultaneously act in shaping individuals' attitudes, I use multilevel modelling in order to handle individual-level and contextual-level data simultaneously. Latent-class analysis (LCA) is also employed in the analyses to explore the patterning of variables. This is mainly done in order to create dependent variables and to distinguish between categories of municipalities sharing similar characteristics. The data consist of Swedish survey data, which have been complemented by municipal-level data. The findings indicate that the social and political context of municipalities can matter for individuals' attitude formation. Variation across municipalities in terms of the prevalence of social problems and risks seems to influence how individuals view the welfare state. Local municipal contexts characterized by many social problems and risks tend to be associated with more welfare state friendly attitudes among the local inhabitants, after taking individual-level determinants into account. Support for high social spending is greater in such milieus as is the tendency to view welfare beneficiaries with less suspicion regarding the potential abuse of welfare policies. Regarding the influence of local public service provision on attitudes, no evidence was found for feedback effects on individuals' attitudes toward public service privatization. In their attitudes towards the welfare state, individuals are to some extent influenced by their local environment. There seems to be a 'built in' thermostat in the Swedish welfare state. Local circumstances characterized by social problems and risks tend to be associated with a local citizenry having more welfare state-friendly attitudes.
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Yasar, Rusen. "The institutionalization of multilevel politics in Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269685.
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This thesis addresses the question as to why multilevel politics is becoming an integral part of politics in Europe. Multilevel politics is conceptualized as a system which functions through a complex web of political relations within and across levels of decision making. The thesis argues that the rise of multilevel politics can be explained by its institutionalization in terms of the emergence, the evolution and especially the effects of relevant institutions. Based on a mixed-method research project, the influence of European institutions on subnational actors and the alignment of actor motives with institutional characteristics are empirically shown. The first chapter of the dissertation establishes the centrality of institutions for political transformation, examines the role of transnational and domestic institutions for multilevel politics, and contextualizes the research question in terms of institution-actor relations. The second chapter develops a new-institutionalist theoretical framework that explains the emergence, the evolution and the effects of the institutions, and formulates a series of hypotheses with regard to freestanding institutional influence, power distribution, material benefits and political identification. The third chapter outlines the mixed-method research design which addresses individual-level and institutional-level variations through a Europe-wide survey and a comparative case study. The fourth chapter on survey results shows generally favourable views on multilevel politics, and strong associations of these views with the independent variables under scrutiny. The fifth chapter specifies a multivariate model which includes all posited variables and confirms the majority of the hypotheses. Therefore, the new-institutionalist argument is broadly confirmed, while there is relatively weak evidence to sustain sociological explanations. The final chapter compares the Committee of the Regions and the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities, and examines the institutional characteristics which correspond to the hypothesized variables. It is then concluded that the two institutions share several overarching similarities, and display complementarity in other aspects.
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Rovira, Torres Florencia. "Public Sector Employment and Support for the Welfare State : A multilevel assessment of 15 advanced capitalist countries." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78879.
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The development and longevity of the welfare state is dependent on public support. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between public sector employment and popular support for the welfare state in comparative perspective. Welfare state attitudes represent the micro-foundation in many theories about links between welfare state organization and interest formation and the shaping of values, norms and levels of aspiration. Most studies seeking to explain differences in welfare state support use welfare state regime labels on countries as their independent variable. However, previous empirical research on comparative welfare state attitudes has found very mixed support using the regime typology approach. The present study takes a step forward in using comparative indicators of public sector employment and social protection, instead of regime labels. In previous research the role of public sector employment for welfare state attitudes has typically been given little attention. The main hypothesis is that public service employment positively influences aggregate levels of support towards the welfare state. Based on a multilevel-regression framework and drawing on ISSP comparative data from 2006 on individual level attitudes, this study demonstrates clear empirical support for this main hypothesis.
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Karpinski, Aryn C. "The Relationship between Online Formative Assessment Scores and State Test Scores: Measure Development and Multilevel Growth Modeling." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1280427101.
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Negishi, Meiko. "A cross-cultural, multilevel study of inquiry-based instruction effects on conceptual understanding and motivation in physics." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03302007-095858.
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Elbanna, Refaat Mohammed. "Some new results on the stabilization and state estimation in large-scale systems by decentralized and multilevel schemes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184361.
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The main objectives of this dissertation are the following. The first objective is concerned with the stabilization of large-scale systems by a decentralized control. The fundamental idea behind this type of control is the stabilization of the isolated subsystems of a large-scale system in such a way that the global stability requirement is also satisfied. For this purpose, a new stability criterion is introduced to identify a class of interconnected systems that can be stabilized by local state feedback. In addition to this, two specific classes of interconnections are presented for which the overall system stability can be ensured by a decentralized approach. A new constructive procedure for the design of decentralized controllers for the identified classes of large-scale systems is discussed. The principal advantages of this design procedure are that it requires a minimal amount of computation and is a systematic procedure eliminating the trial and error arguments as in the earlier methods. The second objective of the dissertation is to investigate the problem of the stabilization of a class of large-scale systems which are composed of identical subsystems and identical interconnections. For this class of systems, certain significant theorems, concerning the qualitative properties are introduced. Following the guidelines set forth by the above theorems, a few different schemes for the decentralized and multilevel control of the aforementioned class of large-scale interconnected systems are presented. The third objective concerns the development of a few different schemes for the design of an asymptotic state estimator for large-scale systems described as interconnections of several low-order subsystems. The most attractive feature of the present schemes is that the majority of the necessary computations are performed at the subsystem level only, thereby leading to a simple and practicable estimator design. Finally, all the above results are illustrated by numerical examples. Further, a comparison study is conducted to show the advantages of the methods and the results in this dissertation in comparison with some results available in the literature.
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Oren, Eyal, Masahiro Narita, Charles Nolan, and Jonathan Mayer. "Neighborhood socioeconomic position and tuberculosis transmission: a retrospective cohort study." BMC, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617199.
