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Journal articles on the topic 'Multilateral jet'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Thong, C. X., B. B. Dally, P. R. Medwell, and C. H. Birzer. "Effect of Multilateral Jet Mixing on Stability and Structure of Turbulent Partially-Premixed Flames." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 100, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9838-6.

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2

Young, John. "A Case Study in Summitry: The Experience of Britain's Edward Heath, 1970-74." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 1, no. 3 (2006): 261–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187119006x162035.

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AbstractWhile summits are well served in the literature on diplomacy, the focus tends to be on specific, high-profile occasions such as Munich and Yalta or on the broad experience of multilateral conferences. Such approaches may obscure the full range of summits that were taking place by the later twentieth century. By focusing on a four-year period in the experience of a particular leader, this article provides a case study of summitry, which might serve as the basis for comparisons with other countries and time periods. It draws out the frequency, type and geographical range of summits experienced by Edward Heath as British premier and, in doing so, also raises issues about how types of summits are defined, the relationship between bilateral and multilateral meetings and the way that summitry has evolved as a diplomatic practice. In particular it emerges that summits were frequent and ofen perfunctory affairs, sometimes held as a simple courtesy to leaders who were passing through London. In this sense the British experience may have been unusual, but it is also evident from the number of Heath's interlocutors and the multilateral conferences that he attended that summits had become an integral part of political life for world leaders in the jet age.

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3

Saggi, Kamal, Alan Woodland, and Halis Murat Yildiz. "On the Relationship between Preferential and Multilateral Trade Liberalization: The Case of Customs Unions." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 63–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.5.1.63.

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This paper compares equilibrium outcomes of two games of trade liberalization. In the Bilateralism game, countries choose whether to liberalize trade preferentially via a customs union (CU), multilaterally, or not at all. The Multilateralism game is a restricted version of the Bilateralism game in that countries cannot form CUs and can only undertake non-discriminatory trade liberalization. When countries have symmetric endowments, global free trade is the only stable equilibrium of both games. Allowing for endowment asymmetry, we isolate circumstances where the option to form CUs helps further the cause of multilateral liberalization as well as where it does not. (JEL F12, F13)

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4

Baliga, Sandeep, and Roberto Serrano. "Multilateral Bargaining with Imperfect Information." Journal of Economic Theory 67, no. 2 (December 1995): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1995.1087.

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5

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Government Revenue." Journal of Economic Integration 32, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 586–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2017.32.3.586.

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6

Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth." Journal of Economic Integration 33, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 1261–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2018.33.2.1261.

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7

Maggi, Giovanni. "The Role of Multilateral Institutions in International Trade Cooperation." American Economic Review 89, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.190.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) lacks the power to directly enforce agreements. It is therefore important to understand what role the WTO can play to facilitate international cooperation, and whether a multilateral institution can offer distinct advantages over a web of bilateral agreements. This paper examines two potential benefits of a multilateral trade institution: first, verifying violations of the agreements and informing third parties, thus facilitating multilateral reputation mechanisms; second, promoting multilateral trade negotiations rather than a web of bilateral negotiations. The model suggests that a multilateral approach is particularly important when there are strong imbalances in bilateral trading relationships. (JEL F13)

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8

Naya, José Méndez, and Luciano Méndez Naya. "Multilateral Tariff Negotiations when Production is Fixed." Journal of Economic Integration 17, no. 4 (April 15, 2002): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2002.17.4.811.

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9

Cai, Hongbin. "Delay in Multilateral Bargaining under Complete Information." Journal of Economic Theory 93, no. 2 (August 2000): 260–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2658.

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10

Lin, Kuan Pin, and John S. Oh. "Multilateral Productivity Comparisons of Selected Asian Developing Countries." Journal of Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 15, 1986): 149–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1986.1.2.149.

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11

Zhang, J., A. Dobranskyte, and M. Berrittella. "Impacts of Global Multilateral Trade Liberalization on Sustainability Indicators." Journal of Economic Integration 22, no. 4 (December 15, 2007): 995–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2007.22.4.995.

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12

Bagwell, Kyle, Robert W. Staiger, and Ali Yurukoglu. "Multilateral Trade Bargaining: A First Look at the GATT Bargaining Records." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 72–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20170574.

