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Journal articles on the topic 'Multilayer shields'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Kwak, Jeongkwon, Boravy Muth, Hyeon-Woo Yang, Chang Je Park, Woo Seung Kang, and Sun-Jae Kim. "Shielding Analysis of Metal Hydride-based Materials for Both Neutron and Gamma Rays Using Monte Carlo Simulation." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 12 (December 5, 2021): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.12.921.

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Radiation causes damage to the human body, the environment, and electronic equipment. Shielding against neutron and gamma rays is particularly difficult because of their strong ability to penetrate materials. Conventional gamma ray shields are typically made of materials containing Pb. However, they pose problems in that Pb is a heavy metal, and human poisoning and/or pollution can result from the manufacturing, use, and disposal of these materials. In addition, neutron rays are shielded by materials rich in H2 or concrete. In the case of the latter, the manufacturing cost is high. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new multilayer structure that can shield against both neutron and gamma rays. We set up a simulation model of a multilayered structure consisting of metal hydrides and heavy metals, and then evaluated the simulations using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code. Monte Carlo simulation is an accurate method for simulating the interaction between radiation and materials, and can be applied to the transport of radiation particles to predict values such as flux, energy spectrum, and energy deposition. The results of the study indicated the multilayer structure of ZrH2, U, and W could shield both neutron and gamma rays, thus showing potential as a new shielding material to replace Pb and concrete.

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2

Chen, Jinjing, and Weidong Yu. "Structure Designing and Property Investigation of Flexible Multilayer Thermal Insulation Materials." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 15, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-15-03-2011-b003.

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In this paper, a method of designing flexible multilayer insulation is analyzed and discussed, with focus on reducing the three basic modes of heat transfer (thermal radiation, solid spacer and residual gas conduction). The foundation for designing the new flexible thermal insulation material is provided. The insulation performances of different types (by choosing different reflection shields and spacers) of flexible multilayer insulation materials are obtained through measurements using a KES-F7 Thermal Labo II apparatus. The thermal performance of flexible multilayer insulation materials at different layers are also presented, and the best is about 20∼25 layers. To improve the thermal performance of multilayer insulation materials, treble spacers between double aluminized shields are applied. Aluminized shields with air, meshes, wool fibres, etc. are compared with each other. The aluminized shields with meshes fixed with down can reduce thermal contact, which reduces the radiation heat transfer more fully and can be more steady than the other spacers in the project applications. With the same layers and spacers, the thermal conductivity of crinkled aluminized shields is lower than that of the smooth aluminized shields. The effects of compressive loads on layer density and thermal performance are also investigated.

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3

Kola, K. S., D. Mandal, J. Tewary, V. P. Roy, and A. K. Bhattacharjee. "Optimum Design of ThinWideband Multilayer Electromagnetic Shield Using Evolutionary Algorithms." Advanced Electromagnetics 6, no. 2 (May 20, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v6i2.471.

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This paper describes the method of optimum design of multilayer perforated electromagnetic shield using Evolutionary algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Different parameters which are inherently conflicting in nature corresponds to the multilayer structure of the electromagnetic shields have been considered. The goal is to minimize the overall mass of the shield with respect to its shielding effectiveness and cost. Three different models are considered and synthesized using evolutionary algorithms. Numerical optimal results for each model using different algorithms are presented and compared with each other to establish the effectiveness of the proposed method of designing.

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4

Li, Chao, Yingming Song, Zehuan Zhang, Jie Mao, Weiwei Yuan, and Bo Wang. "A Novel and High-Precision Method for Calculating the γ-Ray Build-Up Factor for Multilayer Shields." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2021 (January 25, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8860762.

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In the field of radiation protection, the point-kernel code method is a practical tool widely used in the calculation of 3-D radiation field, and the accuracy of the point-kernel integration method strongly depends on the accuracy of the build-up factor. It is well known that calculation of the build-up factor for single-layer shields is composed of single material, but it is very complicated to calculate the build-up factor for multilayer shields (MLBUF). Recently, a novel and high-precision method based on the deep neural network (DNN) for calculating MLBUF has been proposed. In this paper, the novel method is described completely by slab models. Through the study of photon transport in multilayer shields, the parameters that mainly affect the calculation of build-up factor are analyzed. These parameters are trained by DNN as the input vectors, and the build-up factor for multilayer shields is predicted based on the trained DNN. The results predicted by DNN confirm that the method can calculate the build-up factor for multilayer shields quickly and accurately. The method has been preliminarily applicated into a 3-D radiation field calculation software, and it has proved that the method for calculating MLBUF has a broad application prospects in 3-D radiation field calculation.