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UA Open Access Publishing FundBackground: Current understanding of tuberculosis (TB) genotype clustering in the US is based on individual risk factors. This study sought to identify whether area-based socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with genotypic clustering among culture-confirmed TB cases. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on data collected on persons with incident TB in King County, Washington, 2004–2008. Multilevel models were used to identify the relationship between area-level SES at the block group level and clustering utilizing a socioeconomic position index (SEP). Results: Of 519 patients with a known genotyping result and block group, 212 (41%) of isolates clustered genotypically. Analyses suggested an association between lower area-based SES and increased recent TB transmission, particularly among US-born populations. Models in which community characteristics were measured at the block group level demonstrated that lower area-based SEP was positively associated with genotypic clustering after controlling for individual covariates. However, the trend in higher clustering odds with lower SEP index quartile diminished when additional block-group covariates. Conclusions: Results stress the need for TB control interventions that take area-based measures into account, with particular focus on poor neighborhoods. Interventions based on area-based characteristics, such as improving case finding strategies, utilizing location-based screening and addressing social inequalities, could reduce recent rates of transmission.
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Cuvelier, Claire. "Le pluralisme démotique contribution au concept juridique de peuple." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL20008.
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Par « pluralisme démotique » nous proposons de désigner la coexistence de plusieurs peuples dans un système à plusieurs niveaux. Le pluralisme démotique s’inscrit à rebours de la conception moniste du peuple français majoritaire dans la doctrine française. L’ambition de cette thèse est de démontrer la coexistence de plusieurs peuples en droit constitutionnel français. À cette fin, le premier mouvement de la thèse explore d’autres manières de concevoir le peuple à travers une étude de systèmes à plusieurs niveaux de type fédéral (Inde,Allemagne, Etats-Unis, Suisse) et de type régional (Espagne, Royaume-Uni). Dans un second mouvement est proposée une théorie du pluralisme démotique multiniveaux. Cette contribution permet de rendre compte de la coexistence d’un peuple composite et de peuples composants dans un système à plusieurs niveaux. Le troisième mouvement de la thèse applique la grille théorique ainsi établie à deux systèmes juridiques en particulier : la France et l’Union européenneThe expression of « demotic pluralism » is used to designate the coexistence of different people in a multilevel system. Contrary to the traditional monist definition of the French people, this thesis aims to demonstrate the coexistence of several demoi in French constitutional law. In order to do so, the demonstration is structured into three parts. First, we explore the pluralist definition of demos in multilevel systems: the federal (India, Germany,United States, Switzerland) and the regional type (Spain, United Kingdom). Then, we submita theory of multilevel demotic pluralism, which allows to describe and analyse the coexistence of a compound people and component people in a multilevel system. Finally, we apply this theoretical framework to the French legal system and to the European Union
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Khlid, Ben Hamad. "Fuel cell power conditioning multiphase converter for 1400 VDC megawatts stacks." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3042.
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Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Energy systems based on fossil fuel have demonstrated their abilities to permit economic development. However, with the fast exhaustion of this energy source, the expansion of the world energy demand and concerns over global warming, new energy systems dependent on renewable and other sustainable energy are gaining more interests. It is a fact that future development in the energy sector is founded on the utilisation of renewable and sustainable energy sources. These energy sources can enable the world to meet the double targets of diminishing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring reliable and cost-effective energy supply. Fuel cells are one of the advanced clean energy technologies to substitute power generation systems based on fossil fuel. They are viewed as reliable and efficient technologies to operate either tied or non-tied to the grid to power applications ranging from domestic, commercial to industrial. Multiple fuel cell stacks can be associated in series and parallel to obtain a fuel cell system with high power up to megawatts. The connection of megawatts fuel cell systems to a utility grid requires that the power condition unit serving as the interface between the fuel cell plant and the grid operates accordingly. Different power conditioning unit topologies can be adopted, this study considers a multilevel inverter. Multilevel inverters are getting more popularity and attractiveness as compared to conventional inverters in high voltage and high-power applications. These inverters are suitable for harmonic mitigation in high-power applications whereby switching devices are unable to function at high switching frequencies. For a given application, the choice of appropriate multilevel topology and its control scheme are not defined and depend on various engineering compromises, however, the most developed multilevel inverter topologies include the Diode Clamped, the Flying Capacitor and the Cascade Full Bridge inverters. On the other hand, a multilevel inverter can be either a three or a five, or a nine level, however, this research focuses on the three-level diode clamped inverters. The aim of this thesis is to model and control a three-level diode clamped inverter for the grid connection of a megawatt fuel cell stack. Besides the grid, the system consists of a 1.54 MW operating at 1400 V DC proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack, a 1.26 MW three-level diode clamped inverter with a nominal voltage of 600 V and an LCL filter which is designed to reduce harmonics and meet the standards such as IEEE 519 and IEC 61000-3-6. The inverter control scheme comprises voltage and current regulators to provide a good power factor and satisfy synchronisation requirements with the grid. The frequency and phase are synchronised with those of the grid through a phase locked loop. The modelling and simulation are performed using Matlab/Simulink. The results show good performance of the developed system with a low total harmonic distortion of about 0.35% for the voltage and 0.19% for the current.
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Vasquez, Anete. "Teacher Efficacy and Student Achievement in Ninth and Tenth Grade Reading: A Multilevel Analysis." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002601.
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Du, Toit Daniel Josias. "Predictive control of a series-input, parallel-output, back-to-back, flying-capacitor multilevel converter." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18087.