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This paper empirically examines recently declassified tariff bargaining data from the GATT/WTO. Focusing on the Torquay Round (1950–1951), we document stylized facts about these interconnected high-stakes international negotiations that suggest a lack of strategic behavior among the participating governments and an important multilateral element to the bilateral bargains. We suggest that these features can be understood as emerging from a tariff bargaining forum that emphasizes the GATT pillars of MFN and multilateral reciprocity, and we offer evidence that the relaxation of strict bilateral reciprocity facilitated by the GATT multilateral bargaining forum was important to the success of the GATT approach. (JEL C78, F13)

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13

Ambrus, Attila, and Shih En Lu. "A Continuous-Time Model of Multilateral Bargaining." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 208–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20100029.

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We propose a finite-horizon continuous-time framework for coalitional bargaining, in which players can make offers at random discrete times. In our model: (i) expected payoffs in Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE) are unique, generating sharp predictions and facilitating comparative statics; and (ii) MPE are the only subgame perfect Nash equilibria (SPNE) that can be approximated by SPNE of nearby discrete-time bargaining models. We investigate the limit MPE payoffs as the time horizon goes to infinity and players get infinitely patient. In convex games, we establish that the set of these limit payoffs achievable by varying recognition rates is exactly the core of the characteristic function. (JEL C78)

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14

Gnangnon, Sena Kimm. "Multilateral trade liberalization and developing countries’ economic exposure to shocks." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 496–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2017-0141.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of multilateral trade policy (MTP) liberalization on developing countries’ economic exposure to shocks. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is conducted on a panel data set comprising 120 countries over the period 1996–2013 and uses the within fixed effects estimator. Findings The empirical results suggest that over the entire sample as well as sub-samples of least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs, multilateral trade liberalization have a negative and significant impact on economic exposure to shocks. Interestingly, LDCs appear to experience the highest magnitude of the reducing impact of multilateral trade liberalization on countries’ economic exposure to shocks. Research limitations/implications These findings suggest that a greater cooperation among countries in the world, including among WTO members to further liberalize trade would surely contribute to reducing developing countries’ economic exposure to shocks. Practical implications The current study shows that the current backlash against trade and the consequent strong appeal for domestic trade protectionist measures would likely to undermine the likelihood of further multilateral trade liberalization. One implication of this could be a rise in countries’ economic exposure to shocks. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is first the study on this matter.

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15

Elbehri, Aziz, and Thomas Hertel. "A Comparative Analysis of the EU-Morocco FTA vs. Multilateral Liberalization." Journal of Economic Integration 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2006): 496–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.2006.21.3.496.

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16

French, D. "Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Legal Status of the Secretariats. By BHARAT H DESAI." Journal of Environmental Law 23, no. 1 (January 12, 2011): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqq026.

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17

Ossa, Ralph. "Trade Wars and Trade Talks with Data." American Economic Review 104, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 4104–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.12.4104.

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How large are optimal tariffs? What tariffs would prevail in a worldwide trade war? How costly would a breakdown of international trade policy cooperation be? And what is the scope for future multilateral trade negotiations? I address these and other questions using a unified framework which nests traditional, new trade, and political economy motives for protection. I find that optimal tariffs average 62 percent, world trade war tariffs average 63 percent, the government welfare losses from a breakdown of international trade policy cooperation average 2.9 percent, and the possible government welfare gains from future multilateral trade negotiations average 0.5 percent. (JEL F12, F13, O19)

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18

Bulow, Jeremy, and Kenneth Rogoff. "Cleaning up Third World Debt Without Getting Taken to the Cleaners." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.4.1.31.

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Should taxpayers of wealthy countries finance a leveraged buyout of third world debt? The case for establishing an international debt discount facility rests on the belief that the overhang of foreign commercial bank debt is stifling growth in the Highly Indebted Countries, and that coordination problems among private sector banks are blocking efficiency-enhancing debt reduction schemes. Thus there is scope for a multilateral government agency to step in, buy up the debts, and pass on the efficiency gains to struggling debtors. Our contention is that a debt discount facility would in fact be a black hole for aid funds, and would yield only minimal efficiency benefits. Our assessment of the debt crisis suggests a very different approach. Development aid should be divorced from debt negotiations and instead should be tied to countries' performance in areas such as environmental policy, drug interdiction, and population control. Future aid allocations should not be disguised as loan guarantees, and the massive bond obligations of existing multilateral lenders ought to be placed on the books. Finally, we recommend reversing a number of legal and regulatory changes made in the 1970s that served to encourage the loans in the first place.

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19

Richardson, B. "Multilateral Development Banking: Environmental Principles and Concepts Reflecting General International Law and Public Policy." Journal of Environmental Law 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/14.1.125.

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20

Krueger, Anne O. "Are Preferential Trading Arrangements Trade-Liberalizing or Protectionist?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.13.4.105.