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5

Dmitrenko, V. V., Phyo Wai Nyunt, K. F. Vlasik, V. M. Grachev, S. S. Grabchikov, S. S. Muravyev-Smirnov, A. S. Novikov, et al. "Electromagnetic shields based on multilayer film structures." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 42, no. 2 (February 2015): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335615020037.

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6

Zhang, Shugang, Ni Gao, Tianlin Shen, Yuechao Yang, Bin Gao, Yuncong C. Li, and Yongshan Wan. "One-step synthesis of superhydrophobic and multifunctional nano copper-modified bio-polyurethane for controlled-release fertilizers with “multilayer air shields”: new insight of improvement mechanism." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 16 (2019): 9503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00632j.

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7

Sasaki, T., and I. Itoh. "Multilayer NbTi superconducting magnetic shields via interfacial pinning." Cryogenics 35, no. 5 (May 1995): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(95)95353-g.

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8

Bavastro, Davide, Aldo Canova, Luca Giaccone, and Michele Manca. "Numerical and experimental development of multilayer magnetic shields." Electric Power Systems Research 116 (November 2014): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.07.004.

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9

Онучин, Е. С., В. А. Фельдштейн, Н. А. Товарнова, Л. Б. Васильченко, and Д. А. Орлов. "Энергоемкость тканевых материалов при ударном нагружении." Механика композиционных материалов и конструкций 27, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33113/mkmk.ras.2021.27.02.272_287.08.

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Space orbital stations operations support consists an adoption of meaningful measures to protect space station against impacts of space debris and meteoroids. This goal can be reached by using multilayered protection shields that are made with the fabric material layers. Shields designing and modeling requires specific characteristics that define energy absorbed volume by the fabric destruction under impact. The paper describes the methodology and experimental determination method for absorbed energy volume results by using multilayer fabrics of orbital manned stations shielding constructions under distributed impulse loading caused by the space debris impacts. The energy absorbed volume by the multilayer fabrics is obtained from the experiments by analysis of specimen and flat metal projectile impact. Projectile was accelerated by the air gas gun. The obtained experimental determination results of energy absorbed volume in pressure range up to 1,5 GPa are given. Using the model of fabric as a porous material its energy absorption volume dependence in pressure range up to 10 GPa and compared with experimental data. It is shown that for materials with high porosity absorbed energy volume against pressure dependence is close to linear. Corresponding asymptotic dependence for materials with high porosity under the high pressure is obtained.

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10

Moldovanu, A., H. Chiriac, C. Ioan, E. Moldovanu, M. Lozovan, and V. Apetrei. "Functional study of a system of magnetic multilayer shields." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 9, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jaem-1998-124.

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11

Sagalianov, I. Y., L. L. Vovchenko, L. Y. Matzui, A. A. Lazarenko, V. V. Oliynyk, O. V. Lozitsky, and U. Ritter. "Optimization of multilayer electromagnetic shields: A genetic algorithm approach." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 47, no. 2-3 (February 2, 2016): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201600483.

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12

Micheli, D., C. Apollo, R. Pastore, D. Barbera, R. B. Morles, M. Marchetti, G. Gradoni, Valter Mariani Primiani, and F. Moglie. "Optimization of Multilayer Shields Made of Composite Nanostructured Materials." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 54, no. 1 (February 2012): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.2011.2171688.

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13

Prosuntsov, P. V., A. A. Alekseev, and E. O. Zherebtsova. "Simulation of Small-Size Space Debris Impact on the Protective Shield of a Transformable Trap." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 11 (740) (November 2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-11-99-111.