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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the viability of constructing a solid-state transformer (SST) with a series-input, parallel-output connection of full-bridge, three-level ying-capacitor converters. It focusses on the active recti er front-end of the SST which is used to control the input current to be sinusoidal and in-phase with the sinusoidal input voltage. A stack of two converters are built and tested. The input current, as well as the ying capacitor voltages of the two active recti ers in the stack, are actively controlled by a nite-state model-based predictive (FS-MPC) controller. The use of multiple ying-capacitor converters poses a problem when using FS-MPC because of the large number of possible switching states to include in the prediction equations. Three FS-MPC control algorithms are proposed to attempt to overcome the problem associated with the large number of switching states. They are implemented on an FPGA digital controller. The algorithms are compared on the bases of voltage and current errors, as well as their responses to disturbances that are introduced into the system. The simulation and experimental results that are presented shows that by interleaving the control actions for the two converters, one can obtain fast and robust responses of the controlled variables. The viability of extending the interleaving control algorithm beyond two converters is also motivated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die moontlikheid van volbrug, drievlak vlieënde-kapasitoromsetters wat gebruik word om 'n serie-intree, parallel-uittree drywingselektroniese transformator (DET) te bou. Dit fokus op die aktiewe gelykrigter van die DET wat gebruik word om die intreestroom te beheer om sinusvormig en in fase met die sinusvormige intreespanning te wees. 'n Stapel van twee omsetters word gebou en getoets. Die intreestroom, sowel as die vlieënde kapasitorspannings van die twee aktiewe gelykrigters in die stapel, word aktief beheer met behulp van 'n eindige-toestand, model-gebaseerde voorspellende beheerder (ET-MVB). Die gebruik van veelvuldige vlieënde-kapasitoromsetters bemoeilik die implementering van 'n ET-MVB-beheerder as gevolg van die groot aantal skakeltoestande wat in die voorspellende vergelykings in ag geneem moet word. Drie ET-MVB-algoritmes word voorgestel om te poog om die probleme, wat met die groot aantal skakeltoestande geassosieer word, te oorkom. Die algoritmes word in 'n FPGA digitale verwerker geïmplementeer. Die algoritmes word vergelyk op grond van hul stroom- en spanningsfoute, asook hul reaksie op steurings wat op die stelsel ingevoer word. Die simulasie en praktiese resultate toon dat, deur die beheeraksies vir die twee omsetters te laat oorvleuel, die gedrag van die beheerde veranderlikes vinniger en meer robuust is. Die moontlikheid om die oorvleuelende beheeraksies uit te brei tot meer as twee omsetters word ook gemotiveer.
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Ortega, Ferrand Lorena Constanza. "Educational effectiveness and inequalities in Chile : a multilevel accelerated longitudinal study of primary school children's achievement trajectories." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b2dc31d-5f6c-4599-99f6-b332ff095f8b.
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Investigating the impact of schools and teachers on student achievement has become an international trend, and Educational Effectiveness Research (EER) has generally found these effects to be modest in size. The field has undergone significant methodological advances and developed new methods for estimating educational effects, favouring the study of students' growth trajectories using a multilevel longitudinal approach. This method is able to demonstrate more sizeable school and teacher effects. However, most educational longitudinal research comes from post-industrialised countries. Thus, it is still unclear whether the claims produced by this body of knowledge are pertinent to emerging economies. The present study investigates educational effects of both schools and teachers on primary students' achievement trajectories in Chile: a context of particular interest, given its socially stratified and segregated schooling system and its unregulated and diverse teacher labour force. Several properties of school and teacher effects, such as magnitude, consistency, predictors, cumulativeness and differential effects across student groups within schools are investigated using a series of multilevel growth models. By means of linking several sources of secondary data, of which some have not been used for research purposes before, rich longitudinal data on student achievement in language (Spanish) and mathematics were obtained. The resulting sample features an accelerated longitudinal design comprising of participants in 4 overlapping cohorts, together spanning Grades 3 to 8 (N = 19,704 students, and 851 language and 812 mathematics teachers, in 156 schools) and incorporates a wide range of schools, teachers and students. The quality of the data allows for the modelling of school and teacher effects on student achievement growth over time, which represents a clear improvement when compared to previous measures of educational effectiveness developed in the Chilean and Latin-American context, which cover two time points at most. Furthermore, the study is the first in the region that annually matches students with their teachers, and models the relationships between students and their successive classroom settings. This study's main findings on student achievement trajectories indicate non-linear upward growth on student achievement for both language and mathematics in primary school. In addition, individual students differ substantially in both their achievement status and their rate of development over time. In language, a gender gap favouring girls that remains stable across primary school was found. In mathematics, in turn, the gender gap reverses in favour of boys and increases from 3rd to 8th grade. An achievement gap between high- and low-socioeconomic status (SES) students is also present from 3rd grade, and remains fairly constant over the course of the primary school years. School effects on students' growth trajectories were found to be sizeable (in fact, larger than those found in previous studies using similar model specifications and outcomes in the other national contexts) and moderately consistent across the two subjects. Evidence of compositional effects was found, as school achievement mean predicted achievement status on both subjects. Also, in language, the school's SES composition was found to have effects on achievement outcomes over and above the individual student's SES, supporting the double jeopardy hypothesis. The results also show that school sector (i.e., public vs. private school) differences on student achievement are largely due to differences in student intake and not to differences in school effectiveness. In both subjects, schools were found to be differentially effective across students from different socioeconomic status. In language, schools also showed differential effects associated with student gender. In addition, it was found that teacher effects in the primary school level are large, exceeding school effects, and not highly consistent across subjects. Finally, the contribution of teachers to student achievement growth was found to accumulate over time. The findings from this study add to the evidence that longitudinal studies examining student growth are more likely to demonstrate educational effects of larger magnitude than studies using covariate-adjustment and gain scores models over just two time points. This confirms that both school and teacher effects are important in shaping achievement growth. The findings also demonstrate that school and teacher contributions have stronger effects on student achievement growth than on achievement status. This study addresses three important gaps in the literature. Firstly, it explores educational effects in the context of an emerging economy, using appropriate EER models in terms of measures and specifications. Secondly, it contributes further evidence on the properties of school and teacher effects on student achievement growth. Thirdly, it advances the field methodologically by demonstrating the combined use of accelerated longitudinal designs, growth curve approaches, and cross-classified and multiple membership models.
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Choden, Phuntsho. "An investigation of the antecedents and the influence of social capital: A multilevel analysis based in Bhutan." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/96007/4/Phuntsho_Choden_Thesis.pdf.
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The antecedents and consequences of social capital were investigated in this thesis, in the context of addressing the conceptual debate as to whether social capital is an individual or a group based phenomenon. The social status of individuals and the rurality of place of residence were both found to play a significant role in determining the social capital of an individual. Investigating the consequences of social capital on self-rated happiness and health status, it was found that both individual and context level social capital were important, particularly in determining an individual’s level of happiness. Findings showed that social capital comprised of both individual and group aspects. By investigating social capital in Bhutan, the thesis contributes to understanding the operation of social capital in a developing country context.
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MIURA, YOKO. "HIGH-STAKES TEST PERFORMANCE OF LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENT STUDENTS IN OHIO." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163696263.
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Kou, Kou. "Burden of oesophageal cancer in Shandong, China: Geographical and socioeconomic disparities." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/180794/1/Kou_Kou_Thesis.pdf.