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Preferential trade arrangements, and especially free trade agreements, have mushroomed in importance in the 1990s. This has revived research on the effects of these arrangements, both on the welfare of the member countries and those excluded, and on the momentum for further liberalization of the open multilateral trading system. This paper reviews the analyses and evidence to date as to these effects, showing that analytically anything can happen and that, to date, there has been insufficient experience to draw conclusions from empirical evidence.

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21

Fluckiger, Yves, and Bharat R. Hazari. "The Theory of Transfers in a Multilateral World: The Customs Union Case with Structural Adjustment." Journal of Economic Integration 11, no. 2 (June 15, 1996): 131–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11130/jei.1996.11.2.131.

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22

Panagariya, Arvind. "Preferential Trade Liberalization: The Traditional Theory and New Developments." Journal of Economic Literature 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 287–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.2.287.

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This paper begins by systematically developing the “static” theory of preferential trade areas (PTAs) and showing that neither a large volume of initial intra-union trade nor geographical proximity can serve as a guide to welfare enhancing PTAs. The paper then discusses the modern literature addressing welfare effects of simultaneous division of the world into many PTAs, the impact of the decision to form a PTA on external tariffs and the “dynamic” time-path question of whether PTAs are building blocks or stumbling blocks towards multilateral freeing of trade. A final section discusses key theoretical considerations in the empirical evaluation of PTAs.

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23

Szewerniak, Wojciech W., Yilan Xu, and Sandy Dall’erba. "The effects of diesel price on regional trade in the USA." Journal of Economic Geography 19, no. 5 (November 19, 2018): 1099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby052.

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Abstract The abundant trade literature offers little insight on how diesel prices affect intranational trade. We fill this gap by calibrating a structural gravity model to recent U.S. interstate trade data. We discover that, for any distance, the elasticity of trade to diesel prices is much greater for low-valued commodities than for high-valued commodities. The general equilibrium result shows that a nationwide diesel price increase leads to heterogeneous decreases in trade across distances from the exporting state because of adjustments in multilateral costs and trade portfolio. Moreover, it increases the share of high-valued commodities in interstate trade.

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24

Cardesa-Salzmann, A. "Constitutionalising Secondary Rules in Global Environmental Regimes: Non-Compliance Procedures and the Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements." Journal of Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (September 29, 2011): 103–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqr022.

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25

Litwack, John M. "Legality and Market Reform in Soviet-Type Economies." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.77.

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The classical Soviet-type system operates in the virtual absence of economic legality, which is a prerequisite to a successful transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe. In the absence of economic legality, the leadership of these countries will not be able to implement a credible commitment to private property rights or any other effective market incentive mechanism. In addition, they will be unable to promote the growth of multilateral impersonal trade. Without legality, a shift away from central planning toward market allocation may very likely lead to economic decline, inflationary pressures, and a polarization in income distribution, which, in turn, could unleash political reaction against the reform process in general.

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26

LYZUN, Mariia. "DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT." Vol 19, No 1 (2020), Vol 19, No 1 (2020) (March 2020): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.01.082.

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The article investigates the transformation of approaches to understanding the processes of regional economic integration. The macro-region as a structural element of regionalism is explored. Criteria for typology of regional economic integration are systematized and divided into dichotomous and trichotomous. Factors influencing regional integration and current tendencies of its development are determined. A modern group of regional integration associations is identified, thus improving the existent typology. It includes regional and multilateral associations, hub and spoke regionalism, gravity agreements, plurilateral, bilateral, minilateral regionalism. JEL: F15, F13, F60, R10.

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27

de Bromhead, Alan, Alan Fernihough, Markus Lampe, and Kevin Hjortshøj O’Rourke. "When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection." American Economic Review 109, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 325–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20172020.

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International trade collapsed, and also became much less multilateral, during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows, have argued that trade policies had relatively little to do with either phenomenon. Using a new dataset incorporating highly disaggregated information on the United Kingdom’s imports and trade policies, we find that while conventional wisdom is correct regarding the impact of trade policy on the total value of British imports, discriminatory trade policies can explain the majority of Britain’s shift toward Imperial imports in the 1930s. (JEL F13, F14, F54, N74)

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28

Özyurt, Selçuk. "Searching for a Bargain: Power of Strategic Commitment." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 320–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20130027.