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The growth in the number of space debris, especially small-size debris undetectable by radars, urges the development of protective equipment for the crucial satellites and space station. Passive multilayer shields are the most effective means of protection. As the shields are big, it makes sense to make them out of flexible composite materials that allow them to be deployed in orbit. The article determines the loads acting on the composite load-bearing frame of the trap for small-size debris during impact. For a rational choice of the structural trap layout and optimization of its design parameters it is critical to know these loads. The hypervelocity impact of the projectile on the shield was modeled in the Altair Radioss software package using a combined model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) method and mesh finite elements. The simulation of the shield penetration at various locations was carried out. For each simulation case, a time history of the reaction force in the attachment point of the protective shield to the load-bearing frame was determined. It was shown that the maximum load of about 2000 N acts for around 6 milliseconds on the joint closest to the impact point for the debris projectile size of 10 mm and velocity of 2 km/s.

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14

Bednár, Dávid, Martin Lištjak, Andrej Slimák, and Vladimír Nečas. "COMPARISON OF MCNP AND VISIPLAN DOSE-FIELD CALCULATIONS FOR MULTILAYER SHIELDING." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 186, no. 2-3 (December 2019): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz224.

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Abstract An important factor in calculation of quantities describing the radiation situation is the selection of a calculation code. In this article, the radiation situation for selected geometries with multilayer shields was judged. Calculations were carried out using deterministic code VISIPLAN and stochastic code MCNP5. Inter-comparison of calculations with experiment was done. The aim was to compare and evaluate the results achieved by the measurements and calculations, to analyze the methods of individual calculation codes and to discuss deviations in the results. Comparison of MCNP calculations and FH40G measurements shows that the relative deviations were ±20% for each shielding configuration. The results obtained by VISIPLAN code are strongly dependent on the selected buildup factor (BUF). However, in almost all cases, it appears that using Broder’s formula to calculate BUF for multilayer shields is a good approach to refine the calculation.

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15

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Design and Testing a Neutrons and Gamma-Rays Multilayer Shield Using Different Groups of Cross – Sections." Baghdad Science Journal 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2010): 1120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.7.3.1120-1126.

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A preventing shield for neutrons and gamma rays was designed using alternate layers of water and iron with pre-fixed dimensions in order to study the possibility of attenuating both neutrons and gamma-rays. ANISN CODE was prepared and adapted for the shield calculation using radiation doses calculation: Two groups of cross-section were used for each of neutrons and gamma-rays that rely on the one – dimensional transport equation using discrete ordinate's method, and through transforming cross-section values to values that are independent on the number of groups. The memory size required for the applied code was reduced and the results obtained were in agreement with those of standard acceptable document samples of cross –section, this assists the possibility of using this program for calculation of shields and adopting the shield design shield in this research for shielding from neutron and gamma-rays because the calculation of this designed proved the possibility of efficient attenuation of both of these kinds of radiations through from this theoritical study.

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16

Nyunt, P. W., K. F. Vlasik, V. M. Grachev, V. V. Dmitrenko, A. S. Novikov, D. V. Petrenko, S. E. Ulin, Z. M. Uteshev, I. V. Chernysheva, and A. E. Shustov. "Application Prospects of Multilayer Film Shields for Space Research Instrumentation." Physics Procedia 74 (2015): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.09.175.

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17

Zhang, Lei. "Research on Preparation and Property of Alternating Multilayer Polymer Electromagnetic Shielding Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 634–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.634.

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With the development of materials science and technology, performance and preparation of polymer materials becomes a hot topic. The heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Polymer material are strong and can be manufacture for composite materials. It is widely used in many areas. This paper adds metal shielding materials into polymer materials and uses layered coating technology. This paper treats metal mesh and PET film composite structure as in the electromagnetic shielding layer and prepares the alternating multilayer polymer electromagnetic shielding materials. This paper tests electronic shielding effect of the material. It mainly detects the shielding effect of pass rate, the decay rate, and the electromagnetic intensity of visible light. The result shows that the permeation rate of the materials for visible light is about 40%, and the attenuation effect is 85db. Multilayered metal shielding mesh shields 60% magnetic field strength and obtains good electromagnetic shielding effects. This paper tests the mechanical properties of the material through the polarizing microscope which proves that alternating multilayer polymer material has good continuity mechanical properties and high yield strength and heat resistance. It provides theoretical support for the development of the new type of electromagnetic shielding materials.