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China accounts for half of the global oesophageal cancer deaths. This project systematically assessed the burden of oesophageal cancer – as indicated by incidence, mortality, and survival – in Shandong, China, and investigated the influence of geographical and socioeconomic factors on the different indicators. The results suggest that the incidence (Shandong average 17.6 per 100,000) and mortality rate (14.1 per 100,000) increased with decreasing county-level socioeconomic status (SES), while the five-year survival rate (23.6%) decreased with decreasing SES. The findings provide evidence to help policy-makers and researchers identify priority populations, design and execute health policies, and minimise inequalities.
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McKay, Caroline Mae. "The role of social structural and social contextual factors in shaping chronic disease and chronic disease risk behavior : a multilevel study of hypertension, general health status, and mental distress." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001434.
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Reynolds, Leslie S. "Mental Health Among U.S. Adolescents: the Role of State Policy, Economic Context, and Adverse Childhood Experiences." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1600185650884874.
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Mazza, Leonardo. "Institutionalizing Sustainability The involvement of non-state actors in a multilevel governance structure managing a transnational common pool resource : The case of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/05610993001/$FILE/05610993001.pdf.
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Marpaung, Andreas. "TOWARD BUILDING A SOCIAL ROBOT WITH AN EMOTION-BASED INTERNAL CONTROL." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3901.
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In this thesis, we aim at modeling some aspects of the functional role of emotions on an autonomous embodied agent. We begin by describing our robotic prototype, Cherry--a robot with the task of being a tour guide and an office assistant for the Computer Science Department at the University of Central Florida. Cherry did not have a formal emotion representation of internal states, but did have the ability to express emotions through her multimodal interface. The thesis presents the results of a survey we performed via our social informatics approach where we found that: (1) the idea of having emotions in a robot was warmly accepted by Cherry's users, and (2) the intended users were pleased with our initial interface design and functionalities. Guided by these results, we transferred our previous code to a human-height and more robust robot--Petra, the PeopleBot™--where we began to build a formal emotion mechanism and representation for internal states to correspond to the external expressions of Cherry's interface. We describe our overall three-layered architecture, and propose the design of the sensory motor level (the first layer of the three-layered architecture) inspired by the Multilevel Process Theory of Emotion on one hand, and hybrid robotic architecture on the other hand. The sensory-motor level receives and processes incoming stimuli with fuzzy logic and produces emotion-like states without any further willful planning or learning. We will discuss how Petra has been equipped with sonar and vision for obstacle avoidance as well as vision for face recognition, which are used when she roams around the hallway to engage in social interactions with humans. We hope that the sensory motor level in Petra could serve as a foundation for further works in modeling the three-layered architecture of the Emotion State Generator.M.S.
School of Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science
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Yahaya, Ismail. "Childhood Sexual Abuse Against Girls in Sub-Saharan Africa : Individual and Contextual Risk Factors." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-21919.
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Background and objectives: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a substantial public health and human rights problem, as well as a growing concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It has both short and long term effects on girls: physical and psychological, including negative sexual outcomes. Up to one-third of adolescent girls report their first sexual experience as being forced. Despite growing evidence supporting a link between contextual factors and violence, no studies have investigated the connection between CSA and contextual factors. It is therefore important to identify the extent of CSA and understand factors associated with it in SSA in order to develop interventions aimed to address the scale of the problem. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to assess the individual and contextual factors associated with CSA. In addition, the thesis aims to quantify the magnitude of CSA and describe the factors associated with CSA among women from SSA (Study I). This thesis also examines the independent contribution of individual and community socio-economic status on CSA (Study II). Moreover, it scrutinises the effect of social disorganisation on CSA (Study III) and explores the relationship between CSA and sexual risk behaviours as well as potential mediators (Study IV). Methods: This thesis used the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets conducted between 2006 and 2008 from six SSA countries. The thesis used multiple logistic regression models to describe and explore factors associated with CSA among 69,977 women (Study I). It used multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis to explore the effect of contextual level variables (neighbourhood socio-economic status) on CSA among 6,351 girls (Study II). Neighbourhood socio-economic status was operationalized with a principal component analysis using the proportion of respondents who were unemployed, illiterates, living below poverty level and rural residents. Study III applied multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis on 6,351 girls and considered five measures of social disorganisation at the community level: neighbourhood poverty, female-headed households, residential mobility, place of residence, population density, and ethnic diversity. In study IV, 12,800 women from the Nigerian DHS were used. Structural equation modelling was applied using a two-step approach. The first step used a confirmatory factor analysis to develop an acceptable measurement model while the second step involved modifying the measurement model to represent the postulated causal model framework. Results: In study I, the reported prevalence of CSA ranged from 0.3% in Liberia to 4.3% in Zambia when the prevalence was based on all respondents aged between 15 and 49 years and who were present during the survey. None of the socio-economic factors were associated with CSA. In study II, where the data was restricted to permanent residents aged between 15 and 18 years, the prevalence ranged between 1.04% in Liberia to 5.8% in Zambia. At the individual level, there was no significant association between CSA and wealth status while at the community level, there was no significant association between CSA and socio-economic position. However, 22% of the variation in CSA was attributed to the community level factors. In study III, there was significant variation in the odds of reporting CSA across the communities, with community level factors accounting for 18% of the variation. In addition, respondents from communities with a high family disruption rate were 57% more likely to have reported sexual abuse in childhood. Study IV showed that there was a significant association between CSA and sexual risk behaviours and the association was mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Conclusions: The study provides evidence that adolescents in the same community were subjected to common contextual influences. It also highlighted the significance of mediators in the relationship between CSA and sexual risk behaviours. It is therefore important that effective preventive strategies are developed and implemented that will cut across all socio-economic spheres in a context that both permits and encourages disclosure as well as identifying predisposing circumstances for recurrence.
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Connolly, Catherine Mary. "Tracking the incivility footprint : an experience-sampling smartphone application measuring workplace incivility." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tracking-the-incivility-footprint-an-experiencesampling-smartphone-application-measuring-workplace-incivility(ec080aa7-f758-459f-aac4-e4e42e865b57).html.