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This paper shows that in a multilateral bargaining setting where the sellers compete á la Bertrand, a range of prices that includes the monopoly price and 0 are compatible with equilibrium, even in the limit where the reputational concerns and frictions vanish. In particular, the incentive of committing to a specific demand, the opportunity of building reputation about inflexibility, and the anxiety of preserving their reputation can tilt players' bargaining power in such a way that being deemed as a tough bargainer is bad for the competing players, and thus, price undercutting is not optimal for the sellers. (JEL C78, D43, D83)

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29

Goodwin, Edward J. "State Delegations and the Influence of COP Decisions." Journal of Environmental Law 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqz007.

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Abstract This article concerns the likelihood that decisions adopted at conferences of the parties (COPs) to multilateral environmental agreements will influence the behaviour of States Parties. Relying upon a theory emphasising the importance of rational persuasion of decisions and the legitimacy of decision-making processes, this article explains how choices concerning the preparation of delegates and then participation of delegations at plenary meetings of the parties to environmental treaties might enhance the likelihood of those decisions having a positive effect upon the actions of States Parties. This is done using a case study of the UK delegation to a meeting of the parties to the 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. That case study also provides examples of potentially positive modalities adopted by the UK, while also revealing suspected concerns for the future surrounding retention of experienced delegates and the impact of Brexit.

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30

Gascoigne, Catherine E. "‘Seeing the Wood for the Trees’: Revisiting the Consistency of Australia’s Illegal Logging Act with the Law of the World Trade Organization." Journal of Environmental Law 33, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 395–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqab005.

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Abstract In the absence of coordinated multilateral action, many countries seek to address environmental harm occurring in foreign jurisdictions by introducing measures that regulate the importation of certain products. In Australia, the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 (Cth) and the Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation 2012 (Cth) prohibit the import of timber that has been harvested in a manner that is contrary to the laws of the harvesting country. One unsettled question is whether the measure is inconsistent with the law of the World Trade Organization. This article considers this question ahead of the Commonwealth Government’s 10-year review of the Measure. To this end, the article examines the consistency of the Act with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The findings of the article are relevant to Australia and to other countries that design and implement measures to regulate the importation of products for environmental objectives.

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31

Tsur, Matan. "A Bargaining-Based Model of Security Design." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20190019.

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This paper studies how security design affects project outcomes. Consider a firm that raises capital for multiple projects by offering investors a share of the revenues. The revenue of each project is determined ex post through bargaining with a buyer of the output. Thus, the choice of security affects the feasible payoffs of the bargaining game. We characterize the securities that achieve the firm’s maximal equilibrium payoff in bilateral and multilateral negotiations. In a large class of securities, the optimal contract is remarkably simple. The firm finances each project separately with defaultable debt. Welfare and empirical implications are discussed. (JEL C78, D21, D86, G12, G32)

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Gottschalk, Ricardo, and Padmashree Gehl Sampath. "Infrastructure for Structural Transformation: A Comebackof Planning?" Journal of Infrastructure Development 13, no. 1 (June 2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09749306211023667.

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This article examines how infrastructure development may best support structural transformation in developing countries. It critiques ongoing emphasis by multilateral financial institutions and other actors on infrastructure as an asset class and their focus on bankable projects. The article considers this approach too narrow for real economic transformation and argues development requires a more holistic approach, one that includes project assessment based on developmental criteria. Drawing on the pioneers of development and more recent literature on infrastructure systems, the article proposes development planning as a more promising approach and assesses how developing countries are faring regarding infrastructure planning for growth and transformation. JEL Classification: H54, O21, O40, P11

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33

Bagwell, Kyle, and Robert W. Staiger. "An Economic Theory of GATT." American Economic Review 89, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.215.

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We propose a unified theoretical framework within which to interpret and evaluate the foundational principles of GATT. Working within a general equilibrium trade model, we represent government preferences in a way that is consistent with national income maximization but also allows for the possibility of distributional concerns as emphasized in leading political-economy models. Using this general framework, we establish that GATT's principles of reciprocity and non-discrimination can be viewed as simple rules that assist governments in their effort to implement efficient trade agreements. From this perspective, we argue that preferential agreements undermine GATT's ability to deliver efficient multilateral outcomes. (JEL F02, F13, F15)

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34

Kimbrough, Erik O., Vernon L. Smith, and Bart J. Wilson. "Historical Property Rights, Sociality, and the Emergence of Impersonal Exchange in Long-Distance Trade." American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2008): 1009–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.3.1009.