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18

Dmitrenko, V. V., David Besson, PhyoWai Nyunt, S. S. Grabchikov, V. M. Grachev, C. C. Muraviev-Smirnov, S. E. Ulin, Z. M. Uteshev, and K. F. Vlasik. "Multilayer film shields for the protection of PMT from constant magnetic field." Review of Scientific Instruments 86, no. 1 (January 2015): 013903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4904873.

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19

Gubser, D., S. Wolf, T. Francavilla, J. Claassen, and B. Das. "Multilayer Nb<inf>3</inf>Sn superconducting shields." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 21, no. 2 (March 1985): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1985.1063687.

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20

Augusto, Paulo A., Teresa Castelo-Grande, Pedro Augusto, and Domingos Barbosa. "Optimization of refrigerated shields using multilayer thermal insulation: Cryostats design – analytical solution." Cryogenics 46, no. 6 (June 2006): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2006.02.002.

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21

Kyzioł, Lesław. "Resistance to the piercing of composite materials." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.129.

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For structures that carry dynamic loads, the requirements are imposed for safety reasons. The requirements apply to both materials and construction. This requires searching for optimal calculation methods, including geometric and physical nonlinearity, which are results from the construction of the structure. An example is various ballistic structures (ballistic shields), which are hit by bullets in which huge energy is accumulated. In this case, the hitting in the shield with a bullet can be considered as a load due to mass impact. Loads at high strain rates are described by various mathematical models. The mathematical model is complex because a large number of "coefficients" is required, moreover, the obtained test results are not always repeatable. The paper presents the results of shooting multilayer plates with composite materials with 7.62 mm caliber bullets. The shield consisted of three layers, the outer layers were steel or aluminum, the inner layer was natural or modified wood. The samples had the shape of a shield and were 50 mm in diameter and of different thickness. The results of the research allowed to assess the impact of wood modification on its puncture resistance.

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22

Grabchikov, S. S., E. A. Grabchikova, D. S. Vasin, D. I. Tishkevich, S. B. Lastovskii, A. S. Yakushevich, Y. V. Bogatyrev, I. V. Kalagin, and S. V. Mitrofanov. "Modeling of paths and energy losses of high-energy ions in single-layered and multilayered materials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 65, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2020-65-1-25-34.

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Linear and mass ranges of protons and argon ions in aluminum, alumina, bismuth, and W77.7Cu22.3 composite shields were calculated using the SRIM software package. It is shown that the protection efficiency against high-energy ions by materials with large atomic charge (Z) values is higher, from the position of linear ranges of particles, and lower, from the position of mass ranges, in comparison with materials with low Z values. The dependence of the threshold energy on the serial number of particles for aluminum, bismuth, and composite W77.7Cu22.3 shields is determined. The ionization loss spectra for the passage of both protons with an energy of 20 MeV and krypton ions with an energy of 7.75 GeV through multilayer Bi/Al/Al2O3 and Al/Al2O3/Bi structures were calculated. These results showed that the braking of high-energy particles in the case when the first layer contains a heavy element is higher than in the case when the first layer contains a light element. The influence of the sequence in the arrangement and thickness of the layers in the multilayer structures of the Bi/Al/Al2O3 system on the efficiency of protection against high-energy ions was studied. It is shown that the nature of the dependences R(E) and ion energy losses are determined by the sequence of arrangement of individual layers, which is due to the difference in the conversion of the spectra by the material of the first layer. The studied radiation shields can be used in aerospace and nuclear technologies, as well as in many scientific and medical devices, and can be used to protect against the effects of a wide range of ionizing radiation (electrons, protons, heavy charged particles, etc.).

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23

Kim, Seon-Chil. "Improving the X-ray Shielding Performance of Tungsten Thin-Film Plates Manufactured Using the Rolling Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 9111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199111.

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X-ray shields used for medical purposes are manufactured using lead, which is inexpensive and easy to manufacture. However, as lead can be a major factor contributing toward environmental contamination, such as lead poisoning, a radiation-shielding plate was manufactured in this study using a tungsten plate, an eco-friendly material, through a rolling process at different temperatures. In addition, the shielding plate produced via the hot-rolling method exhibited better shielding performance than that of the plate produced using the cold-rolling method, and the multilayer structure was well formed, as indicated in the cross-sectional image analysis. Upon applying a peak voltage of 100 kVp to the X-ray tube, the shielding performance observed was 80% and 96% when the plate thickness was 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively. Therefore, it is expected that, in the future, the pure tungsten-based shield presented in this study will replace lead plates, owing to its superior standardization and reproducibility of the shielding performance.