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On an everyday basis, employees may be subjected to low intensity negative behaviours from those they work with. Uncivil behaviours may cumulatively add up over time to have detrimental effects on employees’ wellbeing and commitment to stay with their organisation. Since most of the research has been cross-sectional, capturing a snapshot in time, knowledge regarding the day-to-day effects of experiencing workplace incivility is limited The broad aim of the present research was to develop a new data collection tool in the form of a digital diary Smartphone app, to explore these day-to-day effects, measuring face-to-face and online workplace incivility. Three studies were conducted to develop and test the app. The first pilot study sought to test the proposed measures for use in the app. In particular, the commonly used Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS) was adapted to apply to online as well as face-to-face interactions. Statistical analysis of this pilot confirmed that both the face-to-face and online versions of the WIS were reliable and valid, and determined that experiencing workplace incivility via both modes was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion, and intentions to quit. On the basis of the first pilot, the app was developed and its feasibility tested in a second pilot focusing on the usability of the new app, which resulted in minor design changes being implemented prior to the final launch. The main research study sought to validate the new app and test a series of hypotheses about the day-to-day effects of workplace incivility. Participants completed an initial web-based survey and were then instructed to complete the questions on the app for one month. Multilevel analyses revealed that employees experienced higher levels of emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit on days when they were exposed to face-to-face or online incivility. The amount of incivility that participants experience on a day-to-day basis (Level 1) predicts emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit on a daily basis, and the average amount of incivility (Level 2) that participants experience also predicts their emotional exhaustion, and intention to quit when not considering other factors. Anger and fear were found to mediate the relationship between both forms of incivility and intention to quit. For the rumination-mediated models, the relationship between both forms of workplace incivility and emotional exhaustion is significantly mediated by rumination. Theoretically, this research contributes by providing insight into workplace incivility and its effects on a daily basis. Methodologically, this research advances the field by providing a new reliable and valid repeated measures data collection tool that other researchers may share to overcome and build upon the limitations inherent in cross-sectional studies.
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Silva, Raulino Sabino da. "Fatores contextuais e individuais associados ao baixo peso ao nascer no estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2000-2005." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1574.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoO baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) é um importante problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo, embora mais acentuado nas áreas menos desenvolvidas. Crianças com BPN apresentam um maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade durante o primeiro ano de vida e, aquelas que sobrevivem ficam mais expostas ao risco de desenvolver sequelas. No presente estudo, fatores individuais e contextuais, associados com o baixo peso, foram identificados com base em informações sobre nascido-vivos do estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período 2000-2005. Um modelo logístico multinível com dois níveis, municípios e mães, foi utilizado. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de queda da proporção de baixo peso no Estado. Em média, a cada ano, a chance de uma criança nascer com baixo peso declinou aproximadamente 2%. O PIB per capita também se mostrou associado com o baixo peso ao nascer. Aumentos de R$ 5000,00 no PIB anual reduziu a chance de uma criança nascer com baixo peso em 2%. Mulheres adolescentes ou com 40 anos ou mais, assim como as solteiras e viúvas foram mais propensas a ter um filho com baixo peso. A chance de ter um filho com baixo peso diminuiu com o aumento da escolaridade da mãe, mas com pequena variação nas categorias acima de três anos de estudo. O tipo de hospital apareceu como forte preditor do BPN, com chance mais elevada de ter um filho com BPN entre mulheres cujo parto foi realizado em hospital público. Destaque deve ser dado para o efeito que o número de consultas pré-natal exerceu sobre o BPN. A chance de uma criança, cuja mãe realizou pelo menos sete consultas durante o pré-natal, nascer com baixo peso foi 44% menor do que a observada entre mães que realizaram até três consultas. A variância do componente aleatório estimada pelo modelo multinível indica que há uma variação significativa do baixo peso no nível municipal não-explicada pelas variáveis incluídas na análise. Estudos futuros devem procurar identificar esses fatores. Políticas públicas devem ser implementadas, focando não apenas na redução da prevalência do baixo peso, mas também no monitoramento dessas crianças, de modo a reduzir a chance de uma criança apresentar sequelas ou diminuir os danos por elas causados
Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem worldwide, although more pronounced in less developed areas. LBW children are at greater risk of morbidity and mortality during the first year of life, and those who survive are most at risk of developing sequela. In this study, individual and contextual factors associated with low birth weight were identified based on information on births in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 2000 to 2005. A multilevel logistic model with two levels, municipalities and mothers, was used. The results showed a downward trend in the proportion of low birth weight in the state. On average, each year, the chance of a low birth weight declined approximately 2%. GNP per capita was also associated with low birth weight. Increases of R$ 5,000.00 in annual GNP reduced the chance of a low birth weight by 2%. Adolescents or women aged 40 years or more, as well as single women and widows, were more likely to have a child with low birth weight. The chance of having a child with low birth weight decreased as mother's education increased, but with little variation in the categories above three years of study. The type of hospital emerged as a strong predictor of low birth weight, with increased probability of having a child with LBW among women whose deliveries were performed in public hospitals. Emphasis must be given to the effect that the number of pre-natal consultations exerted on LBW. The chance of a child whose mother had at least seven visits during prenatal care, low birth weight was 44% lower than that observed among mothers who had up to three visits. The variance of the random component estimated by the multilevel model indicates that there is significant variation in the low-weight at the municipal level, not explained by variables included in the analysis. Future studies should seek to identify these factors. Public policies should be implemented, focusing not only on reducing the prevalence of low birth weight, but also on monitoring these children, in order to reduce the chance that a child has sequelae or decrease the damage they caused
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Guedes, Renata Saraiva. "EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS INDIVIDUAIS E CONTEXTUAIS NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA RELACIONADA A SAÚDE BUCAL EM PRÉ-ESCOLARES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6084.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorBackground: Studies have suggested that subjective measures of oral health can be influenced by both individual and contextual factors. However, studies assessing the interaction of individual and contextual determinants of subjective measures of oral health are scarce. Objective: This study assessed the effect of individual and contextual variables on the oral health-related quality of life in preschool children (COHRQoL). Methods: We followed a cross-sectional design, with a multistage random sample of 478 preschool aged 1-5 years old, representative of Santa Maria, a southern city in Brazil. Caregivers completed a questionnaire validated in COHRQoL (ECOHIS) and answered questions about the socioeconomic status and social capital. The dental examination provided information on the prevalence of dental caries, dental trauma and occlusion of preschoolers. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear regression model. Results: The mean ECOHIS was 1.8 (SD:3.9) and the functional domain of the session was the most affected children (mean = 0.5, SD =1.4). The multivariable multilevel model identified dental caries, dental trauma, anterior open bite, low socioeconomic status and low feature of social capital as individuals determinants of poor self-perception and quality of life. At a contextual level, children who lived in areas without community cultural centers were more likely to have impacts on the quality of life. Conclusion: The areas with unfavorable social conditions and poor socioeconomic status and poor dental status have a negative impact on COHRQoL.