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This laboratory experiment explores the extent to which impersonal exchange emerges from personal exchange with opportunities for long-distance trade. We design a three-commodity production and exchange economy in which agents in three geographically separated villages must develop multilateral exchange networks to import a good only available abroad. For treatments, we induce two distinct institutional histories to investigate how past experience with property rights affects the evolution of specialization and exchange. We find that a history of unenforced property rights hinders our subjects' ability to develop the requisite personal social arrangements to support specialization and effectively exploit impersonal long-distance trade. (JEL C90, D23, D51, P14)

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Athukorala, Prema-chandra. "Free Trade Agreements in the World Trade System: Substance and Semantics." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519886771.

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Over the past three decades, free trade agreements (FTAs) have become an integral and enduring part of the global trading system. The number of FTAs notified to the World Trade Organization increased from 19 in 1990 to 292 by January 2019.1 However, debate on the economic case for following the FTA path as an alternative to multilateral and unilateral trade liberalisation is far from settled. The purpose of this note is to assess key themes of this policy debate. The focus is solely on the economic rationale of FTAs, even though political considerations play a key role in the proliferation of FTAs. JEL Codes: F13, F15, F55

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Spearot, Alan. "Unpacking the Long-Run Effects of Tariff Shocks: New Structural Implications from Firm Heterogeneity Models." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140015.

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I derive a novel solution for the general equilibrium effects of tariffs that is robust to heterogeneity across industries and countries, and is a function of only aggregate trade data and country-by-industry Pareto shape parameters. Using the model to evaluate tariff shocks, I show that while most countries lose by removing observed tariffs unilaterally, India, Japan, Korea, and the United States gain by doing so, which suggests inefficient tariff discrimination. In evaluating multilateral shocks, observed tariff cuts over 1994 –2000 benefit 69 percent of countries, with these benefits skewed toward developing nations. In contrast, removing all post-2000 tariffs benefit the developed. (JEL F12, F13, F14)

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37

Baranski, Andrzej. "Voluntary Contributions and Collective Redistribution." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140240.

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I study a multilateral bargaining game in which committee members invest in a common project prior to redistributing the total value of production. The game corresponds to a Baron and Ferejohn (1989) legislative bargaining model preceded by a production stage that is similar to a voluntary contribution mechanism. In this game, contributions reach almost full efficiency in a random rematching experimental design. Bargaining outcomes tend to follow an equity standard of proportionality: higher contributors obtain higher shares. Unlike other bargaining experiments with an exogenous fund, allocations involving payments to all members are modal instead of minimum winning coalitions, and proposer power is quite low. (JEL C78, D63, D71, D72, H41)

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38

Lawrence, Robert Z. "A True Development Round? A Review of Joseph E. Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton's Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development." Journal of Economic Literature 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.45.4.1001.

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In Fair Trade for All: How Trade Can Promote Development, Stiglitz and Charlton prescribe what a multilateral trade agreement—that promotes development and is fair for all—would include. This review appraises their prescriptions and offers some alternatives. Many of their ideas about what developed countries should do (opening markets, especially of labor intensive goods and services and cutting farm subsidies) are quite familiar and sensible. More controversially, however, they propose that all WTO members (both developed and developing) completely open their markets to all developing countries poorer and smaller than themselves. They also stress the importance of preserving domestic policy space, dropping intellectual property rules from the WTO and keeping restrictive rules off the agenda. Among its criticisms of the book, the review points out that the liberalization proposal contradicts their own arguments favoring individually tailored policies in developing countries and is likely to maximize trade diversion. In addition, their prescriptions for more policy space neglects the more desirable possibility of a WTO in which members accept differentiated commitments.

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39

di Giovanni, Julian, Andrei A. Levchenko, and Jing Zhang. "The Global Welfare Impact of China: Trade Integration and Technological Change." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.6.3.153.

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This paper evaluates the global welfare impact of China's trade integration and technological change in a multi-country quantitative Ricardian-Heckscher-Ohlin model. We simulate two alternative growth scenarios: a “balanced” one in which China's productivity grows at the same rate in each sector, and an “unbalanced” one in which China's comparative disadvantage sectors catch up disproportionately faster to the world productivity frontier. Contrary to a well-known conjecture (Samuelson 2004), the large majority of countries experience significantly larger welfare gains when China's productivity growth is biased toward its comparative disadvantage sectors. This finding is driven by the inherently multilateral nature of world trade. (JEL F14, F43, 019, 033, 047, P24, P33)

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Easterly, William, and Tobias Pfutze. "Where Does the Money Go? Best and Worst Practices in Foreign Aid." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.2.29.