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24

Assad, A., M. Chiron, J. C. Nimal, C. M. Diop, and P. Ridoux. "A New Approximating Formula for Calculating Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors in Multilayer Shields." Nuclear Science and Engineering 132, no. 2 (June 1999): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse99-a2060.

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25

Cruciani, Silvano, Tommaso Campi, Francesca Maradei, and Mauro Feliziani. "Finite-Element Modeling of Conductive Multilayer Shields by Artificial Material Single-Layer Method." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2949737.

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26

Wood, J., and H. Al-Bahadili. "Monte Carlo photon transport for multilayer shields on the AMT DAP parallel computer." Annals of Nuclear Energy 17, no. 9 (January 1990): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4549(90)90001-t.

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27

Dmitrenko, V. V., Phyo Wai Nyunt, K. F. Vlasik, V. M. Grachev, S. S. Grabchikov, S. S. Muravyev-Smirnov, A. S. Novikov, et al. "Application prospects of multilayer film shields for space equipment protection against constant magnetic fields." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 42, no. 5 (May 2015): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335615050061.

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28

Sayedahmed, F. M., A. S. Makarious, and W. A. Kansouh. "Void effects and the determination of “patches” for radiation distributions in heterogeneous multilayer shields." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 40, no. 6 (January 1989): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(89)90130-5.

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29

Bocian, Miroslaw, Krzysztof Jamroziak, and Mariusz Kosobudzki. "The Analysis of Energy Consumption of a Ballistic Shields in Simulation of Mobile Cellular Automata." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.680.

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The paper presents the puncture resistance of the material, that is under the influence of highly deformable projectile, depending on changes of material’s yield strength. The simulation has been conducted using mobile cellular automata (MCA) with authors’ own software. The simulation took into account the elasto-plasto-viscous properties of the material as well as surface and internal friction. The selected results are illustrated in terms of piercing the multilayer material with chosen projectiles of kinetic influence in the range of impact velocity between 300 and 1000 m/s.

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30

Assad, Ali, Maurice Chiron, Jean Claude Nimal, Cheikh M’backé Diop, and Philippe Ridoux. "General Formalism for Calculating Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors in Multilayer Shields into MERCURE-6 Code." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 37, sup1 (March 2000): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2000.10874935.

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31

Alkhatib, Sari F., Chang Je Park, Hae Yong Jeong, and Yongdeok Lee. "Layer-splitting technique for testing the recursive scheme for multilayer shields gamma ray buildup factors." Annals of Nuclear Energy 88 (February 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2015.10.032.

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32

Suteau, Christophe, Maurice Chiron, and Gilles Arnaud. "Improvement of MERCURE-6’s General Formalism for Calculating Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors in Multilayer Shields." Nuclear Science and Engineering 147, no. 1 (May 2004): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse04-a2417.

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33

Dubinsky, A. V. "EXPLICIT FORMULA FOR DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF CONE-NOSED IMPACTOR INTO ANISOTROPIC SHIELDS." Problems of strenght and plasticity 82, no. 1 (2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32326/1814-9146-2020-82-1-100-106.

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The field of application of Functionally Graded Materialsis steadily expanding, which stimulates research in the relevant areas. In relation to penetration mechanics, these are primarily experimental studies of multilayer barriers consisting of plates “in contact” with various mechanical properties. Despite intensive research, explicit formulas for integral penetration characteristics (penetration depth and ballistic limit) cannot be obtained, except for the case when sequential penetration of layers (barriers with large gaps between layers). In this article, explicit formulas for the depth of penetration into an semi-infinite shield and for the ballistic limit velocity applying penetration into a shield of a finite thickness are derived assuming that the hardness of the barrier material varies continuously depending on barrier depth. The theoretical analysis is based on a model that represents the normal stress at points on the surface of the penetrating body that are in contact with the barrier as a quadratic function of the normal component of local impactor velocity with a zero linear term (the Vitman - Stepanov model). Difference of the dynamic hardness in different points of impactor-barrier contact is taken into account. It is also assumed that the nose of the striker has the form of a straight circular cone and the initial stage of penetration when the striker is not completely immersed in the barrier is ignored.