Justificativa: Estudos têm sugerido que as medidas subjetivas de saúde bucal podem ser influenciadas tanto por determinantes de ordem individual como por fatores relacionados ao contexto em que vivem os indivíduos. Entretanto, a utilização de abordagem multinível para refletir a complexa interação de tais fatores na população infantil ainda é escassa. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou o efeito de variáveis individuais e contextuais na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em pré-escolares utilizando análise multinível. Material e Métodos: O estudo apresentou desenho transversal, com uma amostra de 478 pré-escolares com idade entre 1-5 anos, moradores de Santa Maria-RS, Brasil. Dados a respeito da auto-percepção e qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal foram coletados através do Early childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Informações a respeito de status socioeconômico foram obtidas mediante questionário semi-estruturado respondido pelos pais. O exame odontológico forneceu informações sobre a prevalência de cárie dental, trauma dental e oclusão de pré-escolares. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o modelo de regressão linear multinível. Resultados: A média do ECOHIS foi 1,8 (dp: 3,9) e o domínio funcional na sessão criança foi o mais afetado (média = 0,5; dp:1,4). A análise multinível demonstrou que as crianças com cárie dental, trauma dental, mordida aberta anterior, com renda familiar baixa e com pior capital social apresentaram maiores scores de ECOHIS. Após ajuste por variáveis contextuais, crianças que viviam em áreas sem centros comunitários culturais apresentaram maior impacto na qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Condições contextuais desfavoráveis e pior padrão de saúde bucal influenciam negativamente o modo como os pais relatam a saúde bucal das crianças.
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Rabelo, joca Davi. "Une Topologie CA-CC Baseé sur un Convertisseur Modulaire Multiniveau Entrelacé Faisible à Applications de Transformateur d’Électronique de Puissance." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLC010/document.
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Ce travail concerne l'étude théorique,l’analyse numérique et la validationexpérimentale d'une topologie de convertisseurd’électronique de puissance basée sur unconvertisseur multiniveau modulaire entrelacéavec transformateur moyenne fréquence.L’architecture est adaptée pour l’étage deconversion AC-DC dans les applications detransformateur d'électronique de puissance pourla connexion entre un réseau alternatif moyennetension et un réseau continu basse tension.L’entrelacement réduit les pertes par conductiondans les interrupteurs. Le transformateurmoyenne fréquence 10 kHz assure une isolationgalvanique et connecte le convertisseurmultiniveau modulaire entrelacé à unconvertisseur pont complet. Avec comme pointde départ la structure, le principe defonctionnement, la modélisation, la technique demodulation et le schéma de commande sontdiscutés. Une caractéristique du convertisseur estla génération simultanée de la tension du réseaubasse fréquence et de la tension primaire dutransformateur moyenne fréquence.L'équilibrage de la tension des condensateurs etla minimisation du courant de circulation sontcombinés dans un seul algorithme. La commanderégule le courant alternatif et la tension du buscontinu, du côté haute tension, ainsi que latension continue et le flux de puissance, du côtébasse tension. La validation expérimentale duconvertisseur est réalisée avec un prototype de720 W monophasé à l’échelle réduite. Lesrésultats démontrent la stabilité du système decommande lors d'opérations en régimepermanent et dynamiques (pas de charge,inversion du flux de puissance)This work aims to present thetheoretical study, the numerical analysis and theexperimental validation of a power electronicsconverter topology based on an interleavedmodular multilevel converter with mediumfrequencytransformer. The architecture issuitable for the AC-DC stage in solid-statetransformer applications for the connectionbetween a medium-voltage AC grid and a lowvoltageDC grid. The interleaving reduces theswitch conduction losses. The 10 kHz mediumfrequencytransformer provides galvanicisolation and connects the interleaved modularmultilevel converter to a full-bridge converter.From the converter structure, the principle ofoperation, the modeling, the modulationtechnique, and the control scheme are discussed.One feature of the converter is the simultaneousgeneration of the low-frequency grid voltageand the medium-frequency transformer primaryvoltage. The capacitor voltage balancing and thecirculating currents minimization are combinedtogether in a single algorithm. The controlsystem regulates the AC current and the DC busvoltage, on the high-voltage side, and the DCvoltage and power flow, on the low voltage side.The experimental validation of the converter ismade with a scaled-down single-phase 720 Wprototype. The results demonstrate the controlsystem stability in steady-state and dynamic(load step, power flow inversion) operations
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Rjosk, Camilla. "Zuwanderungsbezogene Klassenzusammensetzung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17400.