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This paper does not address the issue of aid effectiveness—that is, the extent to which foreign aid dollars actually achieve their goals—but on “best practices” in the way in which official aid is given, an important component of the wider debate. First we discuss best practice for an ideal aid agency and the difficulties that aid agencies face because they are typically not accountable to their intended beneficiaries. Next we consider the transparency of aid agencies and four additional dimensions of aid practice: specialization, or the degree to which aid is not framgemented among too many donors, too many countries, and too many sectors for each donor); selectivity, or the extent to which aid avoids corrupt autocrats and goes to the poorest countries; use of ineffective aid channels such as tied aid, food aid, and technical assistance; and the overhead costs of aid agencies. We compare 48 aid agencies along these dimensions, distinguishing between bilateral and multilateral ones. Using the admittedly limited information we have, we rank the aid agencies on different dimensions of aid practice and then provide one final comprehensive ranking. We present these results as an illustrative exercise to move the aid discussion forward.

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Rodrik, Dani. "Diagnostics before Prescription." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.33.

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Development economists should stop acting as categorical advocates (or detractors) for specific approaches to development. They should instead be diagnosticians, helping decisionmakers choose the right model (and remedy) for their specific realities, among many contending models (and remedies). In this spirit, Ricardo Hausmann, Andres Velasco, and I have developed a “growth diagnostics” framework that sketches a systematic process for identifying binding constraints and prioritizing policy reforms in multilateral agencies and bilateral donors. Growth diagnostics is based on the idea that not all constraints bind equally and that a sensible and practical strategy consists of identifying the most serious constraint(s) at work. The practitioner works with a decision tree to do this. The second step in growth diagnostics is to identify remedies for relaxing the constraint that are appropriate to the context and take cognizance of potential second-best complications. Successful countries are those that have implemented these two steps in an ongoing manner: identify sequentially the most binding constraints and remove them with locally suited remedies. Diagnostics requires pragmatism and eclecticism, in the use of both theory and evidence. It has no room for dogmatism, imported blueprints, or empirical purism.

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Innocents Edoun, Emmanuel, and Dikgang Motsepe. "Critical assessment of Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPIC) Initiative in Africa and the Implication of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) (2001-2016): a theoretical perspective." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-2).2016.10.

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Many African countries have been struggling to achieve sustainable economics in order to contribute in putting Africa in the path for socio-economic development. This is partly due to the burden of debt that hangs over many African countries that borrowed funds from multilateral partners irresponsibly. As a result of this, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank put in place in 1996 a strategy to provide debt relief to countries that were struggling to repay their debts. This debt relief initiative was reviewed in 1999 to provide adequate results. This paper is, therefore, a critical assessment of HIPIC and the implication of NEPAD from 2001 to date. Keywords: HIPIC, NEPAD, IMF, World Bank, socio-economic development. JEL Classification: H62, H63

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Libecap, Gary D. "Addressing Global Environmental Externalities: Transaction Costs Considerations." Journal of Economic Literature 52, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 424–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.52.2.424.

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Is there a way to understand why some global environmental externalities are addressed effectively, whereas others are not? The transaction costs of defining the property rights to mitigation benefits and costs is a useful framework for such analysis. This approach views international cooperation as a contractual process among country leaders to assign those property rights. Leaders cooperate when it serves domestic interests to do so. The demand for property rights comes from those who value and stand to gain from multilateral action. Property rights are supplied by international agreements that specify resource access and use, assign costs and benefits including outlining the size and duration of compensating transfer payments, and determining who will pay and who will receive them. Four factors raise the transaction costs of assigning property rights: (i) scientific uncertainty regarding mitigation benefits and costs; (ii) varying preferences and perceptions across heterogeneous populations; (iii) asymmetric information; and (iv) the extent of compliance and new entry. These factors are used to examine the role of transaction costs in the establishment and allocation of property rights to provide globally valued national parks, implement the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, execute the Montreal Protocol to manage emissions that damage the stratospheric ozone layer, set limits on harvest of highly-migratory ocean fish stocks, and control greenhouse gas emissions. ( JEL D23, P14, Q22, Q51, Q54, Q58)

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Suliman, Forat, and Homam Khwanda. "External Sector: Between Congestion and Sanctions—‘Syrian Economy Case, 1987–2018’." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 3 (May 17, 2020): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732520919839.