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34

BELOV, Nikolay N., Nikolay T. YUGOV, Anton Yu SAMMEL, and Evgeniy Yu STEPANOV. "STUDY OF THE TRANSPARENT ARMOR STRENGTH UNDER A HIGH-SPEED IMPACT OF A CYLINDRICAL IMPACTOR BY COMPUTER MODELING METHOD." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Matematika i mekhanika, no. 67 (2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988621/67/7.

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When manufacturing transparent multilayer armor of high threat level, the reinforced silicate glass and transparent ceramics with protecting back films are usually used. The hardness of the front layer of the shield should be much higher than that of the impactor. A promising option isthe use of a single leucosapphire crystal. However, due to its high cost and the impossibility of providing large-sized samples, the transparent polycrystalline materials are developed. One of the most advanced materials is ALON, which is close to leucosapphire in strength characteristics. The aim of this work is to develop a mathematical model to calculate the impact interaction of fragmentation elements with transparent armor. The numerical study is carried out using proprietary software systems. Calculations of the high-speed impact of the steel cylindrical impactor are implemented for three types of shields made of transparent armor. The first two-layer target is made of 20 mm thick tempered glass and a 4 mm thick polycarbonate layer. The second and third targets are three-layered. The front layer of the second target is made of ALON, and the spinel is used for the third one. The second and third layers in these targets are made of tempered glass and polycarbonate, respectively. The calculated results show that ALON is the most impact-resistant material, while spinel is a little less resistant.

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35

Gregori, Davide, Riccardo Scazzosi, Stephanie Gonçalves Nunes, Sandro Campos Amico, Marco Giglio, and Andrea Manes. "Analytical and numerical modelling of high-velocity impact on multilayer alumina/aramid fiber composite ballistic shields: Improvement in modelling approaches." Composites Part B: Engineering 187 (April 2020): 107830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107830.

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36

Benhamou, S. M., M. Hamouni, and F. Ould-Kaddour. "Crossover Frequency and Transmission-Line Matrix Formalism of Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Laminated Conductive Sheets." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i2.566.

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This paper proposes an approach to calculate the crossover frequency of each layer in the multilayered shield and subsequently that of structure constructed by n layers. This important frequency provides a useful approximation for field penetration in a conductor. It is used in a wide variety of calculations. It is in this context that a simplification of the transmission-line matrix formalism for laminated conductive sheets is done using this frequency. Two ranges of frequency are considered: lower and higher than the crossover frequency. Simples formulas and easy to use of the reflection loss, the internal reflection, the absorption loss and the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of laminated shield are obtained. Analysis is carried out for the study of two shields: i) single shield of carbon nanotube polymer composites (CNTs), ii) multilayered shield constructed with Nickel–carbon nanotube polymer composites–Aluminum (Ni–CNTs–Al).

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37

Liu, Cong, Jian Hao, Yanqing Li, and Ruijin Liao. "Fabrication of ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE Multilayer Nano-Structured Functional Film on Cellulose Insulation Polymer Surface and Its Effect on Moisture Inhibition and Dielectric Properties." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081367.

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After a century of practice, cellulose insulating polymer (insulating paper/pressboard) has been shown to be one of the best and most widely used insulating materials in power transformers. However, with the increased voltage level of the transformer, research has focused on improving the insulation performance of the transformer’s cellulose insulation polymer. Considering the complex environment of the transformer, it is not enough to improve the single performance of the insulating polymer. In this study, a nano-structured ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) multifunctional film was deposited on the surface of insulating pressboard by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The effect of the multilayered ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE functional film on the dielectric and water contact angle of the cellulose insulating polymer was investigated. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) showed that the nano-structured ZnO-Al2O3-PTFE functional film was successfully deposited on the cellulose insulation pressboard surface. The functional film presented an obvious stratification phenomenon. By analyzing the result of the contact angle, it was found that the functional film shields the hydroxyl group of the inner cellulose and improves hydrophobicity. The AC breakdown field strength of the treated samples was obviously increased (by 12 to ~17%), which means that the modified samples had a better dielectric insulation performance. This study provides a surface modification method to comprehensively improve electrical properties and the ability to inhibit the moisture of the cellulose insulating polymer, used in a power transformer.