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In der Dissertation wurden Effekte der zuwanderungsbezogenen Klassenzusammensetzung auf verschiedene Leistungsmaße und psychosoziale Schülermerkmale im Rahmen von drei Zeitschriftenbeiträgen untersucht. In Teilstudie eins wurden Effekte der sozialen und zuwanderungsbezogenen Zusammensetzung auf das Leseverständnis im Verlauf der neunten Klasse und deren Vermittlung durch Merkmale der Unterrichtsqualität analysiert. Der Klassenanteil von Heranwachsenden mit Zuwanderungshintergrund war unter Kontrolle des mittleren sozioökonomischen Status nicht mit der Leseleistung assoziiert. Es zeigten sich Hinweise einer partiellen Vermittlung des Effekts sozialer Zusammensetzung durch das Ausmaß herausfordernden Sprachunterrichts. Teilstudie zwei beschäftigte sich mit Effekten der Zusammensetzung auf die Lernmotivation im Verlauf der neunten Klasse und deren Vermittlung durch das Ausmaß schülerorientierten Unterrichtsklimas. Heranwachsende mit Zuwanderungshintergrund berichteten höhere Motivation, wenn sie Klassen mit einem höheren Anteil von Heranwachsenden mit Zuwanderungshintergrund besuchten. Es zeigten sich keine vermittelten Effekte durch Merkmale des Unterrichtsklimas. In Teilstudie drei wurden der Anteil von Kindern mit Zuwanderungshintergrund und Maße zuwanderungsbezogener Heterogenität in ihrer Assoziation mit Mathematik- und Leseleistung sowie dem Verbundenheitsgefühl mit Peers von Kindern der vierten Klasse verglichen. Es bestanden stärkere negative Effekte des Klassenanteils im Vergleich zu Heterogenitätsmaßen. Bei simultaner Berücksichtigung von Klassenanteil und Heterogenitätsmaßen waren Heterogenitätseffekte größtenteils nicht mehr signifikant. Es zeigten sich jedoch leicht positive Heterogenitätseffekte auf die Mathematikleistung. Es bestanden keine Effektunterschiede zwischen Heterogenitätsmaßen. Die Befunde verweisen auf die Bedeutung der Schulklasse für die akademische Entwicklung sowie für die Erklärung zuwanderungsbezogener Disparitäten im Bildungssystem.The thesis at hand explored effects of the language-related and ethnic makeup of classrooms on several achievement outcomes as well as psychosocial outcomes in three research articles. The first article investigated effects of socioeconomic and language minority classroom composition on ninth graders’ reading achievement across two measurement points and explored the mediating role of instructional quality. The proportion of minority students had no effect on achievement after controlling for the socioeconomic composition. The results suggest that the effect of the socioeconomic composition on achievement may be mediated partially by the teacher’s focus on language during instruction. The second article focused on effects of the proportion of language minority students on the development of ninth graders’ motivation and the mediating role of a student-oriented climate. The analyses revealed that minority students were increasingly motivated in classrooms with a higher proportion of minority students. The compositional effect was not mediated by the instructional climate. The third article explored various measures of the ethnic makeup of classrooms and their relationship with student outcomes. The proportion of minority students and measures of diversity were compared in their prediction of fourth graders’ achievement in math and reading as well as the feeling of belonging with one’s peers. The proportion of minority students showed stronger negative effects on student outcomes than the diversity measures. Including diversity measures and the proportion of minority students, the diversity effects mostly lost their significance. However, students showed slightly higher levels of math achievement in more diverse classrooms. The various measures of diversity led to similar results. The findings add to the evidence indicating that the classroom learning environment affects students’ academic development and contributes to ethnic disparities in the education system.
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Meloni, Léa. "L’État composé membre de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0069.
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La régionalisation interne et l’intégration européenne placent les États membres composés dans une relation particulière avec l’Union européenne. Ces deux processus confrontent les autorités nationales à des obligations de sources distinctes, et parfois à première vue contradictoires ou inconciliables. Cette confrontation a entraîné un processus d’adaptation des Etats composés à leur statut de membre de l’Union européenne. Non exempte de tensions, leur adaptation s’avère suffisamment aboutie de sorte qu’il n’est plus possible de décrire leur participation à l’Union européenne sans prendre en compte le rôle des collectivités qui les composent. Parallèlement, le droit de l’Union européenne a progressivement pris en considération la forme composée de ces États membres. L’autonomie régionale est aujourd’hui insérée dans l’identité nationale dont le respect est une obligation pour l’Union. Toutefois, son adaptation demeure perfectible par une meilleure prise en considération de la dimension régionale des États membres composés. L’articulation des rapports entre l’Union européenne et les États en cause révèle une structuration particulière qui peut être décrite et comprise à travers une figure juridique émergente : l’État composé membre de l’Union européenneThe internal regionalisation and European integration place compound Member States in a special relationship with the European Union. These two processes confront national authorities with obligations from different, and sometimes seemingly contradictory or irreconcilable, sources. This confrontation has led to a process of adaptation of the compound States to their status as members of the European Union. Not without tensions, their adaptation is proving to be sufficiently successful so that it is no longer possible to describe their participation in the European Union without taking into account the role of their constituent communities. At the same time, European Union law has gradually taken account of the composite form of these Member States. Regional self-government is now part of the national identity, the respect of which is an obligation for the Union. However, there is still room for improvement in adapting it by taking better account of the regional dimension of the composite Member States. The articulation of relations between the European Union and the States in question reveals a particular structuring which can be described and understood through an emerging legal figure: the composite State which is a member of the European Union
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Kim, Yong Ku. "Bayesian multiresolution dynamic models." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1180465799.
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Freytes, Julian. "Analyse de stabilité en petit signaux des Convertisseurs Modulaires Multiniveaux et application à l’étude d'interopérabilité des MMC dans les Réseaux HVDC." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECLI0022/document.
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Ces travaux de thèse portent essentiellement sur la modélisation, l’analyse et la commande des convertisseurs de type MMC intégrés dans un contexte MTDC. Le premier objectif de ce travail est d’aboutir à un modèle dynamique du convertisseur MMC, exprimé dans le repère $dq$, permettant d’une part, de reproduire avec précision les interactions AC-DC, et d’exprimer, d’autre part, la dynamique interne du convertisseur qui peut interagir également avec le reste du système. Le modèle développé peut être linéarisé facilement dans le but de l’exploiter pour l’étude de stabilité en se basant sur les techniques pour les systèmes linéaires à temps invariant. Ensuite, selon le modèle développé dans le repère dq, différentes stratégies de contrôle sont proposées en fonction de systèmes de contrôle-commande existantes dans la littérature mis en places pour le convertisseur MMC. Étant donné que l’ordre du système est un paramètre important pour l'étude des réseaux MTDC en présence de plusieurs stations de conversion de type MMC, l’approche de réduction de modèles à émerger comme une solution pour faciliter l’étude. En conséquence, différents modèles à ordre réduit sont développés, et qui sont validés par la suite, par rapport au modèle détaillé, exprimé dans le repère dq. Finalement, les modèles MMC développés ainsi que les systèmes de commande qui y ont associés sont exploités, pour l’analyse de stabilité en petits signaux des réseaux MMC-MTDC. Dans ce sens, la stratégie de commande associée à chaque MMC est largement évaluée dans le but d’investiguer les problèmes majeurs qui peuvent surgir au sein d’une configuration MTDC multi-constructeursThis thesis deals with the modeling and control of MMCs in the context of MTDC. The first objective is to obtain an MMC model in dq frame which can reproduce accurately the AC- and DC- interactions, while representing at the same time the internal dynamics which may interact with the rest of the system. This model is suitable to be linearized and to study its stability, among other linear techniques. Then, based on the developed dq model, different control strategies are developed based on the state-of-the-art on MMC controllers. Since the order of the system may be a limiting factor for studying MTDC grids with many MMCs, different reduced-order models are presented and compared with the detailed dq model. Finally, the developed MMC models with different controllers are used for the MTDC studies. The impact of the chosen controllers of each MMC is evaluated, highlighting the potential issues that may occur in multivendor schemes
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Colavitti, Romélien. "Le statut des collectivités infra-étatiques européennes : entre organe et sujet." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1028.