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Since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis in March 2011, the USA, European Union, Arab League and several other regulatory entities imposed negative economic sanctions on Syria—some of the most comprehensive ever implemented. This article first provides an assessment of Syrian foreign trade sector during the reform period of the 2000s and its impact on economic growth. Second, it estimates the impact of sanctions and conflict on the trade sector of the Syrian economy. The analysis is conducted using a panel-gravity model between Syria and 78 trading partners (1987–2017). Multilateral sanctions and conflict-related disruptions demonstrate a large significant negative impact on Syria-bilateral trade flow by 65 per cent. We attempt to find out whether the Syrian economy was able to divert trade away from Europe and/or conduct de-Europeanisation. Findings confirm that the Syrian economy was unable to divert trade flow to Asian and other countries due to the conflict-related congestion and distance factor. JEL: C33, F10

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Gaurav, Kumar, and Nalin Bharti. "Some Common Lessons from Uncommon FTAs." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 1 (March 2019): 138–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561418824479.

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The present study endeavours to observe the trade creation and trade diversion effects of three free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia, namely, India–Japan CEPA (IJCEPA), India–Sri Lanka FTA (ISFTA), and India–Bhutan FTA (IBFTA). The article aims to evaluate three uncommon FTAs that include developing–developed, developing–developing and developing–least developed countries. The objective is to evaluate the effects of these FTAs on exports and draw lessons for both the contracting parties and for other economies to commence FTAs that promote trade liberalization. This paper also aims to debunk the myth that FTAs between developing-least developed countries is not beneficial for the developing or least developed counterpart. The study applies augmented gravity model to capture the trade creation and trade diversion effects. The results confirm that ISFTA and IBFTA have trade creation effect, while in case of IJCEPA, there is trade diversion. These bilateral agreements can open the ways for multilateral trade liberalization in the long-run. JEL : F10, F13, F14

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Tereshchenko, Е., N. Ushenko, M. Dielini, M. Nesterova, О. Lozhachevska, and N. Honcharenko. "BEHAVIORAL MODELS OF DECISION-MAKING BY BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY STAKEHOLDERS." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, no. 40 (November 8, 2021): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v5i40.245156.

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Abstract. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methodological toolkit for decision-making by business and industry stakeholders, which is based on the development of a dynamic multilateral model of a strategic contract, taking into account the alternatives of agent behavior. In order to achieve the purpose of the study were used following methods: system analysis, logical generalisation, statistical and comparative analysis, principles of contract theory of the firm, the concept of dynamic abilities, methods of the theory of active systems etc. According to findings it is actualized the expediency of the transformational development of transdisciplinarity between behavioral sciences and quantitative methods of management in the context of the development of the contract theory of a firm, namely, regarding the development of a methodological basis for decision-making by business and industry stakeholders. The effectiveness of the use of a dynamic multilateral model of a strategic contract is substantiated, which takes into account the behavioral models of the main stakeholders (investor-owner-employees) based on individual utility functions, which as a result connects three tasks that are consistently solved during each period. For the targeted use of the behavioral effects that arise between the parties to the contract in the process of its implementation, the proposed model of agency relations is based on the relationship between themselves and the overall results of the strategy. It is presented the options for planning the effectiveness of contracts for the interaction of agents based on the use of organizational and economic management tools, which are determined by them independently or under targeted influence in order to create additional behavioral prerequisites. The proposed dynamic multilateral model synthesizes the prerequisites, conditions for the effectiveness of decision-making by business and industry stakeholders in conditions of risk and uncertainty. It allows to consider several behavioral effects that arise between the parties to the contract, based on the individual usefulness of the contribution to the implementation of the business strategy. The practical significance of the obtained results manifests itself in the fact that the use of the developed decision-making models by business and industry stakeholders for the purpose of strategic resource planning based on the optimization of the use of organizational and economic resources will contribute to the concentration on the relevant behavioral aspects of agents and restrictions, taking into account the exchange between the internal and external environments. Keywords: behavioral model, decision-making, agent, stakeholder, strategic planning, contract efficiency, business, industry. JEL Classification A12, C52, D1 Formulas: 31; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 27.

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KALAGANOV, Bakhytbek, Ainur S. MADIYAROVA, Kaliya R. SARTAYEVA, Elina P. KIM, Nurlan APAKHAYEV, and Yermek A. BURIBAYEV. "Legal Fundamentals of the Kazakhstan’s Environmental International Cooperation: New Vectors of Legislative Reforms." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 7 (March 4, 2019): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.7(31).16.