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38

S. Hossain, M. "A Study of Gamma Unfolding for PB, HC Single Shields and Multilayers Containing PB Shield." American Journal of Physical Chemistry 6, no. 6 (2017): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20170606.12.

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39

Al-Arif, Maan, and Diyaree Kakil. "Calculated-Experimental Model for Multilayer Shield." Aro, The Scientific Journal of Koya University 3, no. 1 (May 10, 2015): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10057.

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40

Ben-Dor, G., A. Dubinsky, and T. Elperin. "Ballistic properties of multilayered concrete shields." Nuclear Engineering and Design 239, no. 10 (October 2009): 1789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.05.015.

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41

Barna, Daniel, Martin Novak, Kristof Brunner, Carlo Petrone, Miroslav Georgiev Atanasov, Jerome Feuvrier, and Max Andre Pascal. "NbTi/Nb/Cu Multilayer Shield for the Superconducting Shield (SuShi) Septum." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2018.2872860.

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42

Chen, Guobang, Tao Sun, Jianyao Zheng, Zhixue Huang, and Jianping Yu. "Performance of multilayer insulation with slotted shield." Cryogenics 34 (January 1994): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(05)80086-4.

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43

Kamkar, Milad, Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah, Ehsan Hosseini, Majed Amini, Saeed Ghaderi, and Mohammad Arjmand. "Multilayer polymeric nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding: fabrication, mechanisms, and prospects." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 46 (2021): 21488–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj04626h.

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Fabrication of multilayer EMI shield opens a creative avenue for designing and constructing flexible nanocomposite films simultaneously featuring excellent EMI shielding performance, fascinating heat removal ability, and robust mechanical properties.

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44

Alani, R., R. G. Harper, and P. R. Swann. "Ion thinning of TEM cross sections under beam switching control." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010012237x.

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Ion milled, cross sectional TEM specimens are used extensively to study the microstructure of multilayered materials. Unfortunately, it is difficult to get all the layers in a cross section equally electron transparent because usually they mill at different rates and have different atomic numbers. Differential thinning can be minimized by milling at low angles so that the slow milling layers protect the fast milling layers from the ion beam. However, even at low angles uneven milling can still occur when the ion beam travels along the multilayer interface (glue line). This problem can be partially overcome by using a shield to cut off the ion beam in these directions. However, this solution is not completely satisfactory because material sputtered from the edge of the shield can contaminate the specimen. A better solution, is to rock the specimen over a range of angles while the ion beam is centered approximately about the perpendicular to the glue line. With this method there is a possibility of uneven milling at both ends of the rocking angle where the beam is stationary for a short period during the change in direction of specimen rotation. Another solution, which is reported here, is to rotate the specimen continuously in the normal way and to switch off the ion beam as it passes by along the specimen glue line.

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45

Bayandin, M., and S. Kazitsin. "Features bonding process multilayer laminated shield pva adhesives." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 9 (December 9, 2015): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16421.

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46

Bayandin, M. "Features bonding process multilayer laminated shield pva adhesives." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 9 (December 21, 2015): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16853.

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47

Bayandin, M., and S. Eliseev. "Features bonding process multilayer laminated shield pva adhesives." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11124.

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48

Kuzmin, S., K. Korovin, and A. Andropov. "Design Technique for Shielded Multilayer Directional Coupler." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2021-7-1-63-70.

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The article discusses the implementation of directional couplers in a microstrip line, designed for communication lines in the frequency range of 2‒3 GHz, on a substrate made of a widely used and generally available material RO4350, with a coupling factor of 3‒7 dB. These directional couplers have been designed with additional boundary conditions to reduce the size of the device. In the course of numerical modeling, the correction factors used for preliminary analytical calculations were refined. The data of the numerical experiment were verified using the measurements prototype model.

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49

El-Sayed Abdo, A., and R. M. Megahid. "Homogeneous and Multilayered Shields for Neutrons and Gamma-Rays." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 40, Part 1, No. 4A (April 15, 2001): 2460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.40.2460.

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50

Oktem, M. H., and B. Saka. "Design of multilayered cylindrical shields using a genetic algorithm." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 43, no. 2 (May 2001): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.925537.

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