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L'ordre juridique international appréhende une collectivité infra-étatique comme un organe de l'État souverain. Cette logique classique d'assimilation, guidée par une lecture étatiste des rapports internationaux, y conditionne les opérations d'identification d'un engagement en raison d'un acte juridique, d'imputation d'un fait illicite et d'établissement d'une capacité à ester en justice. Dans ce contexte, une collectivité infra-étatique ne dispose pas d'une personnalité juridique propre, réserve faite du cas particulier des collectivités fédérées. Originellement internationaux, les ordres juridiques de l'Union européenne (U.E.) et du Conseil de l'Europe conservent une part de cet héritage. Toutefois, l'incorporation des collectivités infra-étatiques à cet édifice juridique régional, certes encore dominé par les États, les hisse progressivement au rang d'actrices singulières. L'autonomisation des deux ordres juridiques européens à l'égard de ces mécanismes internationaux classiques et la réalisation du principe d'immédiateté amènent alors à reconsidérer la pertinence d'une assimilation systématique des collectivités infra-étatiques à la figure de l'État et à prendre plus régulièrement en compte leur personnalité juridique distincte, telle que consacrée en droit interne. Cette logique nouvelle de personnification, qui trouve à s'exprimer dans une dimension verticale (i.e. dans les rapports entre les ordres juridiques internes et européens) et horizontale (i.e. dans les rapports entre les ordres juridiques internes des États) reste encore imparfaiteThe international legal system perceives a sub-state collectivity as a sovereign State's organ. This classical logic of assimilation, led by a statist perception of international relations, conducts the operations of identification of a commitment due to a juridical act, attribution of a wrongful act and acceptance of standing. In this context, a sub-state collectivity is not considered as a juridical person, subject to the particular situation of federated collectivities. Originally international, European Union's (E.U.) and Council of Europe's legal systems retain a measure of this heritage. However, the incorporation of sub-state collectivities in this regional legal system, admittedly still dominated by States, raises them gradually to the rank of singular actresses. The empowerment of both European legal systems from these classical international mechanisms and the realization of the principle of immediacy bring to reconsider the relevance of a systematic assimilation of the sub-state collectivities as insignificant parts of State and take account of their own juridical personality, such as established by domestic law. This new logic of personification, which develops vertical (i.e. relations between European and domestic legal systems) and horizontal dimensions (i.e. relations between domestic legal systems) is still imperfect. When they're not considered as State's organs, sub-state collectivities are sometimes perceived as individuals, who try to satisfy their own interests without any reference to general interest
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Patiño, Diego. "Pilotage des cycles limites dans les systèmes dynamiques hybrides : application aux alimentations électriques statiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPL013N.
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Cette thèse s'intéresse au pilotage des cycles limites pour une classe particulière de systèmes hybrides (SDH): les systèmes commutés cycliques. La thématique des SDH est née du constat d'insuffisance des modèles dynamiques classiques pour décrire les comportements lorsque des aspects évènementiels interviennent. Une classe particulièrement importante de SDH est formée par celle qui présente un régime permanent cyclique. Ces systèmes ont des points de fonctionnement non auto-maintenables: il n'existe pas de commande qui maintienne le système sur ce point. Le maintien n'est assuré qu'en valeur moyenne, en effectuant un cycle dans un voisinage du point par commutation des sous systèmes. L'établissement d'une loi de commutation pour cette classe de systèmes doit répondre aux objectifs de stabilité et de performance dynamique, mais doit également garantir la satisfaction de critères liés à la forme d'onde. A l'heure actuelle, peu de méthodes de commande prennent en compte le caractère cyclique du système. Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour objectif de développer des méthodes génériques et robustes pour piloter cette classe de systèmes. Les algorithmes proposés doivent également pouvoir être implémenté en temps réels. On modélise le système comme un système non - linéaire affine en la commande dont la loi de commande apparait dans le modèle. Ce type de modélisation permet d'envisager deux types de synthèse: l'une à base de commande prédictive et l'autre à base de commande optimale. Ce travail est validé par une partie applicative sur des manipulations dans le CRAN et dans des laboratoires du réseau d'excellence européenne HYCON dans le cadre duquel s'est déroulé cette étudeThis work deals with limit cycle control for one particular class of hybrid dynamical systems (HDS): The cyclic switched systems. The HDS were born because the traditional dynamical models were not able to describe complex behaviors and most of all, behaviors with discontinuities. From an application point of view, one important class of HDS depicts a cyclic behavior in steady state. The main characteristic of these systems is that the operation point cannot be maintained: It does not exist a control that maintains the system on a desired operation point. However, this point can be obtained in average by turning into its neighborhood. Thus, a cycle is produced by switching among the system modes. A switched control law must satisfy stability and dynamic performance. Moreover, criteria related to the waveform must be verified. Nowadays, few methods take into account the cyclic behavior of the system. In this research, some generic methods are studied. They show good performance for controlling the cyclic switched systems. The proposed algorithms can be implemented in real-time. The approaches are based on an affine non-linear model of the system whose control explicitly appears. Two control methods are considered: i) A predictive control, ii) An optimal control. Since the predictive control is a good choice for tracking, it will be able to maintain the system in a cycle. The optimal control yields solutions that can be applied to the transients. Some experiments with both control methods applied to the power converters are shown. These tests were carried out not only in our laboratory (CRAN), but also in other laboratories as part of the HYCON excellence network