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For the last decades the international community has strengthened response to environmental challenges and signing of multilateral documents, the intensification of partnership in the environmental sphere remains one of the most effective solutions of such problems. Today we can speak about ecologization of the international cooperation and state policies which has affected the CIS countries including the Republic of Kazakhstan. At this stage of the state’s development environmental legislation of the republic can be characterized as the demonstration of immense complexity and contradictory processes, being deficient, developing quite chaotically and depending on a political climate. However, the environmental international cooperation, expansion of contractual framework and approbation of the best foreign practices are capable to transform qualitatively the Kazakhstan’s environmental legislation system and to outline new legal reformation vectors. Within the research environmental policy formation’s features of the Kazakhstan Republic in the conditions of globalization and world environmental degradation were defined; legal fundamentals of the republic’s environmental international cooperation were analyzed; influential role of Kazakhstan’s international treaties on the national environmental legislation system was characterized; legal perspectives of the Kazakhstan’s environmental legislation reformation in the context of further interstate environmental cooperation development were outlined. “The environmental international cooperation strategy of the Kazakhstan’s Republic” was recommended for the appropriate formation of the reforms’ concept development and acceptance.

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Wasim, Syeda Zuimah, Khurram Iftikhar, and Syed Zia Abbas Rizvi. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL INCLUSION, TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.757.

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This study inspects relation between financial inclusion, trade, and economic growth in twenty-four developing countries namely Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Botswana, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Kuwait, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Moldova, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia from period 2004-2020(both inclusive) by scrutinizing effect of financial inclusion and trade on economic growth with an emphasis on whether financial inclusion catalyzes ‘the influence of trade on economic growth by employing Newey West standard approach, Feasible Generalized Least Square, Pooled Ordinary Least Square regression, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model. Results found a strong, significant, and positive association linking financial inclusion and trade with economic growth. Policy implications are developing countries should frame and execute pro-growth policies to enhance financial inclusion which will boost the impact of trade on growth. Moreover, developing economies should establish more multilateral trade agreements, diversify their export baskets and ensure that trade happens through formal financial institutions Keywords: Financial inclusion index, Trade, Economic growth, FGLS. JEL Codes: E01, F1, G53

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Verovska, Ludmila, and Renate Zujeva. "The Role of Small Business in the Economy and Methods of Its Government Support Using the Example of the Republic of Latvia." Economics and Culture 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2019-0023.

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Abstract Research purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of small and medium enterprises in the economy, as well as to study and evaluate the effectiveness of government support methods for small business entities (SMEs) using the example of the Republic of Latvia. The subject of the research was the system of state regulation and promotion of SME development. The object of the research was the sphere of small business in the Latvian economy, including SMEs, infrastructure support and development of small business. Design/Methodology/Approach. The study used basic methods of scientific knowledge of economics: an interdisciplinary approach combining methods of systems and comparative analysis, an integrated approach, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, methods of organization theory and management, logical analysis, strategic management and also economic analysis of small businesses. Findings. The research resulted in a system of state regulation and promotion of SME development in Latvia developed by the author, based on an assessment of the impact of measures provided to support SMEs, taking into account the importance of the role of small business in the economy of the Republic of Latvia. Originality/Value/Practical implications. The practical significance of the work is that the study completes a number of conclusions and practical recommendations in the field of organizational measures for effective support and multilateral development of the SME sector in the economy, recognition of the role of small business as the basis of the economic stability of the Republic of Latvia and the effectiveness of its support as the main state economic policy goal.

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Wang, Fei. "Subversive leadership and power tactics." Journal of Educational Administration 56, no. 4 (July 2, 2018): 398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-07-2017-0081.

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Purpose Principals’ leadership has become a subversive activity that is carried out strategically to challenge and disrupt the status quo and resist policies and practices that are counterproductive to their work. The purpose of this paper is to reveal subversive tactics principals use in pursuit of justice and equity in schools and identify challenges and risks associated with their subversive leadership practices. Power tactics were used as a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of subversive activities by school principals. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study focuses on 18 elementary and secondary school principals from six district school boards in the Metro Vancouver area who participated in the semi-structured interviews on their practices that epitomize different tactics in response to increasing demand and accountability. Findings The power tactics identified in this study illuminate many of the dilemmas principals face in their work and demonstrate the various ways principals exercise their political acumen to “act strategically to determine which tactics to use, when, and with whom.” In exercising ethics of subversion and critique, participants are more likely to use soft, rational, and bi/multilateral rather than hard, non-rational, and unilateral power tactics. Such tendency reveals their concern about causing relational harm and shows their strategic avoidance of direct confrontation. Research limitations/implications Considering the limitations on the sample size and the research context, more research is needed to examine to what extent subversive practices are exercised and how they play out in different contexts. Originality/value The study shows that leadership involves upholding morals and values, even if this means having to use subversive practices to ensure inclusive, equitable, and just outcomes.

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